CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives | The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology - Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="170"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2021 120:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-01-30"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties remain unclear. EP and AW additives were reviewed to fill gaps in theoretical and industrial applications. Compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus elements were first used in boundary lubrication because of thermal reaction with metal to form film characteristics. First, the mechanisms of traditional EP and AW additives were analyzed, the physical and chemical properties were compared, and properties affecting factors were studied. Traditional EP and AW additives are not environmentally friendly, but nanoparticle EP and AW additives are excellent substitutes. The mechanisms of nanoparticle EP and AW additives were summarized. The influence of nanoparticle structure parameters, concentration, and media polarity on properties was studied. Second, the influence law of non-polar chain length on traditional EP and AW additives was revealed. The improvement interval of traditional EP and AW additives on the performance of the base fluid was determined. The structural advantage of low crystallinity onion-like and multilayer sheet-like low wrinkle effect of nanoparticles was explained. The particle size design principle attached to the surface roughness and size-dependent melting inhibition mechanism was established. The influence of concentration and media polarity on nanoparticle properties was obtained. Finally, the research of minimum amount matching database and mathematical selection model for traditional EP and AW additives and the molecular dynamics analysis of surface-modified nanoparticles and the development of green general-purpose additives based on molecular design are prospected."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1433-3015"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-01-30"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="120"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="27"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Int J Adv Manuf Technol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer London"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1433-3015"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="120"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/05"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/01/30"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="27"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Critical Review"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="size" content="298649"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties re"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Li, Haogang"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhang, Yanbin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Li, Changhe"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhou, Zongming"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nie, Xiaolin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chen, Yun"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Cao, Huajun"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Liu, Bo"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhang, Naiqing"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Said, Zafar"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Debnath, Sujan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jamil, Muhammad"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ali, Hafiz Muhammad"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sharma, Shubham"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Industrial and Production Engineering"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Media Management"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Mechanical Engineering"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Holmberg K, Erdemir A (2017) Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5:263–284.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Holmberg K, Andersson P, Nylund N-O, Mäkelä K, Erdemir A (2014) Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribol Int 78:94–114.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.05.004 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao T, Zhang X, Li CH, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Ji H, Zhao Y, Li R, Yao P (2020) Surface morphology evaluation of multi-angle 2D ultrasonic vibration integrated with nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication grinding. J Manuf Process 51:44–61.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.024 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gupta MK, Bijwe J (2020) A complex interdependence of dispersant in nano-suspensions with varying amount of graphite particles on its stability and tribological performance. TribolL Int 142:105968.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105968 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Holmberg K, Kivikytö-Reponen P, Härkisaari P, Valtonen K, Erdemir A (2017) Global energy consumption due to friction and wear in the mining industry. Tribol Int 115:116–139.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.010 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Uzoma PC, Hu H, Khadem M, Penkov OV (2020) Tribology of 2D nanomaterials: a review. Coatings 10:897.  https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090897 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Tribology: fundamentals and advancements; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_id=CR7; citation_author=NS Ahmed; citation_author=AM Nassar; citation_publisher=IntechOpen Ltd"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Vyavhare K, Timmons RB, Erdemir A, Edwards BL, Aswath PB (2021) Robust interfacial tribofilms by borate-and polymer-coated ZnO nanoparticles leading to improved wear protection under a boundary lubrication regime. Langmuir 37:1743–1759.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02985 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhang J, Meng YG (2015) Boundary lubrication by adsorption film. Friction 3:115–147.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-015-0084-4 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ghanbarzadeh A, Wilson M, Morina A, Dowson D, Neville A (2016) Development of a new mechano-chemical model in boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 93:573–582.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.12.018 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Luiz JF, Spikes H (2020) Tribofilm formation, friction and wear-reducing properties of some phosphorus-containing antiwear additives. Tribol Lett 68.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01315-8 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ripoll MR, Tomala AM, Pirker L, Remškar M (2020) In-situ formation of MoS 2 and WS 2 tribofilms by the synergy between transition metal oxide nanoparticles and sulphur-containing oil additives. Tribol Lett 68:1–13.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-1286-0 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mistry K, Morina A, Erdemir A, Neville A (2013) Tribological performance of EP lubricants with phosphorus-based additives. Tribol Trans 56:645–651.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2013.769288 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chen Y, Liang H (2020) Tribological evaluation of electrical resistance of lubricated contacts. J Tribol-T ASME 142:114502.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045578 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Boiko MV, Sidashov AV, Boiko TG, Burykin IV, Uflyand IE (2021) The mechanism of formation of boundary lubricating films during friction in a medium of di (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate. Tribol Int 165:107222.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107222 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kenneth H, Peter A, Ali E (2012) Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribol Int 47:221–234.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hase A, Mishina H, Wada M (2016) Fundamental study on early detection of seizure in journal bearing by using acoustic emission technique. Wear 346:132–139.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.012 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=TRIBOL LUBR TECHNOL; citation_title=Special Report: Trends in extreme pressure additives; citation_author=N Canter; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=10; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang H (2005) Study on tribological properties of content chlorine extreme-pressure additives in rap oil. Lubr Eng 110–111+120.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2005.05.037 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Asadauskas SJ, Biresaw G, McClure TG (2010) Effects of chlorinated paraffin and ZDDP concentrations on boundary lubrication properties of mineral and soybean oils. Tribol Lett 37:111–121.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9496-5 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Chlorinated Paraffins; citation_inbook_title=Lubricant Additives; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=219-223; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=M James; citation_publisher=CRC Press"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="VoPham T, Bertrand KA, Jones RR, Deziel NC, DuPré NC, James P, Liu Y, Vieira VM, Tamimi RM, Hart JE (2020) Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Environ Res 186:109516.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109516 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Glüge J, Schinkel L, Hungerbühler K, Cariou R, Bogdal C (2018) Environmental risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs): a review. Environ Sci Technol 52:6743–6760.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06459 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao F, Kotvis PV, Tysoe WT (2004) The surface and tribological chemistry of chlorine-and sulfur-containing lubricant additives. Tribol Int 37:87–92.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00040-9 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Parenago OP, Kuz’mina GN, Zaimovskaya TA (2017) Sulfur-containing molybdenum compounds as high-performance lubricant additives. PetrolL Chem 57:631–642.  https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544117080102 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Li F, Jiang H, Zhao SL, Li P (2015) Product analysis and reaction mechanism of high-pressure synthesis of sulfurized isobutylene by one-step method. Chin J Appl Chem 32:771–776.  https://doi.org/10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2015.07.140397 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Alves SM, Schroeter RB, Bossardi JCDS, Andrade CLFD (2011) Influence of EP additive on tool wear in drilling of compacted graphite iron. J Braz Soc Mech SciI 33:197–202.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782011000200011 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ding HY, Yang XH, Xu LN, Li M, Li SH, Zhang SJ, Xia JL (2020) Analysis and comparison of tribological performance of fatty acid-based lubricant additives with phosphorus and sulfur. J Bioresour Bioprod 5:134–142.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.007 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lozinskii AV, Kuchin DP, Efimov VN, Pakhomova MI (2021) Solving the problems of high-temperature sulfur corrosion in primary oil refineries. Chem Tech Fuels Oil 57:613–618.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-021-01283-2 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xu X, Hu J, Yang S, Xie F, Guo L (2016) Extreme pressure synergistic mechanism of bismuth naphthenate and sulfurized isobutene additives. Surf Rev Lett 24:1750071.  https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X17500718 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Liu J, Wang Y, Tang P, Liu N (2015) Tribological performance of overbased calcium alkyl salicylate and sulfurized isobutylene in rapeseed oil. Mol Med Rep 11:3291–3294.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2015.11.016 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zysman CE, Farrell PG, Harpp DN (2004) Desulfurization of aromatic polysulfides with triphenylphosphine. J Sulfur Chem 25:101–109.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1741599042000203364 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Minami I (2017) Molecular science of lubricant additives. Appl Sci 7:445.  https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050445 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Li C (2019) Summary of Sulfurized Additives. Synth Lubr 46:23–26.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2019.03.007 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jiang BB, Chen N, Zheng LC, Wang JD, Ke YL, Fu XS, Yang YR (2014) Research on reaction kinetics of sulfurized isobutylene by one-step synthesis. ACTA Pertrolei Sinica 30:501.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2014.03.018 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Niu WX, Yuan M, Wang PF, Shi Q, Xu H, Dong JX (2020) One-pot synthesis of SIB@ ZIF-8 with enhanced anti-corrosion properties and excellent lubrication properties. Tribol Int 151:106491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106491 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Johnson B, Wu H, Desanker M, Pickens D, Chung Y-W, Wang QJ (2018) Direct formation of lubricious and wear-protective carbon films from phosphorus-and sulfur-free oil-soluble additives. Tribol Lett 66:2.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0945-2 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao XL, Liu DH, Song Z, Dai K (2018) Isosteric design of friction-reduction and anti-wear lubricant additives with less sulfur content. Friction 6:164–182.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0162-x "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Righi MC, Loehlé S, Bouchet MDB, Mambingo-Doumbe S, Martin JM (2016) A comparative study on the functionality of S-and P-based lubricant additives by combined first principles and experimental analysis. RSC Adv 6:47753–47760.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07545B "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Feng ZJ, Feng LL, Xu JN, Lu Y (2013) Tribological characteristics of vulcanization isobutylene additives in ester oil. Lubr Eng 38:49–52.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.06.010 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang H, Zhao ZJ (2006) Study on tribological properties of sulfurous extreme pressure and antiwear additives in rap oil. Lubr Eng 08:84–86.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.08.025 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Shen J, Cheng J, Jiang H, Li J, Gachot C (2018) Study on the relationship between extreme pressure properties and component contents of high pressured sulfurized isobutylene. Ind Lubr Tribol 90:527–531.  https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-07-2017-0187 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sukirno, Ningsih YR (2017) Utilization of sulphurized palm oil as cutting fluid base oil for broaching process. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 60:012008.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Plaza S, Celichowski G, Margielewski L, Leniak S (2000) Flash thermolysis of dibenzyl and diphenyl disulphides. Wear 237:295–299.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00358-0 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kawada S, Watanabe S, Tadokoro C, Sasaki S (2018) Effects of alkyl chain length of sulfate and phosphate anion-based ionic liquids on tribochemical reactions. Tribol Lett 66:1–9.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0962-1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Pejaković V, Tomastik C, Dörr N, Kalin M (2016) Influence of concentration and anion alkyl chain length on tribological properties of imidazolium sulfate ionic liquids as additives to glycerol in steel–steel contact lubrication. Tribol Int 97:234–243.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.034 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ma R, Zhao Q, Zhang E, Zheng D, Li W, Wang X (2020) Synthesis and evaluation of oil-soluble ionic liquids as multifunctional lubricant additives. Tribol Int 151:106446.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106446 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Feldshtein E, Pusavec F, Szydlowski M, Legutko S, Sobczak-Kupiec A (2016) A study on droplets sizes, their distribution and heat exchange for minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Int J Mach Tool Manuf 100:81–92.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.10.008 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Wojciechowski S, Powalka B, Klos S, Szczotkarz N, Matuszak M, Khanna N (2020) Evaluation of turning with different cooling-lubricating techniques in terms of surface integrity and tribologic properties. TriboL Int 148:106334.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Wojciechowski S, Zak K, Habrat W, Nieslony P (2018) Effects of extreme pressure and anti-wear additives on surface topography and tool wear during MQCL turning of AISI 1045 steel. J Mech Sci Technol 32:1585–1591.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Feldshtein E, Nieslony P, Tyliszczak B, Pusavec F (2017) Tool wear characterizations in finish turning of AISI 1045 carbon steel for MQCL conditions. Wear 372:54–67.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.006 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Nieslony P, Wojciechowski S, Michalski M, Legutko S (2016) The influence of the cooling conditions on the cutting tool wear and the chip formation mechanism. J Mech Sci Technol 24:107–115.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.08.006 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bihan G, A PB, S WD (2016) The chemistry, mechanism and function of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an anti‐wear lubricant additive. Lubr Sci 28:257–265.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Guan B, Pochopien BA, Wright DS (2016) The chemistry, mechanism and function of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an anti‐wear lubricant additive. Lubr Sci 28:257–265.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Barros-Bouchet DM, Righi MC, Philippon D, Mambingo-Doumbe S, Le-Mogne T, Martin JM, Bouffet A (2015) Tribochemistry of phosphorus additives: experiments and first-principles calculations. RSC Adv 5:49270–49279.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00721f "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Philippon D, de Barros-Bouchet MI, Mogne TL, Gresser E, Martin JM (2007) Experimental simulation of phosphites additives tribochemical reactions by gas phase lubrication. Tribol-Mater Surf Int 1:113–123.  https://doi.org/10.1179/175158408X273586 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Fu X, Sun L, Zhou X, Li J, Fan B, Ren T (2015) Tribochemical behaviors of phosphite esters and their combinations with alkyl amines. Appl Surf Sci 357:1163–1170.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.156 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bu JM, Yan JC, Bai XF, Ren TH, Zhao YD (2012) The tribological characteristics and mechanism of several P-N type extreme pressure and antiwear additives in polyoxyethylene glycol. Tribology 32:113–118.  https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2012.02.001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sun LG, Wang JB, Fan FQ, Wang ZS, Luo HT (2017) Research on tribological properties and mechanism of phosphites. Synth Lubr 44:1–5.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2017.02.001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hugh S (2008) Low‐and zero‐sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur anti‐wear additives for engine oils. Lubr Sci 20:103–136.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.57 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Liu XJ, Chen LG, Cao SH, Yang X, Xiang S, Zhu LY (2013) Synthesis of nitrogen-containing phosphate and its extreme pressure and antiwear properties. Lubr Eng 38:88–91.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.09.020 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Qiao YL, Chi JC, Xu BS, Ma SN (2002) Study on the tribological performance and mechanism of phosphorus-nitrogen lube oil additives. Pet Process Petrochem 33:13–16.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2002.03.004 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhang L, Hu WJ, Li DD, Li JS (2018) Preparation and tribological performance evaluation of a novel kind of additive containing nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Mater Prot 51:11–14.  https://doi.org/10.16577/j.cnki.42-1215/tb.2018.06.004 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sun ZW, Yan F, Cao FY (2019) Synthesis of acid phosphate amine salt from oleic acid and its tribological properties. China Oils Fats 44:53–58.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-7969.2019.07.012 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Yan JC, Bai XF, Li J, Ren TH, Zhao YD (2014) The tribochemical study of novel phosphorous-nitrogen (PN) type phosphoramidate additives in water. Ind Lubr Tribol 66:346–352.  https://doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2011-0111 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Liu JY, Chen Y, Chen XW (2005) Tribological behavior of zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) in rapeseed oil (RO). J Chang'an Univ Nat Sci Ed 25:81–83+87.  https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1671-8879.2005.04.020 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Spikes H (2004) The history and mechanisms of ZDDP. Tribol Lett 17:469–489.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Joanna D, Neal M, Joe R, Hugh S (2019) Film thickness and friction of ZDDP tribofilms. Tribol Lett 67:1–15.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-019-1148-9 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu XF, Chang He Li, Zhou ZM, Nie XL, Chen Y, Zhang YB, Cao HJ, Liu B, Zhang NQ, Said Z (2021) Circulating purification of cutting fluid: an overview. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 1–36.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Nicholls MA, Do T, Norton PR, Kasrai M, Bancroft GM (2005) Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates. Tribol Int 38:15–39.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.05.009 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Vrček A, Hultqvist T, Baubet Y, Marklund P, Larsson R (2019) Micro-pitting damage of bearing steel surfaces under mixed lubrication conditions: Effects of roughness, hardness and ZDDP additive. Tribol Int 138:239–249.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.05.038 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wen XH, Wang XY (2005) Theoretical study on the structure and lubrication mechanism of zinc dialkydithiophosphate (ZDDP). Nat Sci J Xiangtan Univ 27:77–80.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5900.2005.03.016 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kim B, Mourhatch R, Aswath PB (2010) Properties of tribofilms formed with ashless dithiophosphate and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate under extreme pressure conditions. Wear 268:579–591.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.10.004 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bahari A, Lewis R, Slatter T (2018) Friction and wear phenomena of vegetable oil–based lubricants with additives at severe sliding wear conditions. Tribol Trans 61:207–219.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1290858 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Shafi WK, Charoo MS (2020) Antiwear and extreme pressure properties of hazelnut oil blended with ZDDP. Ind Lubr Tribol 73:297–307.  https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2020-0217 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Najman MN, Kasrai M, Bancroft GM (2004) Chemistry of antiwear films from ashless thiophosphate oil additives. Tribol Lett 17:217–229.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000032448.77085.f4 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gong QY, He WR, Liu WM (2003) The tribological behavior of thiophosphates as additives in rapeseed oil. Tribol Int 36:733–738.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00053-7 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu YX, Li WM, Wang XB (2015) Tribological behaviors of p-extreme pressure and anti-wear additives in ester base oil. Acta Pet Sin 31:1122–1128.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2015.05.014 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jiang ZQ, Feng YH, Fang JH, Liu P, Chen BS, Gu KC, Jiang W (2018) Tribological characteristics of lubricating oils with ammonium thiophosphate under electromagnetic field. J Mater Eng 46:98–103.  https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2017.000019 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jing H, Wang JH, Chen LG, Wang XB (2005) Study on the tribological behavior of nano-copper additive complexing with ammonium thiophsphonate in lube oil. Pet Process Petrochem 36:32–36.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2005.07.008 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Li JS, Rao WQ, Zen XQ (2002) Tribologcal behavior of an S-P containing benzotriazole derivative as an additive in rapeseed oil. Tribology 22:122–125.  https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2002.02.010 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="He ZY, Xiong LP, Zeng XQ, Ren TH (2005) Synthesis and tribology study of bi-alkoxy mono-thiophosphate triazine derivatives as additives in rapeseed oil. Chin Sci Bull 50:1174–1179.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183689 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xiong LP, Liu H, He ZY (2005) The tribological property of novel triazine derivative. J Nanchang Univ Nat Sci 29:533–535.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0464.2005.06.007 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang T, Dai K, Wang Z, Peng H, Gao X (2017) A quantitative structure tribo-ability relationship model for the antiwear properties of N/S-containing heterocyclic lubricant additives using back propagation neural network. Tribology 37:495–500.  https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2017.04.011 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao T, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, An Q, Liu B, Said Z, Sharma S (2021) Grindability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer using CNT biological lubricant. Sci Rep UK 11:1–14.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02071-y "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Huang B, Changhe L, Zhang Y, Wenfeng D, Min Y, Yuying Y, Han Z, Xuefeng X, Dazhong W, Debnath S (2021) Advances in fabrication of ceramic corundum abrasives based on sol–gel process. Chin J Aeronaut 34:1–17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.07.004 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Yang M, Li C, Luo L, Li R, Long Y (2021) Predictive model of convective heat transfer coefficient in bone micro-grinding using nanofluid aerosol cooling. Int Commun Heat Mass 125:105317.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105317 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sui MH, Chang He Li, Wu WT, Yang M, Ali HM, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Li RZ, Cao HJ (2021) Temperature of grinding carbide with castor oil-based MoS2 nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. J Therm Sci Eng Appl 13:051001.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049982 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao T, Chang He Li, Yang M, Yan Bin Zhang, Jia DZ, Ding WF, Debnath S, Yu TB, Said Z, Wang J (2021) Mechanics analysis and predictive force models for the single-diamond grain grinding of carbon fiber reinforced polymers using CNT nano-lubricant. J Mater Process Tech 290:116976.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116976 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao T, Li CH, Jia DZ, Zhang YB, Yang M, Wang XM, Cao HJ, Li RZ, Ali HM, Xu XF (2020) Surface morphology assessment of CFRP transverse grinding using CNT nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. J Clean Prod 277:123328.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123328 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhang YB,  Li HN, Li CH, Huang CZ, Ali HM, Xu XF, Mao C, Ding WF, X Cui, Yang M (2021) Nano-enhanced biolubricant in sustainable manufacturing: from process ability to mechanisms. Friction.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0536-y "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Duan ZJ, Li CH, Ding WF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Gao T, Cao H, Xu XF, Wang DZ, Mao C (2021) Milling force model for aviation aluminum alloy: academic insight and perspective analysis. Chin J Mech Eng 34:1–35.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-021-00536-9 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Alves SM, Mello VS, Faria EA, Camargo APP (2016) Nanolubricants developed from tiny CuO nanoparticles. Tribol Int 263–271.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.050 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zareh-Desari B, Davoodi B (2016) Assessing the lubrication performance of vegetable oil-based nano-lubricants for environmentally conscious metal forming processes. J Clean Prod 135:1198–1209.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.040 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mello VS, Trajano MF, Guedes AEDS, Alves SM (2020) Comparison between the action of nano-oxides and conventional EP additives in boundary lubrication. Lubricants 8:54.  https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8050054 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ren B, Gao L, Li M, Zhang S, Ran X (2020) Tribological properties and anti-wear mechanism of ZnO@ graphene core-shell nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 144:106114.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Thampi AD, Prasanth MA, Anandu AP, Sneha E, Sasidharan B, Rani S (2021) The effect of nanoparticle additives on the tribological properties of various lubricating oils – Review. Mater Today Proc 47:4919–4924.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.664 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xiong S, Zhang B, Luo S, Wu H, Zhang Z (2021) Preparation, characterization, and tribological properties of silica-nanoparticle-reinforced BN-co-doped reduced graphene oxide as a multifunctional additive for enhanced lubrication. Friction 9:239–249.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0331-1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu H, Yin S, Wang L, Du Y, Yang Y, Shi J, Wang H (2021) Investigation on the robust adsorption mechanism of alkyl-functional boric acid nanoparticles as high performance green lubricant additives. Tribol Int 157:106909.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106909 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu C, Yang K, Chen Y, Ni J, Yao L, Li X (2021) Investigation of friction and vibration performance of lithium complex grease containing nano-particles on rolling bearing. Tribol Int 155:106761.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106761 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mujtaba M, Kalam M, Masjuki H, Soudagar MEM, Khan HM, Fayaz H, Farooq M, Gul M, Ahmed W, Ahmad M (2021) Effect of palm-sesame biodiesel fuels with alcoholic and nanoparticle additives on tribological characteristics of lubricating oil by four ball tribo-tester. Alexandria Eng J 60:4537–4546.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.017 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xie H, Jiang B, He J, Xia X, Pan F (2016) Lubrication performance of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles as lubricant additives in magnesium alloy-steel contacts. Tribol Int 93:63–70.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.009 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cui X, Chang He Li, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Zhao YJ, Li RZ, Cao H (2019) Tribological properties under the grinding wheel and workpiece interface by using graphene nanofluid lubricant. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 104:3943–3958.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04129-8 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kumar N, Saini V, Bijwe J (2020) Performance properties of lithium greases with PTFE particles as additive: controlling parameter-size or shape? Tribol Int 148:106302.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106302 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Huang XB, Yang BT, Wang YQ (2019) A nano-lubrication solution for high-speed heavy-loaded spur gears and stiffness modelling. Appl Math Model 72:623–649.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.03.008 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hwang Y, Lee C, Choi Y, Cheong S, Kim D, Lee K, Lee J, Kim SH (2011) Effect of the size and morphology of particles dispersed in nano-oil on friction performance between rotating discs. J Mech Sci Technol 25:2853–2857.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0724-1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Peña-Parás L, Taha-Tijerina J, Garza L, Maldonado-Cortés D, Michalczewski R, Lapray C (2015) Effect of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological behavior of fully formulated oils. Wear 332:1256–1261.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.038 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Demas NG, Erck RA, Lorenzo-Martin C, Ajayi OO, Fenske GR (2017) Experimental evaluation of oxide nanoparticles as friction and wear improvement additives in motor oil. J Nanomater 1–12.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8425782 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Verma V, Tiwari H (2021) Role of filler morphology on friction and dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy alumina nanocomposites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 235:1614–1626.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120970433 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bondarev AV, Kovalskii AM, Firestein KL, Loginov PA, Sidorenko DA, Shvindina NV, Sukhorukova IV, Shtansky DV (2018) Hollow spherical and nanosheet-base BN nanoparticles as perspective additives to oil lubricants: Correlation between large-scale friction behavior and in situ TEM compression testing. Ceram Int 44:6801–6809.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.101 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ren BJ, Gao L, Li MJ, Zhang SD, Ran X (2020) Tribological properties and anti-wear mechanism of ZnO@ graphene core-shell nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 144:106114.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Fan XQ, Li W, Fu HM, Zhu MH, Wang LP, Cai ZB, Liu JH, Li H (2017) Probing the function of solid nanoparticle structure under boundary lubrication. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:4223–4233.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00213 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mao JX, Hu JQ, Yang SZ, Xu X, Guo L (2019) Study on the effect of structure on anti-wear and antifriction properties of nano-tungsten disulfide. Appl Chem Ind 48:2581–2584.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2019.11.013 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Joly-Pottuz L, Martin J, Vacher B, Igarashi J (2008) Wear mechanisms of steel under boundary lubrication in presence of carbon black and graphite nano-onions particles. SAE Tech Pap Ser 01:2461.  https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2461 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ewen JP, Gattinoni C, Thakkar FM, Morgan N, Spikes HA, Dini D (2016) Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics investigation of the reduction in friction and wear by carbon nanoparticles between iron surfaces. Tribol Lett 63:1–15.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0722-7 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Matsumoto N, Mistry KK, Kim JH, Eryilmaz OL, Erdemir A, Kinoshita H, Ohmae N (2012) Friction reducing properties of onion-like carbon based lubricant under high contact pressure. Tribol Mater Surf Interfaces 6:116–120.  https://doi.org/10.1179/1751584X12Y.0000000014 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Joly-Pottuz L, Vacher B, Ohmae N, Martin JM, Epicier T (2008) Anti-wear and friction reducing mechanisms of carbon nano-onions as lubricant additives. Tribol Lett 30:69–80.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9316-3 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bhaumik S, Datta S, Pathak SD (2017) Analyses of tribological properties of castor oil with various carbonaceous micro-and nano-friction modifiers. J Tribol ASME 139.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036379 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Dai W, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Liang H (2016) Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Tribol Int 102:88–98.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.020 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chen XC, Li JJ (2020) Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon 158:1–23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.077 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xuan Y, Liu Y, Zhao XC, Cheng JW, Li YJ, Li JG (2010) The investigation of the tribological properties of AlOOH and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles as additives in liquid paraffin. Tribology 30:209–216.  https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2010.02.008 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Geim AK, Grigorieva IV (2013) Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499:419–425.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Shtansky DV, Firestein KL, Golberg DV (2018) Fabrication and application of BN nanoparticles, nanosheets and their nanohybrids. Nanoscale 10:17477–17493.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR05027A "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kumar N, Saini V, Bijwe J (2020) Tribological Investigations of Nano and Micro-Sized Graphite Particles as an Additive in Lithium-Based Grease. Tribol Int 68:1–13.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01362-1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Onodera T, Morita Y, Suzuki A, Koyama M, Tsuboi H, Hatakeyama N, Endou A, Takaba H, Kubo M, Dassenoy F (2009) A computational chemistry study on friction of h-MoS2. Part I. Mechanism of single sheet lubrication. J Phys Chem B 113:16526–16536.  https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9069866 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Li QY, Lee CG, Carpick RW, Hone J (2010) Substrate effect on thickness‐dependent friction on graphene. Phys Status Solidi B 247:2909–2914.  https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201000555 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Smolyanitsky A, Killgore JP, Tewary VK (2012) Effect of elastic deformation on frictional properties of few-layer graphene. Phys Rev B 85:035412.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.035412 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lee C, Li QY, Kalb W, Liu XZ, Berger H, Carpick RW, Hone J (2010) Frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets. Science 328:76–80.  https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184167 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xiao HP, Dai W, Kan YW, Clearfield A, Liang H (2015) Amine-intercalated α-zirconium phosphates as lubricant additives. Appl Surf Scie 329:384–389.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.061 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Greco A, Mistry K, Sista V, Eryilmaz O, Er De Mir A (2011) Friction and wear behaviour of boron based surface treatment and nano-particle lubricant additives for wind turbine gearbox applications. Wear 271:1754–1760.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.060 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Joly-Pottuz L, Martin J-M, Dassenoy F, Belin M, Montagnac G, Reynard B, Fleischer N (2006) Pressure-induced exfoliation of inorganic fullerene-like WS 2 particles in a Hertzian contact. J Appl Geophys 99:023524.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2165404 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lahouij I, Dassenoy F, de Knoop L, Martin J-M, Vacher B (2011) In situ TEM observation of the behavior of an individual fullerene-like MoS 2 nanoparticle in a dynamic contact. Tribol Lett 42:133–140.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9755-0 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Dassenoy F (2019) Nanoparticles as additives for the development of high performance and environmentally friendly engine lubricants. Tribol Online 14:237–253.  https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.14.237 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jenei IZ, Dassenoy FJTL (2017) Friction coefficient measured on a single WS2 nanoparticle: an in situ transmission electron microscope experiment. Tribol Lett 65:86.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0868-y "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Rabaso P, Ville F, Dassenoy F, Diaby M, Afanasiev P, Cavoret J, Vacher B, Le Mogne T (2014) Boundary lubrication: Influence of the size and structure of inorganic fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticles on friction and wear reduction. Wear 320:161–178.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.09.001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lahouij I, Vacher B, Martin J-M, Dassenoy F (2012) IF-MoS2 based lubricants: influence of size, shape and crystal structure. Wear 296:558–567.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.016 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Tannous J, Dassenoy F, Bruhács A, Tremel W (2010) Synthesis and tribological performance of novel Mo x W 1− x S 2 (0≤ x≤ 1) inorganic fullerenes. Tribol Lett 37:83–92.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9493-8 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Alves SM, Mello VS, Sinatora A (2018) Nanolubrication mechanisms: influence of size and concentration of CuO nanoparticles. Mater Perform Charact 7:226–241.  https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20170064 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Liu XG, Xu N, Li WM, Zhang M, Chen LF, Lou WJ, Wang XB (2017) Exploring the effect of nanoparticle size on the tribological properties of SiO2/polyalkylene glycol nanofluid under different lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 109:467–472.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.007 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhao XC, Liu Y, Wang DL, Li QF (2006) Effect of the Particle Size on Tribological Properties of Nanometer Fe3O4 as Lubricating Oil Additives. Lubr Eng 61–63.  https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.01.019 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhang XP, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Yang M, Guo SM, Liu GT, Zhang NQ (2017) Lubricating property of MQL grinding of Al2O3/SiC mixed nanofluid with different particle sizes and microtopography analysis by cross-correlation. Precis Eng 47:532–545.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.09.016 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Su Y, Gong L, Chen D (2015) An investigation on tribological properties and lubrication mechanism of graphite nanoparticles as vegetable based oil additive. J Nanomater 203–210.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/276753 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Peng DX, Chen CH, Kang Y, Chang YP, Chang SY (2010) Size effects of SiO2 nanoparticles as oil additives on tribology of lubricant. Ind Lubr Tribol 62:111–120.  https://doi.org/10.1108/00368791011025656 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wo HZ, Hu KH, Hu XG (2004) Tribological properties of MoS2 nanoparticles as additive in a machine oil. Tribology 24:33–37.  https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2004.01.008 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Reeves CJ, Menezes PL, Lovell MR, Jen TC (2013) The size effect of boron nitride particles on the tribological performance of biolubricants for energy conservation and sustainability. Tribol Lett 51:437–452.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0182-2 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Akbulut M (2012) Nanoparticle-based lubrication systems. J Powder Metall Min 1:1–3.  https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9806.1000e101 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang Y, Sun Y, Gong S, Cai Z, Fu J (2020) Influence of silver nanoparticles on settling of suspended sediments. J Mol Liq 299:112135.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112135 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Van Teijlingen A, Davis SA, Hall SR (2020) Size-dependent melting point depression of nickel nanoparticles. Nanoscale Adv 2:2347–2351.  https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00153H "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cui Z, Ji B, Fu Q, Duan H, Xue Y, Li Z (2020) Research on size dependent integral melting thermodynamic properties of Cu nanoparticles. J Chem Thermodyn 149:106148.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106148 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Zhang X, Li W, Wu D, Deng Y, Shao J, Chen L, Fang D (2018) Size and shape dependent melting temperature of metallic nanomaterials. J Phys Condens Mat 31:075701.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aaf54b "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Yin QA, Li CH, Dong L, Bai XF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Li RZ, Liu ZQ (2021) Effects of physicochemical properties of different base oils on friction coefficient and surface roughness in MQL milling AISI 1045. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 1–19.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00318-7 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Yang M, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Li RZ (2017) Research on microscale skull grinding temperature field under different cooling conditions. Appl Therm Eng 126:525–537.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.183 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wang YG, Li CH, Zhang YB, Yang M, Li BK, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Mao C (2016) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication properties of the wheel/workpiece interface in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding using different types of vegetable oils. J Clean Prod 127:487–499.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.121 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Li BK, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Jia DZ, Yang M, Zhang NQ, Wu QD, Han ZG, Sun K (2017) Heat transfer performance of MQL grinding with different nanofluids for Ni-based alloys using vegetable oil. J Clean Prod 154:1–11.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.213 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Guo SM, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Yang M, Zhang XP, Liu GT (2017) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grinding of nickel-based alloy. J Clean Prod 140:1060–1076.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.073 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Thottackkad MV, Perikinalil RK, Kumarapillai PN (2012) Experimental evaluation on the tribological properties of coconut oil by the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13:111–116.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0015-5 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chu B, Singh E, Koratkar N, Samuel J (2013) Graphene-enhanced environmentally-benign cutting fluids for high-performance micro-machining applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:5500–5504.  https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7538 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu H, Zhao JW, Xia WZ, Cheng XW, He AS, Yun JH, Wang LZ, Huang H, Jiao SH, Huang L, Zhang SQ, Jiang ZY (2017) A study of the tribological behaviour of TiO2 nano-additive water-based lubricants. Tribol Int 109:398–408.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.013 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gulzar M, Masjuki HH, Varman M, Kalam MA, Mufti RA, Zulkifli NWM, Yunus R, Zahid R (2015) Improving the AW/EP ability of chemically modified palm oil by adding CuO and MoS2 nanoparticles. Tribol Int 88:271–279.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.035 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ratoi M, Niste VB, Zekonyte J (2014) WS 2 nanoparticles–potential replacement for ZDDP and friction modifier additives. RSC Adv 4:21238–21245.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01795A "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wan QM, Jin Y, Sun PC, Ding YL (2015) Tribological behaviour of a lubricant oil containing boron nitride nanoparticles. Procedia Eng 102:1038–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.226 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Arumugam S, Sriram G (2014) Synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oil bio-lubricant dispersed with nano copper oxide: Its effect on wear and frictional behavior of piston ring–cylinder liner combination. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng 228:1308–1318.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650114535384 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Joly-Pottuz L, Matsumoto N, Kinoshita H, Vacher B, Belin M, Montagnac G, Martin JM, Ohmae N (2008) Diamond-derived carbon onions as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 41:69–78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.05.001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Duan ZJ, Yin QA, Li CH, Dong L, Bai XF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Li RZ, Liu ZQ (2020) Milling force and surface morphology of 45 steel under different Al 2 O 3 nanofluid concentrations. Int Adv Manuf Tech 107:1277–1296.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04969-9 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Shafi WK, Raina A, Haq MIU (2018) Tribological performance of avocado oil containing copper nanoparticles in mixed and boundary lubrication regime. Ind Lubr Tribol 70:865–871.  https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2017-0166 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Huang J-S, Sun H, Wang X, Chen B-Q, Yao B (2021) Study on dispersion stability and friction characteristics of C60 nanomicrosphere lubricating additives for improving cutting conditions in manufacturing process. Math Probl Eng.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2724743 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Srinivas V, Thakur R, Jain A (2017) Antiwear, antifriction, and extreme pressure properties of motor bike engine oil dispersed with molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles. Tribol Trans 60:12–19.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1142034 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Thottackkad MV, Rajendrakumar P, Nair KP (2014) Experimental studies on the tribological behaviour of engine oil (SAE15W40) with the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Ind Lubr tribol 22:289–297.  https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-01-2012-0006 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lu HS, Tang WW, Liu X, Wang BG, Huang ZY (2017) Oleylamine-modified carbon nanoparticles as a kind of efficient lubricating additive of polyalphaolefin. J Mater Sci Lett 52:4483–4492.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0694-x "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gao T, Li C, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Jin T, Hou Y, Li RZ (2019) Dispersing mechanism and tribological performance of vegetable oil-based CNT nanofluids with different surfactants. Tribol Lett 131:51–63.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.025 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wu LL, Zhang YJ, Yang GB, Zhang SM, Yu LG, Zhang PY (2016) Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles as the lubricant additive in poly-alpha olefin and diisooctyl sebacate base oils. RSC Adv 6:69836–69844.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10042B "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Alves SM, Barros BS, Trajano MF, Ribeiro KSB, Moura E (2013) Tribological behavior of vegetable oil-based lubricants with nanoparticles of oxides in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 65:28–36.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.03.027 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Trajano MF, Moura EIF, Ribeiro KSB, Alves SMJMR (2014) Study of oxide nanoparticles as additives for vegetable lubricants. Mater Res Ibero Am J 17(15):1124–1128.  https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228213 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mello VS, Faria EA, Alves SM, Scandian C (2020) Enhancing Cuo nanolubricant performance using dispersing agents. Tribol Int 150:106338.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106338 "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Haogang"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="lhg379266846@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Yanbin"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="zhangyanbin1_qdlg@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Changhe"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="sy_lichanghe@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhou, Zongming"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="15610520185@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nie, Xiaolin"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="niex1@njkerun.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chen, Yun"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="qienxian@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Cao, Huajun"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="hjcao@cqu.edu.cn"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Liu, Bo"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="mryhyf@126.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC, Shifang, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Naiqing"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="13918301138@163.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Said, Zafar"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="zsaid@sharjah.ac.ae"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Debnath, Sujan"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="d.sujan@curtin.edu.my"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jamil, Muhammad"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="engr.jamil@nuaa.edu.cn"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ali, Hafiz Muhammad"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="h.m.ali@qmul.ac.uk"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sharma, Shubham"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="shubham543sharma@gmail.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2022/05/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives - The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties remain unclear. EP and AW additives were reviewed to fill gaps in theoretical and industrial applications. Compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus elements were first used in boundary lubrication because of thermal reaction with metal to form film characteristics. First, the mechanisms of traditional EP and AW additives were analyzed, the physical and chemical properties were compared, and properties affecting factors were studied. Traditional EP and AW additives are not environmentally friendly, but nanoparticle EP and AW additives are excellent substitutes. The mechanisms of nanoparticle EP and AW additives were summarized. The influence of nanoparticle structure parameters, concentration, and media polarity on properties was studied. Second, the influence law of non-polar chain length on traditional EP and AW additives was revealed. The improvement interval of traditional EP and AW additives on the performance of the base fluid was determined. The structural advantage of low crystallinity onion-like and multilayer sheet-like low wrinkle effect of nanoparticles was explained. The particle size design principle attached to the surface roughness and size-dependent melting inhibition mechanism was established. The influence of concentration and media polarity on nanoparticle properties was obtained. Finally, the research of minimum amount matching database and mathematical selection model for traditional EP and AW additives and the molecular dynamics analysis of surface-modified nanoparticles and the development of green general-purpose additives based on molecular design are prospected."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '170.springer.com', siteWithPath: '170.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '170', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s00170-021-08614-x","Journal Id":170,"Journal Title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"Lubricant, Additive, Extreme pressure, Antiwear, Nanoparticle","kwrd":["Lubricant","Additive","Extreme_pressure","Antiwear","Nanoparticle"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"N","hasAccess":"N","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"no-access","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"pw-vgzm.415900-10.1007-s00170-021-08614-x","Full HTML":"N","Subject Codes":["SCT","SCT22008","SC513020","SCT17004","SCI23044"],"pmc":["T","T22008","513020","T17004","I23044"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1433-3015","pissn":"0268-3768"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Engineering","primarySubjectCode":"T","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Industrial and Production Engineering","2":"Media Management","3":"Mechanical Engineering","4":"Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"T22008","2":"513020","3":"T17004","4":"I23044"}},"sucode":"SC8","articleType":"Critical Review"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives","description":"Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties remain unclear. EP and AW additives were reviewed to fill gaps in theoretical and industrial applications. Compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus elements were first used in boundary lubrication because of thermal reaction with metal to form film characteristics. First, the mechanisms of traditional EP and AW additives were analyzed, the physical and chemical properties were compared, and properties affecting factors were studied. Traditional EP and AW additives are not environmentally friendly, but nanoparticle EP and AW additives are excellent substitutes. The mechanisms of nanoparticle EP and AW additives were summarized. The influence of nanoparticle structure parameters, concentration, and media polarity on properties was studied. Second, the influence law of non-polar chain length on traditional EP and AW additives was revealed. The improvement interval of traditional EP and AW additives on the performance of the base fluid was determined. The structural advantage of low crystallinity onion-like and multilayer sheet-like low wrinkle effect of nanoparticles was explained. The particle size design principle attached to the surface roughness and size-dependent melting inhibition mechanism was established. The influence of concentration and media polarity on nanoparticle properties was obtained. Finally, the research of minimum amount matching database and mathematical selection model for traditional EP and AW additives and the molecular dynamics analysis of surface-modified nanoparticles and the development of green general-purpose additives based on molecular design are prospected.","datePublished":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"27","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x","keywords":["Lubricant","Additive","Extreme pressure","Antiwear","Nanoparticle","Industrial and Production Engineering","Media Management","Mechanical Engineering","Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD","CAE) and Design"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig4_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig5_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig6_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig7_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig8_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig9_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig10_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig11_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig12_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig13_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig14_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig15_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig16_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig17_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig18_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig19_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig20_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig21_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig22_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig23_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig24_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig25_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig26_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig27_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig28_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig29_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig30_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig31_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig32_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig33_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig34_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig35_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig36_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig37_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig38_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","issn":["1433-3015","0268-3768"],"volumeNumber":"120","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer London","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Haogang Li","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Yanbin Zhang","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Changhe Li","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-956X","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"sy_lichanghe@163.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zongming Zhou","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd.","address":{"name":"Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Xiaolin Nie","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd.","address":{"name":"Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Yun Chen","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd.","address":{"name":"Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Huajun Cao","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing University","address":{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Bo Liu","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC","address":{"name":"Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC, Shifang, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Naiqing Zhang","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd.","address":{"name":"Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zafar Said","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sharjah","address":{"name":"Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Sujan Debnath","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University","address":{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Muhammad Jamil","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","address":{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Hafiz Muhammad Ali","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","address":{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Shubham Sharma","affiliation":[{"name":"IK Gujral Punjab Technical University","address":{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mbs-0"> <div class="c-ad c-ad--728x90 c-ad--conditional" data-test="springer-doubleclick-ad"> <div class="c-ad c-ad__inner" > <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/170/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="pos=top;articleid=s00170-021-08614-x;" data-ad-type="top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/270604982/springerlink/170/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00170-021-08614-x"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/springerlink/170/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00170-021-08614-x" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-1"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/170" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Critical Review</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2022-01-30">30 January 2022</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 120</span>, pages 1–27, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2022</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/170" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</span> </a> <a href="https://springer.com/journal/170/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/jamt/default.aspx" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Haogang-Li-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Haogang-Li-Aff1" data-author-search="Li, Haogang">Haogang Li</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yanbin-Zhang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Yanbin-Zhang-Aff1" data-author-search="Zhang, Yanbin">Yanbin Zhang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Changhe-Li-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Changhe-Li-Aff1" data-author-search="Li, Changhe" data-corresp-id="c1">Changhe Li<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-956X"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-956X</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zongming-Zhou-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Zongming-Zhou-Aff2" data-author-search="Zhou, Zongming">Zongming Zhou</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xiaolin-Nie-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Xiaolin-Nie-Aff3" data-author-search="Nie, Xiaolin">Xiaolin Nie</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yun-Chen-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Yun-Chen-Aff4" data-author-search="Chen, Yun">Yun Chen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Huajun-Cao-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Huajun-Cao-Aff5" data-author-search="Cao, Huajun">Huajun Cao</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bo-Liu-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Bo-Liu-Aff6" data-author-search="Liu, Bo">Bo Liu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Naiqing-Zhang-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Naiqing-Zhang-Aff7" data-author-search="Zhang, Naiqing">Naiqing Zhang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zafar-Said-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Zafar-Said-Aff8" data-author-search="Said, Zafar">Zafar Said</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Sujan-Debnath-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-Sujan-Debnath-Aff9" data-author-search="Debnath, Sujan">Sujan Debnath</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Muhammad-Jamil-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-Muhammad-Jamil-Aff10" data-author-search="Jamil, Muhammad">Muhammad Jamil</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hafiz_Muhammad-Ali-Aff11" data-author-popup="auth-Hafiz_Muhammad-Ali-Aff11" data-author-search="Ali, Hafiz Muhammad">Hafiz Muhammad Ali</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff11">11</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 14 authors for this article" title="Show all 14 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Shubham-Sharma-Aff12" data-author-popup="auth-Shubham-Sharma-Aff12" data-author-search="Sharma, Shubham">Shubham Sharma</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff12">12</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>3064 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>3 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Extreme pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW) additives are necessary for boundary lubrication. However, their mechanisms and physical and chemical properties remain unclear. EP and AW additives were reviewed to fill gaps in theoretical and industrial applications. Compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus elements were first used in boundary lubrication because of thermal reaction with metal to form film characteristics. First, the mechanisms of traditional EP and AW additives were analyzed, the physical and chemical properties were compared, and properties affecting factors were studied. Traditional EP and AW additives are not environmentally friendly, but nanoparticle EP and AW additives are excellent substitutes. The mechanisms of nanoparticle EP and AW additives were summarized. The influence of nanoparticle structure parameters, concentration, and media polarity on properties was studied. Second, the influence law of non-polar chain length on traditional EP and AW additives was revealed. The improvement interval of traditional EP and AW additives on the performance of the base fluid was determined. The structural advantage of low crystallinity onion-like and multilayer sheet-like low wrinkle effect of nanoparticles was explained. The particle size design principle attached to the surface roughness and size-dependent melting inhibition mechanism was established. The influence of concentration and media polarity on nanoparticle properties was obtained. Finally, the research of minimum amount matching database and mathematical selection model for traditional EP and AW additives and the molecular dynamics analysis of surface-modified nanoparticles and the development of green general-purpose additives based on molecular design are prospected.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dab3c93af-971d-4ca6-b5e4-09c7884e4922" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dab3c93af-971d-4ca6-b5e4-09c7884e4922" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1433-3015"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2021"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2022"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Haogang Li, et al."><input type="hidden" name="title" value="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"><input type="hidden" name="mac" value="9b7341affdf1c6cc92191db9c6baba38"> <div class="u-ma-16"> <button type="submit" class="u-button--small u-button u-button--secondary u-button--full-width" onclick="dataLayer.push({"event":"addToCart","ecommerce":{"currencyCode":"EUR","add":{"products":[{"name":"Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives","id":"1433-3015","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer London","category":"Industrial and Production Engineering","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}}});"><span>Buy article PDF 39,95 €</span></button> </div> </form> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__vat">Price includes VAT (Hong Kong/P.R.China)<br></p> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__usp">Instant access to the full article PDF.</p> </div> </div> <script>dataLayer.push({"ecommerce":{"currency":"EUR","impressions":[{"name":"Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives","id":"1433-3015","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer London","category":"Industrial and Production Engineering","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}});</script> <script style="display: none"> ;(function () { if (document.cookie.indexOf("feature-monetise-subscriptions-display-springer-plus") > -1) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } // springerPlus roll out 10% starts here var springerPlusGroup = setLocalStorageSpringerPlus(); var rollOutSpringerPlus = springerPlusGroup === "B" function setLocalStorageSpringerPlus() { var selectUserKey = "springerPlusRollOut"; var springerPlusGroup = "X"; if (!window.localStorage) return springerPlusGroup; try { var selectUserValue = window.localStorage.getItem(selectUserKey) springerPlusGroup = selectUserValue || randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) } catch (err) { console.log(err) } return springerPlusGroup; } function randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) { var randomGroup = Math.random() < 0.9 ? "A" : "B" window.localStorage.setItem(selectUserKey, randomGroup) return randomGroup } if (rollOutSpringerPlus) { revealSpringerPlus(); } function revealSpringerPlus() { var article = document.getElementById("sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"); if(article) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } } //springerPlus ends here })() </script> <style> .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%230070A8'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } </style> </div> <article class="buybox__rent-article buybox__access-option u-sans-serif" id="deepdyve" style="display: none" data-test-id="journal-subscription"> <div class="c-box__body"> <div class="buybox__info"> <p>Rent this article via <a class="deepdyve-link" target="deepdyve" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="rent article" data-track-label="rent action, new buybox">DeepDyve</a> <svg focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg></p> </div> </div> <script> function deepDyveResponse(data) { if (data.status === 'ok') { [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.buybox__rent-article')).forEach(function (article) { article.style.display = 'flex' var link = article.querySelector('.deepdyve-link') if (link) { link.setAttribute('href', data.url) } }) } } var script = document.createElement('script') script.src = '//www.deepdyve.com/rental-link?docId=10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x&journal=1433-3015&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=springer&format=jsonp&callback=deepDyveResponse' document.body.appendChild(script) </script> </article> <div class="buybox__access-option buybox__institutional-subs-link u-sans-serif"> <p><a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/agc/journals">Institutional subscriptions <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </div> <style>.sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .buybox__access-option{ border-top: 1px solid #cedbe0; font-size: 1rem; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .c-springer-plus{ display: none; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus{ background-color: #EBF6FF; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-headline{ display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-heading{ border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4; border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0; padding: 16px; text-align: center; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title{ align-items: center; display: flex; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title span{ margin-left: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a{ background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #025e8d; color: #025e8d; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; max-height: 44px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a span{ margin-right: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:hover{ background-color: #025e8d; border: 4px solid #025e8d; box-shadow: none; color: #fff; font-weight: 700; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited{ color: #025e8d; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited:hover{ color: #fff; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps{ color: #555; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 16px 0 24px 0; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li{ padding-left: 26px; position: relative; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before{ content: ''; height: 10px; left: 0; position: absolute; top: calc(0.8em - 5px); width: 10px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li:not(:first-child){ margin-top: 4px; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="u-display-none"> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="128"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="283" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="106"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="97"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="121"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="114"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="182"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="188" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="100"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig10_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="209"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="69"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="165"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-13"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig13" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 13</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig13_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig13_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="268" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-14"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig14" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 14</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig14_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig14_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="237"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-15"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig15" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 15</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig15_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig15_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="89"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-16"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig16" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 16</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig16_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="51"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-17"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig17" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 17</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig17_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="30"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-18"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig18" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 18</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig18_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig18_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="60"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-19"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig19" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 19</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig19_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig19_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="106"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-20"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig20" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 20</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig20_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig20_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="89"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-21"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig21" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 21</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig21_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig21_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="175"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-22"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig22" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 22</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig22_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="161"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-23"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig23" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 23</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig23_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="60"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-24"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig24" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 24</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig24_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="74"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-25"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig25" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 25</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig25_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig25_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="231"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-26"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig26" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 26</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig26_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig26_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="221"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-27"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig27" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 27</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig27_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig27_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="311" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-28"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig28" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 28</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig28_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig28_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="70"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-29"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig29" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 29</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig29_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig29_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="147"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-30"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig30" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 30</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig30_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig30_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="268"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-31"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig31" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 31</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig31_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig31_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="184"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-32"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig32" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 32</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig32_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig32_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="220"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-33"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig33" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 33</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig33_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="187"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-34"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig34" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 34</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig34_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig34_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="240" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-35"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig35" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 35</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig35_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig35_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="136"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-36"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig36" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 36</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig36_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig36_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="146"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-37"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig37" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 37</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig37_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig37_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="196"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-38"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig38" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 38</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig38_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x/MediaObjects/170_2021_8614_Fig38_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="129"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40544-020-0450-8?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-020-0450-8">Nanolubricant additives: A review </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">01 December 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13369-021-05622-7/MediaObjects/13369_2021_5622_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13369-021-05622-7?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s13369-021-05622-7">Influence of Surfactants on the Tribological Behavior of Nanoparticle Additives Under Boundary Lubrication Conditions </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">13 April 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs10033-024-01062-0/MediaObjects/10033_2024_1062_Fig1_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s10033-024-01062-0?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1186/s10033-024-01062-0">Effect of Ellipsoidal Particle Shape on Tribological Properties of Lubricants Containing Nanoparticles </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">29 July 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732418752, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <section data-title="Availability of data and materials"><div class="c-article-section" id="availability-of-data-and-materials-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="availability-of-data-and-materials">Availability of data and materials</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="availability-of-data-and-materials-content"> <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Holmberg K, Erdemir A (2017) Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5:263–284. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Holmberg K, Andersson P, Nylund N-O, Mäkelä K, Erdemir A (2014) Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribol Int 78:94–114. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.05.004" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2014.05.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.05.004</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Gao T, Zhang X, Li CH, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Ji H, Zhao Y, Li R, Yao P (2020) Surface morphology evaluation of multi-angle 2D ultrasonic vibration integrated with nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication grinding. J Manuf Process 51:44–61. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.024" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.024">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.024</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Gupta MK, Bijwe J (2020) A complex interdependence of dispersant in nano-suspensions with varying amount of graphite particles on its stability and tribological performance. TribolL Int 142:105968. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105968" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105968">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105968</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Holmberg K, Kivikytö-Reponen P, Härkisaari P, Valtonen K, Erdemir A (2017) Global energy consumption due to friction and wear in the mining industry. Tribol Int 115:116–139. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.010" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.010</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Uzoma PC, Hu H, Khadem M, Penkov OV (2020) Tribology of 2D nanomaterials: a review. Coatings 10:897. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090897" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3390/coatings10090897">https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090897</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Ahmed NS, Nassar AM (2013) Tribology: fundamentals and advancements. IntechOpen Ltd, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Tribology%3A%20fundamentals%20and%20advancements&publication_year=2013&author=Ahmed%2CNS&author=Nassar%2CAM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Vyavhare K, Timmons RB, Erdemir A, Edwards BL, Aswath PB (2021) Robust interfacial tribofilms by borate-and polymer-coated ZnO nanoparticles leading to improved wear protection under a boundary lubrication regime. Langmuir 37:1743–1759. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02985" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02985">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02985</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Zhang J, Meng YG (2015) Boundary lubrication by adsorption film. Friction 3:115–147. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-015-0084-4" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-015-0084-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-015-0084-4</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Ghanbarzadeh A, Wilson M, Morina A, Dowson D, Neville A (2016) Development of a new mechano-chemical model in boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 93:573–582. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.12.018" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2014.12.018">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.12.018</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Luiz JF, Spikes H (2020) Tribofilm formation, friction and wear-reducing properties of some phosphorus-containing antiwear additives. Tribol Lett 68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01315-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-020-01315-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01315-8</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Ripoll MR, Tomala AM, Pirker L, Remškar M (2020) In-situ formation of MoS 2 and WS 2 tribofilms by the synergy between transition metal oxide nanoparticles and sulphur-containing oil additives. Tribol Lett 68:1–13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-1286-0" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-020-1286-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-1286-0</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Mistry K, Morina A, Erdemir A, Neville A (2013) Tribological performance of EP lubricants with phosphorus-based additives. Tribol Trans 56:645–651. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2013.769288" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/10402004.2013.769288">https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2013.769288</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Chen Y, Liang H (2020) Tribological evaluation of electrical resistance of lubricated contacts. J Tribol-T ASME 142:114502. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045578" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1115/1.4045578">https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045578</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Boiko MV, Sidashov AV, Boiko TG, Burykin IV, Uflyand IE (2021) The mechanism of formation of boundary lubricating films during friction in a medium of di (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate. Tribol Int 165:107222. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107222" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107222">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107222</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Kenneth H, Peter A, Ali E (2012) Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribol Int 47:221–234. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Hase A, Mishina H, Wada M (2016) Fundamental study on early detection of seizure in journal bearing by using acoustic emission technique. Wear 346:132–139. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.012" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.012</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Canter N (2007) Special Report: Trends in extreme pressure additives. Tribol Lubr Technol 63:10</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Special%20Report%3A%20Trends%20in%20extreme%20pressure%20additives&journal=TRIBOL%20LUBR%20TECHNOL&volume=63&publication_year=2007&author=Canter%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Wang H (2005) Study on tribological properties of content chlorine extreme-pressure additives in rap oil. Lubr Eng 110–111+120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2005.05.037" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2005.05.037">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2005.05.037</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Asadauskas SJ, Biresaw G, McClure TG (2010) Effects of chlorinated paraffin and ZDDP concentrations on boundary lubrication properties of mineral and soybean oils. Tribol Lett 37:111–121. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9496-5" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-009-9496-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9496-5</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="21."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">James M (2017) Chlorinated paraffins. Lubricant additives. CRC Press, Florida, pp 219–223</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chlorinated%20Paraffins&pages=219-223&publication_year=2017&author=James%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="22."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">VoPham T, Bertrand KA, Jones RR, Deziel NC, DuPré NC, James P, Liu Y, Vieira VM, Tamimi RM, Hart JE (2020) Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Environ Res 186:109516. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109516" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.envres.2020.109516">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109516</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="23."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Glüge J, Schinkel L, Hungerbühler K, Cariou R, Bogdal C (2018) Environmental risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs): a review. Environ Sci Technol 52:6743–6760. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06459" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acs.est.7b06459">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06459</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="24."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Gao F, Kotvis PV, Tysoe WT (2004) The surface and tribological chemistry of chlorine-and sulfur-containing lubricant additives. Tribol Int 37:87–92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00040-9" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00040-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00040-9</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="25."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Parenago OP, Kuz’mina GN, Zaimovskaya TA (2017) Sulfur-containing molybdenum compounds as high-performance lubricant additives. PetrolL Chem 57:631–642. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544117080102" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1134/S0965544117080102">https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544117080102</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="26."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Li F, Jiang H, Zhao SL, Li P (2015) Product analysis and reaction mechanism of high-pressure synthesis of sulfurized isobutylene by one-step method. Chin J Appl Chem 32:771–776. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2015.07.140397" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2015.07.140397">https://doi.org/10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2015.07.140397</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="27."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Alves SM, Schroeter RB, Bossardi JCDS, Andrade CLFD (2011) Influence of EP additive on tool wear in drilling of compacted graphite iron. J Braz Soc Mech SciI 33:197–202. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782011000200011" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1590/S1678-58782011000200011">https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782011000200011</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="28."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Ding HY, Yang XH, Xu LN, Li M, Li SH, Zhang SJ, Xia JL (2020) Analysis and comparison of tribological performance of fatty acid-based lubricant additives with phosphorus and sulfur. J Bioresour Bioprod 5:134–142. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.04.007</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="29."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Lozinskii AV, Kuchin DP, Efimov VN, Pakhomova MI (2021) Solving the problems of high-temperature sulfur corrosion in primary oil refineries. Chem Tech Fuels Oil 57:613–618. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-021-01283-2" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s10553-021-01283-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-021-01283-2</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="30."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Xu X, Hu J, Yang S, Xie F, Guo L (2016) Extreme pressure synergistic mechanism of bismuth naphthenate and sulfurized isobutene additives. Surf Rev Lett 24:1750071. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X17500718" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1142/S0218625X17500718">https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X17500718</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="31."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Liu J, Wang Y, Tang P, Liu N (2015) Tribological performance of overbased calcium alkyl salicylate and sulfurized isobutylene in rapeseed oil. Mol Med Rep 11:3291–3294. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2015.11.016" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2015.11.016">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2015.11.016</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="32."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Zysman CE, Farrell PG, Harpp DN (2004) Desulfurization of aromatic polysulfides with triphenylphosphine. J Sulfur Chem 25:101–109. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1741599042000203364" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/1741599042000203364">https://doi.org/10.1080/1741599042000203364</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="33."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Minami I (2017) Molecular science of lubricant additives. Appl Sci 7:445. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050445" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3390/app7050445">https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050445</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="34."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Li C (2019) Summary of Sulfurized Additives. Synth Lubr 46:23–26. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2019.03.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2019.03.007">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2019.03.007</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="35."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Jiang BB, Chen N, Zheng LC, Wang JD, Ke YL, Fu XS, Yang YR (2014) Research on reaction kinetics of sulfurized isobutylene by one-step synthesis. ACTA Pertrolei Sinica 30:501. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2014.03.018" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2014.03.018">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2014.03.018</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="36."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Niu WX, Yuan M, Wang PF, Shi Q, Xu H, Dong JX (2020) One-pot synthesis of SIB@ ZIF-8 with enhanced anti-corrosion properties and excellent lubrication properties. Tribol Int 151:106491.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106491" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106491">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106491</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="37."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Johnson B, Wu H, Desanker M, Pickens D, Chung Y-W, Wang QJ (2018) Direct formation of lubricious and wear-protective carbon films from phosphorus-and sulfur-free oil-soluble additives. Tribol Lett 66:2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0945-2" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-017-0945-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0945-2</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="38."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Gao XL, Liu DH, Song Z, Dai K (2018) Isosteric design of friction-reduction and anti-wear lubricant additives with less sulfur content. Friction 6:164–182. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0162-x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-017-0162-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0162-x</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="39."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Righi MC, Loehlé S, Bouchet MDB, Mambingo-Doumbe S, Martin JM (2016) A comparative study on the functionality of S-and P-based lubricant additives by combined first principles and experimental analysis. RSC Adv 6:47753–47760. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07545B" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/C6RA07545B">https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07545B</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="40."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Feng ZJ, Feng LL, Xu JN, Lu Y (2013) Tribological characteristics of vulcanization isobutylene additives in ester oil. Lubr Eng 38:49–52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.06.010" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.06.010">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.06.010</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="41."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Wang H, Zhao ZJ (2006) Study on tribological properties of sulfurous extreme pressure and antiwear additives in rap oil. Lubr Eng 08:84–86. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.08.025" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.08.025">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.08.025</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="42."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Shen J, Cheng J, Jiang H, Li J, Gachot C (2018) Study on the relationship between extreme pressure properties and component contents of high pressured sulfurized isobutylene. Ind Lubr Tribol 90:527–531. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-07-2017-0187" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/ILT-07-2017-0187">https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-07-2017-0187</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="43."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Sukirno, Ningsih YR (2017) Utilization of sulphurized palm oil as cutting fluid base oil for broaching process. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 60:012008. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="44."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Plaza S, Celichowski G, Margielewski L, Leniak S (2000) Flash thermolysis of dibenzyl and diphenyl disulphides. Wear 237:295–299. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00358-0" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00358-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00358-0</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="45."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Kawada S, Watanabe S, Tadokoro C, Sasaki S (2018) Effects of alkyl chain length of sulfate and phosphate anion-based ionic liquids on tribochemical reactions. Tribol Lett 66:1–9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0962-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-017-0962-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0962-1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="46."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Pejaković V, Tomastik C, Dörr N, Kalin M (2016) Influence of concentration and anion alkyl chain length on tribological properties of imidazolium sulfate ionic liquids as additives to glycerol in steel–steel contact lubrication. Tribol Int 97:234–243. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.034" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.034">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.034</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="47."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Ma R, Zhao Q, Zhang E, Zheng D, Li W, Wang X (2020) Synthesis and evaluation of oil-soluble ionic liquids as multifunctional lubricant additives. Tribol Int 151:106446. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106446" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106446">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106446</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="48."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Feldshtein E, Pusavec F, Szydlowski M, Legutko S, Sobczak-Kupiec A (2016) A study on droplets sizes, their distribution and heat exchange for minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Int J Mach Tool Manuf 100:81–92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.10.008" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.10.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.10.008</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="49."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Wojciechowski S, Powalka B, Klos S, Szczotkarz N, Matuszak M, Khanna N (2020) Evaluation of turning with different cooling-lubricating techniques in terms of surface integrity and tribologic properties. TriboL Int 148:106334. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="50."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Wojciechowski S, Zak K, Habrat W, Nieslony P (2018) Effects of extreme pressure and anti-wear additives on surface topography and tool wear during MQCL turning of AISI 1045 steel. J Mech Sci Technol 32:1585–1591. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="51."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Feldshtein E, Nieslony P, Tyliszczak B, Pusavec F (2017) Tool wear characterizations in finish turning of AISI 1045 carbon steel for MQCL conditions. Wear 372:54–67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.006" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.006</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="52."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Nieslony P, Wojciechowski S, Michalski M, Legutko S (2016) The influence of the cooling conditions on the cutting tool wear and the chip formation mechanism. J Mech Sci Technol 24:107–115. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.08.006" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.08.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.08.006</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="53."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Bihan G, A PB, S WD (2016) The chemistry, mechanism and function of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an anti‐wear lubricant additive. Lubr Sci 28:257–265. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/ls.1327">https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="54."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Guan B, Pochopien BA, Wright DS (2016) The chemistry, mechanism and function of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an anti‐wear lubricant additive. Lubr Sci 28:257–265. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/ls.1327">https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1327</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="55."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Barros-Bouchet DM, Righi MC, Philippon D, Mambingo-Doumbe S, Le-Mogne T, Martin JM, Bouffet A (2015) Tribochemistry of phosphorus additives: experiments and first-principles calculations. RSC Adv 5:49270–49279. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00721f" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/c5ra00721f">https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00721f</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="56."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Philippon D, de Barros-Bouchet MI, Mogne TL, Gresser E, Martin JM (2007) Experimental simulation of phosphites additives tribochemical reactions by gas phase lubrication. Tribol-Mater Surf Int 1:113–123. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1179/175158408X273586" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1179/175158408X273586">https://doi.org/10.1179/175158408X273586</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="57."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Fu X, Sun L, Zhou X, Li J, Fan B, Ren T (2015) Tribochemical behaviors of phosphite esters and their combinations with alkyl amines. Appl Surf Sci 357:1163–1170. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.156" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.156">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.156</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="58."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Bu JM, Yan JC, Bai XF, Ren TH, Zhao YD (2012) The tribological characteristics and mechanism of several P-N type extreme pressure and antiwear additives in polyoxyethylene glycol. Tribology 32:113–118. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2012.02.001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.16078/j.tribology.2012.02.001">https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2012.02.001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="59."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Sun LG, Wang JB, Fan FQ, Wang ZS, Luo HT (2017) Research on tribological properties and mechanism of phosphites. Synth Lubr 44:1–5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2017.02.001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2017.02.001">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4364.2017.02.001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="60."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">Hugh S (2008) Low‐and zero‐sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur anti‐wear additives for engine oils. Lubr Sci 20:103–136. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.57" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/ls.57">https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.57</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="61."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Liu XJ, Chen LG, Cao SH, Yang X, Xiang S, Zhu LY (2013) Synthesis of nitrogen-containing phosphate and its extreme pressure and antiwear properties. Lubr Eng 38:88–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.09.020" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.09.020">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2013.09.020</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="62."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Qiao YL, Chi JC, Xu BS, Ma SN (2002) Study on the tribological performance and mechanism of phosphorus-nitrogen lube oil additives. Pet Process Petrochem 33:13–16. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2002.03.004" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2002.03.004">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2002.03.004</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="63."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Zhang L, Hu WJ, Li DD, Li JS (2018) Preparation and tribological performance evaluation of a novel kind of additive containing nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Mater Prot 51:11–14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16577/j.cnki.42-1215/tb.2018.06.004" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.16577/j.cnki.42-1215/tb.2018.06.004">https://doi.org/10.16577/j.cnki.42-1215/tb.2018.06.004</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="64."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Sun ZW, Yan F, Cao FY (2019) Synthesis of acid phosphate amine salt from oleic acid and its tribological properties. China Oils Fats 44:53–58. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-7969.2019.07.012" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1003-7969.2019.07.012">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-7969.2019.07.012</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="65."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65">Yan JC, Bai XF, Li J, Ren TH, Zhao YD (2014) The tribochemical study of novel phosphorous-nitrogen (PN) type phosphoramidate additives in water. Ind Lubr Tribol 66:346–352. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2011-0111" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/ilt-12-2011-0111">https://doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2011-0111</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="66."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Liu JY, Chen Y, Chen XW (2005) Tribological behavior of zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) in rapeseed oil (RO). J Chang'an Univ Nat Sci Ed 25:81–83+87. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1671-8879.2005.04.020" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3321/j.issn:1671-8879.2005.04.020">https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1671-8879.2005.04.020</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="67."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Spikes H (2004) The history and mechanisms of ZDDP. Tribol Lett 17:469–489. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5">https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="68."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Joanna D, Neal M, Joe R, Hugh S (2019) Film thickness and friction of ZDDP tribofilms. Tribol Lett 67:1–15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-019-1148-9" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-019-1148-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-019-1148-9</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="69."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Wu XF, Chang He Li, Zhou ZM, Nie XL, Chen Y, Zhang YB, Cao HJ, Liu B, Zhang NQ, Said Z (2021) Circulating purification of cutting fluid: an overview. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 1–36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="70."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70">Nicholls MA, Do T, Norton PR, Kasrai M, Bancroft GM (2005) Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates. Tribol Int 38:15–39. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.05.009" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2004.05.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.05.009</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="71."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR71">Vrček A, Hultqvist T, Baubet Y, Marklund P, Larsson R (2019) Micro-pitting damage of bearing steel surfaces under mixed lubrication conditions: Effects of roughness, hardness and ZDDP additive. Tribol Int 138:239–249. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.05.038" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2019.05.038">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.05.038</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="72."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR72">Wen XH, Wang XY (2005) Theoretical study on the structure and lubrication mechanism of zinc dialkydithiophosphate (ZDDP). Nat Sci J Xiangtan Univ 27:77–80. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5900.2005.03.016" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1000-5900.2005.03.016">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-5900.2005.03.016</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="73."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR73">Kim B, Mourhatch R, Aswath PB (2010) Properties of tribofilms formed with ashless dithiophosphate and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate under extreme pressure conditions. Wear 268:579–591. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.10.004" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2009.10.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.10.004</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="74."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR74">Bahari A, Lewis R, Slatter T (2018) Friction and wear phenomena of vegetable oil–based lubricants with additives at severe sliding wear conditions. Tribol Trans 61:207–219. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1290858" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/10402004.2017.1290858">https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1290858</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="75."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR75">Shafi WK, Charoo MS (2020) Antiwear and extreme pressure properties of hazelnut oil blended with ZDDP. Ind Lubr Tribol 73:297–307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2020-0217" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/ILT-06-2020-0217">https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2020-0217</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="76."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR76">Najman MN, Kasrai M, Bancroft GM (2004) Chemistry of antiwear films from ashless thiophosphate oil additives. Tribol Lett 17:217–229. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000032448.77085.f4" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1023/B:TRIL.0000032448.77085.f4">https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000032448.77085.f4</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="77."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR77">Gong QY, He WR, Liu WM (2003) The tribological behavior of thiophosphates as additives in rapeseed oil. Tribol Int 36:733–738. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00053-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00053-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00053-7</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="78."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR78">Wu YX, Li WM, Wang XB (2015) Tribological behaviors of p-extreme pressure and anti-wear additives in ester base oil. Acta Pet Sin 31:1122–1128. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2015.05.014" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2015.05.014">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2015.05.014</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="79."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR79">Jiang ZQ, Feng YH, Fang JH, Liu P, Chen BS, Gu KC, Jiang W (2018) Tribological characteristics of lubricating oils with ammonium thiophosphate under electromagnetic field. J Mater Eng 46:98–103. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2017.000019" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2017.000019">https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2017.000019</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="80."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR80">Jing H, Wang JH, Chen LG, Wang XB (2005) Study on the tribological behavior of nano-copper additive complexing with ammonium thiophsphonate in lube oil. Pet Process Petrochem 36:32–36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2005.07.008" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2005.07.008">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2005.07.008</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="81."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR81">Li JS, Rao WQ, Zen XQ (2002) Tribologcal behavior of an S-P containing benzotriazole derivative as an additive in rapeseed oil. Tribology 22:122–125. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2002.02.010" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2002.02.010">https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2002.02.010</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="82."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR82">He ZY, Xiong LP, Zeng XQ, Ren TH (2005) Synthesis and tribology study of bi-alkoxy mono-thiophosphate triazine derivatives as additives in rapeseed oil. Chin Sci Bull 50:1174–1179. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183689" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/BF03183689">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183689</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="83."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR83">Xiong LP, Liu H, He ZY (2005) The tribological property of novel triazine derivative. J Nanchang Univ Nat Sci 29:533–535. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0464.2005.06.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1006-0464.2005.06.007">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0464.2005.06.007</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="84."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR84">Wang T, Dai K, Wang Z, Peng H, Gao X (2017) A quantitative structure tribo-ability relationship model for the antiwear properties of N/S-containing heterocyclic lubricant additives using back propagation neural network. Tribology 37:495–500. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2017.04.011" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.16078/j.tribology.2017.04.011">https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2017.04.011</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="85."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR85">Gao T, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, An Q, Liu B, Said Z, Sharma S (2021) Grindability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer using CNT biological lubricant. Sci Rep UK 11:1–14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02071-y" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-021-02071-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02071-y</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="86."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR86">Huang B, Changhe L, Zhang Y, Wenfeng D, Min Y, Yuying Y, Han Z, Xuefeng X, Dazhong W, Debnath S (2021) Advances in fabrication of ceramic corundum abrasives based on sol–gel process. Chin J Aeronaut 34:1–17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.07.004" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cja.2020.07.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.07.004</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="87."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR87">Yang M, Li C, Luo L, Li R, Long Y (2021) Predictive model of convective heat transfer coefficient in bone micro-grinding using nanofluid aerosol cooling. Int Commun Heat Mass 125:105317. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105317" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105317">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105317</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="88."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR88">Sui MH, Chang He Li, Wu WT, Yang M, Ali HM, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Li RZ, Cao HJ (2021) Temperature of grinding carbide with castor oil-based MoS2 nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. J Therm Sci Eng Appl 13:051001. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049982" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1115/1.4049982">https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049982</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="89."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR89">Gao T, Chang He Li, Yang M, Yan Bin Zhang, Jia DZ, Ding WF, Debnath S, Yu TB, Said Z, Wang J (2021) Mechanics analysis and predictive force models for the single-diamond grain grinding of carbon fiber reinforced polymers using CNT nano-lubricant. J Mater Process Tech 290:116976. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116976" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116976">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116976</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="90."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR90">Gao T, Li CH, Jia DZ, Zhang YB, Yang M, Wang XM, Cao HJ, Li RZ, Ali HM, Xu XF (2020) Surface morphology assessment of CFRP transverse grinding using CNT nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. J Clean Prod 277:123328. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123328" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123328">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123328</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="91."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR91">Zhang YB, Li HN, Li CH, Huang CZ, Ali HM, Xu XF, Mao C, Ding WF, X Cui, Yang M (2021) Nano-enhanced biolubricant in sustainable manufacturing: from process ability to mechanisms. Friction. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0536-y" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-021-0536-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0536-y</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="92."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR92">Duan ZJ, Li CH, Ding WF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Gao T, Cao H, Xu XF, Wang DZ, Mao C (2021) Milling force model for aviation aluminum alloy: academic insight and perspective analysis. Chin J Mech Eng 34:1–35. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-021-00536-9" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1186/s10033-021-00536-9">https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-021-00536-9</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="93."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR93">Alves SM, Mello VS, Faria EA, Camargo APP (2016) Nanolubricants developed from tiny CuO nanoparticles. Tribol Int 263–271. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.050" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.050">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.01.050</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="94."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR94">Zareh-Desari B, Davoodi B (2016) Assessing the lubrication performance of vegetable oil-based nano-lubricants for environmentally conscious metal forming processes. J Clean Prod 135:1198–1209. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.040" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.040">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.040</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="95."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR95">Mello VS, Trajano MF, Guedes AEDS, Alves SM (2020) Comparison between the action of nano-oxides and conventional EP additives in boundary lubrication. Lubricants 8:54. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8050054" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3390/lubricants8050054">https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8050054</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="96."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR96">Ren B, Gao L, Li M, Zhang S, Ran X (2020) Tribological properties and anti-wear mechanism of ZnO@ graphene core-shell nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 144:106114. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="97."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR97">Thampi AD, Prasanth MA, Anandu AP, Sneha E, Sasidharan B, Rani S (2021) The effect of nanoparticle additives on the tribological properties of various lubricating oils – Review. Mater Today Proc 47:4919–4924. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.664" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.664">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.664</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="98."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR98">Xiong S, Zhang B, Luo S, Wu H, Zhang Z (2021) Preparation, characterization, and tribological properties of silica-nanoparticle-reinforced BN-co-doped reduced graphene oxide as a multifunctional additive for enhanced lubrication. Friction 9:239–249. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0331-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40544-019-0331-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0331-1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="99."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR99">Wu H, Yin S, Wang L, Du Y, Yang Y, Shi J, Wang H (2021) Investigation on the robust adsorption mechanism of alkyl-functional boric acid nanoparticles as high performance green lubricant additives. Tribol Int 157:106909. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106909" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106909">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106909</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="100."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR100">Wu C, Yang K, Chen Y, Ni J, Yao L, Li X (2021) Investigation of friction and vibration performance of lithium complex grease containing nano-particles on rolling bearing. Tribol Int 155:106761. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106761" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106761">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106761</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="101."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR101">Mujtaba M, Kalam M, Masjuki H, Soudagar MEM, Khan HM, Fayaz H, Farooq M, Gul M, Ahmed W, Ahmad M (2021) Effect of palm-sesame biodiesel fuels with alcoholic and nanoparticle additives on tribological characteristics of lubricating oil by four ball tribo-tester. Alexandria Eng J 60:4537–4546. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.017" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.017</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="102."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR102">Xie H, Jiang B, He J, Xia X, Pan F (2016) Lubrication performance of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles as lubricant additives in magnesium alloy-steel contacts. Tribol Int 93:63–70. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.009" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.009</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="103."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR103">Cui X, Chang He Li, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Zhao YJ, Li RZ, Cao H (2019) Tribological properties under the grinding wheel and workpiece interface by using graphene nanofluid lubricant. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 104:3943–3958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04129-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00170-019-04129-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04129-8</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="104."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR104">Kumar N, Saini V, Bijwe J (2020) Performance properties of lithium greases with PTFE particles as additive: controlling parameter-size or shape? Tribol Int 148:106302. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106302" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106302">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106302</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="105."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR105">Huang XB, Yang BT, Wang YQ (2019) A nano-lubrication solution for high-speed heavy-loaded spur gears and stiffness modelling. Appl Math Model 72:623–649. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.03.008" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apm.2019.03.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.03.008</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="106."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR106">Hwang Y, Lee C, Choi Y, Cheong S, Kim D, Lee K, Lee J, Kim SH (2011) Effect of the size and morphology of particles dispersed in nano-oil on friction performance between rotating discs. J Mech Sci Technol 25:2853–2857. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0724-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12206-011-0724-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0724-1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="107."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR107">Peña-Parás L, Taha-Tijerina J, Garza L, Maldonado-Cortés D, Michalczewski R, Lapray C (2015) Effect of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological behavior of fully formulated oils. Wear 332:1256–1261. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.038" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.038">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.038</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="108."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR108">Demas NG, Erck RA, Lorenzo-Martin C, Ajayi OO, Fenske GR (2017) Experimental evaluation of oxide nanoparticles as friction and wear improvement additives in motor oil. J Nanomater 1–12. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8425782" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1155/2017/8425782">https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8425782</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="109."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR109">Verma V, Tiwari H (2021) Role of filler morphology on friction and dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy alumina nanocomposites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 235:1614–1626. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120970433" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1177/1350650120970433">https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120970433</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="110."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR110">Bondarev AV, Kovalskii AM, Firestein KL, Loginov PA, Sidorenko DA, Shvindina NV, Sukhorukova IV, Shtansky DV (2018) Hollow spherical and nanosheet-base BN nanoparticles as perspective additives to oil lubricants: Correlation between large-scale friction behavior and in situ TEM compression testing. Ceram Int 44:6801–6809. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.101" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.101">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.101</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="111."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR111">Ren BJ, Gao L, Li MJ, Zhang SD, Ran X (2020) Tribological properties and anti-wear mechanism of ZnO@ graphene core-shell nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 144:106114. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106114</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="112."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR112">Fan XQ, Li W, Fu HM, Zhu MH, Wang LP, Cai ZB, Liu JH, Li H (2017) Probing the function of solid nanoparticle structure under boundary lubrication. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:4223–4233. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00213" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00213">https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00213</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="113."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR113">Mao JX, Hu JQ, Yang SZ, Xu X, Guo L (2019) Study on the effect of structure on anti-wear and antifriction properties of nano-tungsten disulfide. Appl Chem Ind 48:2581–2584. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2019.11.013" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2019.11.013">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2019.11.013</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="114."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR114">Joly-Pottuz L, Martin J, Vacher B, Igarashi J (2008) Wear mechanisms of steel under boundary lubrication in presence of carbon black and graphite nano-onions particles. SAE Tech Pap Ser 01:2461. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2461" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.4271/2008-01-2461">https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2461</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="115."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR115">Ewen JP, Gattinoni C, Thakkar FM, Morgan N, Spikes HA, Dini D (2016) Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics investigation of the reduction in friction and wear by carbon nanoparticles between iron surfaces. Tribol Lett 63:1–15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0722-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-016-0722-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0722-7</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="116."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR116">Matsumoto N, Mistry KK, Kim JH, Eryilmaz OL, Erdemir A, Kinoshita H, Ohmae N (2012) Friction reducing properties of onion-like carbon based lubricant under high contact pressure. Tribol Mater Surf Interfaces 6:116–120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1179/1751584X12Y.0000000014" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1179/1751584X12Y.0000000014">https://doi.org/10.1179/1751584X12Y.0000000014</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="117."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR117">Joly-Pottuz L, Vacher B, Ohmae N, Martin JM, Epicier T (2008) Anti-wear and friction reducing mechanisms of carbon nano-onions as lubricant additives. Tribol Lett 30:69–80. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9316-3" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-008-9316-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9316-3</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="118."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR118">Bhaumik S, Datta S, Pathak SD (2017) Analyses of tribological properties of castor oil with various carbonaceous micro-and nano-friction modifiers. J Tribol ASME 139. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036379" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1115/1.4036379">https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036379</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="119."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR119">Dai W, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Liang H (2016) Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Tribol Int 102:88–98. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.020" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.020</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="120."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR120">Chen XC, Li JJ (2020) Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon 158:1–23. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.077" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.077">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.077</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="121."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR121">Xuan Y, Liu Y, Zhao XC, Cheng JW, Li YJ, Li JG (2010) The investigation of the tribological properties of AlOOH and Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles as additives in liquid paraffin. Tribology 30:209–216. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2010.02.008" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.16078/j.tribology.2010.02.008">https://doi.org/10.16078/j.tribology.2010.02.008</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="122."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR122">Geim AK, Grigorieva IV (2013) Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499:419–425. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/nature12385">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="123."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR123">Shtansky DV, Firestein KL, Golberg DV (2018) Fabrication and application of BN nanoparticles, nanosheets and their nanohybrids. Nanoscale 10:17477–17493. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR05027A" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/C8NR05027A">https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR05027A</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="124."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR124">Kumar N, Saini V, Bijwe J (2020) Tribological Investigations of Nano and Micro-Sized Graphite Particles as an Additive in Lithium-Based Grease. Tribol Int 68:1–13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01362-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-020-01362-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01362-1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="125."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR125">Onodera T, Morita Y, Suzuki A, Koyama M, Tsuboi H, Hatakeyama N, Endou A, Takaba H, Kubo M, Dassenoy F (2009) A computational chemistry study on friction of h-MoS2. Part I. Mechanism of single sheet lubrication. J Phys Chem B 113:16526–16536. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9069866" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/jp9069866">https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9069866</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="126."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR126">Li QY, Lee CG, Carpick RW, Hone J (2010) Substrate effect on thickness‐dependent friction on graphene. Phys Status Solidi B 247:2909–2914. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201000555" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/pssb.201000555">https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201000555</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="127."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR127">Smolyanitsky A, Killgore JP, Tewary VK (2012) Effect of elastic deformation on frictional properties of few-layer graphene. Phys Rev B 85:035412. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.035412" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1103/PhysRevB.85.035412">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.035412</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="128."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR128">Lee C, Li QY, Kalb W, Liu XZ, Berger H, Carpick RW, Hone J (2010) Frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets. Science 328:76–80. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184167" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1184167">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184167</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="129."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR129">Xiao HP, Dai W, Kan YW, Clearfield A, Liang H (2015) Amine-intercalated α-zirconium phosphates as lubricant additives. Appl Surf Scie 329:384–389. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.061" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.061">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.061</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="130."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR130">Greco A, Mistry K, Sista V, Eryilmaz O, Er De Mir A (2011) Friction and wear behaviour of boron based surface treatment and nano-particle lubricant additives for wind turbine gearbox applications. Wear 271:1754–1760. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.060" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.060">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.060</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="131."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR131">Joly-Pottuz L, Martin J-M, Dassenoy F, Belin M, Montagnac G, Reynard B, Fleischer N (2006) Pressure-induced exfoliation of inorganic fullerene-like WS 2 particles in a Hertzian contact. J Appl Geophys 99:023524. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2165404" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1063/1.2165404">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2165404</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="132."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR132">Lahouij I, Dassenoy F, de Knoop L, Martin J-M, Vacher B (2011) In situ TEM observation of the behavior of an individual fullerene-like MoS 2 nanoparticle in a dynamic contact. Tribol Lett 42:133–140. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9755-0" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-011-9755-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9755-0</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="133."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR133">Dassenoy F (2019) Nanoparticles as additives for the development of high performance and environmentally friendly engine lubricants. Tribol Online 14:237–253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.14.237" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.2474/trol.14.237">https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.14.237</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="134."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR134">Jenei IZ, Dassenoy FJTL (2017) Friction coefficient measured on a single WS2 nanoparticle: an in situ transmission electron microscope experiment. Tribol Lett 65:86. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0868-y" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-017-0868-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0868-y</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="135."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR135">Rabaso P, Ville F, Dassenoy F, Diaby M, Afanasiev P, Cavoret J, Vacher B, Le Mogne T (2014) Boundary lubrication: Influence of the size and structure of inorganic fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticles on friction and wear reduction. Wear 320:161–178. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.09.001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2014.09.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.09.001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="136."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR136">Lahouij I, Vacher B, Martin J-M, Dassenoy F (2012) IF-MoS2 based lubricants: influence of size, shape and crystal structure. Wear 296:558–567. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.016" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.016</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="137."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR137">Tannous J, Dassenoy F, Bruhács A, Tremel W (2010) Synthesis and tribological performance of novel Mo x W 1− x S 2 (0≤ x≤ 1) inorganic fullerenes. Tribol Lett 37:83–92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9493-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-009-9493-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-009-9493-8</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="138."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR138">Alves SM, Mello VS, Sinatora A (2018) Nanolubrication mechanisms: influence of size and concentration of CuO nanoparticles. Mater Perform Charact 7:226–241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20170064" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1520/MPC20170064">https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20170064</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="139."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR139">Liu XG, Xu N, Li WM, Zhang M, Chen LF, Lou WJ, Wang XB (2017) Exploring the effect of nanoparticle size on the tribological properties of SiO2/polyalkylene glycol nanofluid under different lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 109:467–472. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.007</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="140."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR140">Zhao XC, Liu Y, Wang DL, Li QF (2006) Effect of the Particle Size on Tribological Properties of Nanometer Fe3O4 as Lubricating Oil Additives. Lubr Eng 61–63. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.01.019" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.01.019">https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2006.01.019</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="141."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR141">Zhang XP, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Yang M, Guo SM, Liu GT, Zhang NQ (2017) Lubricating property of MQL grinding of Al2O3/SiC mixed nanofluid with different particle sizes and microtopography analysis by cross-correlation. Precis Eng 47:532–545. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.09.016" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.09.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.09.016</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="142."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR142">Su Y, Gong L, Chen D (2015) An investigation on tribological properties and lubrication mechanism of graphite nanoparticles as vegetable based oil additive. J Nanomater 203–210. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/276753" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1155/2015/276753">https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/276753</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="143."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR143">Peng DX, Chen CH, Kang Y, Chang YP, Chang SY (2010) Size effects of SiO2 nanoparticles as oil additives on tribology of lubricant. Ind Lubr Tribol 62:111–120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/00368791011025656" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/00368791011025656">https://doi.org/10.1108/00368791011025656</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="144."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR144">Wo HZ, Hu KH, Hu XG (2004) Tribological properties of MoS2 nanoparticles as additive in a machine oil. Tribology 24:33–37. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2004.01.008" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2004.01.008">https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2004.01.008</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="145."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR145">Reeves CJ, Menezes PL, Lovell MR, Jen TC (2013) The size effect of boron nitride particles on the tribological performance of biolubricants for energy conservation and sustainability. Tribol Lett 51:437–452. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0182-2" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11249-013-0182-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0182-2</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="146."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR146">Akbulut M (2012) Nanoparticle-based lubrication systems. J Powder Metall Min 1:1–3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9806.1000e101" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.4172/2168-9806.1000e101">https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9806.1000e101</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="147."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR147">Wang Y, Sun Y, Gong S, Cai Z, Fu J (2020) Influence of silver nanoparticles on settling of suspended sediments. J Mol Liq 299:112135. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112135" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112135">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112135</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="148."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR148">Van Teijlingen A, Davis SA, Hall SR (2020) Size-dependent melting point depression of nickel nanoparticles. Nanoscale Adv 2:2347–2351. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00153H" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/D0NA00153H">https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00153H</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="149."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR149">Cui Z, Ji B, Fu Q, Duan H, Xue Y, Li Z (2020) Research on size dependent integral melting thermodynamic properties of Cu nanoparticles. J Chem Thermodyn 149:106148. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106148" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jct.2020.106148">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106148</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="150."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR150">Zhang X, Li W, Wu D, Deng Y, Shao J, Chen L, Fang D (2018) Size and shape dependent melting temperature of metallic nanomaterials. J Phys Condens Mat 31:075701. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aaf54b" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1088/1361-648X/aaf54b">https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aaf54b</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="151."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR151">Yin QA, Li CH, Dong L, Bai XF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Li RZ, Liu ZQ (2021) Effects of physicochemical properties of different base oils on friction coefficient and surface roughness in MQL milling AISI 1045. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 1–19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00318-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s40684-021-00318-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00318-7</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="152."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR152">Yang M, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Li RZ (2017) Research on microscale skull grinding temperature field under different cooling conditions. Appl Therm Eng 126:525–537. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.183" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.183">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.183</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="153."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR153">Wang YG, Li CH, Zhang YB, Yang M, Li BK, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Mao C (2016) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication properties of the wheel/workpiece interface in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding using different types of vegetable oils. J Clean Prod 127:487–499. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.121" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.121">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.121</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="154."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR154">Li BK, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Jia DZ, Yang M, Zhang NQ, Wu QD, Han ZG, Sun K (2017) Heat transfer performance of MQL grinding with different nanofluids for Ni-based alloys using vegetable oil. J Clean Prod 154:1–11. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.213" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.213">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.213</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="155."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR155">Guo SM, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Yang M, Zhang XP, Liu GT (2017) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grinding of nickel-based alloy. J Clean Prod 140:1060–1076. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.073" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.073">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.073</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="156."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR156">Thottackkad MV, Perikinalil RK, Kumarapillai PN (2012) Experimental evaluation on the tribological properties of coconut oil by the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13:111–116. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0015-5" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12541-012-0015-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0015-5</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="157."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR157">Chu B, Singh E, Koratkar N, Samuel J (2013) Graphene-enhanced environmentally-benign cutting fluids for high-performance micro-machining applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:5500–5504. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7538" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1166/jnn.2013.7538">https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7538</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="158."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR158">Wu H, Zhao JW, Xia WZ, Cheng XW, He AS, Yun JH, Wang LZ, Huang H, Jiao SH, Huang L, Zhang SQ, Jiang ZY (2017) A study of the tribological behaviour of TiO2 nano-additive water-based lubricants. Tribol Int 109:398–408. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.013" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.01.013</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="159."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR159">Gulzar M, Masjuki HH, Varman M, Kalam MA, Mufti RA, Zulkifli NWM, Yunus R, Zahid R (2015) Improving the AW/EP ability of chemically modified palm oil by adding CuO and MoS2 nanoparticles. Tribol Int 88:271–279. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.035" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.035">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.035</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="160."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR160">Ratoi M, Niste VB, Zekonyte J (2014) WS 2 nanoparticles–potential replacement for ZDDP and friction modifier additives. RSC Adv 4:21238–21245. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01795A" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/C4RA01795A">https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01795A</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="161."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR161">Wan QM, Jin Y, Sun PC, Ding YL (2015) Tribological behaviour of a lubricant oil containing boron nitride nanoparticles. Procedia Eng 102:1038–1045. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.226" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.226">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.226</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="162."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR162">Arumugam S, Sriram G (2014) Synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oil bio-lubricant dispersed with nano copper oxide: Its effect on wear and frictional behavior of piston ring–cylinder liner combination. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng 228:1308–1318. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650114535384" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1177/1350650114535384">https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650114535384</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="163."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR163">Joly-Pottuz L, Matsumoto N, Kinoshita H, Vacher B, Belin M, Montagnac G, Martin JM, Ohmae N (2008) Diamond-derived carbon onions as lubricant additives. Tribol Int 41:69–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.05.001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2007.05.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.05.001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="164."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR164">Duan ZJ, Yin QA, Li CH, Dong L, Bai XF, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Li RZ, Liu ZQ (2020) Milling force and surface morphology of 45 steel under different Al 2 O 3 nanofluid concentrations. Int Adv Manuf Tech 107:1277–1296. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04969-9" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00170-020-04969-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04969-9</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="165."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR165">Shafi WK, Raina A, Haq MIU (2018) Tribological performance of avocado oil containing copper nanoparticles in mixed and boundary lubrication regime. Ind Lubr Tribol 70:865–871. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2017-0166" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/ILT-06-2017-0166">https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2017-0166</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="166."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR166">Huang J-S, Sun H, Wang X, Chen B-Q, Yao B (2021) Study on dispersion stability and friction characteristics of C60 nanomicrosphere lubricating additives for improving cutting conditions in manufacturing process. Math Probl Eng. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2724743" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1155/2021/2724743">https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2724743</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="167."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR167">Srinivas V, Thakur R, Jain A (2017) Antiwear, antifriction, and extreme pressure properties of motor bike engine oil dispersed with molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles. Tribol Trans 60:12–19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1142034" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/10402004.2016.1142034">https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1142034</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="168."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR168">Thottackkad MV, Rajendrakumar P, Nair KP (2014) Experimental studies on the tribological behaviour of engine oil (SAE15W40) with the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Ind Lubr tribol 22:289–297. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-01-2012-0006" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1108/ILT-01-2012-0006">https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-01-2012-0006</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="169."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR169">Lu HS, Tang WW, Liu X, Wang BG, Huang ZY (2017) Oleylamine-modified carbon nanoparticles as a kind of efficient lubricating additive of polyalphaolefin. J Mater Sci Lett 52:4483–4492. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0694-x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s10853-016-0694-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0694-x</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="170."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR170">Gao T, Li C, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Jin T, Hou Y, Li RZ (2019) Dispersing mechanism and tribological performance of vegetable oil-based CNT nanofluids with different surfactants. Tribol Lett 131:51–63. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.025" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.025</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="171."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR171">Wu LL, Zhang YJ, Yang GB, Zhang SM, Yu LG, Zhang PY (2016) Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles as the lubricant additive in poly-alpha olefin and diisooctyl sebacate base oils. RSC Adv 6:69836–69844. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10042B" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1039/C6RA10042B">https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10042B</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="172."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR172">Alves SM, Barros BS, Trajano MF, Ribeiro KSB, Moura E (2013) Tribological behavior of vegetable oil-based lubricants with nanoparticles of oxides in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 65:28–36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.03.027" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2013.03.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.03.027</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="173."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR173">Trajano MF, Moura EIF, Ribeiro KSB, Alves SMJMR (2014) Study of oxide nanoparticles as additives for vegetable lubricants. Mater Res Ibero Am J 17(15):1124–1128. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228213" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1590/1516-1439.228213">https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228213</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="174."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR174">Mello VS, Faria EA, Alves SM, Scandian C (2020) Enhancing Cuo nanolubricant performance using dispersing agents. Tribol Int 150:106338. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106338" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106338">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106338</a></p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB2010500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51975305 and 51905289), the Major Science and Technology Innovation Engineering Projects of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2019JZZY020111), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. ZR2020KE027, ZR2020ME158, and ZR2019PEE008).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Haogang Li, Yanbin Zhang & Changhe Li</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266200, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Zongming Zhou</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211106, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Xiaolin Nie</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610500, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yun Chen</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Huajun Cao</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC, Shifang, 618400, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Bo Liu</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Naiqing Zhang</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Zafar Said</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University, Miri, 98009, Malaysia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Sujan Debnath</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Muhammad Jamil</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hafiz Muhammad Ali</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, 144603, India</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Shubham Sharma</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Haogang-Li-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Haogang Li</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Haogang%20Li" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Haogang%20Li" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Haogang%20Li%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Yanbin-Zhang-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Yanbin Zhang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Yanbin%20Zhang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yanbin%20Zhang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Yanbin%20Zhang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Changhe-Li-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Changhe Li</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Changhe%20Li" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Changhe%20Li" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Changhe%20Li%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zongming-Zhou-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zongming Zhou</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Zongming%20Zhou" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zongming%20Zhou" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zongming%20Zhou%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Xiaolin-Nie-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Xiaolin Nie</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Xiaolin%20Nie" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Xiaolin%20Nie" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Xiaolin%20Nie%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Yun-Chen-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Yun Chen</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Yun%20Chen" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yun%20Chen" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Yun%20Chen%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Huajun-Cao-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Huajun Cao</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Huajun%20Cao" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Huajun%20Cao" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Huajun%20Cao%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Bo-Liu-Aff6"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Bo Liu</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Bo%20Liu" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Bo%20Liu" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Bo%20Liu%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Naiqing-Zhang-Aff7"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Naiqing Zhang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Naiqing%20Zhang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Naiqing%20Zhang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Naiqing%20Zhang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zafar-Said-Aff8"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zafar Said</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Zafar%20Said" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zafar%20Said" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zafar%20Said%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Sujan-Debnath-Aff9"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Sujan Debnath</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Sujan%20Debnath" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sujan%20Debnath" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Sujan%20Debnath%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Muhammad-Jamil-Aff10"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Muhammad Jamil</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Muhammad%20Jamil" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Muhammad%20Jamil" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Muhammad%20Jamil%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Hafiz_Muhammad-Ali-Aff11"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Hafiz Muhammad Ali</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Ali" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Ali" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Hafiz%20Muhammad%20Ali%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Shubham-Sharma-Aff12"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Shubham Sharma</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Shubham%20Sharma" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Shubham%20Sharma" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Shubham%20Sharma%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Zongming Zhou, Xiaolin Nie, Yun Chen, Huajun Cao, Bo Liu, Naiqing Zhang, Zafar Said, Sujan Debnath, Muhammad Jamil, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, and Shubham Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Haogang Li, Yanbin Zhang, and Changhe Li, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:sy_lichanghe@163.com">Changhe Li</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <p>The authors declare that this manuscript was not submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration. Also, the submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any form or language.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Consent to participate and publish</h3> <p>The authors declare that they participated in this paper willingly and the authors declare to consent to the publication of this paper.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Conflict of interest</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher's note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Extreme%20pressure%20and%20antiwear%20additives%20for%20lubricant%3A%20academic%20insights%20and%20perspectives&author=Haogang%20Li%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer-Verlag%20London%20Ltd.%2C%20part%20of%20Springer%20Nature&publication=0268-3768&publicationDate=2022-01-30&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Li, H., Zhang, Y., Li, C. <i>et al.</i> Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives. <i>Int J Adv Manuf Technol</i> <b>120</b>, 1–27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-10-28">28 October 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-12-19">19 December 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-01-30">30 January 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-05">May 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Lubricant&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Lubricant</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Additive&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Additive</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Extreme%20pressure&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Extreme pressure</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Antiwear&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Antiwear</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Nanoparticle&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Nanoparticle</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00170-021-08614-x%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dab3c93af-971d-4ca6-b5e4-09c7884e4922" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-desktop" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1433-3015"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2021"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2022"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Haogang Li, et al."><input type="hidden" name="title" value="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"><input type="hidden" name="mac" value="9b7341affdf1c6cc92191db9c6baba38"> <div class="u-ma-16"> <button type="submit" class="u-button--small u-button u-button--secondary u-button--full-width" onclick="dataLayer.push({"event":"addToCart","ecommerce":{"currencyCode":"EUR","add":{"products":[{"name":"Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives","id":"1433-3015","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer London","category":"Industrial and Production Engineering","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}}});"><span>Buy article PDF 39,95 €</span></button> </div> </form> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__vat">Price includes VAT (Hong Kong/P.R.China)<br></p> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__usp">Instant access to the full article PDF.</p> </div> </div> <script>dataLayer.push({"ecommerce":{"currency":"EUR","impressions":[{"name":"Extreme pressure and antiwear additives for lubricant: academic insights and perspectives","id":"1433-3015","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer London","category":"Industrial and Production Engineering","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}});</script> <script style="display: none"> ;(function () { if (document.cookie.indexOf("feature-monetise-subscriptions-display-springer-plus") > -1) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } // springerPlus roll out 10% starts here var springerPlusGroup = setLocalStorageSpringerPlus(); var rollOutSpringerPlus = springerPlusGroup === "B" function setLocalStorageSpringerPlus() { var selectUserKey = "springerPlusRollOut"; var springerPlusGroup = "X"; if (!window.localStorage) return springerPlusGroup; try { var selectUserValue = window.localStorage.getItem(selectUserKey) springerPlusGroup = selectUserValue || randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) } catch (err) { console.log(err) } return springerPlusGroup; } function randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) { var randomGroup = Math.random() < 0.9 ? "A" : "B" window.localStorage.setItem(selectUserKey, randomGroup) return randomGroup } if (rollOutSpringerPlus) { revealSpringerPlus(); } function revealSpringerPlus() { var article = document.getElementById("sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"); if(article) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } } //springerPlus ends here })() </script> <style> .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%230070A8'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } </style> </div> <article class="buybox__rent-article buybox__access-option u-sans-serif" id="deepdyve" style="display: none" data-test-id="journal-subscription"> <div class="c-box__body"> <div class="buybox__info"> <p>Rent this article via <a class="deepdyve-link" target="deepdyve" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="rent article" data-track-label="rent action, new buybox">DeepDyve</a> <svg focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg></p> </div> </div> <script> function deepDyveResponse(data) { if (data.status === 'ok') { [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.buybox__rent-article')).forEach(function (article) { article.style.display = 'flex' var link = article.querySelector('.deepdyve-link') if (link) { link.setAttribute('href', data.url) } }) } } var script = document.createElement('script') script.src = '//www.deepdyve.com/rental-link?docId=10.1007/s00170-021-08614-x&journal=1433-3015&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=springer&format=jsonp&callback=deepDyveResponse' document.body.appendChild(script) </script> </article> <div class="buybox__access-option buybox__institutional-subs-link u-sans-serif"> <p><a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/agc/journals">Institutional subscriptions <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </div> <style>.sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .buybox__access-option{ border-top: 1px solid #cedbe0; font-size: 1rem; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .c-springer-plus{ display: none; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus{ background-color: #EBF6FF; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-headline{ display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-heading{ border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4; border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0; padding: 16px; text-align: center; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title{ align-items: center; display: flex; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title span{ margin-left: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a{ background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #025e8d; color: #025e8d; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; max-height: 44px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a span{ margin-right: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:hover{ background-color: #025e8d; border: 4px solid #025e8d; box-shadow: none; color: #fff; font-weight: 700; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited{ color: #025e8d; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited:hover{ color: #fff; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps{ color: #555; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 16px 0 24px 0; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li{ padding-left: 26px; position: relative; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before{ content: ''; height: 10px; left: 0; position: absolute; top: calc(0.8em - 5px); width: 10px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li:not(:first-child){ margin-top: 4px; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/170/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s00170-021-08614-x;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>