CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kevlar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"64417a6f-2794-4f7a-8acd-8901744727f1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kevlar","wgTitle":"Kevlar","wgCurRevisionId":1250046169,"wgRevisionId":1250046169,"wgArticleId":16759,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Structurae ID not in Wikidata","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned","Chemicals without a PubChem CID","Articles without InChI source", "Articles without EBI source","Articles without KEGG source","Articles without UNII source","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes","Chembox image size set","Short description is different from Wikidata","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2023","Articles needing additional references from March 2015","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Organic polymers","Body armor","DuPont products","Synthetic fibers","Technical fabrics","Brand name materials","Products introduced in 1965","American inventions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kevlar", "wgRelevantArticleId":16759,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q207344","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList" ,"mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/1200px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/800px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/640px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kevlar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kevlar rootpage-Kevlar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kevlar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kevlar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kevlar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kevlar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Thermal properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Motor vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Composite materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kevlar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="كيفلار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيفلار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кевлар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кевлар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Κέβλαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέβλαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlaro" title="Kevlaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kevlaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کولار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC" title="케블라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케블라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קוולאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוולאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlaras" title="Kevlaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kevlaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevl%C3%A1r" title="Kevlár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kevlár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ケブラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケブラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кевлар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кевлар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кевлар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кевлар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="கெவ்லார் இழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெவ்லார் இழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เคฟลาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคฟลาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кевлар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кевлар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kevlar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89" title="克維拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克維拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207344#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kevlar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kevlar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kevlar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kevlar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kevlar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&oldid=1250046169" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kevlar&id=1250046169&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKevlar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKevlar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kevlar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kevlar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207344" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Heat-resistant and strong aromatic polyamide fiber</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Kevlar </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevlar-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of a single layer of the crystal structure"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of a single layer of the crystal structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/250px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/375px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kevlar-3D-balls.png/500px-Kevlar-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramid_fiber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aramid_fiber2.jpg/250px-Aramid_fiber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aramid_fiber2.jpg/375px-Aramid_fiber2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aramid_fiber2.jpg/500px-Aramid_fiber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Poly(azanediyl-1,4-phenyleneazanediylterephthaloyl)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=24938-64-5">24938-64-5</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>[-CO-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-CO-NH-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-NH-]<sub>n</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=455012160&page2=Kevlar">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Kevlar</b> (para-aramid)<sup id="cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiskevlar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a strong, heat-resistant <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fiber</a>, related to other <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a>. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a> at <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiskevlar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. It is typically spun into ropes or <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabric</a> sheets that can be used as such, or as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> components. </p><p>Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailcloth#Kevlar" title="Sailcloth">racing sails</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">bulletproof vests</a>, all due to its high <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">tensile strength-to-weight ratio</a>; by this measure it is five times stronger than steel.<sup id="cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatiskevlar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to make modern marching <a href="/wiki/Drumhead" title="Drumhead">drumheads</a> that withstand high impact; and for <a href="/wiki/Mooring" title="Mooring">mooring lines</a> and other underwater applications. </p><p>A similar fiber called <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a> with the same chemical structure was developed by <a href="/wiki/Akzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo">Akzo</a> in the 1970s; commercial production started in 1986, and Twaron is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Teijin" title="Teijin">Teijin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png/220px-Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png/330px-Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png/440px-Stephanie_Kwolek_Women_in_Chemistry_from_video.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Inventor of Kevlar, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a>, a Polish-American chemist</figcaption></figure> <p>Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (K29) – branded Kevlar – was invented by the Polish-American chemist <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a> while working for DuPont, in anticipation of a gasoline shortage. In 1964, her group began searching for a new lightweight strong fiber to use for light, but strong, tires.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymers she had been working with, poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate and polybenzamide,<sup id="cite_ref-Bookrags_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookrags-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystals</a> in solution, something unique to polymers at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solution was "cloudy, <a href="/wiki/Opalescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Opalescent">opalescent</a> upon being stirred, and of low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>" and usually was thrown away. However, Kwolek persuaded the technician, Charles Smullen, who ran the <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spinneret</a>, to test her solution, and was amazed to find that the fiber did not break, unlike <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. Her supervisor and her laboratory director understood the significance of her discovery and a new field of <a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">polymer chemistry</a> quickly arose. By 1971, modern Kevlar was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kwolek was not very involved in developing the applications of Kevlar.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Heritage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heritage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Shubin" title="Lester Shubin">Lester Shubin</a>, who was then the Director of Science and Technology for the National Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice,<sup id="cite_ref-PBAS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBAS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested using Kevlar to replace nylon in bullet-proof vests.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the introduction of Kevlar, <a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">flak jackets</a> made of nylon had provided much more limited protection to users. Shubin later recalled how the idea developed: "We folded it over a couple of times and shot at it. The bullets didn't go through." In tests, they strapped Kevlar onto anesthetized goats and shot at their hearts, spinal cords, livers and lungs. They monitored the goats' heart rate and blood gas levels to check for lung injuries. After 24 hours, one goat died and the others had wounds that were not life threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shubin received a $5 million grant to research the use of the fabric in bullet-proof vests. </p><p>Kevlar 149 was invented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Lahijani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Lahijani (page does not exist)">Jacob Lahijani</a> of Dupont in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poly(p-phenylenterephthalamid)-Synthese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg/220px-Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg/330px-Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg/440px-Poly%28p-phenylenterephthalamid%29-Synthese.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The reaction of 1,4-phenylene-diamine (<i>para</i>-phenylenediamine) with terephthaloyl chloride yielding Kevlar</figcaption></figure> <p>Kevlar is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesized</a> in solution from the monomers 1,4-<a href="/wiki/Phenylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylene">phenylene</a>-di<a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> (<a href="/wiki/P-Phenylenediamine" title="P-Phenylenediamine"><i>para</i>-phenylenediamine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Terephthaloyl_chloride" title="Terephthaloyl chloride">terephthaloyl chloride</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Condensation_polymer" title="Condensation polymer">condensation reaction</a> yielding <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> as a byproduct. The result has <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid-crystalline</a> behavior, and mechanical drawing orients the polymer chains in the fiber's direction. <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylphosphoramide" title="Hexamethylphosphoramide">Hexamethylphosphoramide</a> (HMPA) was the solvent initially used for the <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a>, but for safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of <i>N</i>-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride. As this process had been patented by Akzo (see above) in the production of <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Patent_war" title="Patent war">patent war</a> ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, needed to keep the water-insoluble polymer in solution during its synthesis and <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several grades of Kevlar are available: </p> <ul><li><i>Kevlar K-29</i> – in industrial applications, such as cables, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> replacement, tires, and brake linings.</li> <li><i>Kevlar K49</i> – high modulus used in cable and rope products.</li> <li><i>Kevlar K100</i> – colored version of Kevlar</li> <li><i>Kevlar K119</i> – higher-elongation, flexible and more fatigue resistant</li> <li><i>Kevlar K129</i> – higher tenacity for ballistic applications</li> <li><i>Kevlar K149</i> – highest tenacity for ballistic, armor, and aerospace applications<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kevlar AP</i> – 15% higher tensile strength than K-29<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kevlar XP</i> – lighter weight resin and KM2 plus fiber combination<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kevlar_KM2" title="Kevlar KM2">Kevlar KM2</a></i> – enhanced ballistic resistance for armor applications<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet</a> component of sunlight degrades and decomposes Kevlar, a problem known as <i><a href="/wiki/UV_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV degradation">UV degradation</a></i>, and so it is rarely used outdoors without protection against sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_properties">Structure and properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg/400px-Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg/600px-Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg/800px-Kevlar_chemical_structure_H-bonds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Molecular structure of Kevlar: <b>bold</b> represents a <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> unit, <b>dashed</b> lines indicate hydrogen bonds.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Kevlar is <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spun</a>, the resulting fiber has a <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> of about <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">3,620 MPa (525,000 psi)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">relative density</a> of 1.44 (0.052 lb/in<sup>3</sup>). The polymer owes its high strength to the many inter-chain bonds. These inter-molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> form between the carbonyl groups and N<i>H</i> centers. Additional strength is derived from <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_stacking_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic stacking interaction">aromatic stacking interactions</a> between adjacent strands. These interactions have a greater influence on Kevlar than the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals bonding">van der Waals</a> interactions and chain length that typically influence the properties of other synthetic polymers and fibers such as <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a>. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and certain other impurities, especially <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, could interfere with the strand interactions and care is taken to avoid inclusion in its production. Kevlar's structure consists of relatively rigid molecules which tend to form mostly planar sheet-like structures rather like <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> protein.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermal_properties">Thermal properties</h2></div> <p>Kevlar maintains its strength and resilience down to cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C (−320.8 °F)): in fact, it is slightly stronger at low temperatures. At higher temperatures the tensile strength is immediately reduced by about 10–20%, and after some hours the strength progressively reduces further. For example: enduring 160 °C (320 °F) for 500 hours, its strength is reduced by about 10%; and enduring 260 °C (500 °F) for 70 hours, its strength is reduced by about 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kevlar" title="Special:EditPage/Kevlar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <p>Kevlar is often used in the field of <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenics</a> for its low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> and high strength relative to other materials for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suspension" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:suspension">suspension</a> purposes. It is most often used to suspend a <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> salt enclosure from a <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnet</a> mandrel in order to minimize any heat leaks to the paramagnetic material. It is also used as a thermal standoff or structural support where low heat leaks are desired. </p><p>A thin Kevlar window has been used by the <a href="/wiki/NA48_experiment" title="NA48 experiment">NA48 experiment</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> to separate a vacuum vessel from a vessel at nearly atmospheric pressure, both 192 cm (76 in) in diameter. The window has provided vacuum tightness combined with reasonably small amount of material (only 0.3% to 0.4% of <a href="/wiki/Radiation_length" title="Radiation length">radiation length</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunham_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dunham_helmet.jpg/220px-Dunham_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dunham_helmet.jpg/330px-Dunham_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dunham_helmet.jpg/440px-Dunham_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Pieces of a Kevlar helmet used to help absorb the blast of a grenade</figcaption></figure> <p>Kevlar is a well-known component of <a href="/wiki/Personal_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal armor">personal armor</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">combat helmets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask" title="Ballistic face mask">ballistic face masks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic vest">ballistic vests</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT helmet and vest</a> used by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> military forces, use Kevlar as a key component in their construction. Other military uses include bulletproof face masks and <a href="/wiki/Spall#Antitank_warfare" title="Spall">spall liners</a> used to protect the crews of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier"><i>Nimitz</i>-class aircraft carriers</a> use Kevlar reinforcement in vital areas. Civilian applications include: high heat resistance uniforms worn by firefighters, body armour worn by police officers, security, and police tactical teams such as <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.dupont.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.dupont.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, <a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">chaps</a> and other articles of clothing<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat. Kevlar-based protective gear is often considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made of more traditional materials.<sup id="cite_ref-www2.dupont.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www2.dupont.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG/220px-Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG/330px-Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG/440px-Kevlar_canoe_algonquin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Kevlar is a very popular material for racing canoes.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is used for <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_safety_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle safety clothing">motorcycle safety clothing</a>, especially in the areas featuring padding such as the shoulders and elbows. In the sport of <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> it is used in the protective jackets, breeches, plastrons and the bib of the masks. It is increasingly being used in the <i>peto</i>, the padded covering which protects the <a href="/wiki/Picador" title="Picador">picadors</a>' horses in the bullring. <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skaters</a> also frequently wear an under-layer of Kevlar fabric to prevent potential wounds from skates in the event of a fall or collision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Kyudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyudo">kyudo</a></i>, or Japanese <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, it may be used for <a href="/wiki/Bow_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow string">bow strings</a>, as an alternative to the more expensive<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>. It is one of the main materials used for <a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">paraglider</a> suspension lines.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used as an inner lining for some <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_tire" title="Bicycle tire">bicycle tires</a> to prevent punctures. In <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, plies of Kevlar are added to custom ply blades, or paddles, in order to increase bounce and reduce weight. <a href="/wiki/Tennis_racquets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis racquets">Tennis racquets</a> are sometimes strung with Kevlar. It is used in sails for high performance racing boats. </p><p>In 2013, with advancements in technology, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc">Nike</a> used Kevlar in shoes for the first time. It launched the Elite II Series,<sup id="cite_ref-Nike_News_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nike_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with enhancements to its earlier version of <a href="/wiki/Basketball_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball shoe">basketball shoes</a> by using Kevlar in the <a href="/wiki/Welt_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welt (shoe)">anterior</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Shoe_lace" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoe lace">shoe laces</a>. This was done to decrease the elasticity of the tip of the shoe in contrast to the nylon conventionally used, as Kevlar expanded by about 1% against nylon which expanded by about 30%. Shoes in this range included LeBron, HyperDunk and Zoom Kobe VII. However these shoes were launched at a price range much higher than average cost of basketball shoes. It was also used in the laces for the <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> F50 adiZero Prime football boot. </p><p>Several companies, including <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental AG</a>, manufacture cycle tires with Kevlar to protect against punctures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folding-bead bicycle tires, introduced to cycling by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ritchey" title="Tom Ritchey">Tom Ritchey</a> in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> use Kevlar as a bead in place of steel for weight reduction and strength. A side effect of the folding bead is a reduction in shelf and floor space needed to display cycle tires in a retail environment, as they are folded and placed in small boxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>Kevlar has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> cones, specifically for bass and mid range drive units.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Kevlar has been used as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strength_member&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strength member (page does not exist)">strength member</a> in fiber optic cables such as the ones used for audio data transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar can be used as an acoustic core on bows for <a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">string instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kevlar's physical properties provide strength, flexibility, and stability for the bow's user. To date, the only manufacturer of this type of bow is <a href="/w/index.php?title=CodaBow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CodaBow (page does not exist)">CodaBow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar is also presently used as a material for tailcords (a.k.a. tailpiece adjusters), which connect the <a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">tailpiece</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">endpin</a> of bowed string instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar is sometimes used as a material on marching snare drums. It allows for an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a cleaner sound. There is usually a resin poured onto the Kevlar to make the head airtight, and a nylon top layer to provide a flat striking surface. This is one of the primary types of marching snare drum heads. <a href="/wiki/Remo" title="Remo">Remo</a>'s Falam Slam patch is made with Kevlar and is used to reinforce bass drum heads where the beater strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-remo_Fala_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remo_Fala-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar is used in the <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind</a> reeds of Fibracell. The material of these reeds is a composite of aerospace materials designed to duplicate the way nature constructs cane reed. Very stiff but sound absorbing Kevlar fibers are suspended in a lightweight resin formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor_vehicles">Motor vehicles</h3></div> <p>Kevlar is sometimes used in structural components of cars, especially high-value performance cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_F40" title="Ferrari F40">Ferrari F40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chopped fiber has been used as a replacement for asbestos in <a href="/wiki/Brake_pad" title="Brake pad">brake pads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramids such as Kevlar release less airborne fibres than <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> brakes and do not have the carcinogenic properties associated with asbestos.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19545198_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19545198-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/220px-Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/330px-Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/440px-Fire_Dancing_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Fire poi on a beach in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111203-N-WJ771-066_Seaman_Apprentice_Luis_Silva_repairs_a_Kevlar_mooring_line_on_the_forecastle_of_the_forward-deployed_amphibious_dock_lan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Kevlar <a href="/wiki/Mooring_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooring line">mooring line</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wicks for <a href="/wiki/Fire_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire dancing">fire dancing</a> props are made of composite materials with Kevlar in them. Kevlar by itself does not absorb fuel very well, so it is blended with other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Kevlar's high heat resistance allows the wicks to be reused many times. </p><p>Kevlar is sometimes used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> in some non-stick frying pans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar fiber is used in rope and in cable, where the fibers are kept parallel within a <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> sleeve. The cables have been used in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> such as the bridge at <a href="/wiki/Aberfeldy,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberfeldy, Scotland">Aberfeldy, Scotland</a>. They have also been used to stabilize cracking concrete cooling towers by circumferential application followed by tensioning to close the cracks. Kevlar is widely used as a protective outer sheath for <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">optical fiber cable</a>, as its strength protects the cable from damage and kinking. When used in this application it is commonly known by the trademarked name Parafil.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar was used by scientists at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> as a base textile for an experiment in electricity-producing clothing. This was done by weaving <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowires</a> into the fabric. If successful, the new fabric will generate about 80 milliwatts per square meter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A retractable roof of over 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m<sup>2</sup>) of Kevlar was a key part of the design of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium, Montreal">Olympic Stadium, Montreal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>. It was spectacularly unsuccessful, as it was completed 10 years late and replaced just 10 years later in May 1998 after a series of problems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar can be found as a reinforcing layer in <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion joints">expansion joints</a> and rubber <a href="/wiki/Hose_(tubing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose (tubing)">hoses</a>, for use in high temperature applications, and for its high strength. It is also found as a braid layer used on the outside of hose assemblies, to add protection against sharp objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Specialist_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specialist-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Droid_RAZR" class="mw-redirect" title="Droid RAZR">Motorola RAZR Family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Droid_Maxx" title="Droid Maxx">Motorola Droid Maxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/OnePlus_2" title="OnePlus 2">OnePlus 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocophone_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocophone F1">Pocophone F1</a>) have a Kevlar backplate, chosen over other materials such as carbon fiber due to its resilience and lack of interference with signal transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kevlar fiber/epoxy matrix composite materials can be used in marine current turbines (MCT) or wind turbines due to their high specific strength and light weight compared to other fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_materials">Composite materials</h2></div> <p>Aramid fibers are widely used for reinforcing composite materials, often in combination with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass_(fiber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (fiber)">glass fiber</a>. The matrix for high performance composites is usually <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resin</a>. Typical applications include <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> bodies for <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> cars, helicopter rotor blades, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> <a href="/wiki/Racquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquet">rackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">cricket bats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kevlar 149, the strongest fiber and most crystalline in structure, is an alternative in certain parts of aircraft construction.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wing leading edge is one application, Kevlar being less prone than carbon or glass fiber to break in bird collisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innegra_S" title="Innegra S">Innegra S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMormannHellwichChenWilks2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mormann, Werner; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Chen, Jiazhong; Wilks, Edward S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2016-0502">"Preferred names of constitutional units for use in structure-based names of polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>89</b> (11): 1695–1736 [1732]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2016-0502">10.1515/pac-2016-0502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:104022755">104022755</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Preferred+names+of+constitutional+units+for+use+in+structure-based+names+of+polymers+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2016%29&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1695-1736+1732&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2016-0502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A104022755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mormann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Hellwich%2C+Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jiazhong&rft.au=Wilks%2C+Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fpac-2016-0502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatiskevlar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatiskevlar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320005408/http://www.dupont.com/kevlar/whatiskevlar.html">"What is Kevlar"</a>. DuPont. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dupont.com/kevlar/whatiskevlar.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Kevlar&rft.pub=DuPont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dupont.com%2Fkevlar%2Fwhatiskevlar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeraTakata2000" class="citation book cs1">Mera, Hiroshi; Takata, Tadahiko (2000). "High-Performance Fibers". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a13_001">10.1002/14356007.a13_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High-Performance+Fibers&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a13_001&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Mera&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.au=Takata%2C+Tadahiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ip.com/pat/US3819587">"Wholly aromatic carbocyclic polycarbonamide fiber having orientation... - US 3819587 A - IP.com"</a>. <i>ip.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ip.com&rft.atitle=Wholly+aromatic+carbocyclic+polycarbonamide+fiber+having+orientation...+-+US+3819587+A+-+IP.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fip.com%2Fpat%2FUS3819587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatsuya Hongū, Glyn O. Phillips, <i>New Fibers</i>, Ellis Horwood, 1990, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. K. Fink, <i>Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics</i>, Scrivener Publishing, 2010, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327141201/http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/ima/kwolek_bio.html">"Inventing Modern America: Insight — Stephanie Kwolek"</a>. Lemelson-<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/ima/kwolek_bio.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventing+Modern+America%3A+Insight+%E2%80%94+Stephanie+Kwolek&rft.pub=Lemelson-MIT+program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Finvent%2Fwww%2Fima%2Fkwolek_bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookrags-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bookrags_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/stephanie-louise-kwolek-woi/"><i>Stephanie Louise Kwolek Biography</i></a>. Bookrags. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171913/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/stephanie-louise-kwolek-woi/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephanie+Louise+Kwolek+Biography&rft.pub=Bookrags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fstephanie-louise-kwolek-woi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Heritage-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Heritage_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202052507/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/3/2003_3_60.shtml">"I was able to be Creative and work as hard as I wanted"</a>. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/3/2003_3_60.shtml">the original</a> on December 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+was+able+to+be+Creative+and+work+as+hard+as+I+wanted&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Publishing&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fit%2F2003%2F3%2F2003_3_60.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBAS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBAS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_Office_of_Technology_Assessment1992" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment (August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVgbzZjTkWwC"><i>Police Body Armor Standards and Testing, p. 97</i></a>. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428921368" title="Special:BookSources/9781428921368"><bdi>9781428921368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+Body+Armor+Standards+and+Testing%2C+p.+97&rft.pub=U.S.+Govt.+Printing+Office&rft.date=1992-08&rft.isbn=9781428921368&rft.au=United+States+Congress+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVgbzZjTkWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorie_Lok2005" class="citation news cs1">Corie Lok (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/business/14182/">"Life Vest: Lester Shubin and Nicholas Montanarelli turned Kevlar into lifesaving armor"</a>. Technology Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Life+Vest%3A+Lester+Shubin+and+Nicholas+Montanarelli+turned+Kevlar+into+lifesaving+armor&rft.date=2005-02&rft.au=Corie+Lok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fbusiness%2F14182%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (3 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/us/03shubin.html">"Lester Shubin Dies at 84; Used Kevlar in Vests, Saving Lives"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lester+Shubin+Dies+at+84%3B+Used+Kevlar+in+Vests%2C+Saving+Lives&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F03%2Fus%2F03shubin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Sullivan2009" class="citation news cs1">Patricia Sullivan (2009-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/25/AR2009112503917.html">"Lester D. Shubin, 84: Developed the Kevlar bulletproof vest"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lester+D.+Shubin%2C+84%3A+Developed+the+Kevlar+bulletproof+vest&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.au=Patricia+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F25%2FAR2009112503917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.hagley.org/VID_2011320_B05_ID01">"Innovation: Agent of Change"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation%3A+Agent+of+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.hagley.org%2FVID_2011320_B05_ID01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explainthatstuff.com/kevlar.html">How Kevlar® works: a simple introduction</a>. Explainthatstuff.com (2009-12-07). Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrc.ca/academic-news/2013/08/01/chemical-of-the-week-kevlar/">"Chemical of the Week: Kevlar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Red_River_College_Polytechnic" title="Red River College Polytechnic">Red River College Polytechnic</a></i>. 2013-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+River+College+Polytechnic&rft.atitle=Chemical+of+the+Week%3A+Kevlar&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrc.ca%2Facademic-news%2F2013%2F08%2F01%2Fchemical-of-the-week-kevlar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx?matguid=706f16a3a8be468284571dd36bbdea35">"DuPont™ Kevlar® 149 Fiber, diam. 12 µm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DuPont%E2%84%A2+Kevlar%C2%AE+149+Fiber%2C+diam.+12+%C2%B5m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matweb.com%2Fsearch%2Fdatasheettext.aspx%3Fmatguid%3D706f16a3a8be468284571dd36bbdea35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279740540">"Determination of Fracture Behavior under Biaxial Loading of Kevlar 149"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Determination+of+Fracture+Behavior+under+Biaxial+Loading+of+Kevlar+149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279740540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/K23339_KevlarAP.pdf">Kevlar K-29 AP Technical Data Sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018120411/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/K23339_KevlarAP.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Dupont</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/products/life_protection/kevlarxp_dupont.html">Kevlar XP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324183411/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/products/life_protection/kevlarxp_dupont.html">Archived</a> 2011-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Dupont</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/products/life_protection/kevlar_km2.html">Kevlar KM2 Technical Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229045242/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/products/life_protection/kevlar_km2.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. dupont.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousifHaddad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (2013-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320144">"Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"</a>. <i>SpringerPlus</i>. <b>2</b>: 398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2193-1801-2-398">10.1186/2193-1801-2-398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-1801">2193-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320144">4320144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674392">25674392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpringerPlus&rft.atitle=Photodegradation+and+photostabilization+of+polymers%2C+especially+polystyrene%3A+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=398&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4320144%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2193-1801&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25674392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2193-1801-2-398&rft.aulast=Yousif&rft.aufirst=Emad&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Raghad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4320144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla1990" class="citation journal cs1">Quintanilla, J. (1990). "Microstructure and properties of random heterogeneous materials : a review of theoretical results". <i>Polymer Engineering and Science</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 559–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpen.11446">10.1002/pen.11446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Engineering+and+Science&rft.atitle=Microstructure+and+properties+of+random+heterogeneous+materials+%3A+a+review+of+theoretical+results&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=559-585&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpen.11446&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Petty, <i>Molecular electronics: from principles to practice</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2007, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/KEVLAR_Technical_Guide.pdf">KEVLAR Technical Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527125839/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/KEVLAR_Technical_Guide.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. dupont.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www2.dupont.com-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www2.dupont.com_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www2.dupont.com_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/uses_apps/body_armor/index.html">Body Armor Made with Kevlar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224094454/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/uses_apps/body_armor/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2005-0604). DuPont the Miracles of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/products/kevlar/index.html">Kevlar – DuPont Personal Protection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816162655/http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/products/kevlar/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. .dupont.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenzini" class="citation web cs1">Genzini, Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuitsukankyudojo.de/publications/downloads/manual.pdf">"Kyudo – the way of the bow ; The art of shooting the traditional Japanese bow according to the Heki Insai Ha School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyudo+%E2%80%93+the+way+of+the+bow+%3B+The+art+of+shooting+the+traditional+Japanese+bow+according+to+the+Heki+Insai+Ha+School&rft.aulast=Genzini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shuitsukankyudojo.de%2Fpublications%2Fdownloads%2Fmanual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagen1990" class="citation cs2">Pagen, Dennis (1990), <i>Paragliding Flight: Walking on Air</i>, Pagen Books, p. 9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936310-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936310-09-1"><bdi>978-0-936310-09-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paragliding+Flight%3A+Walking+on+Air&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Pagen+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-936310-09-1&rft.aulast=Pagen&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nike_News-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nike_News_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nike.com/news/nike-basketball-s-superhero-elite-series-2-0-rises-above-the-rest">"Nike Basketball's ELITE Series 2.0 Rises Above the Rest"</a>. <i>Nike News</i>. March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nike+News&rft.atitle=Nike+Basketball%27s+ELITE+Series+2.0+Rises+Above+the+Rest&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nike.com%2Fnews%2Fnike-basketball-s-superhero-elite-series-2-0-rises-above-the-rest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.continental-tires.com/bicycle/technology/city-trekking/safetysystem-breaker">"SafetySystem Breaker"</a>. <i>www.continental-tires.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.continental-tires.com&rft.atitle=SafetySystem+Breaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.continental-tires.com%2Fbicycle%2Ftechnology%2Fcity-trekking%2Fsafetysystem-breaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ritchey" title="Tom Ritchey">Tom Ritchey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audioholics.com/reviews/speakers/bookshelf/bw-cm1/cm1-design-and-construction">Audio speaker use</a>. Audioholics.com (2009-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/index.html">Welcome to Kevlar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716020609/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2005-06-04). DuPont the Miracles of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codabow.com/violin_sx.html">Carbon fiber bows for violin, viola, cello and bass</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110194549/http://www.codabow.com/violin_sx.html">Archived</a> 2011-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CodaBow. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codabow.com/insidecb_h1.html">Carbon fiber bows for violin, viola, cello and bass</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309010559/http://www.codabow.com/insidecb_h1.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CodaBow. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aitchisoncellos.com/articletailpieces.htm">Tailpieces and Tailcords</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123022201/http://www.aitchisoncellos.com/articletailpieces.htm">Archived</a> 2012-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aitchison Mnatzaganian cello makers, restorers and dealers. Retrieved on 2012-12-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remo_Fala-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-remo_Fala_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://remo.com/products/product/falam-slam/">"Falam® Slam"</a>. <i>Remo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remo&rft.atitle=Falam%C2%AE+Slam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fremo.com%2Fproducts%2Fproduct%2Ffalam-slam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fibracelldirect.com/">"FibraCell Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FibraCell+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibracelldirect.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603111551/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/classic/story-ferrari-f40-its-creators">"The story of the Ferrari F40 – by its creators"</a>. 2017-07-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topgear.com/car-news/classic/story-ferrari-f40-its-creators">the original</a> on 2021-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Ferrari+F40+%E2%80%93+by+its+creators&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topgear.com%2Fcar-news%2Fclassic%2Fstory-ferrari-f40-its-creators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085504/http://www.bikeradar.com/gear/category/components/brake-pads/product/review-superstar-components-kevlar-compound-disc-brake-pads-11-44949/">"Superstar Kevlar compound disc brake pads review"</a>. <i>BikeRadar</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikeradar.com/gear/category/components/brake-pads/product/review-superstar-components-kevlar-compound-disc-brake-pads-11-44949/">the original</a> on 2016-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BikeRadar&rft.atitle=Superstar+Kevlar+compound+disc+brake+pads+review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikeradar.com%2Fgear%2Fcategory%2Fcomponents%2Fbrake-pads%2Fproduct%2Freview-superstar-components-kevlar-compound-disc-brake-pads-11-44949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffreyRoodScott1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffrey, S.A.M.T; Rood, A.P.; Scott, R.M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/annweh/article-abstract/36/2/173/199173?redirectedFrom=PDF">"Fibrous dust release from asbestos substitutes in friction products"</a>. <i>The Annals of Occupational Hygiene</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 173–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannhyg%2F36.2.173">10.1093/annhyg/36.2.173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4878">0003-4878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1530232">1530232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Occupational+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Fibrous+dust+release+from+asbestos+substitutes+in+friction+products&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-81&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0003-4878&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1530232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannhyg%2F36.2.173&rft.aulast=Jaffrey&rft.aufirst=S.A.M.T&rft.au=Rood%2C+A.P.&rft.au=Scott%2C+R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fannweh%2Farticle-abstract%2F36%2F2%2F173%2F199173%3FredirectedFrom%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19545198-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19545198_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson_K2009" class="citation journal cs1">Donaldson K (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19545198">"The inhalation toxicology of p-aramid fibrils"</a>. <i>Crit Rev Toxicol</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 487–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408440902911861">10.1080/10408440902911861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19545198">19545198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6508943">6508943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Toxicol&rft.atitle=The+inhalation+toxicology+of+p-aramid+fibrils.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=487-500&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6508943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19545198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408440902911861&rft.au=Donaldson+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19545198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Rubinstein, R.H.Colby, <i>Polymer Physics</i>, Oxford University Press, p337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyne1987" class="citation journal cs1">Burgoyne, C. J. (1987-03-01). "Structural use of parafil ropes". <i>Construction and Building Materials</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0950-0618%2887%2990053-5">10.1016/0950-0618(87)90053-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-0618">0950-0618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+and+Building+Materials&rft.atitle=Structural+use+of+parafil+ropes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=1987-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0950-0618%2887%2990053-5&rft.issn=0950-0618&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=3E0E600F-F7B2-4F1F-DA377027B8FDC443&sc=rss">Fabric Produces Electricity As You Wear It</a>. Scientific American (2008-02-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000742">Roof of the Montreal Olympic Stadium</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewclem.com/Baseball/OlympicStadium.html">Clem's Baseball ~ Olympic Stadium</a>. Andrewclem.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherdStokesNunesWhitesides2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shepherd, Robert; Stokes, Adam; Nunes, Rui; Whitesides, George (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12361265/54726101.pdf?sequence=1">"Soft Machines That are Resistant to Puncture and That Self Seal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. <b>25</b> (46): 6709–6713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AdM....25.6709S">2013AdM....25.6709S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201303175">10.1002/adma.201303175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24123311">24123311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9251365">9251365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=Soft+Machines+That+are+Resistant+to+Puncture+and+That+Self+Seal&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=6709-6713&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.201303175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9251365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24123311&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AdM....25.6709S&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Adam&rft.au=Nunes%2C+Rui&rft.au=Whitesides%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F12361265%2F54726101.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Specialist-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Specialist_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong2011" class="citation book cs1">Gong, RH, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_w2YgEACAAJ"><i>Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845697570" title="Special:BookSources/9781845697570"><bdi>9781845697570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specialist+Yarn+and+Fabric+Structures%3A+Developments+and+Applications&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781845697570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_w2YgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Bruce (November 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rubbernews.com/article/20151109/NEWS/311029979">"Unaflex adding space, capacity at S.C. plant"</a>. <i>Rubber & Plastics News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rubber+%26+Plastics+News&rft.atitle=Unaflex+adding+space%2C+capacity+at+S.C.+plant&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rubbernews.com%2Farticle%2F20151109%2FNEWS%2F311029979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/Mobile-Phones/DROID-RAZR-BY-MOTOROLA-US-EN">Droid RAZR</a>. (2011-10-11). Motorola Mobility. Retrieved November 4, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangNorbert_Müller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Jifeng; Norbert Müller (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs13531-011-0033-6">"Numerical investigation on composite material marine current turbine using CFD"</a>. <i>Central European Journal of Engineering</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 334–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CEJE....1..334W">2011CEJE....1..334W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs13531-011-0033-6">10.2478/s13531-011-0033-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Journal+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=Numerical+investigation+on+composite+material+marine+current+turbine+using+CFD&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=334-340&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs13531-011-0033-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CEJE....1..334W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jifeng&rft.au=Norbert+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fs13531-011-0033-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford. Textiles, Ninth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc 2002. Upper Saddle River, NJ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._TannerJ._A._FitzgeraldB._R._Phillips1989" class="citation journal cs1">D. Tanner; J. A. Fitzgerald; B. R. Phillips (1989). "The Kevlar Story – an Advanced Materials Case Study". <i><a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English">Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</a></i>. <b>28</b> (5): 649–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198906491">10.1002/anie.198906491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition+in+English&rft.atitle=The+Kevlar+Story+%E2%80%93+an+Advanced+Materials+Case+Study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=649-654&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.198906491&rft.au=D.+Tanner&rft.au=J.+A.+Fitzgerald&rft.au=B.+R.+Phillips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._E._Magat1980" class="citation journal cs1">E. E. Magat (1980). "Fibers from Extended Chain Aromatic Polyamides, New Fibers and Their Composites". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a></i>. <b>294</b> (1411): 463–472. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980RSPTA.294..463M">1980RSPTA.294..463M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1980.0055">10.1098/rsta.1980.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/36370">36370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121588983">121588983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Fibers+from+Extended+Chain+Aromatic+Polyamides%2C+New+Fibers+and+Their+Composites&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=1411&rft.pages=463-472&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1980.0055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121588983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F36370%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980RSPTA.294..463M&rft.au=E.+E.+Magat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald V. Joven. Manufacturing Kevlar panels by thermo-curing process. Los Andes University, 2007. Bogotá, Colombia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.ncsu.edu/stxm/science/kevlar/kevlar.html">"Kevlar"</a>. <i>www.physics.ncsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.physics.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=Kevlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.ncsu.edu%2Fstxm%2Fscience%2Fkevlar%2Fkevlar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevlar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kevlar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kevlar">Kevlar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevlar.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/aramid.htm">Aramids</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=PDUKEV29">Matweb material properties of Kevlar</a></li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5565264">U.S. patent 5,565,264</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/index.html">Kevlar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213649/http://www2.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/index.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodyarmornews.com/bullet-proof-vest/">Kevlar in body armor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103042718/http://web.mst.edu/~wlf/Synthesis/kevlar.html">Synthesis of Kevlar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngcc.org.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=1003">Aberfeldy Footbridge over the River Tay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183457/http://www.ngcc.org.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=1003">Archived</a> 2011-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612170300/http://plastics.inwiki.org/Kevlar">Kevlar</a> at Plastics Wiki</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DuPont" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DuPont" title="Template:DuPont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DuPont" title="Template talk:DuPont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DuPont" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <br /><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Breen" title="Edward D. Breen">Edward D. Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Cutler" title="Alexander M. Cutler">Alexander M. Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_L._Gupta" title="Rajiv L. Gupta">Rajiv L. Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DuPont_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/120px-DuPont_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/180px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/240px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corian" title="Corian">Corian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroform" title="Fluoroform">FE-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFKM" title="FFKM">Kalrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">Mylar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Neoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorona" title="Sorona">Sorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespel" title="Vespel">Vespel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a></li> <li>Zodiaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zytel" title="Zytel">Zytel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antec" title="Antec">Antec International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and <br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Central_Research" title="DuPont Central Research">DuPont Central Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Experimental_Station" title="DuPont Experimental Station">DuPont Experimental Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._du_Pont" title="Alfred I. du Pont">Alfred I. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_du_Pont" title="Eugene du Pont">Eugene du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gurney_du_Pont" title="Francis Gurney du Pont">Francis Gurney du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Francis Irénée du Pont">Francis Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_du_Pont" title="Henry du Pont">Henry du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammot_du_Pont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lammot du Pont">Lammot du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S._du_Pont" title="Pierre S. du Pont">Pierre S. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_du_Pont" title="T. Coleman du Pont">T. Coleman du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Arduengo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Joseph Arduengo III">Anthony Joseph Arduengo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Antoine_Bidermann" title="Jacques Antoine Bidermann">Jacques Antoine Bidermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Brown" title="Donaldson Brown">Donaldson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Brown" title="Richard H. Brown">Richard H. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Chowdhry" title="Uma Chowdhry">Uma Chowdhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Connelly" title="Thomas M. Connelly">Thomas M. Connelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_J._Crawford" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis J. Crawford">Curtis J. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Dillon_(businessman)" title="John T. Dillon (businessman)">John T. Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fisher" title="Linda Fisher">Linda Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodmanson" title="Richard Goodmanson">Richard Goodmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordon" title="Jeff Gordon">Jeff Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Holliday" title="Charles O. Holliday">Charles O. Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ittel" title="Steven Ittel">Steven Ittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Jefferson" title="Edward G. Jefferson">Edward G. Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_J._Kullman" title="Ellen J. Kullman">Ellen J. Kullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lynah" title="James Lynah">James Lynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Pariser" title="Rudolph Pariser">Rudolph Pariser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parshall" title="George Parshall">George Parshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dale_Phillips" title="William Dale Phillips">William Dale Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Plunkett" title="Roy J. Plunkett">Roy J. Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">John J. Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Reilly" title="William K. Reilly">William K. Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro" title="Irving S. Shapiro">Irving S. Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shivers" title="Joseph Shivers">Joseph Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stine" title="Charles Stine">Charles Stine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_N._Tebbe" title="Frederick N. Tebbe">Frederick N. Tebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwick_A._Tolman" title="Chadwick A. Tolman">Chadwick A. Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Tupper" title="Earl Tupper">Earl Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Vest" title="Charles M. Vest">Charles M. Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Wyeth_(inventor)" title="Nathaniel Wyeth (inventor)">Nathaniel C. Wyeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont (1802–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca#History" title="AstraZeneca">Atlas Chemical Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_Reactor" title="B Reactor">B Reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherian_Mills" title="Eleutherian Mills">Eleutherian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Inc">Hercules Powder Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic Chemicals">Kinetic Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemours_Estate" title="Nemours Estate">Nemours Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Trust" title="Wilmington Trust">Wilmington Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Museum,_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consol_Energy" title="Consol Energy">Consolidation Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_analysis" title="DuPont analysis">DuPont analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_v._Kolon_Industries" title="DuPont v. Kolon Industries">DuPont v. Kolon Industries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_Motors" title="Du Pont Motors">Du Pont Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a> (incl. The Playhouse on Rodney Square, formerly the DuPont Playhouse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tour_DuPont" title="Tour DuPont">Tour DuPont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_250" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa 250">Pioneer 250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports_Car_No._24" title="Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24">Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series_career_of_Jeff_Gordon" title="NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon">NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_with_June_Allyson" title="The DuPont Show with June Allyson">The DuPont Show with June Allyson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Show_of_the_Month" title="DuPont Show of the Month">DuPont Show of the Month</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:DuPont" title="Category:DuPont">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DuPont" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DuPont">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&oldid=1250046169">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&oldid=1250046169</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_polymers" title="Category:Organic polymers">Organic polymers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Body_armor" title="Category:Body armor">Body armor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DuPont_products" title="Category:DuPont products">DuPont products</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_fibers" title="Category:Synthetic fibers">Synthetic fibers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technical_fabrics" title="Category:Technical fabrics">Technical fabrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brand_name_materials" title="Category:Brand name materials">Brand name materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_1965" title="Category:Products introduced in 1965">Products introduced in 1965</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structurae_ID_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Structurae ID not in Wikidata">Structurae ID not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_that_do_not_have_a_ChemSpider_ID_assigned" title="Category:Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned">Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_without_a_PubChem_CID" title="Category:Chemicals without a PubChem CID">Chemicals without a PubChem CID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_InChI_source" title="Category:Articles without InChI source">Articles without InChI source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_EBI_source" title="Category:Articles without EBI source">Articles without EBI source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_KEGG_source" title="Category:Articles without KEGG source">Articles without KEGG source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_UNII_source" title="Category:Articles without UNII source">Articles without UNII source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_image_size_set" title="Category:Chembox image size set">Chembox image size set</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_July_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015">Articles needing additional references from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 05:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rxgvm","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.071","walltime":"1.897","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7992,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":154096,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11005,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":158569,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1736.481 1 -total"," 50.85% 882.952 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.09% 539.888 1 Template:Structurae"," 20.77% 360.658 1 Template:Chembox"," 14.43% 250.511 1 Template:Chembox_Identifiers"," 13.59% 235.932 1 Template:EditAtWikidata"," 8.69% 150.882 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.40% 145.789 3 Template:Chembox_headerbar"," 8.26% 143.404 9 Template:Trim"," 5.85% 101.645 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.586","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10066810,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dj6bk","timestamp":"20241122140340","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kevlar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kevlar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207344","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207344","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-26T10:12:44Z","dateModified":"2024-10-08T05:23:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Kevlar-3D-balls.png","headline":"heat-resistant and strong aromatic polyamide fiber"}</script> </body> </html>