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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Darius III</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Darius_III" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Darius_III" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Darius III (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%B9%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁">𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁</a> Dārayavaʰuš; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Δαρεῖος">Δαρεῖος</a> Dareios; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the thirteenth and last <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Darius III 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_III_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Darius_III_mosaic.jpg/230px-Darius_III_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Darius_III_mosaic.jpg/345px-Darius_III_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Darius_III_mosaic.jpg/460px-Darius_III_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1759"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Depiction of Darius III during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BC), ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> floor mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">336–330 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a> (self-proclaimed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">336–332 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 330 BC (aged approximately 50) <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stateira_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira I">Stateira I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateira_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira II">Stateira II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drypetis" title="Drypetis">Drypetis</a></li> <li>Ochus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Arsames</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sisygambis" title="Sisygambis">Sisygambis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Contrary to his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a>, Darius was a distant member of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. During his early career, he was reportedly an obscure figure among his peers and first rose to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusian</a> expedition of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> in the 350s BC. As a reward for his bravery, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a>. Around 340 BC, he was placed in charge of the royal "postal service," a high-ranking position. In 338 BC, Artaxerxes III met an abrupt end after being poisoned by the court eunuch and <a href="/wiki/Chiliarch" title="Chiliarch">chiliarch</a> (hazahrapatish) <a href="/wiki/Bagoas" title="Bagoas">Bagoas</a>, who installed Artaxerxes' youngest son Arses on the throne. He only reigned for a few years, until Bagoas had him poisoned as well. Darius was subsequently installed on the throne and soon forced Bagoas to drink his poison after discovering that the eunuch had planned to poison him as well. In 334 BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the Persians in several battles before looting and destroying their capital, <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, by fire in 330 BC. With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius. Before Alexander reached him, however, Darius was killed by his relative <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a>, who was also the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>. Darius is partially remembered in Iranian traditions as <a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a>, the last king of the mythological <a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian dynasty</a>, which reflected memories of the Achaemenids. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Historiography">2 Historiography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background">3 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_life">4 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conflict_with_the_Greeks">5 Conflict with the Greeks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Philip's_campaign">5.1 Philip's campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Alexander's_campaign">5.2 Alexander's campaign</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Flight,_imprisonment,_and_death">6 Flight, imprisonment, and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ancient_works">9.1 Ancient works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Modern_works">9.2 Modern works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Before his accession, Darius bore the name of Artashata (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: *Artašiyāta, "Happy in <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Arta</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201548-2">[2]</a> The 2nd-century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> is the only historian to refer Darius as Codomannus, a name he supposedly bore before he rose to prominence. It may have been his nickname, or possibly a third name. Its etymology is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201549-3">[3]</a> Badian has suggested that the name was of <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">Western Semitic</a> origin, most likely from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> qdmwn ("from the East, Easterner").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000247-4">[4]</a> Having two names was not unusual; there are several recorded instances of Babylonian figures having two names, often a Babylonian and Aramaic name. One Persian magnate is also attested with a Babylonian and Iranian name. However, this practice seems to have fallen out of favour during Darius' lifetime. Badian suggests that his birth name was the Aramaic Codomannus, which he later dropped in favour of Artashata when he rose in ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249-5">[5]</a> He first adopted the regnal name of Darius (Old Persian: Daraya-vahauš, "he who holds firm the good(ness)") when he ascended the Achaemenid throne in 336 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199440-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The last century of the Achaemenid era is notable for lacking in sources, especially during the reign of Darius III. He is not attested in any Persian sources and is almost completely only known from the reports of Greek historians, who portray his career as a contradiction to that of the successful <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Darius was born in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BC. He was a distant member of the royal <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. He was the son of a certain Arsames, and grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ostanes_(son_of_Darius_II)" title="Ostanes (son of Darius II)">Ostanes</a>, whose father <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> from 424 BC to 405 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Sisygambis" title="Sisygambis">Sisygambis</a>, a woman of obscure origins. She was probably of Achaemenid descent, although it is unknown to which branch she belonged. She may have been the daughter of Ostanes, and thus the sister of Arsames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2015-7">[7]</a> Darius had a brother and sister; <a href="/wiki/Oxyathres_of_Persia" title="Oxyathres of Persia">Oxyathres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateira_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira I">Stateira I</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2015417-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CILICIA,_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia,_361-0-334_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/220px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/220px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/330px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/440px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coin minted in by <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> by its satrap <a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a>, portraying <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> on the obverse, while a lion is depicted on the reverse</figcaption></figure> Artashata is first attested during the <a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusian</a> expedition of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 358–338 BC) in the 350s BC. During a battle, Artashata distinguished himself by slaying a warrior in single combat. His exploit was noticed by Artaxerxes III, who sent him gifts and gave him the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000245,_251-9">[9]</a> It was probably after this promotion that Artashata married for the first time, to an unknown noblewoman, who bore him two daughters, and possibly a son named Ariobarzanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000251-10">[10]</a> His first marriage has suggested being the <a href="/wiki/Terminus_ad_quem" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminus ad quem">terminus ad quem</a> for when he dropped his Aramaic name, Codomannus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252-11">[11]</a> Greek writers report that Artashata later became the "courier" and "slave" of the king, which some modern historians believe was written to belittle Artashata. However, the terms are in reality a Greek translation of the Old Persian bandaka, which did not mean slave, but "henchman, (loyal) servant, vassal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249%E2%80%93250-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilersHerrenschmidt1988682%E2%80%93685-13">[13]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–486 BC) uses the term to refer to his high-ranking officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250-14">[14]</a> It has been deduced that Artashata was probably in charge of the royal "postal service," a high-ranking position. He may have held the same Persepolis sector headed by the prominent Persian officer <a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_(son_of_Arsames)" title="Pharnaces (son of Arsames)">Pharnaces</a> (d. 497 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250-14">[14]</a> It is uncertain when this happened, it has been suggested this promotion took place around 340 BC, when Artashata married for a second time, with his sister Stateira I. In 339 BC, they had a son named Ochus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a> This demonstrates that Artaxerxes III, who was highly alert on any possible relative to challenge the throne, did not consider Artashata to pose the slightest threat to him or his son <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250-14">[14]</a> In late August/late September 338 BC, the court eunuch and <a href="/wiki/Chiliarch" title="Chiliarch">chiliarch</a> (hazahrapatish) <a href="/wiki/Bagoas" title="Bagoas">Bagoas</a> orchestrated the poisoning and subsequent death of Artaxerxes III through the latter's physician.<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014197-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989312-18">[17]</a> The majority of Artaxerxes III's sons, except for Arses and Bisthanes, were also murdered by Bagoas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659-19">[18]</a> Artaxerxes III's early death proved to be a problematic issue for Persia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659-19">[18]</a> Several modern historians argue that his sudden death paved the way for the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201588-20">[19]</a> Bagoas, acting as kingmaker, put the young Arses (Artaxerxes IV) on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeCoq1986548-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002690-22">[21]</a> Arses was determined on trying to free himself from Bagoas' authority and influence; he made an unsuccessful effort to have the latter poisoned, only to be poisoned himself along with the rest of his family by Bagoas, who put Artashata on the throne in 336 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeCoq1986548-21">[20]</a> Darius III's reputation for bravery, his probable royal descent, and the support he enjoyed from Artaxerxes III all helped him gain acceptance amongst the aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252-11">[11]</a> Macedonian propaganda, made to legitimize the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> a few years later, accused Darius III of playing a key role in the murder of Arses, who was portrayed as the last king of the Achaemenid royal house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002770-23">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Greeks">Conflict with the Greeks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Greeks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philip's_campaign">Philip's campaign</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philip's campaign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Bagoas soon attempted to poison Darius III as well, but his plans were discovered. Darius III summoned Bagoas and asked him to drink a toast for him, giving him his cup which was filled with poison. Bagoas was forced to drink the cup, resulting in his death.<a href="#cite_note-DIO_XVII_5-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel202011%E2%80%9312-25">[24]</a> This happened around the time of Alexander's accession to the Macedonian throne in the autumn of 336 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252-11">[11]</a> At the start of Darius III's reign, <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a> and Babylon may have briefly been plunged into rebellion. Regardless, they were seemingly not of heavy significance, as reports about the events quickly disappear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354-1">[1]</a> In 336 BC <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> was authorized by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemon</a> to initiate a sacred war of vengeance against the Persians for desecrating and burning the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> temples during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars#Later_Conflicts" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Second Persian War</a>, over a century before. He sent an advance force into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> under the command of his generals <a href="/wiki/Parmenion" title="Parmenion">Parmenion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attalus_(general)" title="Attalus (general)">Attalus</a> to liberate the Greeks living under Persian control. After they took the Greek cities of Asia from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Maiandros river</a>, Philip was assassinated and his campaign was suspended while his heir consolidated his control of Macedonia and the rest of Greece. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander's_campaign">Alexander's campaign</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alexander's campaign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg/230px-Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3562" data-file-height="2133"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg/230px-Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg/345px-Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg/460px-Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_2013-05-16_16-25-06_BW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Darius III portrayed (in the middle) in battle against Alexander in a Greek depiction; Possible illustration of either <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Gaugamela_(M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg/230px-Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg/230px-Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg/345px-Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg/460px-Batalla_de_Gaugamela_%28M.A.N._Inv.1980-60-1%29_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Darius's flight at the Battle of Gaugamela (18th-century ivory relief)</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 334 BC, Philip's heir, Alexander, who had himself been confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">Hegemon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>, invaded Asia Minor at the head of an army of Macedonian and other Greek soldiers. This invasion, which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a>, was followed almost immediately by the victory of Alexander over the Persians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a>. Darius never showed up for the battle, because there was no reason for him to suppose that Alexander intended to conquer the whole of Asia, and Darius may well have supposed that the satraps of the 'lower' satrapies could deal with the crisis,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> so he instead decided to remain at home in Persepolis and let his satraps handle it. In the previous invasion of Asia Minor by the Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a>, the Persians had pinned him in Asia Minor while fomenting <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">rebellion</a> in Greece. Darius attempted to employ the same strategy, with the Spartans rebelling against the Macedonians, but the Spartans were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megalopolis" title="Battle of Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a>. Darius did not take the field against Alexander's army until a year and a half after Granicus, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a> in 333 BC. His forces outnumbered Alexander's soldiers by at least a 2 to 1 ratio, but Darius was still outflanked, defeated, and forced to flee. It is told by <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> that at the Battle of Issus the moment the Persian left went to pieces under Alexander's attack and Darius, in his war-chariot, saw that it was cut off, he incontinently fled – indeed, he led the race for safety.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> On the way, he left behind his chariot, his bow, and his royal mantle, all of which were later picked up by Alexander. Greek sources such as Diodorus Siculus' Library of History and Justin's Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum recount that Darius fled out of fear at the Battle of Issus and again two years later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> despite commanding a larger force in a defensive position each time.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> At the Battle of Issus, Darius III even caught Alexander by surprise and failed to defeat Alexander's forces.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Darius fled so far so fast that Alexander was able to capture Darius' headquarters and take Darius' family as prisoners in the process. Darius petitioned to Alexander through letters several times to get his family back, but Alexander refused to do so unless Darius would acknowledge him as the new emperor of Persia. Circumstances were more in Darius' favor at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. He had a good number of troops who had been organized on the battlefield properly, he had the support of the armies of several of his satraps, and the ground on the battlefield was almost perfectly even, so as not to impede movement of his scythed chariots. Despite all these beneficial factors, he still fled the battle before any victor had been decided and deserted his experienced commanders as well as one of the largest armies ever assembled.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Another source accounts that when Darius perceived the fierce attack of Alexander, as at Issus he turned his chariot around, and was the first to flee,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> once again abandoning all of his soldiers and his property to be taken by Alexander. Many Persian soldiers died that day, so many in fact that after the battle the casualties of his forces ensured that Darius would never again raise an imperial army.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32">[31]</a> Darius then fled to <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and attempted to raise a third army, while Alexander took possession of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, and the Persian capital at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. Darius reportedly offered all of his empire west of the Euphrates River to Alexander in exchange for peace several times, each time denied by Alexander against the advice of his senior commanders.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Alexander could have declared victory after the capture of Persepolis, but he instead decided to pursue Darius. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated Darius III of Persia in 331 BC, took place approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. After the battle, Darius managed to flee to the city. However, somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela." </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Flight,_imprisonment,_and_death">Flight, imprisonment, and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flight, imprisonment, and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg/230px-Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg/230px-Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg/345px-Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg/460px-Murder_of_Darius_and_Alexander_at_the_side_of_the_dying_king.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Murder of Darius and Alexander at the side of the dying king depicted in a 15th-century manuscript</figcaption></figure> Darius did attempt to restore his once-great army after his defeat at the hands of Alexander, but he failed to raise a force comparable to that which had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">fought at Gaugamela</a>, partly because the defeat had undermined his authority, and also because Alexander's liberal policy, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>, offered an acceptable alternative to Persian policies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32">[31]</a> When at Ecbatana, Darius learned of Alexander's approaching army, he decided to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> where he could better use his cavalry and mercenary forces on the more even ground of the plains of Asia. He led his army through the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Caspian Gates</a>, the main road through the mountains that would work to slow the following army.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Persian forces became increasingly demoralized with the constant threat of a surprise attack from Alexander, leading to many desertions and eventually a coup led by <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a>, a satrap, and <a href="/wiki/Nabarzanes" title="Nabarzanes">Nabarzanes</a>, who managed all audiences with the King and was in charge of the palace guard.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The two men suggested to Darius that the army regroup under Bessus and that power would be transferred back to the King once Alexander was defeated. Darius did not accept this plan and his conspirators became more anxious to remove him for his successive failures against Alexander and his forces. Patron, a Greek mercenary, encouraged Darius to accept a bodyguard of Greek mercenaries rather than his usual Persian guard to protect him from Bessus and Nabarzanes, but the King could not accept for political reasons and grew accustomed to his fate.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Bessus and Nabarzanes eventually bound Darius and threw him in an ox-cart while they ordered the Persian forces to continue. According to <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius'</a> History of Alexander, at this point Alexander and a small, mobile force arrived and threw the Persians into a panic, leading Bessus and two other conspirators, <a href="/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barsaentes" title="Barsaentes">Barsaentes</a>, to wound the king with their javelins and leave him to die.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg/220px-The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7689" data-file-height="3809"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg/220px-The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg/330px-The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg/440px-The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Family of Darius before Alexander, by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, 1570.</figcaption></figure> A Macedonian soldier found Darius either dead or dying in the wagon shortly thereafter—a disappointment to Alexander, who wanted to capture Darius alive. Alexander saw Darius’ dead body in the wagon and took the signet ring off the dead king's finger. Afterwards, he sent Darius's body back to <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, gave him a magnificent funeral and ordered that he be buried, like all his royal predecessors, in the royal tombs.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Darius's tomb has not yet been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Alexander eventually married Darius' daughter <a href="/wiki/Stateira_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira II">Stateira</a> at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> in 324 BC. With the old king defeated and given a proper burial, Alexander's rulership of Persia became official. This led to Darius being regarded by some historians as cowardly and inefficient,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> as under his rulership, the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> fell to a foreign invader. After killing Darius, <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a> took the regal name Artaxerxes V and began calling himself the King of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32">[31]</a> He was subsequently captured by Alexander, tortured, and executed. Another of Darius' generals ingratiated himself to Alexander by giving the conqueror Darius' favored <a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">companion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagoas_(courtier)" title="Bagoas (courtier)">Bagoas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> According to a Babylonian tablet, Artaxerxes III "went to his fate", which is often understood to indicate death from natural causes. However, the same wording is also used to refer to the death of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 486 – 465 BC), who was in reality assassinated by his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014198-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451–54-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEIr.199451%E2%80%9354_1-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFEIr.1994">EIr. 1994</a>, pp. 51–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201548-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant201548_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2015">Briant 2015</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201549-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant201549_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2015">Briant 2015</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000247-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000247_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199440-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt199440_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1994">Schmitt 1994</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2015-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2015_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2015">Badian 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2015417-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2015417_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2015">Briant 2015</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000245,_251-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000245,_251_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, pp. 245, 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000251-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000251_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000252_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249–250-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000249%E2%80%93250_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEilersHerrenschmidt1988682–685-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEilersHerrenschmidt1988682%E2%80%93685_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEilersHerrenschmidt1988">Eilers & Herrenschmidt 1988</a>, pp. 682–685. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadian2000250_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian2000">Badian 2000</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014198-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014198_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaters2014">Waters 2014</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2014197-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2014197_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaters2014">Waters 2014</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989312-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989312_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658–659-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1986658%E2%80%93659_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1986">Schmitt 1986</a>, pp. 658–659. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant201588-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant201588_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2015">Briant 2015</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeCoq1986548-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeCoq1986548_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeCoq1986548_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeCoq1986">LeCoq 1986</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002690-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002690_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002770-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002770_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 770. </li> <li id="cite_note-DIO_XVII_5-24"><a href="#cite_ref-DIO_XVII_5_24-0">^</a> Diodorus Siculus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17A*.html#8">Book XVII, Chapter 5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel202011–12-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel202011%E2%80%9312_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeckel2020">Heckel 2020</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">George Cawkwell</a>, The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> John Prevas, Envy of the Gods: Alexander's Ill-fated Journey across Asia (Da Capo Press, 2004), 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Prevas 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Prevas 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-2">c</a> N.G.L. Hammond, The Genius of Alexander the Great. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Prevas 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Prevas 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Prevas 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Prevas 64–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Prevas 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Prevas 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Siegfried Lauffer, Alexander der Große. third edition, Dtv, Munich 1993, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-04298-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-423-04298-2">3-423-04298-2</a>, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> W.W. Tarn, Alexander the Great. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> This was a different Bagoas than the <a href="/wiki/Bagoas" title="Bagoas">unfaithful minister</a> mentioned above. Crompton, Louis. Homosexuality & Civilization (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 76. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Badian" title="Ernst Badian">Badian, Ernst</a> (2000). "Darius III". 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New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sisigambis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsisigambis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarius+III" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/alexander-the-great-356-23-bc">"Alexander the Great"</a>. 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Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VII, Fasc. 1. New York. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C4%81r%C4%81%28b%29+%281%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+VII%2C+Fasc.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdarab-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarius+III" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ&q=false">Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107652729" title="Special:BookSources/9781107652729"><bdi>9781107652729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BCE&rft.pages=1-272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107652729&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__xGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarius+III" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2016" class="citation journal cs1">Charles, Michael (2016). "Two notes on Darius III". The Cambridge Classical Journal. 62: 52–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1750270516000063">10.1017/S1750270516000063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Two+notes+on+Darius+III&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=52-64&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1750270516000063&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarius+III" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Darius_III" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Darius III">Darius III</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Darius III </div><div><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid dynasty</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BC Died: 330 BC </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Kings of Persia</a> 336–330 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI Dynasty</a> 336–332 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Darius_III&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB" title="دار يوس الثالث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دار يوس الثالث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Dara" title="III Dara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Dara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4" title="اۆچونجو داریوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو داریوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="তৃতীয় দারিয়ুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তৃতীয় দারিয়ুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_3-s%C3%A8" title="Darius 3-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Darius 3-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_III" title="Дарий III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дарий III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darios_III_de_P%C3%A8rsia" title="Darios III de Pèrsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Darios III de Pèrsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III." title="Dareios III. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dareios III." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III,_brenin_Persia" title="Darius III, brenin Persia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Darius III, brenin Persia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_3." title="Dareios 3. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dareios 3." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III." title="Dareios III. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dareios III." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III" title="Dareios III – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dareios III" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δαρείος Γ΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαρείος Γ΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_III" title="Darío III – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Darío III" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_la_3-a" title="Dario la 3-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dario la 3-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_III.a" title="Dario III.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dario III.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="داریوش سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داریوش سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_III" title="Darío III – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Darío III" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%DB%8A%D8%B4" title="سوؤمي داريۊش – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سوؤمي داريۊش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_3%EC%84%B8" title="다리우스 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다리우스 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B0_%D4%B3" title="Դարեհ Գ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դարեհ Գ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="दारा तृतीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दारा तृतीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darije_III." title="Darije III. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Darije III." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_III_di_Persia" title="Dario III di Persia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dario III di Persia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="דריווש השלישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דריווש השלישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_III" title="დარიოს III – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარიოს III" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III_(rex_Persarum)" title="Darius III (rex Persarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Darius III (rex Persarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rijs_III" title="Dārijs III – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārijs III" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darijus_III" title="Darijus III – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Darijus III" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._D%C3%A1rajavaus_perzsa_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Dárajavaus perzsa király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Dárajavaus perzsa király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_III" title="Дариј III – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дариј III" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari%C3%B4sy_III" title="Dariôsy III – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dariôsy III" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_III" title="ദാരിയൂസ് III – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദാരിയൂസ് III" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="तिसरा दारियुश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिसरा दारियुश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_III" title="დარიოს III – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დარიოს III" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="داريوش التالت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="داريوش التالت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="داریوش سوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="داریوش سوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III_dari_Parsi" title="Darius III dari Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darius III dari Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B93%E4%B8%96" title="ダレイオス3世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダレイオス3世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III_av_Persia" title="Dareios III av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dareios III av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0rius_III" title="Dàrius III – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dàrius III" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III." title="Dareios III. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dareios III." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariusz_III" title="Dariusz III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dariusz III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_III" title="Dario III – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dario III" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_al_III-lea" title="Darius al III-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Darius al III-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_III" title="Дарий III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарий III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III." title="Dareios III. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dareios III." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darej_III." title="Darej III. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Darej III." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="داریووشی سێیەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داریووشی سێیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_III" title="Дарије III – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дарије III" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darije_III" title="Darije III – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Darije III" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III" title="Dareios III – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dareios III" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareios_III" title="Dareios III – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dareios III" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_III" title="Dario III – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dario III" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="மூன்றாம் தாரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூன்றாம் தாரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3" title="พระเจ้าดาไรอัสที่ 3 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าดาไรอัสที่ 3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B8_III" title="Дориюши III – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дориюши III" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Darius" title="III. Darius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Darius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_III" title="Дарій III – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дарій III" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="دارا سوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دارا سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大流士三世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="דריווש דער דריטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דריווש דער דריטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1r%C3%AD%C3%B9_3k_P%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rs%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Dáríù 3k Pẹ́rsíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dáríù 3k Pẹ́rsíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大流士三世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Darius III" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大流士三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 17:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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