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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==History and use== Before standardization to 440&nbsp;Hz, many countries and organizations followed the French standard since the 1860s of 435&nbsp;Hz, which had also been the [[Austria]]n government's 1885 recommendation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Music |last=Karp |first=Theodore |publisher=Northwestern University Press |year= 1983 |isbn=9780810106598 |url={{google books |id=G3bHp9WXRQAC |page=406 |plainurl=yes}} |page=406 |via=Google Books |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> [[Johann Heinrich Scheibler]] recommended A440 as a standard in 1834 after inventing the "tonometer" to measure [[Pitch (music)|pitch]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Sounds of our times: two hundred years of acoustics |author=Robert Thomas Beyer |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-387-98435-3 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kebDOljfX7oC&q=Johann+Scheibler&pg=PA32 |via=Google Books |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> and it was approved by the [[Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians]] at a meeting in [[Stuttgart]] the same year.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Hermann von Helmholtz |last=von&nbsp;Helmholtz |first=Hermann |year=1863 |title=Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik |trans-title=The Study of the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Foundation for the Theory of Music ''(alt:'' The Sensation of Tones'')'' |lang=de |page=29 |publisher=J. Vieweg |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=siRDAAAAcAAJ&q=Scheibler&pg=PR3 |postscript=, |access-date=2023-01-09}} (pre-ISBN); see article on book ''[[Sensations of Tone]]''.</ref> The American music industry reached an informal standard of 440&nbsp;Hz in 1926, and some began using it in instrument manufacturing. In 1936, the [[American Standards Association]] recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440&nbsp;Hz.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Opera Companion |first=George |last=Martin |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-57467-168-1 |url={{google books |id=MjTLYqOoi3kC |page=92 |keywords=440-cps 1936 |plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> In 1937 Sir [[James Swinburne]], an electrical engineer and avid amateur musician, delivered a lecture to the [[Royal Musical Association]] on "The Ideal Scale," discussing the possibility of tuning a scale to pure ratios and adjusting these ratios to maintain consonance across different keys. The following year, Swinburne represented the Musical Association at a preliminary conference to determine the British stance on concert pitch. British piano tuners had adopted A439 as the standard in 1899, but Swinburne pointed out that 439 was a prime number, whereas 440 could be more easily factored and electronically synthesized. In May of 1939, delegates from France, Germany, Holland, Italy, and England convened at Broadcasting House in London, the headquarters of the BBC, to address the issue of concert pitch. Representatives from Switzerland and the United States participated via mail. The other European delegates concurred with Swinburne's position and agreed to a standard of A440. This standard was taken up by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] in 1955 as Recommendation R 16,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 16:1975(en) Acoustics — Standard tuning frequency (Standard musical pitch) |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:16:ed-1:v1:en |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> before being formalised in 1975 as '''ISO 16'''.<ref>{{cite book |title=ISO 16:1975 Acoustics – Standard tuning frequency (Standard musical pitch) |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |year=1975 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=3601 |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> The A440 standard is not universally adhered to. Early-music ensembles continue to use older, lower pitch levels. [[Leonard Bernstein]] often tuned the New York Philharmonic to A442, leading to complaints from the piano tuners’ union, although he claimed both the New York and Boston orchestras had used this higher pitch for years. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">A440 (pitch standard)</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A440_(pitch_standard)&action=edit&section=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","wgBackendResponseTime":247,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.061","walltime":"0.082","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 58.771 1 -total"," 99.86% 58.690 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.21% 23.631 2 Template:Replace"," 40.17% 23.611 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 36.45% 21.422 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.79% 9.283 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.00% 8.229 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.68% 1.574 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.42% 1.424 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.99% 1.170 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043319,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","timestamp":"20241123184133","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>