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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academic career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harvard_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Harvard University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Columbia University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship,_consulting,_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship,_consulting,_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scholarship, consulting, and activism </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_on_global_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Work on global economic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_on_global_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Views and commentary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_and_commentary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views and commentary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_and_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nuclear power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 War in Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Critical reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Ukraine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Ukraine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 War in Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Ukraine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jeffrey Sachs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جيفري ساكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيفري ساكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceffri_Saks" title="Ceffri Saks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceffri Saks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="জেফ্রি স্যাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেফ্রি স্যাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Джефри Сакс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джефри Сакс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جفری ساکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جفری ساکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC_%EC%82%AD%EC%8A%A4" title="제프리 삭스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제프리 삭스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ջեֆրի Սաքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեֆրի Սաքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जैफ़्रे डी सैच्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैफ़्रे डी सैच्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="ג'פרי סאקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'פרי סאקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galfridus_Sachs" title="Galfridus Sachs – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galfridus Sachs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെഫ്രി സെയ്ക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെഫ്രി സെയ്ക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="جيفرى ساكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيفرى ساكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Жеффри Сакс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеффри Сакс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जेफ्री साक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेफ्री साक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ジェフリー・サックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェフリー・サックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Сакс, Джеффри (экономист) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сакс, Джеффри (экономист)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jeffrey Sachs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jeffrey Sachs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_(49120446508)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-FMSTAN_%26_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_%2849120446508%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1700" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Sachs in 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jeffrey David Sachs</div> (1954-11-05) November 5, 1954 (age 70) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park, Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sonia Ehrlich Sachs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economics">Political economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="International Development">International Development</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a><a href="#cite_note-Shan-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alesina" title="Alberto Alesina">Alberto Alesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Burda" title="Michael C. Burda">Michael C. Burda</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Villages_Project" title="Millennium Villages Project">Millennium Villages Project</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffsachs.org/">jeffsachs.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jeffrey David Sachs (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sæks/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SAKS</a>; born November 5, 1954)<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> is an American economist and public policy analyst who is a <a href="/wiki/University_Professor_(Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Professor (Columbia)">professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> where he was former director of <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute" title="The Earth Institute">The Earth Institute</a>. He worked on the topics of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Sachs is Director of the <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute#The_Center_for_Sustainable_Development_(CSD)" title="The Earth Institute">Center for Sustainable Development</a> at Columbia University and President of the UN <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Solutions_Network" title="Sustainable Development Solutions Network">Sustainable Development Solutions Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unsdsn.org-8">[8]</a> He is an SDG Advocate for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs), a set of 17 global goals adopted at a UN summit meeting in September 2015. From 2001 to 2018, Sachs was Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and held the same position under the previous UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> and prior to 2016 a similar advisory position related to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs),<a href="#cite_note-UCL-9">[9]</a> eight internationally sanctioned objectives to reduce extreme poverty, hunger and disease by 2015. In connection with the MDGs, he had first been appointed special adviser to the UN Secretary-General in 2002 during the term of <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCL-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-10">[10]</a> Sachs is co-founder and chief strategist of <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Promise" title="Millennium Promise">Millennium Promise Alliance</a>, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> and hunger. From 2002 to 2006, he was director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Project" title="United Nations Millennium Project">United Nations Millennium Project</a>'s work on the MDGs. In 2010, he became a commissioner for the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Commission_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development">Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development</a>, whose stated aim is to boost the importance of <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet">broadband internet</a> in international policy.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Sachs has written several books and received several awards. He has been criticized for his views on economics, on the <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">origin of COVID-19</a>, as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Col2023-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Sachs was raised in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park, Michigan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> metro area, and is the son of Joan (née Abrams) and Theodore Sachs, a labor lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> His family is Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park_High_School_(Michigan)" title="Oak Park High School (Michigan)">Oak Park High School</a> and attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he received his Bachelor of Arts, <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a>, in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-CSD-16">[16]</a> He went on to receive his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard with his thesis titled Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and was invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a> while still a Harvard graduate student.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_University">Harvard University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harvard University">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, Sachs joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor, and was promoted to associate professor in 1982. A year later at the age of 28, he became a professor of economics with tenure at Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> During the next 19 years at Harvard, Sachs became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade,<a href="#cite_note-ContempAuthors-20">[20]</a> director of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_for_International_Development" title="Harvard Institute for International Development">Harvard Institute for International Development</a> (1995–1999) and director of the Center for International Development at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> (1999–2002).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_University">Columbia University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Columbia University">edit</a>]</div> Sachs is the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. He is University Professor at Columbia University. From 2002 to 2016, Sachs was director of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Institute">Earth Institute</a> of Columbia University,<a href="#cite_note-UCL-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSD-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Surkes_Davidovich_Fabian_2022-22">[22]</a> a university-wide organization, with an interdisciplinary approach to addressing complex issues facing the Earth, in support of sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Sachs's classes are taught at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="School of International and Public Affairs">School of International and Public Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mailman_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Mailman School of Public Health">Mailman School of Public Health</a>, and his course "Challenges of Sustainable Development" is taught at the undergraduate level.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship,_consulting,_and_activism">Scholarship, consulting, and activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scholarship, consulting, and activism">edit</a>]</div> Sachs has advised several countries on economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-Chotiner_2023-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hvistendahl_2021-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> When Bolivia was shifting from a dictatorship to a democracy through national elections in 1985, Sachs was invited by the party of Bolivian dictator <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> to advise him on an anti-inflation economic plan to implement once he was voted to office. This stabilization plan centered on price deregulation, particularly for oil, along with cuts to the national budget. Sachs stated that his plan could end Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, which had reached up to 14,000%, in a single day.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Although Banzer ultimately lost the <a href="/wiki/1985_Bolivian_general_election" title="1985 Bolivian general election">election</a> to the party of former elected president and traditionally developmentalist <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a>, Sachs's plan was still implemented through plans that excluded most of Paz's cabinet. Inflation quickly stabilized in Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Sachs's suggestion for reducing inflation was to apply fiscal and monetary discipline[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and end economic regulation that protected the elites[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and blocked the free market[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. Hyperinflation reduced within weeks of the Bolivian government instituting his suggestions and the government settled its $3.3 billion debt to international lenders for about 11 cents on the dollar. At the time, this was about 85% of Bolivia's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-nyt270693-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advising_in_post-communist_economies">Advising in post-communist economies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advising in post-communist economies">edit</a>]</div> Sachs worked as an economic adviser to governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. A practice trained <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomist">macroeconomist</a>, he advised a number of national governments in the transition from <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">developmentalism</a> to market economies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1989, Sachs advised Poland's <a href="/wiki/Anticommunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunist">anticommunist</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> and the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a>. He wrote a comprehensive plan for the transition from <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">central planning</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> which became incorporated into Poland's reform program led by Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Leszek Balcerowicz</a>. Sachs was the main architect of Poland's debt reduction operation. Sachs and IMF economist David Lipton advised the rapid conversion of all property and assets from public to private ownership. Closure of many uncompetitive factories ensued.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy_2009-32">[32]</a> In Poland, Sachs was firmly on the side of rapid transition to capitalism. At first, he proposed American-style corporate structures, with professional managers answering to many shareholders and a large economic role for stock markets. That did not bode well with the Polish authorities, but he then proposed that large blocks of the shares of privatized companies be placed in the hands of private banks.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As a result, there were some economic shortages and inflation, but prices in Poland eventually stabilized.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">third-party source needed</a>] The government of Poland awarded Sachs with one of its highest honors in 1999, the Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EICBio-35">[35]</a> He also received an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_University_of_Economics" title="Kraków University of Economics">Kraków University of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ContempAuthors-20">[20]</a> Sachs's ideas and methods of transition from central planning were adopted throughout the transition economies. He advised Slovenia in 1991 and Estonia in 1992 on the introduction of new stable and convertible currencies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Based on Poland's success, his advice was sought first by Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and by his successor, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, on the transition of the USSR/Russia to a market economy.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_2022-36">[36]</a> He was adviser to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> and Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Fyodorov" title="Boris Fyodorov">Boris Fyodorov</a> during 1991–1993 on macroeconomic policies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sachs' methods for stabilizing economies became known as <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> and were similar to successful approaches used in Germany after the two world wars.<a href="#cite_note-nyt270693-30">[30]</a> However, he faced criticism for his role after the Russian economy faced significant struggles after adopting the market-based shock therapy in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-McClintick-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ds101120-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_on_global_economic_development">Work on global economic development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work on global economic development">edit</a>]</div> Since his work in post-communist countries, Sachs has turned to global issues of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_alleviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty alleviation">poverty alleviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">health and aid policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>. He has written extensively on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">disease control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Since 1995, he has been engaged in efforts to alleviate <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">poverty in Africa</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Magazine">New York Magazine</a>, <blockquote>Sachs's ambitions are hard to overstate... "His ultimate goal is to change the world — to 'bend history,' as he once said, quoting <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>," wrote <a href="/wiki/Nina_Munk" title="Nina Munk">Nina Munk</a> in The Idealist, a biography of Sachs. By the early aughts, he had risen from wonky academic to celebrity public intellectual. According to Munk, people in Sachs's inner circle affectionately called him a "shit disturber," someone whose ego was offset by a selfless genius and a penchant for challenging orthodoxies. "There's a certain messianic quality about him," <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, one of his patrons, told Munk.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachs_at_UN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sachs_at_UN.jpg/220px-Sachs_at_UN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sachs_at_UN.jpg/330px-Sachs_at_UN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sachs_at_UN.jpg/440px-Sachs_at_UN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Sachs at a UN meeting in 2009</figcaption></figure> In his 2005 work <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty" title="The End of Poverty">The End of Poverty</a>, which had a foreword by Bono,<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a> Sachs wrote that "Africa's governance is poor because Africa is poor". According to Sachs, with the right policies and key interventions, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>—defined as living on less than $1 a day—can be eradicated within 20 years. India and China are examples, with the latter lifting 300 million people out of extreme poverty during the last two decades. Sachs has said that a key element to accomplishing this is raising aid from $65 billion in 2002 to $195 billion a year by 2015. He emphasizes the role of geography and climate as much of Africa is landlocked and disease-prone. However, he stresses that these problems can be overcome.<a href="#cite_note-UNMP-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">third-party source needed</a>] Sachs suggests that with improved seeds, irrigation and fertilizer, the <a href="/wiki/Crop_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop yields">crop yields</a> in Africa and other places with <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a> can be increased from 1 ton per hectare to 3 to 5 tons per hectare. He reasons that increased harvests would significantly increase the income of subsistence farmers, thereby reducing poverty. Sachs does not believe that increased aid is the only solution. He also supports establishing <a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">credit and microloan programs</a> which are often lacking in impoverished areas.<a href="#cite_note-UUNCDF-42">[42]</a> Sachs advocates the distribution of free <a href="/wiki/Bed_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed nets">insecticide-treated bed nets</a> to combat malaria. The economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa $12 billion per year. Sachs estimates that malaria can be controlled for $3 billion per year, therefore suggesting that anti-malaria projects would be an economically justified investment.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_News_Today-43">[43]</a> He is founding editor of the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Villages_Project" title="Millennium Villages Project">Millennium Villages Project</a> (MVP) which he directs operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. Critics of the MVP have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the MVP methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 Lancet paper claiming a three-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In her 2013 book, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, journalist <a href="/wiki/Nina_Munk" title="Nina Munk">Nina Munk</a> concluded that the MVP was a failure.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, Sachs chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–2001) which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5 and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> in 2000–2001 to design and launch <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mountains_Beyond_Mountains-47">[47]</a> He also worked with senior officials of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a> to develop the PEPFAR program to fight <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> and the PMI to fight malaria. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the <a href="/wiki/UN_Millennium_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Millennium Project">UN Millennium Project</a> which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. Previously a special adviser to secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UCL-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-10">[10]</a> Sachs is an advocate for the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals which build upon and supersede the MDGs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg/200px-Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg/300px-Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg/400px-Jeffrey_D._Sachs_-_2015_National_Book_Festival_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Sachs in 2015</figcaption></figure> In his capacity as a special adviser at the UN, Sachs has frequently met with foreign dignitaries and heads of state. He was photographed with <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> and developed a friendship with international celebrities <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>, who traveled to Africa with Sachs to witness the progress of the Millennium Villages.<a href="#cite_note-Stars-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a> Sachs has criticized the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and its policies around the world and blamed international bankers for what he says is a pattern of ineffective investment strategies.<a href="#cite_note-FT1-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a> in July 2015, Sachs, <a href="/wiki/Heiner_Flassbeck" title="Heiner Flassbeck">Heiner Flassbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wren-Lewis" title="Simon Wren-Lewis">Simon Wren-Lewis</a>, published an open letter to the Chancellor of Germany <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, regarding Greek debt.<a href="#cite_note-FT2-50">[50]</a> Sachs is one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Decarbonization_Pathways_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project">Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT120115-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_commentary">Views and commentary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views and commentary">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear power">edit</a>]</div> In 2012 Sachs claimed that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> is the only solution to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, but he has since revised his opinion, suggesting in 2021 that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> could be achieved without the use of nuclear power by mid-century, if technologies continue to develop as predicted.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey_2012-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Sachs is a "long-time advocate of dismantling American hegemony and embracing the rise of China."<a href="#cite_note-Lau_2022-54">[54]</a> He believes the term "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>" is mistaken in relation to the repression of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chotiner_2023-25">[25]</a> He has argued for closer relations between the US and China and warned of the danger of tensions between them.<a href="#cite_note-Schulze_2020-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_2022-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> In April 2018, he supported President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s view that the United States should come out of Syria "very soon", adding: "It's long past time for the United States to end its destructive <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">military engagement in Syria</a> and across the Middle East, though the security state seems unlikely to let this happen".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> When asked by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chotiner" title="Isaac Chotiner">Isaac Chotiner</a> if he was aware that Syrian leader <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar Al-Assad</a> had killed his own people in a 2023 interview, Sachs answered no to the question and replied that he was "aware of a lot more than you are aware of about Syria, because I know a great deal about the day-to-day events from the spring of 2011 onward".<a href="#cite_note-Chotiner_2023-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> A 2019 report authored by Sachs and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Weisbrot" title="Mark Weisbrot">Mark Weisbrot</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>, stated that a 31% rise in the number of deaths between 2017 and 2018 was due to the <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">sanctions imposed on Venezuela in 2017</a> and that 40,000 people in Venezuela may have died as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Independent-59">[59]</a> The report states: "The sanctions are depriving Venezuelans of lifesaving medicines, medical equipment, food, and other essential imports."<a href="#cite_note-Independent-59">[59]</a> Weisbrot stated that the authors "could not prove those excess deaths were the result of sanctions, but said the increase ran parallel to the imposition of the measures and an attendant fall in oil production."<a href="#cite_note-Independent-59">[59]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> spokesperson said that "as the writers themselves concede, the report is based on speculation and conjecture."<a href="#cite_note-Independent-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann">Ricardo Hausmann</a>, a Harvard economist who was adviser to then Venezuelan opposition leader, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a>, stated that the analysis was flawed because it made invalid assumptions about Venezuela based on a different country, Colombia, saying that "taking what happened in Colombia since 2017 as a counterfactual for what would have happened in Venezuela if there had been no financial sanctions makes no sense." Calling it "sloppy reasoning", Hausmann also stated that the analysis failed to rule out other explanations and failed to correctly account for <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a> finances.<a href="#cite_note-DontBlame-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> Early in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Sachs vocally rejected the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">COVID-19 lab leak theory</a> (a version of which was being supported by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>), which posited the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> virus was released from a Chinese laboratory, denouncing it as "reckless and dangerous" and arguing that right-wing politicians pointing fingers at the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> could "push the world to conflict... Neither the biology nor chronology support the laboratory-release story."<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a> In spring 2020, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Horton_(editor)" title="Richard Horton (editor)">Richard Horton</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, appointed Sachs as chair of its <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> Commission, whose goals were to provide recommendations for public health policy and improve the practice of medicine.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2022_pp._126–126-63">[63]</a> Sachs set up a number of task forces, including one on the <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">origins</a> of the virus. Sachs appointed British American disease ecologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a>, a colleague of Sachs' at Columbia, to head this task force, two weeks after the Trump administration prematurely ended a federal grant supporting a project led by Daszak, <a href="/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance" title="EcoHealth Alliance">EcoHealth Alliance</a>, which worked with the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a> This appointment was criticized as creating a conflict of interest, for instance by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebright" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ebright">Richard Ebright</a>, chemical biologist at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, who called the commission an "entirely <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin</a> commission" in the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. However, as Sachs became increasingly drawn to the lab leak theory, he came into conflict with Daszak and his task force, forcing his resignation in summer 2021 and disbanding the group in September that year.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_2023-40">[40]</a> In July 2022, Sachs said he was "pretty convinced," though "not sure" that <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> came out of "U.S. lab biotechnology," which is considered by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to be <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_disinformation_by_China" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 disinformation by China">COVID-19 disinformation by China</a>. While Sachs has leanings toward the possibility of a virus leak from a "U.S.-backed laboratory research program," he has stated that "A natural spillover is also possible, of course. Both hypotheses are viable at this stage."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In August 2022, Sachs gave an hour-long interview on the podcast of <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> – who is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation">COVID-19 vaccine misinformation</a> – where he criticized Daszak and accused officials such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> of "not being honest" about the origins of COVID.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In September 2022, the Lancet commission published a wide-ranging report on the pandemic, stating that the origins of the virus remain unknown. "There are two leading hypotheses: that the virus emerged as a zoonotic spillover from wildlife or a farm animal, possibly through a wet market, in a location that is still undetermined; or that the virus emerged from a research-related incident, during the field collection of viruses or through a laboratory-associated escape. Commissioners held diverse views about the relative probabilities of the two explanations, and both possibilities require further scientific investigation."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Sachs was heavily criticized for the report; virologist <a href="/wiki/David_Robertson_(virologist)" title="David Robertson (virologist)">David Robertson</a> said the suggestion of US laboratory involvement was "wild speculation" and that "it's really disappointing to see such a potentially influential report contributing to further misinformation on such an important topic." In the same article, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rasmussen" title="Angela Rasmussen">Angela Rasmussen</a> of the Canadian Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization commented that the release may have been "one of The Lancet's most shameful moments regarding its role as a steward and leader in communicating crucial findings about science and medicine."<a href="#cite_note-lancet-react-67">[67]</a> However, a few months later, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> determined a lab leak origin with low to moderate confidence; the US agencies' revised assessment was "based on new intelligence."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The topic has become heavily politicized, with Sachs and China alleging a cover up, while most scientist agree with the status quo of zoonosis. There is yet no scientific consensus due to lack of conclusive evidence, partly due to lack of cooperation by the Chinese government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Ukraine">War in Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War in Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg/220px-Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg/330px-Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg/440px-Jeffrey_Sachs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>At MCC Budapest Peace Forum 2023</figcaption></figure> In May 2022, Sachs said that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in February 2022 would be hard to beat and that Finland's moves to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> would undermine a negotiated peace: "All of this talk of defeating Russia, to my mind, is reckless."<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2022-69">[69]</a> In June 2022, he co-signed an open letter calling for a "ceasefire" in the war, questioning Western countries' <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">continuing military support for Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 2022, Sachs appeared several times on one of the top-rated shows funded by the Russian government, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(TV_presenter)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (TV presenter)">Vladimir Solovyov</a>, to call for Ukraine to negotiate and step away from its "maximalist demands" of removing Russia from Ukrainian territory.<a href="#cite_note-University_World_News_2022-71">[71]</a> Sachs has suggested that the U.S. was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline</a>. In February 2023, he was invited by the Russian government to address the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> about the topic.<a href="#cite_note-Lederer_2023-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chotiner_2023-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Sachs's economic philosophies have been the subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nina_Munk" title="Nina Munk">Nina Munk</a>, author of the 2013 book The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, says that, although well intended, poverty eradication projects endorsed by Sachs have years later "left people even worse off than before".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice2020-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a>, a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, reviewed <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty" title="The End of Poverty">The End of Poverty</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, calling Sachs' poverty eradication plan "a sort of <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>".<a href="#cite_note-WPost-76">[76]</a> According to Easterly's cross-country statistical analysis in his book The White Man's Burden, from 1985 to 2006, "When we control both for initial poverty and for bad government, it is bad government that explains the slower growth. We cannot statistically discern any effect of initial poverty on subsequent growth once we control for bad government. This is still true if we limit the definition of bad government to corruption alone." Easterly deems the massive aid proposed by Sachs to be ineffective, as its effect will be hampered by bad governance and/or <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Easterly_Easterly_2006-77">[77]</a> Commenting on Sachs' $120 million effort to aid Africa, American travel writer and novelist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a> says these temporary measures failed to create sustained improvements. Theroux focuses on a project in a sparsely populated community of <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> camel herders in Dertu, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, funded by Sachs' Millennium Villages Project, which cost US$2.5 million over a three-year period. Theroux says that the project's <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a> were clogged and overflowing, the dormitories it built quickly became dilapidated, and the livestock market it established ignored local customs and was shut down within a few months. He says that an angry Dertu citizen filed a 15-point written complaint against Sachs's operation, claiming it "created dependence" and that "the project is supposed to be bottom top approached but it is visa [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] versa."<a href="#cite_note-barr_Africa's_Aid-78">[78]</a> According to the Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, Jeffrey Sachs is one of the architects of "disaster capitalism" after his recommendations in Bolivia, Poland and Russia led to millions of people ending up in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_2">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Financial_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Financial Officer">Chief Financial Officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> was arrested in Canada at the request of the U.S., which was seeking her extradition to face charges of allegedly violating <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>. Soon after Meng's arrest, Sachs wrote an article in which he said her arrest was part of efforts to contain China and accused the U.S. of hypocrisy for seeking her extradition. He wrote that none of the executives of several U.S. companies which had been fined for sanctions violations were arrested. After he was criticized for the article, Sachs closed his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account, which had 260,000 followers.<a href="#cite_note-bloo_Columbia's_Jeffrey-80">[80]</a> Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow at <a href="/wiki/Asia_Society" title="Asia Society">Asia Society</a>, noted that Sachs had written a foreword to a Huawei <a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">position paper</a>, and questioned whether Sachs had been paid by Huawei. Sachs said he had not been paid for the work.<a href="#cite_note-bloo_Columbia's_Jeffrey-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In June 2020, Sachs said the targeting of Huawei by the US was not solely about security.<a href="#cite_note-bbc210620-82">[82]</a> In their 2020 book <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Hand_(book)" title="Hidden Hand (book)">Hidden Hand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Hamilton" title="Clive Hamilton">Clive Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mareike_Ohlberg" title="Mareike Ohlberg">Mareike Ohlberg</a> commented on one of Sachs' articles in which he accused the U.S. government of maligning Huawei under hypocritical pretenses. Hamilton and Ohlberg wrote that Sachs' article would be more meaningful and influential if he did not have a close relationship with Huawei, including his previous endorsement of the company's "vision of our shared digital future". The authors also alleged that Sachs has ties to a number of Chinese state bodies and the private energy corporation <a href="/wiki/CEFC_China_Energy" title="CEFC China Energy">CEFC China Energy</a> for which he has spoken.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_Ohlberg_2020-83">[83]</a> During a January 2021 interview, despite the interviewer's repeated prompting, Sachs evaded questions about China's <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">repression of Uyghur people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">referred to</a> "huge <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">human rights abuses committed by the U.S.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-axio_Rights_groups-84">[84]</a> Subsequently, 19 advocacy and rights groups jointly wrote a letter to Columbia University questioning Sachs' comments.<a href="#cite_note-axio_Rights_groups-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-driv_Joint_Letter-85">[85]</a> The letter's signatories wrote that Sachs took the same stance as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, a digression to the history of U.S. rights violations as a way to avoid discussions of China's mistreatment of Uyghurs. The rights groups went on to say that Sachs "betrayed his institution's mission" by trivializing the perspective of those who were oppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-axio_Rights_groups-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-driv_Joint_Letter-85">[85]</a> Stephan Richter, editor-in-chief at <a href="/wiki/The_Globalist" title="The Globalist">The Globalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_D._Bindenagel" title="James D. Bindenagel">J.D. Bindenagel</a>, a former U.S. ambassador, wrote that Sachs was "actively agitating(!) for a classic Communist propaganda ploy".<a href="#cite_note-theg_Jeffrey_Sachs-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Ukraine_2">War in Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: War in Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> In March 2023 a group of 340 economists published an open letter, criticising his point of view.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Col2023-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Sachs lives in New York City with his wife Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, a pediatrician. They have three children.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> In 2004 and 2005, Sachs was named one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 Most Influential People in the World by Time</a>. He was also named one of the "500 Most Influential People in the Field of Foreign Policy" by the <a href="/wiki/World_Affairs_Councils_of_America" title="World Affairs Councils of America">World Affairs Councils of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-91">[91]</a> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> called Sachs "probably the most important economist in the world."<a href="#cite_note-nyt270693-30">[30]</a> In 2005, Sachs received the <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver#Legacy" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice</a>. In 2007, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, the third highest civilian honor bestowed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-92">[92]</a> Also in 2007, he received the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution International Advocate for Peace Award and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Centennial_Medal" title="Harvard Centennial Medal">Centennial Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> for his contributions to society.<a href="#cite_note-EICBio-35">[35]</a> In 2007, Sachs received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> From 2000 to 2001, Sachs was chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and from 1999 to 2000 he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Institution_Advisory_Commission" title="International Financial Institution Advisory Commission">International Financial Institution Advisory Commission</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. Sachs has been an adviser to the WHO, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a>. He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>, the Fellows of the World Econometric Society, the Brookings Panel of Economists, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> and the Board of Advisers of the Chinese Economists Society, among other international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-EICBio-35">[35]</a> Sachs is also the first holder of the Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Chair in Poverty Studies at the Centre for Poverty and Development Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya</a> in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for 2007–2009. He holds an honorary professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Pacific (Peru)">Universidad del Pacifico in Peru</a>. He has lectured at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EICBio-35">[35]</a> In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a> ranked Sachs 98th on its list of 100 members of the New Establishment. In July 2009, Sachs became a member of the <a href="/wiki/SNV_Netherlands_Development_Organisation" title="SNV Netherlands Development Organisation">Netherlands Development Organization</a>'s International Advisory Board.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a> awarded Sachs the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service">James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2016, Sachs became president of the Eastern Economic Association, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2017, Sachs and his wife were the joint recipients of the first World Sustainability Award.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2015, Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Planet_Prize" title="Blue Planet Prize">Blue Planet Prize</a> for his contributions to solving global environmental problems.<a href="#cite_note-bpa-99">[99]</a> In May 2017 Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Mints_Institute" title="Boris Mints Institute">Boris Mints Institute Prize</a> for Research of Strategic Policy Solutions to Global Challenges.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2022 Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> in the category of sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> Sachs writes a monthly foreign affairs column for <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a>, a nonprofit association of newspapers around the world that is circulated in 145 countries.<a href="#cite_note-PS-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSachs2020" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2020). The ages of globalization : geography, technology, and institutions. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-19374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-19374-0"><bdi>978-0-231-19374-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100777002">1100777002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ages+of+globalization+%3A+geography%2C+technology%2C+and+institutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100777002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-19374-0&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2018" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2018). A new foreign policy : beyond American exceptionalism. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54788-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54788-8"><bdi>978-0-231-54788-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028584983">1028584983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+foreign+policy+%3A+beyond+American+exceptionalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028584983&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54788-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2017" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2017). Building the new American economy : smart, fair, and sustainable. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54528-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54528-0"><bdi>978-0-231-54528-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969417703">969417703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+new+American+economy+%3A+smart%2C+fair%2C+and+sustainable&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F969417703&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54528-0&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachsPan2015" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey; Pan, Ki-mun (2015). The age of sustainable development. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17315-5"><bdi>978-0-231-17315-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892887168">892887168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+sustainable+development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892887168&rft.isbn=978-0-231-17315-5&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ki-mun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2013" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2013). To move the world : JFK's quest for peace (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9492-6"><bdi>978-0-8129-9492-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829745034">829745034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+move+the+world+%3A+JFK%27s+quest+for+peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829745034&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9492-6&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2011" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Civilization_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Price of Civilization (book)">The price of civilization : reawakening American virtue and prosperity</a> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6841-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-6841-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/711989050">711989050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+price+of+civilization+%3A+reawakening+American+virtue+and+prosperity&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F711989050&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6841-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey D. (June 2010). "Millennium Development Goals at 10". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 302 (6): 17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SciAm.302f..30S">2010SciAm.302f..30S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0610-30">10.1038/scientificamerican0610-30</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20521476">20521476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Millennium+Development+Goals+at+10&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20521476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0610-30&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010SciAm.302f..30S&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2008" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2008). Common wealth : economics for a crowded planet. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-127-1"><bdi>978-1-59420-127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/167764116">167764116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+wealth+%3A+economics+for+a+crowded+planet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F167764116&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-127-1&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysSachsStiglitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Macartan; Sachs, Jeffrey; Stiglitz, Joseph E., eds. (2007). Escaping the resource curse. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51210-7"><bdi>978-0-231-51210-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654395500">654395500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escaping+the+resource+curse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654395500&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51210-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty:_Economic_Possibilities_for_Our_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time">The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-045-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-045-9"><bdi>1-59420-045-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57243168">57243168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Poverty%3A+Economic+Possibilities+for+Our+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57243168&rft.isbn=1-59420-045-9&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkmanCorneliusSachsSchwab2002" class="citation report cs1">Kirkman, Geoffrey S.; Cornelius, Peter K.; Sachs, Jeffrey D.; <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schwab" title="Klaus Schwab">Schwab, Klaus</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2002/The_Global_Information_Technology_Report_2001-2002">The Global Information Technology Report 2001 – 2002: Readiness for the Networked World</a> (Report). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195152586" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195152586"><bdi>978-0195152586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Global+Information+Technology+Report+2001+%E2%80%93+2002%3A+Readiness+for+the+Networked+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0195152586&rft.aulast=Kirkman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+S.&rft.au=Cornelius%2C+Peter+K.&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.harvard.edu%2Fpublications%2F2002%2FThe_Global_Information_Technology_Report_2001-2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (October 4, 2002). "A New Global Effort to Control Malaria". Science. 298 (5591): 122–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1077900">10.1126/science.1077900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364788">12364788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+New+Global+Effort+to+Control+Malaria&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5591&rft.pages=122-124&rft.date=2002-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1077900&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12364788&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2002" class="citation report cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2002). Resolving the Debt Crisis of Low-Income Countries (Report). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resolving+the+Debt+Crisis+of+Low-Income+Countries&rft.series=Brookings+Papers+on+Economic+Activity&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (Summer 2001). "The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality". <a href="/wiki/Washington_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Quarterly">Washington Quarterly</a>. Vol. 24, no. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Significance+of+Global+Inequality&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1997" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (1997). Development Economics. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3314-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3314-8"><bdi>0-8133-3314-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+Economics&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-3314-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachsPistor1997" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey; Pistor, Katharina (1997). The rule of law and economic reform in Russia. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3313-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3313-X"><bdi>0-8133-3313-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36121307">36121307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rule+of+law+and+economic+reform+in+Russia&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36121307&rft.isbn=0-8133-3313-X&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Pistor%2C+Katharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1994" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (1994). Poland's jump to the market economy (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-69174-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-69174-4"><bdi>0-262-69174-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31820041">31820041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+jump+to+the+market+economy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31820041&rft.isbn=0-262-69174-4&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1993" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (1993). <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Larra%C3%ADn_Bascu%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Felipe Larraín Bascuñán">Larraín B., Felipe</a> (ed.). Macroeconomics in the global economy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-544206-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-544206-0"><bdi>0-13-544206-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25026552">25026552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics+in+the+global+economy&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25026552&rft.isbn=0-13-544206-0&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sachs, Jeffrey, ed. (1991). Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance. National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report. Vol. 1 : The International Financial System. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73332-7"><bdi>0-226-73332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Country+Debt+and+Economic+Performance&rft.series=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research+Project+Report&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-73332-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachsMcKibbin1991" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey; <a href="/wiki/Warwick_McKibbin" title="Warwick McKibbin">McKibbin, Warwick</a> (1991). Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Co-operation in the World Economy. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-5600-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-5600-3"><bdi>0-8157-5600-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Linkages%3A+Macroeconomic+Interdependence+and+Co-operation+in+the+World+Economy&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8157-5600-3&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=McKibbin%2C+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1989" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey, ed. (1989). Developing country debt and the world economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73338-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73338-6"><bdi>0-226-73338-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18351577">18351577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+country+debt+and+the+world+economy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18351577&rft.isbn=0-226-73338-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunoSachs1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Bruno, Michael</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sachs, Jeffrey</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsofworld0000brun">Economics of Worldwide Stagflation</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-23475-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-23475-8"><bdi>0-674-23475-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+of+Worldwide+Stagflation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-674-23475-8&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsofworld0000brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shan-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Shan_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413013039/http://hinterlandgazette.com/2010/06/keynesian-economist-jeffrey-sachs-says.html">Janet Shan, "Keynesian Economist, Jeffrey Sachs Says President Obama's Stimulus has Failed", June 7, 2010</a>, Hinterlandgazette.com, June 7, 2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hinterlandgazette.com/2010/06/keynesian-economist-jeffrey-sachs-says.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2017, retrieved February 19, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Janet+Shan%2C+%22Keynesian+Economist%2C+Jeffrey+Sachs+Says+President+Obama%27s+Stimulus+has+Failed%22%2C+June+7%2C+2010&rft.pub=Hinterlandgazette.com&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhinterlandgazette.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fkeynesian-economist-jeffrey-sachs-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041500/http://econ.columbia.edu/files/econ/sachs_cv.pdf">"Sachs's CV"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.columbia.edu/files/econ/sachs_cv.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 5, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sachs%27s+CV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.columbia.edu%2Ffiles%2Fecon%2Fsachs_cv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurda" class="citation web cs1">Burda, Michael C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003304/https://www.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/en/professuren/vwl/wtm2/mitarbeiter-en/prof-michael-burda-phd/cv_burdajan2016.pdf">"CV"</a> (PDF). Humboldt University of Berlin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/en/professuren/vwl/wtm2/mitarbeiter-en/prof-michael-burda-phd/cv_burdajan2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CV&rft.pub=Humboldt+University+of+Berlin&rft.aulast=Burda&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwi.hu-berlin.de%2Fen%2Fprofessuren%2Fvwl%2Fwtm2%2Fmitarbeiter-en%2Fprof-michael-burda-phd%2Fcv_burdajan2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeffrey-D-Sachs">"Jeffrey D. Sachs | American economist | Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009001436/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeffrey-D-Sachs">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeffrey+D.+Sachs+%26%23124%3B+American+economist+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJeffrey-D-Sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2020" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Lindsey (August 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918223807/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/24/krugman-stiglitz-sachs-and-economists-comment-on-trumps-first-term.html">"Economists offer bleak view of President Trump's first term, citing deglobalization trends and 'protectionism'"</a>. CNBC. 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"Guterres' spokesman Stephane Dujarric confirmed ... this week that Jeffrey Sachs, a world-renowned economist who has served as a senior U.N. adviser since 2002, will continue in that role." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners/Pages/default.aspx">"Commissioners"</a>. Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213075305/http://broadbandcommission.org/commissioners/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2017. 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From Poverty to Power (FP2P). Oxfam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228131101/https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/the-idealist-a-brilliant-gripping-disturbing-portrait-of-jeffrey-sachs/">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2021. 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Look to the Stars: The World of Celebrity Giving, 2006"</a>. Looktothestars.org. October 18, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130814145211/http://www.looktothestars.org/news/139-sachs-appeal---who-is-jeffrey-sachs">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purcell%2C+Myrlia.+Look+to+the+Stars%3A+The+World+of+Celebrity+Giving%2C+2006&rft.pub=Looktothestars.org&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.looktothestars.org%2Fnews%2F139-sachs-appeal---who-is-jeffrey-sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT1-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FT1_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/~fores/AcosoTextual/sachsbio.html">"Sachs, Jeffrey. The Financial Times, 1997"</a>. Uv.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815040151/http://www.uv.es/~fores/AcosoTextual/sachsbio.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sachs%2C+Jeffrey.+The+Financial+Times%2C+1997&rft.pub=Uv.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2F~fores%2FAcosoTextual%2Fsachsbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT2-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FT2_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/offener-brief-von-oekonomen-an-angela-merkel-jetzt-ist-der-zeitpunkt-die-gescheiterte-sparpolitik-zu-ueberdenken/12021886.html">"Jetzt ist der Zeitpunkt, die gescheiterte Sparpolitik zu überdenken"</a>. tagesspiegel.de. July 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708134708/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/offener-brief-von-oekonomen-an-angela-merkel-jetzt-ist-der-zeitpunkt-die-gescheiterte-sparpolitik-zu-ueberdenken/12021886.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jetzt+ist+der+Zeitpunkt%2C+die+gescheiterte+Sparpolitik+zu+%C3%BCberdenken&rft.pub=tagesspiegel.de&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Foffener-brief-von-oekonomen-an-angela-merkel-jetzt-ist-der-zeitpunkt-die-gescheiterte-sparpolitik-zu-ueberdenken%2F12021886.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT120115-51"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT120115_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Gillis2015" class="citation news cs1">Justin Gillis (December 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/science/beyond-paris-climate-change-talks.html">"A Path Beyond the Paris Climate Change Conference"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201144402/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/science/beyond-paris-climate-change-talks.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <q>Dr. Sachs helped start what is perhaps the most serious effort to draw up a detailed road map for the energy transition: the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project, based in Paris and New York. Over the past couple of years, the effort enlisted teams from 16 countries, which account for the large majority of global emissions, to devise such plans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Path+Beyond+the+Paris+Climate+Change+Conference&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.au=Justin+Gillis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F01%2Fscience%2Fbeyond-paris-climate-change-talks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey_2012-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_2012_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (May 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/may/03/nuclear-power-solution-climate-change">"Nuclear power is only solution to climate change, says Jeffrey Sachs"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306131402/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/may/03/nuclear-power-solution-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nuclear+power+is+only+solution+to+climate+change%2C+says+Jeffrey+Sachs&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fmay%2F03%2Fnuclear-power-solution-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/01/most-scenarios-today-show-you-don-t-need-nuclear-to-get-to-net-zero-jeffrey-sachs">"'You don't need nuclear to get to net zero,' says climate professor Jeffrey Sachs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. November 1, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=%27You+don%27t+need+nuclear+to+get+to+net+zero%2C%27+says+climate+professor+Jeffrey+Sachs&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fgreen%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2Fmost-scenarios-today-show-you-don-t-need-nuclear-to-get-to-net-zero-jeffrey-sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lau_2022-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Lau_2022_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2022" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Stuart (July 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/josep-borrell-jeffrey-sachs-adviser-china-disinformation-us-covid-origin/">"Borrell's adviser pushes China's contested claim that COVID came from US"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Borrell%27s+adviser+pushes+China%27s+contested+claim+that+COVID+came+from+US&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fjosep-borrell-jeffrey-sachs-adviser-china-disinformation-us-covid-origin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulze_2020-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Schulze_2020_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2020" class="citation web cs1">Schulze, Elizabeth (August 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/jeffrey-sachs-geopolitical-cold-war-with-china-is-a-dangerous-mistake.html">"Geopolitical cold war with China would be a dangerous mistake, economist Jeffrey Sachs says"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423064824/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/jeffrey-sachs-geopolitical-cold-war-with-china-is-a-dangerous-mistake.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Geopolitical+cold+war+with+China+would+be+a+dangerous+mistake%2C+economist+Jeffrey+Sachs+says&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F08%2F10%2Fjeffrey-sachs-geopolitical-cold-war-with-china-is-a-dangerous-mistake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_2022-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2022_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Jihye (August 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/18/us-china-tensions-are-not-helping-biden-in-inflation-fight-economist-says.html">"U.S.-China tensions are not helping Biden in inflation fight, economist says"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306173038/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/18/us-china-tensions-are-not-helping-biden-in-inflation-fight-economist-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=U.S.-China+tensions+are+not+helping+Biden+in+inflation+fight%2C+economist+says&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jihye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F08%2F18%2Fus-china-tensions-are-not-helping-biden-in-inflation-fight-economist-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2018" class="citation news cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/04/05/trump-right-about-syria-time-leave/pG9aYO3yp1zFDIDy45A29O/story.html">"Trump is right about Syria: It's time to leave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052416/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/04/05/trump-right-about-syria-time-leave/pG9aYO3yp1zFDIDy45A29O/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2018. 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August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822105554/https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/jeffrey-d-sachs">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Syndicate&rft.atitle=Jeffrey+D.+Sachs&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-syndicate.org%2Fcolumnist%2Fjeffrey-d-sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJeffrey+Sachs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Sachs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Rosenfeld">Arthur H. Rosenfeld</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (UK)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeffrey Sachs</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (Jordan, USA, Saudi Arabia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biopharmaceutical Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Zhang" title="Feng Zhang">Feng Zhang</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Anthony R. Hunter</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mendelsohn_(doctor)" title="John Mendelsohn (doctor)">John Mendelsohn</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Dinarello" title="Charles A. Dinarello">Charles A. Dinarello</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Feldmann" title="Marc Feldmann">Marc Feldmann</a> (Australia, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> (Hungary, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Cullis" title="Pieter Cullis">Pieter Cullis</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Theodore_de_Bary" title="Wm. Theodore de Bary">Wm. Theodore de Bary</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(sinologist)" title="Stephen Owen (sinologist)">Stephen Owen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Shiba" title="Yoshinobu Shiba">Yoshinobu Shiba</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gungwu" title="Wang Gungwu">Wang Gungwu</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Jessica Rawson</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Cho-yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Cho-yun">Hsu Cho-yun</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rule of Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albie_Sachs" title="Albie Sachs">Albie Sachs</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a> (UK, Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environmental_Lawyers_Association" title="Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association">Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejusticia" title="Dejusticia">Dejusticia: The Center for Law, Justice and Society</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Legal_Agenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Legal Agenda (page does not exist)">The Legal Agenda</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Saunders" title="Cheryl Saunders">Cheryl Saunders</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (Ireland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_recipients_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Template:Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2000–2009"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Bhushan_Award_recipients_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Template talk:Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2000–2009"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_recipients_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2000–2009"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> award recipients (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Agarwal_(environmentalist)" title="Anil Agarwal (environmentalist)">Anil Agarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narain_Agarwal" title="Ram Narain Agarwal">Ram Narain Agarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharan_Rani_Backliwal" title="Sharan Rani Backliwal">Sharan Rani Backliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kalyandev" title="Swami Kalyandev">Swami Kalyandev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaguda_V._Indiresan" title="Pavaguda V. Indiresan">Pavaguda V. Indiresan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiduddin_Khan" title="Wahiduddin Khan">Wahiduddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal" title="B. B. Lal">B. B. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Y._Sharada_Prasad" title="H. Y. Sharada Prasad">H. Y. Sharada Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Aizaz_Rasul" title="Begum Aizaz Rasul">Begum Aizaz Rasul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_and_Radha_Reddy" title="Raja and Radha Reddy">Radha Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_and_Radha_Reddy" title="Raja and Radha Reddy">Raja Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakkiriswamy_Chandra_Sekharan" title="Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan">Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamshi_Jethabhai_Somaiya" title="Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya">Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasan" title="S. Srinivasan">S. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbans_Singh_Wasir" title="Harbans Singh Wasir">Harbans Singh Wasir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dev_Anand" title="Dev Anand">Dev Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Bajaj" title="Rahul Bajaj">Rahul Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Barwale" title="B. R. Barwale">B. R. Barwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaheb_Bharde" title="Balasaheb Bharde">Balasaheb Bharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyi_Bhimanna" title="Boyi Bhimanna">Boyi Bhimanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadesh_Chatterjee" title="Swadesh Chatterjee">Swadesh Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Chopra" title="B. R. Chopra">B. R. Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Desai" title="Ashok Desai">Ashok Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgudi_Jayaraman" title="Lalgudi Jayaraman">Lalgudi Jayaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_K._Kumar" title="Shiv K. Kumar">Shiv K. Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Netravali" title="Arun Netravali">Arun Netravali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_Oberoi" title="Mohan Singh Oberoi">Mohan Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Parekh" title="Abdul Karim Parekh">Abdul Karim Parekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Patel" title="Amrita Patel">Amrita Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran_(actor)" title="Pran (actor)">Pran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroon_Purie" title="Aroon Purie">Aroon Purie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Raju" title="B. V. Raju">B. V. Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Bhanumathi" title="P. Bhanumathi">P. Bhanumathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaram_Ramakrishnan" title="Sundaram Ramakrishnan">Sundaram Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitranjan_Singh_Ranawat" title="Chitranjan Singh Ranawat">Chitranjan Singh Ranawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Sharma" title="Uma Sharma">Uma Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Subramaniam" title="L. Subramaniam">L. Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Trehan" title="Naresh Trehan">Naresh Trehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">Gary Ackerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._S._Ahluwalia" title="H. P. S. Ahluwalia">H. P. S. 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Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Kulandaiswamy" title="V. C. Kulandaiswamy">V. C. Kulandaiswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gury_Marchuk" title="Gury Marchuk">Gury Marchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagat_Singh_Mehta" title="Jagat Singh Mehta">Jagat Singh Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Merchant" title="Ismail Merchant">Ismail Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pallone" title="Frank Pallone">Frank Pallone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanujam_Varatharaja_Perumal" title="Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal">Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natesan_Rangabashyam" title="Natesan Rangabashyam">Natesan Rangabashyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Krishna_Rasgotra" title="Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra">Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">K. K. Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Verma" title="Nirmal Verma">Nirmal Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammannur_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Ammannur Madhava Chakyar">Ammannur Madhava Chakyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Chawla" title="Prabhu Chawla">Prabhu Chawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fischer_(diplomat)" title="Herbert Fischer (diplomat)">Herbert Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshyd_Godrej" title="Jamshyd Godrej">Jamshyd Godrej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coluthur_Gopalan" title="Coluthur Gopalan">Coluthur Gopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Rajam_Iyer" title="B. Rajam Iyer">B. Rajam Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Joshi" title="Shri Krishna Joshi">Shri Krishna Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_N._Krishnan" title="Madurai N. Krishnan">Madurai Narayanan Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kumar_(chemical_engineer)" title="Rajinder Kumar (chemical engineer)"> Rajinder Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Kumar_(nephrologist)" title="Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist)">Ramesh Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagicha_Singh_Minhas" title="Bagicha Singh Minhas">Bagicha Singh Minhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Mukhopadhyay_(poet)" title="Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)">Subhash Mukhopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Narayanaswamy" title="P. S. Narayanaswamy">P. S. Narayanaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramachandran" title="Arcot Ramachandran">Arcot Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichur_V._Ramachandran" title="Trichur V. Ramachandran">Trichur V. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Sankaranarayanan" title="T. V. Sankaranarayanan">T. V. Sankaranarayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._R._Shenoy" title="T. V. R. Shenoy">T. V. R. Shenoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Badan_Singh" title="Ram Badan Singh">Ram Badan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Shankar_Singhania" title="Hari Shankar Singhania">Hari Shankar Singhania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanan_Srinivasan" title="Narayanan Srinivasan">Narayanan Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Subrahmanyam" title="Padma Subrahmanyam">Padma Subrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swapna_Sundari_(dancer)" title="Swapna Sundari (dancer)">Swapna Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerbert_Yefremov" title="Gerbert Yefremov">Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoppil_Varghese_Antony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoppil Varghese Antony (page does not exist)">Thoppil Varghese Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumitra_Chatterjee" title="Soumitra Chatterjee">Soumitra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhar_Shankar_Dharmadhikari" title="Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari">Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardara_Singh_Johl" title="Sardara Singh Johl">Sardara Singh Johl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._V._Kamath" title="M. V. Kamath">M. V. Kamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komal_Kothari" title="Komal Kothari">Komal Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori" title="Yoshirō Mori">Yoshirō Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Narang" title="Gopi Chand Narang">Gopi Chand Narang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindarajan_Padmanaban" title="Govindarajan Padmanaban">Govindarajan Padmanaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poornima_Arvind_Pakvasa" title="Poornima Arvind Pakvasa">Poornima Arvind Pakvasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Prabhakar" title="Vishnu Prabhakar">Vishnu Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Rajam" title="N. Rajam">N. Rajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Hanumantha_Rao" title="C. H. Hanumantha Rao">C. H. Hanumantha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvengadam_Lakshman_Sankar" title="Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar">Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Seshagopalan" title="T. N. Seshagopalan">T. N. Seshagopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijoy_Nandan_Shahi" title="Bijoy Nandan Shahi">Bijoy Nandan Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Srinivas" title="Krishna Srinivas">Krishna Srinivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarmel_Valli" title="Alarmel Valli">Alarmel Valli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Anjum" title="Sardar Anjum">Sardar Anjum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Beteille" title="André Beteille">André Beteille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_Prasad_Bhatt" title="Chandi Prasad Bhatt">Chandi Prasad Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._Satishchandran" title="T. R. Satishchandran">Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Datta_Chaudhuri" title="Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri">Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Chopra" title="Yash Chopra">Yash Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna_Dey" title="Manna Dey">Manna Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hamied" title="Yusuf Hamied">Yusuf Hamied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder" title="Qurratulain Hyder">Qurratulain Hyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlochan_Singh_Kler" title="Tarlochan Singh Kler">Tarlochan Singh Kler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kohli" title="Anil Kohli">Anil Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Mazumdar-Shaw" title="Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw">Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Miri" title="Mrinal Miri">Mrinal Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hari_Mohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hari Mohan (page does not exist)">Hari Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brijmohan_Lall_Munjal" title="Brijmohan Lall Munjal">Brijmohan Lall Munjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Puri" title="Balraj Puri">Balraj Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mir_Qasim" title="Syed Mir Qasim">Syed Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Ramachandran" title="A. Ramachandran">A. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._V._Iyer_Ramakrishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna (page does not exist)">G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Ramamurthy" title="V. S. Ramamurthy">V. S. Ramamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._I._Varaprasad_Reddy" title="K. I. Varaprasad Reddy">K. I. Varaprasad Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Srinath_Reddy" title="K. Srinath Reddy">K. Srinath Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Saxena" title="Girish Chandra Saxena">Girish Chandra Saxena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimaiah_Seshagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimaiah Seshagiri">Narasimaiah Seshagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tully" title="Mark Tully">Mark Tully</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaiveer_Agarwal" title="Jaiveer Agarwal">Jaiveer Agarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Appu" title="P. S. Appu">P. S. Appu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Bhushan" title="Shashi Bhushan">Shashi Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Prasad_Birla" title="Ganga Prasad Birla">Ganga Prasad Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Bongard-Levin" title="Grigory Bongard-Levin">Grigory Bongard-Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra" title="Lokesh Chandra">Lokesh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Nandini_Dalmia" title="Dinesh Nandini Dalmia">Dinesh Nandini Dalmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarun_Das" title="Tarun Das">Tarun Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Gadgil" title="Madhav Gadgil">Madhav Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Hangal" title="A. K. Hangal">A. K. Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki_Jain" title="Devaki Jain">Devaki Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamleshwar_(writer)" title="Kamleshwar (writer)">Kamleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Jaffer_Khan" title="Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan">Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Khan" title="Sabri Khan">Sabri Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanno_Khurana" title="Shanno Khurana">Shanno Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Kruger_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunter Kruger (businessman) (page does not exist)">Gunter Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Leela" title="P. Leela">P. Leela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._P._Nambiar" title="K. P. P. Nambiar">K. P. P. 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Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hira_Lall_Sibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hira Lall Sibal">Hira Lall Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Arjan_Singh" title="Billy Arjan Singh">Billy Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasjit_Singh_(IAF_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)">Jasjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaypat_Singhania" title="Vijaypat Singhania">Vijaypat Singhania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Talwar" title="K. K. Talwar">K. K. Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Shankar_Vyas" title="Vijay Shankar Vyas">Vijay Shankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Zbavitel" title="Dušan Zbavitel">Dušan Zbavitel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Chiramel" title="Gabriel Chiramel">Gabriel Chiramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Ghose" title="Saroj Ghose">Saroj Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Mohini_Giri" title="V. Mohini Giri">V. Mohini Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_Hore" title="Somnath Hore">Somnath Hore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Jiji_Irani" title="Jamshed Jiji Irani">Jamshed Jiji Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Kalkat" title="Gurcharan Singh Kalkat">Gurcharan Singh Kalkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Mahalingam" title="N. Mahalingam">N. Mahalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithipal_Singh_Maini" title="Prithipal Singh Maini">Prithipal Singh Maini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyeb_Mehta" title="Tyeb Mehta">Tyeb Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_and_Sajan_Mishra" title="Rajan and Sajan Mishra">Rajan and Sajan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_and_Sajan_Mishra" title="Rajan and Sajan Mishra">Rajan and Sajan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Mittal" title="Sunil Mittal">Sunil Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramankutty_Nair" title="Ramankutty Nair">Ramankutty Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Neeraj" title="Gopaldas Neeraj">Gopaldas Neeraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Narayana_Panicker" title="Kavalam Narayana Panicker">Kavalam Narayana Panicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikhu_Parekh" title="Bhikhu Parekh">Bhikhu Parekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Sharfuddin_Quadri" title="Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri">Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Ramachandran" title="V. S. Ramachandran">V. S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Raychaudhuri" title="Tapan Raychaudhuri">Tapan Raychaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prasad_Saikia" title="Chandra Prasad Saikia">Chandra Prasad Saikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Z._Sailo" title="L. Z. Sailo">L. Z. Sailo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Kumar_Sarin" title="Shiv Kumar Sarin">Shiv Kumar Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Sharma" title="Shriram Sharma">Shriram Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manju_Sharma_(biologist)" title="Manju Sharma (biologist)">Manju Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Srinivasan" title="T. N. Srinivasan">T. N. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Suzuki_(businessman)" title="Osamu Suzuki (businessman)">Osamu Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Thomas_(judge)" title="K. T. Thomas (judge)">K. T. Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Bashir_Ahmed" title="Mian Bashir Ahmed">Mian Bashir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Kaushik Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayama_Chona" title="Shayama Chona">Shayama Chona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chopra" title="Jagjit Singh Chopra">Jagjit Singh Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Fahimuddin_Dagar" title="Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar">Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhar_Dasgupta" title="Chandrashekhar Dasgupta">Chandrashekhar Dasgupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asis_Datta" title="Asis Datta">Asis Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Desai,_Baron_Desai" title="Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai">Meghnad Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Desai" title="Padma Desai">Padma Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukh_Dev" title="Sukh Dev">Sukh Dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Ganguly" title="Nirmal Kumar Ganguly">Nirmal Kumar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Goswamy" title="B. N. Goswamy">B. N. Goswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Gowarikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasant Gowarikar">Vasant Gowarikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Kalyani" title="Baba Kalyani">Baba Kalyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Kamath" title="K. V. Kamath">K. V. Kamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Kaur_Barthakur" title="Inderjit Kaur Barthakur">Inderjit Kaur Barthakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kelekar" title="Ravindra Kelekar">Ravindra Kelekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Ali_Khan" title="Asad Ali Khan">Asad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Dominique Lapierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Mehta" title="D. R. Mehta">D. R. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Nadar" title="Shiv Nadar">Shiv Nadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Kumar_Neotia" title="Suresh Kumar Neotia">Suresh Kumar Neotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Oommen" title="T. K. Oommen">T. K. Oommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Padmanabhaiah" title="K. Padmanabhaiah">K. Padmanabhaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Pandit" title="Vikram Pandit">Vikram Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Ramachandran" title="V. Ramachandran">V. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_Saxena" title="Sushil Kumar Saxena">Sushil Kumar Saxena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Sehgal" title="Amarnath Sehgal">Amarnath Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasdev_Singh" title="Jasdev Singh">Jasdev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrilal_Shukla" title="Shrilal Shukla">Shrilal Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Susheela" title="P. Susheela">P. Susheela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Vorontsov" title="Yuli Vorontsov">Yuli Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Xianlin" title="Ji Xianlin">Ji Xianlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isher_Judge_Ahluwalia" title="Isher Judge Ahluwalia">Isher Judge Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Kaur_Barthakur" title="Inderjit Kaur Barthakur">Inderjit Kaur Barthakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Begum" title="Shamshad Begum">Shamshad Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bindra" title="Abhinav Bindra">Abhinav Bindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhananjayans" title="Dhananjayans">Shanta Dhananjayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhananjayans" title="Dhananjayans">V. P. Dhananjayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Gupta" title="Shekhar Gupta">Shekhar Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Hameed,_Baron_Hameed" title="Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed">Khalid Hameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Hara" title="Minoru Hara">Minoru Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayakanthan" title="Jayakanthan">Jayakanthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvagya_Singh_Katiyar" title="Sarvagya Singh Katiyar">Sarvagya Singh Katiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_(Telugu_actor)" title="Krishna (Telugu actor)">G. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Mehta" title="R. C. Mehta">R. C. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sreedhara_Menon" title="A. Sreedhara Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Misra" title="S. K. Misra">S. K. Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Naik" title="A. M. Naik">A. M. Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Nambiar" title="Satish Nambiar">Satish Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Narayan" title="Kunwar Narayan">Kunwar Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirit_Parikh" title="Kirit Parikh">Kirit Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Pitroda" title="Sam Pitroda">Sam Pitroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Prahalad" title="C. K. Prahalad">C. K. Prahalad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdip_Singh_Randhawa" title="Gurdip Singh Randhawa">Gurdip Singh Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brijendra_Kumar_Rao" title="Brijendra Kumar Rao">Brijendra Kumar Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakta_B._Rath" title="Bhakta B. Rath">Bhakta B. Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Seshadri" title="C. S. Seshadri">C. S. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Ganapati_Sthapati" title="V. Ganapati Sthapati">V. Ganapati Sthapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Triguna" title="Devendra Triguna">Devendra Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Varadappan" title="Sarojini Varadappan">Sarojini Varadappan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div># Posthumous conferral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)">1954–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)">2020–2029</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics / sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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