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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mammalian_cyclophilins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyclophilin_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclophilin_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cyclophilin A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclophilin_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclophilin_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclophilin_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cyclophilin D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclophilin_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cyclophilin type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase/CLD</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png/220px-Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png/330px-Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png/440px-Cyclophilin_A-cyclosporin_complex_1CWA.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1069" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_diagram" title="Ribbon diagram">Ribbon diagram</a> of cyclophilin A in complex with <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> (yellow). From <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1CWA">1CWA</a></span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;">Pro_isomerase</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00160">PF00160</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0475/">CL0475</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002130">IPR002130</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00154">PDOC00154</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1cyh">1cyh</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1cyh">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1cyh">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00160?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00160">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00160%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00160">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00160">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00160">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cyclophilins</b> (CYPs) are a family of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> named after their ability to bind to <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> (cyclosporin A), an <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">immunosuppressant</a> which is usually used to suppress <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection</a> after internal <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14731520_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14731520-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found in all domains of life. These proteins have peptidyl <a href="/wiki/Prolyl_isomerase" title="Prolyl isomerase">prolyl isomerase</a> activity, which <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyzes</a> the <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peptide_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide bonds">peptide bonds</a> from <i>trans</i> form to <i>cis</i> form at <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> residues and facilitates <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>. </p><p>Cyclophilin A is a <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytosolic</a> and highly abundant protein. The protein belongs to a family of <a href="/wiki/Isozymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isozymes">isozymes</a>, including cyclophilins B and C, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cell</a> cyclophilin-related protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1464374_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1464374-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8404888_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8404888-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7526121_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7526121-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/Isoforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoforms">isoforms</a> have been found within single cells, including inside the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">Endoplasmic reticulum</a>, and some are even <a href="/wiki/Secreted" class="mw-redirect" title="Secreted">secreted</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mammalian_cyclophilins">Mammalian cyclophilins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mammalian cyclophilins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human genes encoding proteins containing the cyclophilin domain include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PPIA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPIA">PPIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIB" title="PPIB">PPIB</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIC" title="PPIC">PPIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptidylprolyl_isomerase_D" title="Peptidylprolyl isomerase D">PPID</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIE_(gene)" title="PPIE (gene)">PPIE</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIF" title="PPIF">PPIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIG_(gene)" title="PPIG (gene)">PPIG</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIH" title="PPIH">PPIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPIL1" title="PPIL1">PPIL1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIL2" title="PPIL2">PPIL2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIL3" title="PPIL3">PPIL3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPIL4" title="PPIL4">PPIL4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PPIAL4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPIAL4 (page does not exist)">PPIAL4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PPIL6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPIL6 (page does not exist)">PPIL6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PPWD1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPWD1 (page does not exist)">PPWD1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclophilin_A">Cyclophilin A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cyclophilin A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1awv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1awv.jpg/300px-1awv.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1awv.jpg/450px-1awv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1awv.jpg/600px-1awv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Cyclophilin A + HIV peptid (green), Human.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Peptidylprolyl_isomerase_A" title="Peptidylprolyl isomerase A">Cyclophilin A</a> (CYPA) also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Beta_barrel" title="Beta barrel">beta barrel</a> structure with two <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helices</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Beta-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sheet">beta-sheet</a>. Other cyclophilins have similar structures to cyclophilin A. The cyclosporin-cyclophilin A complex inhibits a <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>-dependent <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">calcineurin</a>, the inhibition of which is thought to suppress <a href="/wiki/Organ_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ rejection">organ rejection</a> by halting the production of the pro-inflammatory molecules <a href="/wiki/TNF_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF alpha">TNF alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a>. </p><p>Cyclophilin A is also known to be recruited by the Gag polyprotein during <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> virus infection, and its incorporation into new virus particles is essential for HIV-1 infectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclophilin_D">Cyclophilin D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cyclophilin D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclophilin D (PPIF, note that literature is confusing, the mitochondrial cyclophilin is encoded by the PPIF gene), which is located in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">matrix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, is only a modulatory, but may or may not be a structural component of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore" title="Mitochondrial permeability transition pore">mitochondrial permeability transition pore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pore opening raises the permeability of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_inner_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial inner membrane">mitochondrial inner membrane</a>, allows influx of <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolic</a> molecules into the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix" title="Mitochondrial matrix">mitochondrial matrix</a>, increases the matrix volume, and disrupts the mitochondrial outer membrane. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> fall into a functional disorder, so the opening of the pore plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">cell death</a>. Cyclophilin D is thought to regulate the opening of the pore because cyclosporin A, which binds to CyP-D, inhibits the pore opening. </p><p>However, mitochondria obtained from the cysts of Artemia franciscana, do not exhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overexpression of Cyclophilin A has been linked to poor response to inflammatory diseases, the progression or <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> of cancer, and aging.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclophilins_as_drug_targets">Cyclophilins as drug targets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cyclophilins as drug targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclophilin inhibitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclosporin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporin">cyclosporin</a>, are being developed to treat <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclophilin inhibition may also be a therapy for liver diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid14731520-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14731520_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStamnesRutherfordZuker1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stamnes MA, Rutherford SL, Zuker CS (September 1992). 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(November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2014.07.008">"Cyclophilin inhibition as potential therapy for liver diseases"</a>. <i>Journal of Hepatology</i>. <b>61</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1166–</span>1174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2014.07.008">10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25048953">25048953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Cyclophilin+inhibition+as+potential+therapy+for+liver+diseases&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1166-%3C%2Fspan%3E1174&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2014.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25048953&rft.aulast=Naoumov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jhep.2014.07.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclophilin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclophilin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Cyclophilins">Cyclophilins</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transmembrane_receptors:_immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Transmembrane receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">immunoglobulin superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Immune_receptor" title="Immune receptor">immune receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antibody receptor:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-epsilon_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Epsilon (ε)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">FcεRII</a> is <a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-gamma_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Gamma (γ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">FcγRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">FcγRII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD16" title="CD16">FcγRIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal Fc receptor">Neonatal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-alpha_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Alpha (α)/mu (μ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCAR" title="FCAR">FcαRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B1/%CE%BCR" title="Fcα/μR">Fcα/μR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor" title="Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor">Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">BCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">stimulate:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_2" title="Complement receptor 2">CD21</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD81" title="CD81">CD81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">inhibit:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">Ig-α</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">Ig-β</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD79" title="CD79">CD79</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">Ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">MHC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">MHC class II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">TCR</a>: <a href="/wiki/TRA@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRA@">TRA@</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRB@&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRB@ (page does not exist)">TRB@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRD@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRD@">TRD@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRG@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRG@">TRG@</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> (with two glycoprotein chains <a href="/wiki/CD8_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 alpha">CD8α</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD8_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 beta">CD8β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3G" title="CD3G">CD3γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3D" title="CD3D">CD3δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_surface_glycoprotein_CD3_epsilon_chain" title="T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain">CD3ε</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta chain (page does not exist)">ζ-chain</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/CD3_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD3 zeta">CD3ζ</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=TCR_zeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCR zeta (page does not exist)">TCRζ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptors" title="Template:Cytokine receptors">cytokine receptors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Killer-cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor" title="Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor">Killer-cell IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL1" title="KIR2DL1">KIR2DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL3" class="mw-redirect" title="KIR2DL3">KIR2DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL4" title="KIR2DL4">KIR2DL4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5A (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5B (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS1" title="KIR2DS1">KIR2DS1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS3 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS4" title="KIR2DS4">KIR2DS4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS5 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL1" title="KIR3DL1">KIR3DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL2" title="KIR3DL2">KIR3DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL3" title="KIR3DL3">KIR3DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR3DS1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR3DS1 (page does not exist)">KIR3DS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_immunoglobulin-like_receptors" title="Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors">Leukocyte IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LILRA1" title="LILRA1">LILRA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA2" title="LILRA2">LILRA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA3" title="LILRA3">LILRA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA4" title="LILRA4">LILRA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA5" title="LILRA5">LILRA5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LILRA6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LILRA6 (page does not exist)">LILRA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB1" title="LILRB1">LILRB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB2" title="LILRB2">LILRB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB3" title="LILRB3">LILRB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB4" title="LILRB4">LILRB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB5" title="LILRB5">LILRB5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Isomerases:_geometric_(EC_5.2)153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geometric_isomerases" title="Template:Geometric isomerases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geometric_isomerases" title="Template talk:Geometric isomerases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geometric_isomerases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geometric isomerases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Isomerases:_geometric_(EC_5.2)153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism" title="Cis–trans isomerism">geometric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 5.2)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)#EC_5.2:_cis-trans-Isomerases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">5.2.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FKBP" title="FKBP">FKBP</a>: <a href="/wiki/FKBP1A" title="FKBP1A">FKBP1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP1B" title="FKBP1B">FKBP1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP2" title="FKBP2">FKBP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP3" title="FKBP3">FKBP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP4" title="FKBP4">FKBP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP5" title="FKBP5">FKBP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP6" title="FKBP6">FKBP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP8" title="FKBP8">FKBP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP9" title="FKBP9">FKBP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBP10" title="FKBP10">FKBP10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FKBPL" title="FKBPL">FKBPL</a></li></ul> <ul><li>other: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyclophilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvulin" title="Parvulin">Parvulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolyl_isomerase" title="Prolyl isomerase">Prolyl isomerase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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