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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Class system" redirects here. For the role-playing game concept, see <a href="/wiki/Character_class" title="Character class">Character class</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style>A social class or social stratum is a grouping of <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a> into a set of <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">hierarchical</a> social categories,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> the most common being the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>. Membership of a social class can for example be dependent on education, wealth, occupation, income, and belonging to a particular subculture or social network.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png/133px-Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png/200px-Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png/266px-Japanese_Noble_Samurai_and_Servant_by_Pannemaker_c1845.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="2223"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg/151px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg/227px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg/302px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Bower_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2000"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:321px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_telephone_magazine_(1922)_(14569859438).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg/288px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg/432px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg/576px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569859438%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1336"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top-left to bottom-right or from top to bottom (mobile): a <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> and his servant, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1846; a <a href="/wiki/Butler" title="Butler">butler</a> places a telephone call, 1922; The Bower Garden, painting by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, 1859</div></div></div></div> Class is a subject of analysis for <a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">sociologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social historians</a>. The term has a wide range of sometimes conflicting meanings, and there is no broad consensus on a definition of class. Some people argue that due to <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>, class boundaries do not exist. In common parlance, the term social class is usually synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic</a> class, defined as "people having the same social, economic, cultural, political or educational status", e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, "an emerging professional class" etc.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, academics distinguish social class from <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, using the former to refer to one's relatively stable cultural background and the latter to refer to one's current social and economic situation which is consequently more changeable over time.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The precise measurements of what determines social class in society have varied over time. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> defined class by one's relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (their <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a>). His understanding of classes in modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist society</a> is that the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> work but do not own the means of production, and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, those who invest and live off the surplus generated by the proletariat's operation of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, do not work at all. This contrasts with the view of the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, who contrasted class as determined by economic position, with <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> (Stand) which is determined by social prestige rather than simply just relations of production.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The term class is etymologically derived from the Latin classis, which was used by <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> takers to categorize citizens by wealth in order to determine military service obligations.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In the late 18th century, the term class began to replace classifications such as <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">rank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">orders</a> as the primary means of organizing society into hierarchical divisions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASF">fact or opinion?</a>] This corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics and increase in the significance of wealth and <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> as indicators of position in the <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social hierarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The existence of social classes is considered normal in many societies, both historic and modern, to varying degrees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancient_Egypt">1.1 Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Elsewhere">1.2 Elsewhere</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Class_society">2 Class society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Comparative_sociological_research">2.1 Comparative sociological research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Effect_on_the_population">2.2 Effect on the population</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Theoretical_models">3 Theoretical models</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Marxist">3.1 Marxist</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Weberian">3.2 Weberian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bourdieu">3.3 Bourdieu</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Great_British_Class_Survey">3.4 Great British Class Survey</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Three-level_economic_class_model">3.5 Three-level economic class model</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Upper_class">3.5.1 Upper class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Middle_class">3.5.2 Middle class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Lower_class">3.5.3 Lower class</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Consequences_of_class_position">4 Consequences of class position</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Social_privilege">4.1 Social privilege</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Education">4.2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Health_and_nutrition">4.3 Health and nutrition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Employment">4.4 Employment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Class_conflict">5 Class conflict</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Classless_society">6 Classless society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Relationship_between_ethnicity_and_class">7 Relationship between ethnicity and class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The existence of a class system dates back to times of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, where the position of elite was also characterized by literacy.<a href="#cite_note-Mendoza2017-9">[9]</a> The wealthier people were at the top in the social order and common people and slaves being at the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-Baptiste2015-10">[10]</a> However, the class was not rigid; a man of humble origins could ascend to a high post.<a href="#cite_note-Keller-11">[11]</a>: 38– The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women, including people from all social classes, as essentially equal under the law, and even the lowliest <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> was entitled to petition the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a> and his court for redress.<a href="#cite_note-UCJohnson-12">[12]</a> Farmers made up the bulk of the population, but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble family</a> that owned the land.<a href="#cite_note-Maneulian-13">[13]</a>: 383 Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects in a <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-James-14">[14]</a>: 136 Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers, but they were also under state control, working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury. Scribes and officials formed the upper class in ancient Egypt, known as the "white kilt class" in reference to the bleached linen garments that served as a mark of their rank.<a href="#cite_note-Billard-15">[15]</a>: 109 The upper class prominently displayed their social status in art and literature. Below the nobility were the priests, physicians, and engineers with specialized training in their field. It is unclear whether <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">slavery as understood today existed in ancient Egypt</a>; there is difference of opinions among authors.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavebeating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slavebeating.jpg/220px-Slavebeating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Slavebeating.jpg/220px-Slavebeating.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Slavebeating.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Slave beating in ancient Egypt</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Not a single Egyptian was, in our sense of the word, free. No individual could call in question a hierarchy of authority which culminated in a living god.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a><a href="#cite_note-Keller-11">[11]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Although slaves were mostly used as indentured servants, they were able to buy and sell their servitude, work their way to freedom or nobility, and were usually treated by <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elsewhere" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Ancient Greece when the clan system <a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> was declining. The classes<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> replaced the clan society when it became too small to sustain the needs of increasing population. The division of labor is also essential for the growth of classes.<a href="#cite_note-Keller-11">[11]</a>: 39 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_nobles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Burmese_nobles.JPG/220px-Burmese_nobles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2190"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Burmese_nobles.JPG/220px-Burmese_nobles.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Burmese_nobles.JPG/330px-Burmese_nobles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Burmese_nobles.JPG/440px-Burmese_nobles.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> nobles and servants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/330px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/440px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> warriors armed with spears in the retinue of a mounted <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_chieftaincy_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian chieftaincy system">war chief</a>. The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1892</figcaption></figure> Historically, social class and behavior were laid down in law. For example, permitted mode of dress in some times and places was strictly regulated, with sumptuous dressing only for the high ranks of society and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> stipulated the dress and jewelry appropriate for a person's social rank and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">station</a>. In Europe, these laws became increasingly commonplace during the Middle Ages. However, these laws were prone to change due to societal changes, and in many cases, these distinctions may either almost disappear, such as the distinction between a patrician and a plebeian being almost erased during the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> had a large influence over political ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> because of his views of inequality and classes. Rousseau saw humans as "naturally pure and good," meaning that humans from birth were seen as innocent and any evilness was learned. He believed that social problems arise through the development of society and suppress the innate pureness of humankind. He also believed that <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> is the main reason for social issues in society because private property creates inequality through the property's value. Even though his theory predicted if there were no private property then there would be wide spread equality, Rousseau accepted that there will always be social inequality because of how society is viewed and run.<a href="#cite_note-Conley,_Dalton_2017-20">[18]</a> Later Enlightenment thinkers viewed inequality as valuable and crucial to society's development and prosperity. They also acknowledged that private property will ultimately cause inequality because specific resources that are privately owned can be stored and the owners profit off of the deficit of the resource. This can create competition between the classes that was seen as necessary by these thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-Conley,_Dalton_2017-20">[18]</a> This also creates <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a> between the classes keeping a distinct difference between lower, poorer classes and the higher, wealthier classes. India (<a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">↑</a>), Nepal, North Korea (<a href="/wiki/Songbun" title="Songbun">↑</a>), Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">↑</a>) and some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> maintain social classes today. In class societies, class conflict has tended to recur or is ongoing, depending on the sociological and anthropolitical perspective.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Class societies have not always existed; there have been widely different types of class communities.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[23]</a> For example, societies based on age rather than capital.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-26">[24]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, social relations were dismantled by force, which gave rise to societies based on the social categories of waged labor, private property, and capital.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Class_society">Class society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Class society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Class society or class-based society is an organizing principle society in which ownership of property, <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> is the determining factor of the distribution of power, in which those with more property and wealth are stratified higher in the society and those without access to the means of production and without wealth are stratified lower in the society. In a class society, at least implicitly, people are divided into distinct social strata, commonly referred to as social classes or <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>. The nature of class society is a matter of sociological research.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Class societies exist all over the globe in both industrialized and developing nations.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Class stratification is theorized to come directly from <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In terms of public opinion, nine out of ten people in a Swedish survey considered it correct that they are living in a class society.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_sociological_research">Comparative sociological research</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparative sociological research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One may use <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative methods</a> to study class societies, using, for example, comparison of <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficients</a>, de facto educational opportunities, unemployment, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_population">Effect on the population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effect on the population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Societies with large class differences have a greater proportion of people who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> issues such as anxiety and depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> A series of scientific studies have demonstrated this relationship.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Statistics support this assertion and results are found in life expectancy and overall health; for example, in the case of high differences in life expectancy between two Stockholm suburbs. The differences between life expectancy of the poor and less-well-educated inhabitants who live in proximity to the station <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5rby_g%C3%A5rd_metro_station" title="Vårby gård metro station">Vårby gård</a>, and the highly educated and more affluent inhabitants living near <a href="/wiki/Danderyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Danderyd">Danderyd</a> differ by 18 years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Similar data about New York is also available for life expectancy, average income per capita, income distribution, median income mobility for people who grew up poor, share with a bachelor's degree or higher.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In class societies, the lower classes systematically receive lower-quality education and care.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> There are more explicit effects where those within the higher class actively demonize parts of the lower-class population.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Theoretical_models">Theoretical models</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theoretical models" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Definitions of social classes reflect a number of <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">sociological perspectives</a>, informed by <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. The major perspectives historically have been <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a>. The common stratum model of class divides society into a simple hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>. Within academia, two broad schools of definitions emerge: those aligned with 20th-century sociological stratum models of <a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">class society</a> and those aligned with the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical materialist">historical materialist</a> economic models of the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-49">[47]</a> Another distinction can be drawn between analytical concepts of social class, such as the Marxist and Weberian traditions, as well as the more empirical traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> approach, which notes the correlation of income, education and wealth with social outcomes without necessarily implying a particular theory of social structure.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/People_accounting_hypothesis" title="People accounting hypothesis">People accounting hypothesis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist">Marxist</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marxist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Class_in_Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Class in Marxist theory">Class in Marxist theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "[Classes are] large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/jun/19.htm">A Great Beginning</a> in June 1919</cite></div> </div> For Marx, class is a combination of objective and subjective factors. Objectively, a class shares a common <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relationship</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. The class society itself is understood as the aggregated phenomenon to the "interlinked movement", which generates the quasi-objective concept of capital.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Subjectively, the members will necessarily have some perception ("<a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>") of their similarity and common interest. Class consciousness is not simply an awareness of one's own class interest but is also a set of shared views regarding how society should be organized legally, culturally, socially and politically. These class relations are reproduced through time. In <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Class_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Class structure">class structure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> is characterized by the conflict between two main classes: the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, the capitalists who own the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and the much larger <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> (or "working class") who must sell their own labour power (<a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>). This is the fundamental economic structure of work and property, a state of inequality that is normalized and <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">reproduced through cultural ideology</a>. For Marxists, every person in the process of production has separate social relationships and issues. Along with this, every person is placed into different groups that have similar interests and values that can differ drastically from group to group. Class is special in that does not relate to specifically to a singular person, but to a specific role.<a href="#cite_note-Conley,_Dalton_2017-20">[18]</a> Marxists explain the history of "civilized" societies in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">war of classes</a> between those who control production and those who produce the goods or services in society. In the Marxist view of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, this is a conflict between capitalists (<a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>) and wage-workers (the proletariat). For Marxists, class antagonism is rooted in the situation that control over social production necessarily entails control over the class which produces goods—in capitalism this is the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of workers by the bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-karl231-52">[50]</a> Furthermore, "in countries where modern civilisation has become fully developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed".<a href="#cite_note-karl231-52">[50]</a> "An industrial army of workmen, under the command of a capitalist, requires, like a real army, officers (managers) and sergeants (foremen, over-lookers) who, while the work is being done, command in the name of the capitalist".<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Marx makes the argument that, as the bourgeoisie reach a point of wealth accumulation, they hold enough power as the dominant class to shape political institutions and society according to their own interests. Marx then goes on to claim that the non-elite class, owing to their large numbers, have the power to overthrow the elite and create an equal society.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, Marx himself argued that it was the goal of the proletariat itself to displace the capitalist system with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, changing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> in which: "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all". This would mark the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> in which human needs rather than profit would be motive for production. In a society with democratic control and <a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">production for use</a>, there would be no class, no state and no need for financial and banking institutions and money.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> These theorists have taken this binary class system and expanded it to include contradictory class locations, the idea that a person can be employed in many different class locations that fall between the two classes of proletariat and bourgeoisie. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a> stated that class definitions are more diverse and elaborate through identifying with multiple classes, having familial ties with people in different a class, or having a temporary leadership role.<a href="#cite_note-Conley,_Dalton_2017-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weberian">Weberian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weberian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> formulated a <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">three-component theory of stratification</a> that saw social class as emerging from an interplay between "class", "status" and "power". Weber believed that class position was determined by a person's relationship to the means of production, while status or "Stand" emerged from estimations of honor or prestige.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Weber views class as a group of people who have common goals and opportunities that are available to them. This means that what separates each class from each other is their value in the marketplace through their own goods and services. This creates a divide between the classes through the assets that they have such as property and expertise.<a href="#cite_note-Conley,_Dalton_2017-20">[18]</a> Weber derived many of his key concepts on social stratification by examining the social structure of many countries. He noted that contrary to Marx's theories, stratification was based on more than simply ownership of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>. Weber pointed out that some members of the aristocracy lack economic wealth yet might nevertheless have political power. Likewise in Europe, many wealthy Jewish families lacked prestige and honor because they were considered members of a "pariah group". <ul><li>Class: A person's economic position in a society. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own.</li> <li>Status: A person's prestige, social honour or popularity in a society. Weber noted that political power was not rooted in capital value solely, but also in one's status. Poets and saints, for example, can possess immense influence on society with often little economic worth.</li> <li>Power: A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, or a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, may hold little property or status, but they still hold immense power.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bourdieu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bourdieu#Theory_of_capital_and_class_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu § Theory of capital and class distinction</a></div> For <a href="/wiki/Bourdieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a>, the place in the <a href="/wiki/Social_strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Social strata">social strata</a> for any person is vaguer than the equivalent in Weberian sociology. Bourdieu introduced an array of concepts of what he refers to as types of capital. These types were economic capital, in the form assets convertible to <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> and secured as <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. This type of capital is separated from the other types of culturally constituted types of capital, which Bourdieu introduces, which are: personal cultural capital (formal education, knowledge); objective cultural capital (books, art); and institutionalized cultural capital (honours and titles). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_British_Class_Survey">Great British Class Survey</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Great British Class Survey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Class_Survey" title="Great British Class Survey">Great British Class Survey</a></div> On 2 April 2013, the results of a survey<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Lab_UK_Survey-58">[56]</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Lab_UK" title="BBC Lab UK">BBC Lab UK</a> developed in collaboration with academic experts and slated to be published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Sociology_(journal)" title="Sociology (journal)">Sociology</a> were published online.<a href="#cite_note-Sociology4213-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCHugeSurvey4313-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMethodology-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCResults4213-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT4313-63">[61]</a> The results released were based on a survey of 160,000 residents of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> most of whom lived in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>". Class was defined and measured according to the amount and kind of economic, cultural and social resources reported. <a href="/wiki/Economic_capital#Social_science" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a> was defined as <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asset_(economics)" title="Asset (economics)">assets</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> as amount and type of cultural interests and activities; and <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> as the quantity and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> and personal and business contacts.<a href="#cite_note-BBCResults4213-62">[60]</a> This theoretical framework was developed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu#Theory_of_capital_and_class_distinction" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> who first published his <a href="/wiki/La_Distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="La Distinction">theory of social distinction</a> in 1979. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-level_economic_class_model">Three-level economic class model</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Three-level economic class model" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Today, concepts of social class often assume three general economic categories: a very wealthy and powerful upper class that owns and controls the means of production; a middle class of professional workers, <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> owners and low-level <a href="/wiki/Managers" class="mw-redirect" title="Managers">managers</a>; and a lower class, who rely on low-paying jobs for their livelihood and experience <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_class">Upper class</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Upper class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troisordres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Troisordres.jpg/170px-Troisordres.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Troisordres.jpg/170px-Troisordres.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Troisordres.jpg/255px-Troisordres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Troisordres.jpg/340px-Troisordres.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A symbolic image of three orders of feudal society in Europe prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which shows the rural third estate carrying the clergy and the nobility</figcaption></figure> The upper class<a href="#cite_note-Brown-2009-953-64">[62]</a> is the social class composed of those who are <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">rich</a>, well-born, powerful, or a combination of those. They usually wield the greatest political power. In some countries, wealth alone is sufficient to allow entry into the upper class. In others, only people who are born or marry into certain aristocratic bloodlines are considered members of the upper class and those who gain great wealth through commercial activity are looked down upon by the aristocracy as <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> In the United Kingdom, for example, the upper classes are the aristocracy and royalty, with wealth playing a less important role in class status. Many aristocratic peerages or titles have seats attached to them, with the holder of the title (e.g. Earl of Bristol) and his family being the custodians of the house, but not the owners. Many of these require high expenditures, so wealth is typically needed. Many aristocratic peerages and their homes are parts of estates, owned and run by the title holder with moneys generated by the land, rents or other sources of wealth. However, in the United States where there is no aristocracy or royalty, the upper class status exclusive of Americans of ancestral wealth or patricians of European ancestry is referred to in the media as the extremely wealthy, the so-called "super-rich", though there is some tendency even in the United States for those with old family wealth to look down on those who have accrued their money through business, the struggle between <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">new money</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">old money</a>. The upper class is generally contained within the richest one or two percent of the population. Members of the upper class are often born into it and are distinguished by immense wealth which is passed from generation to generation in the form of estates.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Based on some new social and political theories upper class consists of the most wealthy decile group in society which holds nearly 87% of the whole society's wealth.<a href="#cite_note-baizidi-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_class">Middle class</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></div> See also: <a href="/wiki/Middle-class_squeeze" title="Middle-class squeeze">Middle-class squeeze</a> The middle class is the most contested of the three categories, the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the lower and upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> One example of the contest of this term is that in the United States "middle class" is applied very broadly and includes people who would elsewhere be considered <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>. Middle-class workers are sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a>". Theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a> have noted the tendency toward an enlarged middle class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological economies.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Perspectives concerning <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a>, suggest this is due to the shift of low-level labour to <a href="/wiki/Developing_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nation">developing nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Middle class is the group of people with jobs that pay significantly more than the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a>. Examples of these types of jobs are factory workers, salesperson, teacher, cooks and nurses. There is a new trend by some scholars which assumes that the size of the middle class in every society is the same. For example, in paradox of interest theory, middle class are those who are in 6th–9th decile groups which hold nearly 12% of the whole society's wealth.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_class">Lower class</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lower class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg/250px-Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg/250px-Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg/375px-Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg/500px-Camden_NJ_poverty.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In many countries, the lowest stratum of the working class, the <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>, often lives in urban areas with low-quality <a href="/wiki/Civil_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil services">civil services</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></div> Lower class (occasionally described as working class) are those employed in low-paying <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> jobs with very little economic security. The term "lower class" also refers to persons with low income. The working class is sometimes separated into those who are employed but lacking financial security (the "<a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a>") and an <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>—those who are long-term <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a>, especially those receiving <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> from the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. The latter is today considered analogous to the Marxist term "<a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a>". However, during the time of Marx's writing the lumpenproletariat referred to those in dire poverty; such as the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-2009-953-64">[62]</a> Members of the working class are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Consequences_of_class_position">Consequences of class position</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consequences of class position" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> A person's socioeconomic class has wide-ranging effects. It can determine the schools they are able to attend,<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> their health,<a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[73]</a> the jobs open to them,<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[70]</a> when they exit the labour market,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> whom they may marry<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> and their treatment by police and the courts.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Angus Deaton and Anne Case have analyzed the mortality rates related to the group of white, middle-aged Americans between the ages of 45 and 54 and its relation to class. There has been a growing number of suicides and deaths by substance abuse in this particular group of <a href="/wiki/Middle-class_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class Americans">middle-class Americans</a>. This group also has been recorded to have an increase in reports of chronic pain and poor general health. Deaton and Case came to the conclusion from these observations that because of the constant stress that these white, middle aged Americans feel fighting poverty and wavering between the middle and lower classes, these strains have taken a toll on these people and affected their whole bodies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[73]</a> Social classifications can also determine the sporting activities that such classes take part in. It is suggested that those of an upper social class are more likely to take part in sporting activities, whereas those of a lower social background are less likely to participate in sport. However, upper-class people tend to not take part in certain sports that have been commonly known to be linked with the lower class.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_privilege">Social privilege</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social privilege" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Baccelli_(con_la_nipote_Elena)_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino,_L%27illustrazione_del_medico,_marzo_1938,_n.46,_p._3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg/220px-Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1093"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg/220px-Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg/330px-Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg/440px-Guido_Baccelli_%28con_la_nipote_Elena%29_consultato_per_strada_da_un_contadino%2C_L%27illustrazione_del_medico%2C_marzo_1938%2C_n.46%2C_p._3.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A physician consulted on the street by a farmer (Italy, 1938)</figcaption></figure> A person's social class has a significant effect on their educational opportunities. Not only are upper-class parents able to send their children to exclusive schools that are perceived to be better, but in many places, state-supported schools for children of the upper class are of a much higher quality than those the state provides for children of the lower classes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> This lack of good schools is one factor that perpetuates the class divide across generations. In the UK, the educational consequences of class position have been discussed by scholars inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> framework of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">CCCS</a> and/or, especially regarding working-class girls, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>. On working-class boys, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis" title="Paul Willis">Paul Willis</a>' 1977 book <a href="/wiki/Learning_to_Labour" title="Learning to Labour">Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs</a> is seen within the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies#British_Cultural_Studies" title="Cultural studies">British Cultural Studies</a> field as a <a href="/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classic</a> discussion of their antipathy to the acquisition of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Skeggs" title="Beverley Skeggs">Beverley Skeggs</a> described Learning to Labour as a study on the "<a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>" of "how the process of cultural and economic reproduction is made possible by 'the lads' ' celebration of the hard, macho world of work."<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_nutrition">Health and nutrition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health and nutrition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></div> A person's social class often affects their physical health, their ability to receive adequate <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Lower-class people experience a wide array of health problems as a result of their economic status. They are unable to use health care as often and when they do it is of lower quality, even though they generally tend to experience a much higher rate of health issues. Lower-class families have higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> and disabling physical injuries. Additionally, poor people tend to work in much more hazardous conditions, yet generally have much less (if any) health insurance provided for them, as compared to middle- and upper-class workers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Employment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The conditions at a person's job vary greatly depending on class. Those in the upper-middle class and middle class enjoy greater freedoms in their occupations. They are usually more respected, enjoy more diversity and are able to exhibit some authority.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Those in lower classes tend to feel more alienated and have lower work satisfaction overall. The physical conditions of the workplace differ greatly between classes. While middle-class workers may "suffer alienating conditions" or "lack of job satisfaction", blue-collar workers are more apt to suffer alienating, often routine, work with obvious physical health hazards, injury and even death.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In the UK, a 2015 government study by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Mobility_Commission" title="Social Mobility Commission">Social Mobility Commission</a> suggested the existence of a "glass floor" in British society preventing those who are less able, but who come from wealthier backgrounds, from slipping down the social ladder. The report proposed a 35% greater likelihood of less able, better-off children becoming high earners than bright poor children.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Class_conflict">Class conflict</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Class conflict" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></div> Class conflict, frequently referred to as class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> interests and desires between people of different classes. For Marx, the history of <a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">class society</a> was a history of class conflict. He pointed to the successful rise of the bourgeoisie and the necessity of revolutionary violence—a heightened form of class conflict—in securing the bourgeois rights that supported the capitalist economy. Marx believed that the exploitation and poverty inherent in capitalism were a pre-existing form of class conflict. Marx believed that wage labourers would need to <a href="/wiki/Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt">revolt</a> to bring about a <a href="/wiki/Wealth_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth redistribution">more equitable distribution of wealth</a> and political power.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Classless_society">Classless society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Classless society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></div> A "classless" society is one in which no one is born into a social class. Distinctions of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievement in such a society. Since these distinctions are difficult to avoid, advocates of a classless society (such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>) propose various means to achieve and maintain it and attach varying degrees of importance to it as an end in their overall programs/philosophy. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Relationship_between_ethnicity_and_class">Relationship between ethnicity and class</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relationship between ethnicity and class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial inequality">Racial inequality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_(1743,_Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/170px-Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/170px-Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/255px-Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/340px-Elizaveta_with_Black_Servant_by_Grooth_%281743%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a> servant</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">Race</a> and other large-scale groupings can also influence class standing. The association of particular ethnic groups with class statuses is common in many societies, and is linked with race as well.<a href="#cite_note-apamin-95">[93]</a> Class and ethnicity can impact a person's or community's socioeconomic standing, which in turn influences everything including job availability and the quality of available health and education.<a href="#cite_note-apamin-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Label_(sociology)" title="Label (sociology)">labels</a> ascribed to an individual change the way others perceive them, with multiple labels associated with stigma combining to worsen the social consequences of being labelled.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> As a result of conquest or internal ethnic differentiation, a ruling class is often ethnically homogenous and particular races or ethnic groups in some societies are legally or customarily restricted to occupying particular class positions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Which ethnicities are considered as belonging to high or low classes varies from society to society. In modern societies, strict legal links between ethnicity and class have been drawn, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in Africa">caste system in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the position of the <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Burakumin</a> in Japanese society and the <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_stratification" title="Class stratification">Class stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_hypothesis" title="Drift hypothesis">Drift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Four occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_architecture" title="Hostile architecture">Hostile architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Socio-economic_Classification" title="National Statistics Socio-economic Classification">National Statistics Socio-economic Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raznochintsy" title="Raznochintsy">Raznochintsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_social_class" title="Psychology of social class">Psychology of social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> based on blood relations </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> based on occupation </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_J._Andrew2001" class="citation book cs1">Grant, J. Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a29qBofx8Y8C&pg=PA161">"class, definition of"</a>. In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries A–F. Taylor & Francis. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24350-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24350-6"><bdi>978-0-415-24350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=class%2C+definition+of&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy%3A+Entries+A%E2%80%93F&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24350-6&rft.au=Grant%2C+J.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da29qBofx8Y8C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-class-structure-in-the-u-s/">"The Class Structure in the U.S. | Boundless Sociology"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012522/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-class-structure-in-the-u-s/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Class+Structure+in+the+U.S.+%7C+Boundless+Sociology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-sociology%2Fchapter%2Fthe-class-structure-in-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=social+class&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=0">"Social class"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052534/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=social+class&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=0">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. WordNet Search 3.1. Retrieved on: 2012-01-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin,_M.Denson,_N.Kilpatrick,_S.Matthews,_K.E.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, M.; Denson, N.; Kilpatrick, S.; Matthews, K.E.; Stehlik, T.; Zyngier, D. (2014). ""I am working-class": Subjective self-definition as a missing measure of social class and socioeconomic status in higher education research". Educational Researcher. 43 (4): 196–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X14528373">10.3102/0013189X14528373</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.13%2F1043609">1959.13/1043609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145576929">145576929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Researcher&rft.atitle=%22I+am+working-class%22%3A+Subjective+self-definition+as+a+missing+measure+of+social+class+and+socioeconomic+status+in+higher+education+research&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=196-200&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.13%2F1043609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145576929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3102%2F0013189X14528373&rft.au=Rubin%2C+M.&rft.au=Denson%2C+N.&rft.au=Kilpatrick%2C+S.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Stehlik%2C+T.&rft.au=Zyngier%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Weber, Max (1921/2015). "Classes, Stände, Parties" in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy and Social Stratification. Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, pp. 37–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_D.F.2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D.F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcmXgeBE7k0C&pg=PA952">"Social class and Status"</a>. In Mey, Jacob (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Elsevier. p. 952. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096297-9"><bdi>978-0-08-096297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+class+and+Status&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Pragmatics&rft.pages=952&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-096297-9&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcmXgeBE7k0C%26pg%3DPA952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper,_Adam2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Adam, ed. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32096-2"><bdi>978-0-415-32096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class%2C+Social&rft.btitle=The+social+science+encyclopedia&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32096-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oES3pJufP4C%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenney,_Robert2003" class="citation book cs1">Penney, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1geOjQ6R0MC&pg=PA189">"Class, social"</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 216–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4401-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-4401-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219212346/https://books.google.com/books?id=aE83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28918-4"><bdi>978-1-351-28918-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219212348/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJsuDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. 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University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007132107/http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190170/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fathom+Archive&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Legal+Rights+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Janet+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffathom.lib.uchicago.edu%2F1%2F777777190170%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maneulian-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Maneulian_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuelian1998" class="citation book cs1">Manuelian, Peter Der (1998). Regine Schulz; Matthias Seidel (eds.). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. 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University College London. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213192904/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/social/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Egypt+for+Universities&rft.atitle=Social+classes+in+ancient+Egypt&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsocial%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830093437/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/slavery.htm">"Slavery"</a>. An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt. 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UC Irvine Law Review. 4 (1): 203–218. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-4514">2327-4514</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111012001/https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/ucilr/vol4/iss1/10/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022. 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Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-398-9"><bdi>978-1-78168-398-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1105199910">1105199910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chavs+%3A+the+demonization+of+the+working+class%3A+with+new+preface&rft.edition=%5BNew%5D&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1105199910&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-398-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonPickett2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard G; Pickett, Kate (2019). The inner level: how more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone's well-being. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197539-9"><bdi>978-0-14-197539-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091644373">1091644373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inner+level%3A+how+more+equal+societies+reduce+stress%2C+restore+sanity+and+improve+everyone%27s+well-being&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1091644373&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197539-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+G&rft.au=Pickett%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmi2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salmi, Peter (13 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221055729/https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/nyheter/2017/kraftigokningavpsykiskohalsahosbarnochungavuxna">"Kraftig ökning av psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga vuxna"</a>. Socialstyrelsen (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/nyheter/2017/kraftigokningavpsykiskohalsahosbarnochungavuxna">the original</a> on 21 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialstyrelsen&rft.atitle=Kraftig+%C3%B6kning+av+psykisk+oh%C3%A4lsa+bland+barn+och+unga+vuxna&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft.aulast=Salmi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialstyrelsen.se%2Fnyheter%2F2017%2Fkraftigokningavpsykiskohalsahosbarnochungavuxna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathisen2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mathisen, Daniel (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620193700/http://www.dagensarena.se/opinion/inte-konstigt-att-klassamhallet-far-oss-att-ma-daligt/">"Inte konstigt att klassamhället får oss att må dåligt"</a> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagensarena.se/opinion/inte-konstigt-att-klassamhallet-far-oss-att-ma-daligt/">the original</a> on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inte+konstigt+att+klassamh%C3%A4llet+f%C3%A5r+oss+att+m%C3%A5+d%C3%A5ligt&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Mathisen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagensarena.se%2Fopinion%2Finte-konstigt-att-klassamhallet-far-oss-att-ma-daligt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAneshenselPhelan1999" class="citation book cs1">Aneshensel, Carol S; Phelan, Jo C (1999). Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-36223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-36223-6"><bdi>978-0-387-36223-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552063104">552063104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+sociology+of+mental+health&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552063104&rft.isbn=978-0-387-36223-6&rft.aulast=Aneshensel&rft.aufirst=Carol+S&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Jo+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/val2014/hogutbildad-i-danderyd-lever-18-ar-langre-an-lagutbildad-i-varby">"Var du bor avgör när du dör"</a> (in Swedish). 12 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929061801/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/val2014/hogutbildad-i-danderyd-lever-18-ar-langre-an-lagutbildad-i-varby">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Var+du+bor+avg%C3%B6r+n%C3%A4r+du+d%C3%B6r&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Fval2014%2Fhogutbildad-i-danderyd-lever-18-ar-langre-an-lagutbildad-i-varby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/mera-om-massiva-och-dodliga-klasskillnader">"Mera om massiva och dödliga klasskillnader"</a>. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 29 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412">1101-2412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629033344/https://www.svd.se/mera-om-massiva-och-dodliga-klasskillnader">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Mera+om+massiva+och+d%C3%B6dliga+klasskillnader&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft.issn=1101-2412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fmera-om-massiva-och-dodliga-klasskillnader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardtSerkez2020" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David; Serkez, Yaryna (13 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/13/opinion/inequality-cities-life-expectancy.html">"Opinion | What Does Opportunity Look Like Where You Live?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629154517/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/13/opinion/inequality-cities-life-expectancy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+What+Does+Opportunity+Look+Like+Where+You+Live%3F&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Serkez%2C+Yaryna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F05%2F13%2Fopinion%2Finequality-cities-life-expectancy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagensmedicin.se/alla-nyheter/nyheter/skillnad-mellan-rika-och-fattigas-overlevnad-i-brostcancer/">"Skillnad mellan rika och fattigas överlevnad i bröstcancer"</a>. www.dagensmedicin.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920204226/https://www.dagensmedicin.se/alla-nyheter/nyheter/skillnad-mellan-rika-och-fattigas-overlevnad-i-brostcancer/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dagensmedicin.se&rft.atitle=Skillnad+mellan+rika+och+fattigas+%C3%B6verlevnad+i+br%C3%B6stcancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagensmedicin.se%2Falla-nyheter%2Fnyheter%2Fskillnad-mellan-rika-och-fattigas-overlevnad-i-brostcancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Closing the gap in a generation : health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report. World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156370-3"><bdi>978-92-4-156370-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248038286">248038286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closing+the+gap+in+a+generation+%3A+health+equity+through+action+on+the+social+determinants+of+health%3A+Commission+on+Social+Determinants+of+Health+final+report.&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization%2C+Commission+on+Social+Determinants+of+Health&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248038286&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156370-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/fattiga-klarar-cancer-samst">"Fattiga klarar cancer sämst"</a>. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 8 September 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412">1101-2412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628022558/https://www.svd.se/fattiga-klarar-cancer-samst">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Fattiga+klarar+cancer+s%C3%A4mst&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.issn=1101-2412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Ffattiga-klarar-cancer-samst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManstead2018" class="citation journal cs1">Manstead, Antony (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5901394">"The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour"</a>. The British Journal of Social Psychology. 57 (2). PubMed Central: 267–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjso.12251">10.1111/bjso.12251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5901394">5901394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29492984">29492984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+psychology+of+social+class%3A+How+socioeconomic+status+impacts+thought%2C+feelings%2C+and+behaviour&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-291&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5901394%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29492984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjso.12251&rft.aulast=Manstead&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5901394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerravallo,_Vincent2008" class="citation book cs1">Serravallo, Vincent (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC&pg=PA131">"Class"</a>. In Parrillo, Vincent N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of social problems, Volume 1. Sage. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4165-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-4165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+social+problems%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4165-5&rft.au=Serravallo%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRGr_B4Y1CEC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-48"><a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2">The American Class Structure</a>. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2"><bdi>978-0-534-50520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-534-50520-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsStacey_C._SawyerCarl_M._Wahlstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer; Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-36674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-36674-3"><bdi>978-0-205-36674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriages%2C+Families+%26+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-205-36674-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Stacey+C.+Sawyer&rft.au=Carl+M.+Wahlstrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (1996). Class: Critical Concepts. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415132985" title="Special:BookSources/9780415132985"><bdi>9780415132985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%3A+Critical+Concepts&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415132985&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostone1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone, Moishe</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/article/time-labor-and-social-domination-reinterpretation-marxs-critical-theory-moishe-postone">Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory</a>. via <a href="/wiki/Libcom.org" title="Libcom.org">libcom.org</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39157-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39157-1"><bdi>0-521-39157-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26853972">26853972</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414213635/https://libcom.org/article/time-labor-and-social-domination-reinterpretation-marxs-critical-theory-moishe-postone">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022. 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Capital: An Analysis of Capitalist Production, Volume 1; Moscow; 1959; p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/">"Manifesto of the Communist Party"</a>. www.marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724053228/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels. "Manifesto of the Communist Party", Selected Works, Volume 1; London,' 1943; pp. 232–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Karl Marx Critique of the Gotha Program (1875) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Weber, Max (2015/1921). "Classes, Stände, Parties" in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, pp. 37–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Lab_UK_Survey-58"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Lab_UK_Survey_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/labuk/experiments/the-great-british-class-survey">"Britain's Real Class System: Great British Class Survey"</a>. BBC Lab UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506082604/http://www.bbc.co.uk/labuk/experiments/the-great-british-class-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Real+Class+System%3A+Great+British+Class+Survey&rft.pub=BBC+Lab+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flabuk%2Fexperiments%2Fthe-great-british-class-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociology4213-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Sociology4213_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageDevineCunninghamTaylor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, Mike; Devine, Fiona; Cunningham, Niall; Taylor, Mark; Li, Yaojun; Johs. Hjellbrekke; Brigitte Le Roux; Friedman, Sam; Miles, Andrew (2 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/15884/1/15884.pdf">"A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"</a> (PDF). Sociology. 47 (2): 219–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038513481128">10.1177/0038038513481128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85546872">85546872</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025100216/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/15884/1/15884.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=A+New+Model+of+Social+Class%3A+Findings+from+the+BBC%27s+Great+British+Class+Survey+Experiment&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-250&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038513481128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85546872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Devine%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Niall&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Mark&rft.au=Li%2C+Yaojun&rft.au=Johs.+Hjellbrekke&rft.au=Brigitte+Le+Roux&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Sam&rft.au=Miles%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F15884%2F1%2F15884.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCHugeSurvey4313-60"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCHugeSurvey4313_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22007058">"The Great British class calculator: People in the UK now fit into seven social classes, a major survey conducted by the BBC suggests"</a>. BBC. 3 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22007058">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Great+British+class+calculator%3A+People+in+the+UK+now+fit+into+seven+social+classes%2C+a+major+survey+conducted+by+the+BBC+suggests.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-22007058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCMethodology-61"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCMethodology_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224064928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/22001963">"How do you identify new types of class?"</a>. BBC. 3 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/22001963">the original</a> on 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+do+you+identify+new+types+of+class%3F&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscience%2F0%2F22001963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCResults4213-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCResults4213_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCResults4213_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageDevine2013" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Mike; Devine, Fiona (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/21970879">"The Great British class calculator: Mike Savage from the London School of Economics and Fiona Devine from the University of Manchester describe their findings from The Great British Class Survey. Their results identify a new model of class with seven classes ranging from the Elite at the top to a 'Precariat' at the bottom"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210083506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/21970879">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Great+British+class+calculator%3A+Mike+Savage+from+the+London+School+of+Economics+and+Fiona+Devine+from+the+University+of+Manchester+describe+their+findings+from+The+Great+British+Class+Survey.+Their+results+identify+a+new+model+of+class+with+seven+classes+ranging+from+the+Elite+at+the+top+to+a+%27Precariat%27+at+the+bottom.&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Devine%2C+Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscience%2F0%2F21970879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT4313-63"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT4313_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall2013" class="citation news cs1">Lyall, Sarah (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/europe/multiplying-the-old-divisions-of-class-in-britain.html">"Multiplying the Old Divisions of Class in Britain"</a>. 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JHU Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8821-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-8821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+disparities+in+the+United+States%3A+social+class%2C+race%2C+ethnicity%2C+and+health&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8821-2&rft.au=Barr%2C+Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUS21MlGw3-IC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliford,_Martin2003" class="citation book cs1">Gulliford, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXP05u5alAC&pg=PA39">"Equity and access to health care"</a>. 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Psychology Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27546-0"><bdi>978-0-415-27546-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Equity+and+access+to+health+care&rft.btitle=Access+to+health+care&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27546-0&rft.au=Gulliford%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXP05u5alAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudrys,_Grace2009" class="citation book cs1">Budrys, Grace (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUSM_kCNsSAC&pg=PA183">Unequal Health: How Inequality Contributes to Health Or Illness</a>. 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Sage. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7251-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-7251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Class+and+Classism+in+the+Helping+Professions%3A+Research%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7251-2&rft.au=Liu%2C+William+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IbVbxXisUgC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleanHarveyKling2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maclean, Mairi; Harvey, Charles; Kling, Gerhard (1 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opus.bath.ac.uk/50376/3/Maclean_Harvey_Kling_OS_2014.pdf">"Pathways to Power: Class, Hyper-Agency and the French Corporate Elite"</a> (PDF). Organization Studies. 35 (6): 825–855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840613509919">10.1177/0170840613509919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0170-8406">0170-8406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145716192">145716192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181119045202/https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/pathways-to-power-class-hyper-agency-and-the-french-corporate-eli">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018. 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New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. pp. 231–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034258-3"><bdi>978-0-07-034258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Stratification+and+Inequality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231-233&rft.pub=The+McGraw-Hill+Companies+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-07-034258-3&rft.aulast=Kerbo&rft.aufirst=Herald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/business-america-economy-1920s">"The Business Of America: The Economy In The 1920s"</a>. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=The+Business+Of+America%3A+The+Economy+In+The+1920s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbusiness-america-economy-1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Mobility_and_Child_Poverty_Commission" class="citation web cs1">Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-research-exposes-the-glass-floor-in-british-society">"New research exposes the 'glass floor' in British society"</a>. www.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913232714/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-research-exposes-the-glass-floor-in-british-society">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=New+research+exposes+the+%27glass+floor%27+in+British+society&rft.au=Social+Mobility+and+Child+Poverty+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fnew-research-exposes-the-glass-floor-in-british-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeter,_Calvin_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Streeter, Calvin L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aF-Mpm9JDogC&pg=PA352">"Community"</a>. In Mizrahi, Terry (ed.). Encyclopedia of social work, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530661-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530661-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530661-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+social+work%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530661-3&rft.au=Streeter%2C+Calvin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaF-Mpm9JDogC%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Stephen2011" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&pg=PA66">"class conflict"</a>. In Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (eds.). The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8353-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-8353-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=class+conflict&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8353-6&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDz4wU64f_JYC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apamin-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apamin_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apamin_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/minorities">"Ethnic and Racial Minorities & Socioeconomic Status"</a>. American Psychological Association. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025142820/https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/minorities">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Minorities+%26+Socioeconomic+Status&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Fses%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fminorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesBradbury2018" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Pip; Bradbury, Liz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-O9DAEACAAJ">Introducing Social Theory</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 104–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-0504-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-0504-3"><bdi>978-1-5095-0504-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219212413/https://books.google.com/books?id=y-O9DAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Social+Theory&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=104-114&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-0504-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Pip&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-O9DAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roaring-Twenties">"Roaring Twenties"</a>. britannica.com/topic/Roaring-Twenties. Encyclopedia Britannic. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRoaring-Twenties&rft.atitle=Roaring+Twenties&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRoaring-Twenties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/14850305">Ojämlikhetens dimensioner</a> – Marie Evertsson & Charlotta Magnusson (red.) (in Swedish) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9147111299" title="Special:BookSources/978-9147111299">978-9147111299</a></li> <li>Om konsten att lyfta sig själv i håret och behålla barnet i badvattnet : kritiska synpunkter på samhällsvetenskapens vetenskapsteori – Israel, Joachim (in Swedish) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-29-43746-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-29-43746-6">91-29-43746-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/bib/5fwkg7sl3tkkfgqg">The inner level : how more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone's well-being</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Wilkinson" title="Richard G. Wilkinson">Richard G Wilkinson</a>; Kate Pickett <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141975399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141975399">978-0141975399</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429102650/http://arkiv.nu/wp-content/uploads/9789179243265.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkiv.nu/wp-content/uploads/9789179243265.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkiv.nu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F9789179243265.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (September 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Archer, Louise et al. Higher Education and Social Class: Issues of Exclusion and Inclusion (RoutledgeFalmer, 2003) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27644-6">0-415-27644-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Aronowitz" title="Stanley Aronowitz">Aronowitz, Stanley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5EuYM4nW04AC">How Class Works: Power and Social Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408154451/https://books.google.com/books?id=5EuYM4nW04AC">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yale University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10504-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10504-5">0-300-10504-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbrook2006" class="citation book cs1">Barbrook, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801045453/http://www.theclassofthenew.net/">The Class of the New</a> (paperback ed.). London: OpenMute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9550664-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9550664-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9550664-7-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theclassofthenew.net">the original</a> on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+of+the+New&rft.place=London&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=OpenMute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9550664-7-4&rft.aulast=Barbrook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theclassofthenew.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Beckert, Sven, and Julia B. Rosenbaum, eds. The American Bourgeoisie: Distinction and Identity in the Nineteenth Century (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 284 pages; Scholarly studies on the habits, manners, networks, institutions, and public roles of the American middle class with a focus on cities in the North.</li> <li>Benschop, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociosite.net/class/summary.php">Classes – Transformational Class Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075505/http://www.sociosite.net/class/summary.php">Archived</a> 18 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Amsterdam: Spinhuis; 1993/2012).</li> <li>Bertaux, Daniel & Thomson, Paul; Pathways to Social Class: A Qualitative Approach to Social Mobility (Clarendon Press, 1997)</li> <li>Bisson, Thomas N.; Cultures of Power: Lordship, Status, and Process in Twelfth-Century Europe (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2011" class="citation news cs1">Blackledge, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210115927/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839">"Why workers can change the world"</a>. Socialist Review. Vol. 364. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839">the original</a> on 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=Why+workers+can+change+the+world&rft.volume=364&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistreview.org.uk%2Farticle.php%3Farticlenumber%3D11839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blau, Peter & Duncan Otis D.; The American Occupational Structure (1967) classic study of structure and mobility</li> <li>Brady, David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" <a href="/wiki/Social_Forces" title="Social Forces">Social Forces</a> Vol. 81 No. 3, (March 2003), pp. 715–751 (abstract <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/social_forces/v081/81.3brady.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101347/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fsocial_forces%2Fv081%2F81.3brady.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Project Muse).</li> <li>Broom, Leonard & Jones, F. Lancaster; Opportunity and Attainment in Australia (1977)</li> <li>Cohen, Lizabeth; Consumer's Republic, (Knopf, 2003) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40750-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40750-2">0-375-40750-2</a>). (Historical analysis of the working out of class in the United States).</li> <li>Connell, R.W and Irving, T.H., 1992. Class Structure in Australian History: Poverty and Progress. Longman Cheshire.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1984" class="citation journal cs1">de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey (July–August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/146/geoffrey-de-ste-croix-class-in-marx-s-conception-of-history-ancient-and-modern">"Class in Marx's conception of history, ancient and modern"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. I (146): 94–111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204548/http://newleftreview.org/I/146/geoffrey-de-ste-croix-class-in-marx-s-conception-of-history-ancient-and-modern">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Class+in+Marx%27s+conception+of+history%2C+ancient+and+modern&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=94-111&rft.date=1984-07%2F1984-08&rft.aulast=de+Ste.+Croix&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F146%2Fgeoffrey-de-ste-croix-class-in-marx-s-conception-of-history-ancient-and-modern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"> (Good study of Marx's concept.)</li> <li>Dargin, Justin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509184507/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/IL06Ag01.html">The Birth of Russia's Energy Class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a> (2007) (good study of contemporary class formation in Russia, post communism)</li> <li>Day, Gary; Class, (Routledge, 2001) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18222-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18222-0">0-415-18222-0</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Domhoff" title="G. William Domhoff">Domhoff, G. William</a>, Who Rules America? Power, Politics, and Social Change, Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1967. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/">Domhoff's companion site to the book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126230904/http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/">Archived</a> 26 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>)</li> <li>Eichar, Douglas M.; Occupation and Class Consciousness in America (Greenwood Press, 1989)</li> <li>Fantasia, Rick; Levine, Rhonda F.; McNall, Scott G., eds.; Bringing Class Back in Contemporary and Historical Perspectives (Westview Press, 1991)</li> <li>Featherman, David L. & Hauser Robert M.; Opportunity and Change (1978).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos, Takis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol6/takis_class.htm">Class Divisions Today: The Inclusive Democracy approach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901233354/http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol6/takis_class.htm">Archived</a> 1 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a>, Vol. 6, No. 2, (July 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a>; Class (a painfully accurate guide through the American status system), (1983) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31816-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-31816-1">0-345-31816-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens, Anthony</a>; The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies, (London: Hutchinson, 1981).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens, Anthony</a> & Mackenzie, Gavin (Eds.), Social Class and the Division of Labour. Essays in Honour of Ilya Neustadt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).</li> <li>Goldthorpe, John H. & Erikson Robert; The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Society (1992)</li> <li>Grusky, David B. ed.; Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (2001) scholarly articles</li> <li>Hazelrigg, Lawrence E. & Lopreato, Joseph; Class, Conflict, and Mobility: Theories and Studies of Class Structure (1972).</li> <li>Hymowitz, Kay; Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0">1-56663-709-0</a></li> <li>Kaeble, Helmut; Social Mobility in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective (1985)</li> <li>Jakopovich, Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/cs14.pdf">The Concept of Class</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924124855/https://www.sociology.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/cs14.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge Studies in Social Research, No. 14, Social Science Research Group, University of Cambridge, 2014</li> <li>Jens Hoff, "The Concept of Class and Public Employees". Acta Sociologica, vol. 28, no. 3, July 1985, pp. 207–226.</li> <li>Mahalingam, Ramaswami; "Essentialism, Culture, and Power: Representations of Social Class" Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 59, (2003), pp. 733+ on India</li> <li>Mahony, Pat & Zmroczek, Christine; Class Matters: 'Working-Class' Women's Perspectives on Social Class (Taylor & Francis, 1997)</li> <li>Manza, Jeff & Brooks, Clem; Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions (Oxford University Press, 1999).</li> <li>Manza, Jeff; "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" Annual Review of Sociology, (2000) pp. 297+</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzaHoutClem1995" class="citation journal cs1">Manza, Jeff; Hout, Michael; Clem, Brooks (1995). "Class Voting in Capitalist Democracies since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or Trendless Fluctuation?". Annual Review of Sociology. 21: 137–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.21.1.137">10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Class+Voting+in+Capitalist+Democracies+since+World+War+II%3A+Dealignment%2C+Realignment%2C+or+Trendless+Fluctuation%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=137-162&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.21.1.137&rft.aulast=Manza&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Hout%2C+Michael&rft.au=Clem%2C+Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marmot, Michael; The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity (2004)</li> <li>Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick; The Communist Manifesto, (1848). (The key statement of class conflict as the driver of historical change).</li> <li>Merriman, John M.; Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1979)</li> <li>Ostrander, Susan A.; Women of the Upper Class (Temple University Press, 1984).</li> <li>Owensby, Brian P.; Intimate Ironies: Modernity and the Making of Middle-Class Lives in Brazil (Stanford University, 1999).</li> <li>Pakulski, Jan & Waters, Malcolm; The Death of Class (Sage, 1996). (rejection of the relevance of class for modern societies)</li> <li>Payne, Geoff; The Social Mobility of Women: Beyond Male Mobility Models (1990)</li> <li>Savage, Mike; Class Analysis and Social Transformation (London: Open University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Stahl, Garth; "Identity, Neoliberalism and Aspiration: Educating White Working-Class Boys" (London, Routledge, 2015).</li> <li>Sennett, Richard & Cobb, Jonathan; The Hidden Injuries of Class, (Vintage, 1972) (classic study of the subjective experience of class).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Siegelbaum" title="Lewis Siegelbaum">Siegelbaum, Lewis H.</a>, Suny, Ronald; eds.; Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class, and Identity. (Cornell University Press, 1994). Russia 1870–1940</li> <li>Wlkowitz, Daniel J.; Working with Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity (University of North Carolina Press, 1999).</li> <li>Weber, Max. "Class, Status and Party", in e.g. Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, (Oxford University Press, 1958). (Weber's key statement of the multiple nature of stratification).</li> <li>Weinburg, Mark; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/2_1/2_1_4.pdf">"The Social Analysis of Three Early 19th century French liberals: Say, Comte, and Dunoyer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224105557/http://mises.org/journals/jls/2_1/2_1_4.pdf">Archived</a> 24 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 45–63, (1978).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood, Ellen Meiksins</a>; The Retreat from Class: A New 'True' Socialism, (Schocken Books, 1986) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-7280-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-7280-1">0-8052-7280-1</a>) and (Verso Classics, January 1999) reprint with new introduction (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-270-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-270-4">1-85984-270-4</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood, Ellen Meiksins</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517043322/http://www.monthlyreview.org/797wood.htm">"Labor, the State, and Class Struggle"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>, Vol. 49, No. 3, (1997).</li> <li>Wouters, Cas.; "The Integration of Social Classes". Journal of Social History. Volume 29, Issue 1, (1995). pp 107+. (on social manners)</li> <li>Wright, Erik Olin; The Debate on Classes (Verso, 1990). (neo-Marxist)</li> <li>Wright, Erik Olin; Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1997)</li> <li>Wright, Erik Olin ed. Approaches to Class Analysis (2005). (scholarly articles)</li> <li>Zmroczek, Christine & Mahony, Pat (Eds.), Women and Social Class: International Feminist Perspectives. (London: UCL Press 1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/lower-your-social-class-wiser-you-are-suggests-new-study">The lower your social class, the 'wiser' you are, suggests new study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722213707/https://www.science.org/content/article/lower-your-social-class-wiser-you-are-suggests-new-study">Archived</a> 22 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 20 December 2017.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_class" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Social class">Social class</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_class" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social class">Social class</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>Domhoff, G. William, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/class_domination.html">The Class Domination Theory of Power</a>", University of California, Santa Cruz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/index_01.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1183072061-uZS6UuMzIZAg2Gcyqy0WbA">Graphic: How Class Works</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Klasse" title="Soziale Klasse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Soziale Klasse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طبقة اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبقة اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas_social" title="Clas social – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clas social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_sinif" title="Sosial sinif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial sinif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF" title="সামাজিক শ্রেণি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক শ্রেণি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De_kai-kip" title="Siā-hōe kai-kip – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe kai-kip" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="सामाजिक तबका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सामाजिक तबका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Социална класа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална класа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_social" title="Classe social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classe social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_t%C5%99%C3%ADda" title="Sociální třída – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální třída" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosbarth_cymdeithasol" title="Dosbarth cymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dosbarth cymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfundsklasse" title="Samfundsklasse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samfundsklasse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Klasse" title="Soziale Klasse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Klasse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalne_klass" title="Sotsiaalne klass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalne klass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Κοινωνική τάξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνική τάξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_social" title="Clase social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clase social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_klaso" title="Socia klaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia klaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_klase" title="Gizarte klase – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte klase" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="طبقه اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبقه اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_sociale" title="Classe sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classe sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatskiplike_klasse" title="Maatskiplike klasse – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maatskiplike klasse" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicme_sh%C3%B3isialta" title="Aicme shóisialta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aicme shóisialta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_social" title="Clase social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clase social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89" title="사회 계급 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 계급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Դասակարգային կառուցվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասակարգային կառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सामाजिक वर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक वर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvena_klasa" title="Društvena klasa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društvena klasa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_sosial" title="Kelas sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelas sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9tt" title="Stétt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stétt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_sociale" title="Classe sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classe sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99" title="מעמד חברתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעמד חברתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სოციალური კლასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალური კლასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Қоғамдық тап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоғамдық тап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaka_(jamii)" title="Tabaka (jamii) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tabaka (jamii)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Коомдук таптар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коомдук таптар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas_soziela" title="Clas soziela – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Clas soziela" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classis_socialis" title="Classis socialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Classis socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiedr%C4%ABbas_sl%C4%81nis" title="Sabiedrības slānis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabiedrības slānis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97_klas%C4%97" title="Socialinė klasė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinė klasė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rsadalmi_oszt%C3%A1ly" title="Társadalmi osztály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Társadalmi osztály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Општествена класа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општествена класа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_sosial" title="Kelas sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelas sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_klasse" title="Sociale klasse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale klasse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="社会階級 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会階級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasse_(sosiologi)" title="Klasse (sosiologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klasse (sosiologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classa_sociala" title="Classa sociala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Classa sociala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinflar" title="Sinflar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sinflar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸਾਮਾਜਕ ਵਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਮਾਜਕ ਵਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasa_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Klasa społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasa społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_social" title="Classe social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classe social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas%C4%83_social%C4%83" title="Clasă socială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clasă socială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Социальный класс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальный класс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasa_shoq%C3%ABrore" title="Klasa shoqërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klasa shoqërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social class" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88" title="طبقو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبقو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolo%C4%8Densk%C3%A1_trieda" title="Spoločenská trieda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoločenská trieda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEbeni_razred" title="Družbeni razred – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Družbeni razred" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چینی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چینی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Друштвена класа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвена класа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvena_klasa" title="Društvena klasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Društvena klasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteiskuntaluokka" title="Yhteiskuntaluokka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteiskuntaluokka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llsklass" title="Samhällsklass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samhällsklass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uring_panlipunan" title="Uring panlipunan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uring panlipunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சமூக வகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக வகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="ชนชั้นทางสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนชั้นทางสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplumsal_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1f" title="Toplumsal sınıf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplumsal sınıf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Соціальний клас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальний клас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giai_c%E1%BA%A5p" title="Giai cấp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giai cấp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="階級 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="階級" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="社会阶级 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会阶级" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會階層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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