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class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170541955.59117779/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/users/640324/articles/691584-modeling-ionospheric-tec-using-gradient-boosting-based-and-stacking-machine-learning-techniques/master/file/figures/981305_0_figure_11660532_s57js1/981305_0_figure_11660532_s57js1.png?1705419559" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170541955.59117779/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Modeling ionospheric TEC using gradient boosting based and stacking machine learning... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Ayanew Nigusie Shiferaw" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABdFBMVEXiX1HiXlDiX1DhXlDiYFLiYlTiYVTiY1XhWkzfUEDhW0zi X1LiYVPfUULeSTnfUEHhWUvohHnhWkvmem7uoZnuoprnfHHeTD3gWErdRjb1 ysX////zv7nhXE7fUkP31dH54N3hW03gWUriY1bwrqf0wr3gV0nwr6j0xcDe SjrsmpHyubPqjYTeSzvjZVj31dLcPi3gWEnfUkL87+754d7gVUbiYFPdRzf7 7OrjZVf20MzeSzzhXU/fU0TkbWD1ycTZMR/308/iYlXgV0j42NX64+HsmZDg VEXdRTXxs6zXIxDlcGPvq6TiZFbphXv20c399vXgVkf99fT1zMj1yMPeTT3f T0DfTj/dSDj20s7eTj788fD+/f388vH9+Pf31tPfTz/bPSzgVkjdQzPkbF/b OinbOCfldGjzwLvZMB765ePrkon43Nnka17lcGTlcWXwsarngHTwr6neTT7o g3jrlIrgVUffUUHeSDneTDzhXE0AAABm7d51AAAAAWJLR0R7T9K1/AAAAAd0 SU1FB+gLFRAXC6ijW50AAAGBSURBVDgR3cEJQxJRFAbQ7873ZobgzeCGRTem DNOw1EhjNCGLLFstScnM0mxfbd9+fcRiav/Ac7B/iTj4n5AUAA6bBHvRuIYA CM/3PRB70CQOJFMEjQ3CMA1D7MJUl+32ekCTCHv7Mv0HDxk6+Id0s4f1SNZH 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class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="Ambelu Tebabal" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABOFBMVEXiX1HiXlDhXlDiYFLiYlTiY1XhWkzfUEDhW0ziX1LeSTre SjrhWUviYVPohHniYVThWkviYFPjZ1ruoprsmZDsmpHsm5LsmpLdRjb1ysX/ ///zv7ndRjXjZVjfUULnf3TfUkLiX1DgWUrhXE7hXU/ne2/lcWTlcmX76efm dmrmem7yubPqjYTeSzvhW03fU0TeTT7eTT366ObbPSzdRzf77Or54d7iYlX7 6+nkbWD1ycTZMR/308/gVkfdRTXxs6zXIxDlcGPvq6T99fT1zMj1yMP87+7e TD3eTj788fD+/f388vHnfXLfUEHdQzPkbF/bOinbOCfldGjcQjLjZFfka17h XE388/LeSzzgV0nlcWXwsarngHTgVEXphXvwsKnlb2PgWErqkIbphnvgWEnf Tj/iY1YAAAD4WaeJAAAAAWJLR0RnW9PpswAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXJu18B+gA AAFbSURBVDgR3cGJVtNQFAXQ885NwpCGpEBBLjS1aRFUbKhEG0FELZMDMikq KpPI/38CXazyKv0E9sY9ZbrQz5A0AC30oThCEG4XiDso3sDgEOEN+zeGPdCg h0OFYCSMioXRsfHSxGRpfGy0IIRFOg+mdHqmHFe0q/IwZBVdhpLUVDUarBdn H83pfPnxk6AG4pah65f0qS48cxvpYlOfL6VxDYRFFLMXmunLLECr3tC86YYg 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class="blog-card__owner">Ayanew Shiferaw</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 2 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2024-01-16" class="blog-card__date">January 16, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170541955.59117779/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Accurately predicting and modeling the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere can greatly improve the accuracy of satellite navigation and positioning and help to correct ionospheric delay. This study tested the effectiveness of four different machine learning (ML) models in predicting hourly vertical TEC (VTEC) data from a single station in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The models used were gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) algorithms, and a stacked combination of these algorithms with a linear regression algorithm. The models relied on input variables that represent solar activity, geomagnetic activity, season, time of the day, interplanetary magnetic field, and solar wind. The models were trained using the VTEC data from January 2011 to December 2018, excluding the testing data. The testing data comprised the data for the year 2015 and the initial six months of 2017. The RandomizedSearchCV algorithm was used to determine the optimal hyperparameters of the models. The predicted VTEC values of the four ML models were strongly correlated with the GPS VTEC, with a correlation coefficient of $\sim$0.96, which is significantly higher than the corresponding value of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI 2020) model, which is 0.87. Comparing the GPS VTEC values with the predicted VTEC values based on diurnal and seasonal characteristics showed that the predictions of the developed models were generally in good agreement and outperformed the IRI 2020 model. Overall, the GBDT-based algorithms and their stacked integration demonstrated promising potential for predicting VTEC over Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170224509.96645131/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/users/706102/articles/691581-unveiling-the-3d-structure-of-magnetosheath-jets/master/file/figures/981051_0_figure_11647431_s4zt7b/981051_0_figure_11647431_s4zt7b.png?1702245096" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170224509.96645131/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Unveiling the 3D Structure of Magnetosheath Jets </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Shahab Fatemi" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABa1BMVEWiiH6ih32iiH2hh32jioCki4GjiYCiiX+ZfXKVd2yafnOj iX+afnSWeG2VeG2fhHqih36eg3iXem6znpbJubTIubOxm5OghXudgXe3o5zK u7XDs6zEtK3Es63JurSnjoWfhHmbf3Tt5+b////n4d6cgXaSdGjg2NS0n5ek ioHXzMjUyMOdgnjaz8za0MyHZlnc0s6mjYOwmpKul4+xnJOghnuXem/z8O+T dWn49/bq5OKLa1/b0c69q6SRcmebgHWkioDYzcne1dGWeW6bf3Xr5ePs5+XB sKmYfHHb0s7q5ePf1tPi2teZfHG6p6Dm4N329POli4KPcGTd1ND7+vn7+fnZ z8uWeW2afXOYe3CUdmvZzsrh2daHZVjc08+4pJyIZ1qTdWqafXKeg3mmjoT9 /Pzk3NmPb2OJaFvBr6mljILy7+7HuLLo4t/ArqecgHb9/f2nj4bf19OcgHW4 pZ3JurW+rKWpkYgAAABr36xUAAAAAWJLR0R41tvkRgAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAX G7UUS/kAAAFZSURBVDgR3cGNO1NhHAbg5+w5p+Pdaw7zcYZN6mfTVJbYjIic 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These energetic entities, carrying excess energy and momentum, can impact the magnetopause and disrupt the magnetosphere. Therefore, they play a vital role in coupling the solar wind and terrestrial magnetosphere. However, our understanding of the morphology and formation of these complex, transient events remains incomplete over two decades after their initial observation. Previous studies have relied on oversimplified assumptions, considering jets as elongated cylinders with dimensions ranging from 0.1 RE to 5.0 RE (Earth radii). In this study, we present simulation results obtained from Amitis, a high-performance hybrid-kinetic plasma framework (particle ions and fluid electrons) running in parallel on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) for fast and more environmentally friendly computation compared to CPU-based models. Considering realistic scales, we present the first global, three-dimensional (3D in both configuration and velocity spaces) hybrid-kinetic simulation results of the interaction between solar wind plasma and Earth. Our high-resolution kinetic simulations reveal the 3D structure of magnetosheath jets, showing that jets are far from being simple cylinders. Instead, they exhibit intricate and highly interconnected structures with dynamic 3D characteristics. As they move through the magnetosheath, they wrinkle, fold, merge, and split in complex ways before a subset reaches the magnetopause. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170144117.73528940/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/images/tagdashboard/banner/large-8c382f767973d7400c0a03d93e18ff47.jpeg" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170144117.73528940/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Forecasting of Geomagnetically Induced Currents using Non- Linear Autoregression with... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Justice Allotey Pappoe" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABPlBMVEVSvIlRvIlRu4hTvIlVvYtTvIpUvYtLuYRCtX5MuYVIuIJD tn5Etn9Qu4ddwJB6y6Rcv49Gt4FmxJd3yqJvx5xwx51rxppFt4BBtX1RvIhW vYw6s3mk28H///+b2LsiqWjL69tsxppAtX06snmc2LyV1rchqWfB59WAzqhi wpRnxJeQ1LOd2bzC59VgwZM4sXdNuoUoq2yr3sWK0a8+tHtWvYuW1rc6snhQ u4gqrG2X1riR1LQ8s3pZvo1jwpVzyJ9cv5BUvIrD59aK0q89s3o5snii27+L 0rCZ17qDz6pPu4ei28Dx+fUvrnGj28CM0rAjqmlXvo0srW+a2Lrz+vdhwZMu rnC95dJsxptJuINZvo7c8efE6NZDtn9UvYpSvIhAtXyCzqppxZlHt4F7y6Wn 3cNav44/tHxXvYwAAAAY5/HyAAAAAWJLR0RpvGvEtAAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAX HVx37swAAAE2SURBVDgR3cGFWsJgGAbQd+9+lAnY9U8/jMksZgIzMLC7O7Dj /q/AyfMoU7kCz8E/ZQRQGcNQAU1lMqICVSD+IqqjVqQmGovF4glF/EZYtXX1 DY1NzS3NrW3tVcRPmnZHpyS7uqWkp1eRCNO0nT5Juf0yMDg0LJKwTCJM03bS knI9GRkdG5+QyUyWBspI2k5acq4ng/7U9IzM5m1qfGPAdtKScz2pm5tfEFms KRBljChk/bSk3CUpWV5RJL6QiK9ac/mk5FxP1tY3NrdWCsQ3g6p3e6c2vrsn +weeHB5lMpYiyjSz+WNZctSJnJ6dy8XllTKJMCIRu5ZAX7TjRi5uiyQRdsdI 9f1DMvnoF56eX14tk/iNJt98v03RjK+OgRp/EMq2iwSL7yAq0CwBA6jM0Bqf DPxDH412JjMwa3suAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOmNyZWF0ZQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2 OjIzOjE1KzAwOjAwiM9c6gAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTptb2RpZnkAMjAyNC0xMS0y MVQxNjoyMzoxNSswMDowMPmS5FYAAAAgdEVYdHNvZnR3YXJlAGh0dHBzOi8v aW1hZ2VtYWdpY2sub3JnvM8dnQAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkRvY3VtZW50OjpQ YWdlcwAxp/+7LwAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpIZWlnaHQANjAwet69 tQAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpXaWR0aAA2MDDpL+3oAAAAGXRFWHRU aHVtYjo6TWltZXR5cGUAaW1hZ2UvcG5nP7JWTgAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1U aW1lADE3MzIyMDYxOTXErabMAAAAE3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6U2l6ZQAxMjgyM0JC wO748wAAADx0RVh0VGh1bWI6OlVSSQBmaWxlOi8vdG1wL2xldHRlcl9hdmF0 YXJzLzIvSlAvODJfMTg4XzEzNy82MDAucG5nDyMl4wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/704778"><p class="blog-card__owner">Justice Allotey Pappoe</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 2 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-12-01" class="blog-card__date">December 01, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170144117.73528940/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> A document by Justice Allotey Pappoe. Click on the document to view its contents. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170158331.18626328/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Intense chorus waves mitigate the loss of outer radiation belt relativistic electrons... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Suman Chakraborty" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABelBMVEWiiH6ih32iiH2hh32jiX+ki4GjioCcgHWVeG2Vd2yYe3Cc gHahhnyqkonGtrDKu7W5pp+ZfHGbgHWXe3C4pZ3Ju7XFta+pkYiUd2uXem/Y zcn////6+fidgnedgXekioH59/bTx8KWeW2iiX+kioC8qqPr5uSbf3XDsqz0 8fD28/LEs62fhHqnj4Xs5+W6p5+Xe2+VeGzPwr21oJiHZViSc2jk3dr8+/vZ zsqKal3q5OK9q6Tw7OupkomWeW6SdGiznpaafXKljIKynZSxnJP39fTMvrib f3Tb0c6tl46afnOjiYCcgXavmZHc0s+La17d1NCul46dgniZfXKYfHDBsKqN bmGxm5Otlo2ghXuiiH/o4t+fhXqEYlTt6ee7qKHUyMSUdmumjoSWeG3Xy8fa 0MyynZX+/v77+vq5pZ6YfHHo4d++raaXeW6ghnuZfHLj29i5pp6rk4qVd2uw mpHIubPJubTFtK6Xem7ArqjJurXIuLKeg3gAAAA1QiikAAAAAWJLR0R9prEQ yQAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXHVx37swAAAFxSURBVDgR3cEJWxJRGAbQd3jvvXAH TCEt5asgQK2cNHJtc6tEB3daUNMsNcutfe/HS88MPi7/wHNw3jgOQk4EZzEA MIBTSKW1AQHCaK1InECYaMy6VKSia2NxA+IYImEbLjQ2JVNKpS42t1y63EoQ Rwi0paXmirp6LZOVmuu5PIg6Ftx26dCdN+Sm696SLu92t/TcKRAhh7p4V3r7 0D8w6DbL0L1Ef4PcjxkSIRbcB/Lw0bDNpUbSMjo2rrzHTzyACBFoS4s8nUiU 7KRM+WUyOg0SRwgWZ2ZFpHduXhb8MrG4CBChCMlKMtn67LkMvhiSl75WXrW6 BBABYrmyko3HX62uiX0t63PlN29lbcOQCJCZ4qZsxSvvZLuUfC8fdrAre/sZ oo44+PhJ/vvsR79sS006BxB1EcL7+u37j5/5X3lVif7+87dqCeIYQvnWbvwz pFnat7ZkQJxAlLXWeQJERmtF4hQGAAZwluNEEHAcnDOH5HEwS5va9qkAAAAl dEVYdGRhdGU6Y3JlYXRlADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MjkrMDA6MDDB4DF9 AAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOm1vZGlmeQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2OjIzOjI5KzAwOjAw sL2JwQAAACB0RVh0c29mdHdhcmUAaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZW1hZ2ljay5vcme8 zx2dAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBhZ2VzADGn/7svAAAAGHRF WHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA2MDB63r21AAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6 SW1hZ2U6OldpZHRoADYwMOkv7egAAAAZdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNaW1ldHlwZQBp bWFnZS9wbmc/slZOAAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6TVRpbWUAMTczMjIwNjIwOR6f 7/cAAAATdEVYdFRodW1iOjpTaXplADI1NzE3QkJ770I1AAAAPXRFWHRUaHVt Yjo6VVJJAGZpbGU6Ly90bXAvbGV0dGVyX2F2YXRhcnMvMi9TQy8xNjJfMTM2 XzEyNi82MDAucG5nXvhoAgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="Clare E. J. Watt" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABj1BMVEW7Zcq7ZMq6ZMm8aMu8acu7Zsq8Z8q5YsmzVMSxT8KyUcO3 Xce4X8iyUsO0VsW1WMW1WcazU8S6Ysm1V8W2WsbOkNnYp+DTnd29a8yzUsO5 YMjAcc7Unt3Dd9C3XMbMjdfKida3XMfIg9TSmdzBdM/////Wo9+sRL7HgNPp ze6xTsK5Ycj+/f77+Py2W8b+/v7Pk9rBc8726vjFfNKwTMH79vzNj9jAcs60 VsTw3vPUn97ZqeGpPrytRr/IgtTpzu6nOLru2fLhvOjVod6rQr7JhdXft+aw TsK6ZMrnyOzEetG9asvIhNSvSsHZquHmyOzz4/Xy4fSmNrnZquL05/a7Z8q6 Y8m2Wca4YMjKiNbdsuSoO7vpz+64Xsf16ffmxuvCdtDHgdP26/j9+/3oyu3D edDEe9H47/nfuObXpuDnyeywTcHXpeCqQL2uScDGf9Pjv+noy+2wTcK0VcTQ ltrz5PXPlNrRmNvds+W8Z8u9acu0V8XJhtWzVcTTnNzWot+xUMLTnN3Okdmz U8MAAAC7E70RAAAAAWJLR0SEYtBacQAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXBtYSJyAAAAGs SURBVDgR3cEJVxJRAAXg++6bGXBgIHUqHW2RukZQGKZFi1hpaVm0CdliWbbZ XrbZSvXHGySPdU6/wO/DxmKMQczg/9hmGANjYAzrCOtYl4R1CVqPoGdBrKGX SHb4KQ/pIOUSmSyITZ1dINrodYebt2zt6Y36+rel3O07dg64qdwuLwEiRnrd u9UyuCevvYWi1b4sk/tVLLpEjCiWhnQgKg/r4IhGs52HpMOVhI4UPBKAofWP 6thxjFU1fuKknLFT0sTkaZ2ZcmgATNNOndW5cAY8n79QU3Vy6OKly1euKlex NAAIN5hVOayjcW0uk1N/oOs3dPOWOO8SMcLtva1yWCdTc+mE7iyo665K9xYD gIiRtnBfD0IHjYcLjcKj2ccaoZb05KnlNGKG1h/Us+f2xUuNJ/1X0us3y8Oj ehtYGrTQTUdStTLzTrmw8l76UAk+SuVSnVhFrizn1VLzbapH+hR9/qLFsAHi D3pfo29L3/uaAOcnfgwgwdrP0CWxhiuR39EsWRAMfpFINDOgwTq61nHqJAhr YQjHEn9jGwDGAMbwL2MMVhmDmMGG8hsCdTwKHMBIcQAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTpj cmVhdGUAMjAyNC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzowNiswMDowMHWNRukAAAAldEVYdGRh dGU6bW9kaWZ5ADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MDYrMDA6MDAE0P5VAAAAIHRF WHRzb2Z0d2FyZQBodHRwczovL2ltYWdlbWFnaWNrLm9yZ7zPHZ0AAAAYdEVY dFRodW1iOjpEb2N1bWVudDo6UGFnZXMAMaf/uy8AAAAYdEVYdFRodW1iOjpJ bWFnZTo6SGVpZ2h0ADYwMHrevbUAAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpJbWFnZTo6V2lk dGgANjAw6S/t6AAAABl0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1pbWV0eXBlAGltYWdlL3BuZz+y Vk4AAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNVGltZQAxNzMyMjA2MTg2RL/GNwAAABN0RVh0 VGh1bWI6OlNpemUAMjY0MzFCQhRf/nIAAAA9dEVYdFRodW1iOjpVUkkAZmls ZTovL3RtcC9sZXR0ZXJfYXZhdGFycy8yL0NXLzE4N18xMDFfMjAyLzYwMC5w bmeCeA6iAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC " /> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/704255"><p class="blog-card__owner">Suman Chakraborty</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 7 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-12-03" class="blog-card__date">December 03, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170158331.18626328/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> We investigate the effects of intense chorus waves (wave power > 10-4 nT2) on relativistic electrons (E > 0.5 MeV) in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* = 4 - 6) using superposed epoch approach. Combining electron flux and electromagnetic wave measurements from 70 geomagnetic storms during the Van Allen Probes mission, we show the relationship between integrated chorus wave power (0.1 - 0.8 equatorial electron gyrofrequency) and changes in relativistic electron flux on two hour timescales. During the loss-dominated storm main phase (Superposed Epoch -0.5 to 0 days), intense chorus waves mitigate the net loss of relativistic electrons. Conversely, in the early recovery phase (Superposed epoch 0 to 0.5 days), flux increases across a range of relativistic energies regardless of chorus wave power. The amount of electron flux at keV energies appears to have an influence on the consequences of chorus wave activity during geomagnetic storms. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170121612.25466087/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="//d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/assets/blog/default_image-be9182bca7b6523bb6c72e32e5c12398f36b92d81f6ee7882327b6145744bf1f.jpg" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170121612.25466087/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Space weather in the popular media, and the opportunities the upcoming solar maximum... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <span><p class="blog-card__owner">Brett A Carter</p></span> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 5 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-29" class="blog-card__date">November 29, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170121612.25466087/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> A document by Nicholas Violette. Click on the document to view its contents. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170689242.26458204/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/images/tagdashboard/banner/large-9e360327a45a56ecc2166ac8870da51b.jpg" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170689242.26458204/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Evidence for a Current System and Potential Structure in the Martian Magnetotail </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Murti Nauth" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" 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class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="David Mitchell" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABlVBMVEWVcs+Vcc+Ucc+Ucc6Vc8+XddCXdNCWc8+WdM+Qa8yGXsiH YMiHX8iKY8qOacuIYcmLZcqTcM6JY8mJYsmRbc2hg9TDr+S7peC9p+GtktqF XciPasymide4od+Pa8yTb860m922n96ce9KIYMm8puD////Sw+rb0O+be9KO acy5ot+1nN21nd3WyeyXdM+khtbf1PDVx+yGX8jKuefn3/Sxl9u2nt7Oveh8 UcSNaMt9UsSjhdXazu76+Pz39fucfNL08PqxmNydfNLEseR2ScHJt+apjdjE sOSwl9vRwuqFXMeZeNGnitd0R8CeftPd0e+DWsaKZMrg1fCqj9ivldt1R8DZ ze6Sb86skdnFseSZd9CfgNPNveh/VcXMvOiNZ8t+U8Tp4vWlh9bYzO2jhNWC Wcbq5PX+/v7f1fBzRb/ZzO2kh9bg1vHWyOzVyOymiNZ8UcPItuaojNd7UMOv lNqdfdL49vyMZsuFXcezmtyig9S+qeGuk9qaeNGSbs2vldrKuOeef9OQbMyQ bM2MZ8uYdtAAAAD47mVQAAAAAWJLR0SGjN47XQAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXDDbH zj4AAAHCSURBVDgR3cHXVhMBFAXQc3PmOpMQGJiASEQscEAQUBBDMTaKSrGg EbFi772BDQvw3yYruHzxC9gbW4mZocrwHylWAaxAGcsMfzFw920hCYYegQDh 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Click on the document to view its contents. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170110663.39763489/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> On the Formation of Earth and Celestial Bodies </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Nasser S. Alzayed" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABa1BMVEX3wAD2vwD3vwD3wQT3wQP3wAL3wAH2vgD2uAD2uwD2vAD2 vQD2ugD3wQf51VX4yzH4yin51lr3wQb3xBT4zTX4yyv////3xBr3wgf1tgD8 6af4ySf+9+D62Gb1twD4ySb98cn3wgT75pv4yCH3wgb4yi799NX+/v351l/7 55z1tQD75p7855/3xh34yCP75JX99Nb2vwT1swD855787r774o/63oL3wxP8 6630qwD86KH2uQD50Ej512D1sgD+/vn86KD0rAD87bX3wg3734P98cf0qQD5 1Fn4z0L86J73wAj989H745L4yST3ww/+/fb86qj87LT867H3wQL755362GX+ /PT63Xn+9+H+/vv++eb+/fj3wQj4yCD75pn989D++u31tAD0rgD62GL51V38 6ab3wgj3xyX3xBP4yy787Lf3wg7+/ff3wwv633z4zzr50EL633r4yy/74YP3 xyL51FL63XX3wQUAAACPnjQYAAAAAWJLR0R41tvkRgAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAX FsulN0QAAAFsSURBVDgR5cGHVhQxAAXQ9zLZmUwmFlCexDLrGkXFjp3VtVcE O/bee3d/X88W0G/gXiwpJA1gSAIwJPE/IrME2MhAgLkF8Q9DFK4ECe8KkKgC QSwiimXLV5TI/cqR0QKoVq0uCGIBbRiT1oTxuFbrgoVbrw11RiygDU1pY2zF TUphc9giTdSAwRBtaGqrtjm3XSmMT+7QTu0qG8QQbditPXu1b2q/UkmvA14H JzMaDNCGpEOHdeTotJJvH9PxzgkFghigDUknT53WmbNKvj6n+vwFXXQZMUAb ki5NXdbMFc3Wc7o6fe26bsSbNOijDUm3nLuteY117uju/L37D/Swyok+2vKR HsdWfCLNdp6q/cw9f6GXMaNBD21o6lV8Hd5Ib9/pfWzZ6oM+lgTRw7z69PmL z9H++o3ff/z0OVH++t0tQPQRRV2CRKgLHz1oiHZNEENEt0GAtot8tEEAzLog FpE0gGGPAcC/sIT8AcPUKjuC5F/PAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOmNyZWF0ZQAyMDI0 LTExLTIxVDE2OjIzOjIyKzAwOjAww+dlhwAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTptb2RpZnkA MjAyNC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzoyMiswMDowMLK63TsAAAAgdEVYdHNvZnR3YXJl AGh0dHBzOi8vaW1hZ2VtYWdpY2sub3JnvM8dnQAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkRv Y3VtZW50OjpQYWdlcwAxp/+7LwAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpIZWln aHQANjAwet69tQAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpXaWR0aAA2MDDpL+3o AAAAGXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6TWltZXR5cGUAaW1hZ2UvcG5nP7JWTgAAABd0RVh0 VGh1bWI6Ok1UaW1lADE3MzIyMDYyMDKJTTZ/AAAAE3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6U2l6 ZQAxNjUxOEJCvQ8+WwAAADt0RVh0VGh1bWI6OlVSSQBmaWxlOi8vdG1wL2xl dHRlcl9hdmF0YXJzLzIvTkEvMjQ3XzE5Ml8wLzYwMC5wbmeMXDM+AAAAAElF TkSuQmCC " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/702713"><p class="blog-card__owner">Nasser S. Alzayed</p></a> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-27" class="blog-card__date">November 27, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170110663.39763489/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Understanding the formation of the solar system can provide a simplified look at the universe at large. This is because we have a lot of evidence about the formation of our solar system, and because the universe is homogeneous on a large scale. In this paper, we propose a new way for investigating the formation of the Earth and other Solar System objects. Our approach offers insights into details of the formation of the multiple layers within Earth, the existence of water and oil, the variation in mass distribution within Earth, and the origin of mountains, erratic boulders, and moons. According to our proposed approach, Roche Radius can explain the origin of moons, rings and mountains on planets. We have listed and use critical conditions that are required to form celestial objects. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170067176.69596243/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="//d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/assets/blog/default_image-be9182bca7b6523bb6c72e32e5c12398f36b92d81f6ee7882327b6145744bf1f.jpg" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170067176.69596243/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Statistical Properties of Quasi-periodic Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves: ULF Mod... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Muhammad 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Click on the document to view its contents. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.171265260.04909846/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Nowcasting Solar EUV Irradiance with Photospheric Magnetic Fields and the Mg II Index </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Kara Kniezewski" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABelBMVEWbzl+bzl6azl6azV6bzmCdz2OczmGczmCdz2KWy1iPyEuV y1aOx0qUylOQyE6SyVGZzV2PyE2WzFik0m7A4JuWy1eez2ORyU/B4Jyx2YOU ylS63ZGz2YWXzFq63ZC/35mZzVzC4Z7////C4Z2QyU6h0Wmu1373+/OPyEyc 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spectral irradiance in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and far ultraviolet (FUV) bands is presented here, utilizing only solar photospheric magnetograms and the Mg II index (i.e., the core-to-wing ratio). The EUV and FUV modeling outlined here is a direct extension of the SIFT (Solar Indices Forecasting Tool) model, based on Henney et al. (2015). SIFT estimates solar activity indices using the earth-side solar photospheric magnetic field sums from global magnetic maps generated by the ADAPT (Air Force Data Assimilative Photospheric Flux Transport) model. Utilizing strong and weak magnetic field sums from ADAPT maps, Henney et al. (2015) showed that EUV & FUV observations can also be well modeled using this technique. However, the original forecasting method required a recent observation of each SIFT model output to determine and apply a 0-day offset. The new method described here expands the SIFT and ADAPT modeling to nowcast the observed Mg II index with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.982. By correlating the Mg II model-observation difference with the model-observation difference in the EUV & FUV channels, Mg II can be used to apply the 0-day offset correction yielding improvements in modeling each of the 37 studied EUV & FUV bands. With daily global photospheric magnetic maps and Mg II index observations, this study provides an improved method of nowcasting EUV & FUV bands used to drive thermospheric and ionospheric modeling. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170000016.66293056/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> The generation of 150 km echoes through nonlinear wave mode coupling </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="William J Longley" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAAAAABWESUoAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAAAAmJLR0QAAKqNIzIAAAAHdElNRQfoCxUQFxu1FEv5AAABYUlEQVQ4 EYXBzVLTABiF4fd8+drikBbxZ6WAwziCG73/LTfg0o3jBdhSWhiQkDTHpFSn K/M8uuL/ggHBgGBAMCAYEAxIegZkQGZL/JV0LNkQtCAZ2WInAat9yrQqxlbT jF2PCotnAVabp2Wj5s3bRk15GpOzg43Ms6DT6uKytr5+CdefL+rjT69rsRN0 8r6ZjuopzJ5G5eZetPwTgNUuOXx8BcfVIctW7AkQxIJy8251/X5Tsgj2BR0X t5Q5/jXPLLlN9iW9fGA2ZbVhNuWhMD0jOknHUa+nJ9yZk9mqDlDPFpCAjK6P Pty2rM9YCmiqwhRhQbJVrGEu5kesi9YcvJw4HiyLpOe8g0XB4iN3WSXn58C3 m7Eh2Yr6++ixoPrx1Izy5mctnL8LA7qiY1R5IlxpYjW1jDwJC5Ke8AE2ekEr 54ieLSDZaUHYdGy2RCd5JnqiI/YFA4IBwYBgQDAgGPAH5laQSJSqZywAAAAl dEVYdGRhdGU6Y3JlYXRlADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MjcrMDA6MDCR30og AAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOm1vZGlmeQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2OjIzOjI3KzAwOjAw 4ILynAAAACB0RVh0c29mdHdhcmUAaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZW1hZ2ljay5vcme8 zx2dAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBhZ2VzADGn/7svAAAAGHRF WHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA2MDB63r21AAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6 SW1hZ2U6OldpZHRoADYwMOkv7egAAAAZdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNaW1ldHlwZQBp bWFnZS9wbmc/slZOAAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6TVRpbWUAMTczMjIwNjIwN/kn wvAAAAASdEVYdFRodW1iOjpTaXplADgzODRCQnM4YmYAAAA9dEVYdFRodW1i OjpVUkkAZmlsZTovL3RtcC9sZXR0ZXJfYXZhdGFycy8yL1dMLzE5NF8xOTRf MTk0LzYwMC5wbmd7etvtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/675007"><p class="blog-card__owner">William J Longley</p></a> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-14" class="blog-card__date">November 14, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170000016.66293056/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> A fundamental problem in turbulence is understanding how energy cascades across multiple scales. In this paper, a new weak turbulence theory is developed to explain how energy can be transferred from Langmuir and Upper-Hybrid waves (~10 MHz frequencies, 20-cm wavelengths) to ion-acoustic waves (~kHz frequencies, 3-meter wavelengths). A kinetic approach is used where the electrostatic Boltzmann equations are Fourier-Laplace transformed, and the nonlinear term is retained. A unique feature of this approach is the ability to calculate power spectra at low frequencies, for any wavelength or angle to the magnetic field. The results of this theory explain how 150-km echoes are generated in the ionosphere. First, peaks in the suprathermal electron velocity distribution drive a bump-on-tail like instability. This instability excites the Upper-Hybrid mode, and the nonlinear mode coupling theory shows that the instability generates a ~10 dB enhancement of the ion-acoustic mode: matching the observed enhancement in 150-km echoes. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945662.27742738/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Probabilistic Short-Term Solar Driver Forecasting with Neural Network Ensembles </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Joshua D Daniell" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc 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class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945662.27742738/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Space weather indices are used to drive forecasts of thermosphere density, which directly affects objects in low-Earth orbit (LEO) through atmospheric drag force. A set of proxies and indices (drivers), F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 are used as inputs by the JB2008 thermosphere density model. The United States Air Force (USAF) operational High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM), relies on JB2008, and forecasts of solar drivers from a linear algorithm. We introduce methods using long-short term memory (LSTM) model ensembles to improve over the current prediction method as well as a previous univariate approach. We investigate the usage of principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance multivariate forecasting. A novel method, referred to as striped sampling, is created to produce statistically consistent machine learning data sets. We also investigate forecasting performance and uncertainty estimation by varying the training loss function and by investigating novel weighting methods. Results show that stacked neural network model ensembles make multivariate driver forecasts which outperform the operational linear method. When using MV-MLE (multivariate multi-lookback ensemble), we see an improvement of RMSE for F10.7, S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 of 17.7%, 12.3%, 13.8%, 13.7% respectively, over the operational method. We provide the first probabilistic forecasting method for S10.7, M10.7, and Y10.7 . Ensemble approaches are leveraged to provide a distribution of predicted values, allowing an investigation into robustness and reliability (R&R) of uncertainty estimates. Uncertainty was also investigated through the use of calibration error score (CES), with the approach providing an average CES of 5.63%, across all drivers. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170000392.22424750/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/users/696984/articles/685415-wavelet-analysis-for-automatic-detection-of-pi-2-pulsations-during-substorm-onset-along-the-210-circ-magnetic-meridian/master/file/figures/978593_0_figure_11558767_s3lrvk/978593_0_figure_11558767_s3lrvk.png?1714305096" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170000392.22424750/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Wavelet Analysis for Automatic Detection of Pi-2 Pulsations during Substorm Onset Alo... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Omondi Stephen Owino" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/images/user/696984/profile_image/thumbnail-76240365e926a688dffeea987a0025a5.jpeg" /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="Akimasa Yoshikawa" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABdFBMVEXiX1HiXlDhXlDiYFLiYlTiY1XiYVPiYlXiX1LhWUvfUEDh W0zgVkfeSzvfU0TiX1DgWUriY1bohHnhWkzgV0jmeGztm5PlcWTgVUbgVEXm em7sm5LkbWDiYVTdSDj319T////xta/dRjXjZljfUkPnfXL99PPeTDzgWEnh XU/jZVf99/fhXE7cQjH0w77qjYPfTz/wraXtnpXdRDTupp7yu7XphXveTT3i ZFb87+7dRjbgVkj++vrfUEHhXU7eSTn99vb308/dRTXrk4nrlIvfUkLldGjz vbfZMSD43drgV0n54d799/bzvrjXIxDne3Dtn5fvqqLqi4HhW03+/f31yMT1 y8f65ePeSjr88O7iXlHeSzzqjoT87+388/L9+Pflc2f66ObiYFPdRTT20s7b PCvaNyXnf3Txta7dQzPjZFfhWkv76efgVEblcmb88vHwsarnfHHpioDwrqfj aVzhXE3uo5vrlYzdRzfeSjveTj4AAABvcSWeAAAAAWJLR0R7T9K1/AAAAAd0 SU1FB+gLFRAaIl+/vbwAAAFwSURBVDgR3cGHVhNRFAXQc8+d98JIJiQmiFET L4jIUGyoKIqJqKCxG5oFewfs/eudxVp5S/IJ7I0dSrBF0E1ICoQZgBl0oUZK UJ0nQJ/rIbahxrt6Qc0neSW1kMRKQdBHLZZ2R2Vf6d8zsFe1um//gaISAVmr H7TBoUPDh23kiI6mZmNFJTqEWvFm44UJN3nUjh1PTtjJqRIFHUJXP2Wn7cz0 2Tzt3Mx5uzB7EURA9DRGmg27NFNzc4M2cNmu1B2JDqG/Om8L165b2opaqd1o 3kwIIiDd1C2Lb9+xu42cm7tndj/JURAQ7cqiLS0v28qq6mjZHqwSfIiAuUeP ba25+OSpPRuOyi173ngBIiCjl68sej395q29e/9hPbaNREEE9JsfbSOp+XTT jO12r31KFERArcx//lLw1OrXb99j/vj5Kw8IAqG2fleVoM7W14H0z1+Q+B+1 5AmAkQMJFxHbCTMAmAGYQTfBlj5BRgQ7zD+DkS0VQ2NKzgAAACV0RVh0ZGF0 ZTpjcmVhdGUAMjAyNC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzoyMSswMDowMPIPfxoAAAAldEVY dGRhdGU6bW9kaWZ5ADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MjErMDA6MDCDUsemAAAA IHRFWHRzb2Z0d2FyZQBodHRwczovL2ltYWdlbWFnaWNrLm9yZ7zPHZ0AAAAY dEVYdFRodW1iOjpEb2N1bWVudDo6UGFnZXMAMaf/uy8AAAAYdEVYdFRodW1i OjpJbWFnZTo6SGVpZ2h0ADYwMHrevbUAAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpJbWFnZTo6 V2lkdGgANjAw6S/t6AAAABl0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1pbWV0eXBlAGltYWdlL3Bu Zz+yVk4AAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNVGltZQAxNzMyMjA2MjAxEERnxQAAABN0 RVh0VGh1bWI6OlNpemUAMTkzNzNCQuonyRMAAAA7dEVYdFRodW1iOjpVUkkA ZmlsZTovL3RtcC9sZXR0ZXJfYXZhdGFycy8yL0FZLzIyNl85NV84MS82MDAu cG5n4EOZBQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== " /> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/696984"><p class="blog-card__owner">stephen Owino Omondi</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 5 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-14" class="blog-card__date">November 14, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170000392.22424750/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Ground Pi-2 pulsations comprise superpositions of various modal components of shear and fast Alfven waves, field line resonance, and plasmaspheric resonances. These complex waveforms, hard to resolve with Fourier transforms are successfully characterized by wavelet techniques. Wavelet detection employs decomposition and reconstruction modes to characterize time-frequency components. Hence, suitable for the examination of the locality and complexity of natural signal patterns. The current study presents the automatic detection of Pi-2 pulsations using Daubechies and Morlet wavelet transforms. In the study, distinct Pi-2 events from CPMN stations along 210${^\circ}$ magnetic meridian were detected. Global Pi-2 pulsations with harmonious H oscillations and discrete D bays in the sub-aurora zone suggest a common source with diverse tunneling paths. Scalograms of Pi-2 undulations of the frequency band of 6.7-22 mHz were observed despite different kinds of Pi-2s. Auroral Pi-2s were highly localized in local time with clear H and D bays, implying magnetospheric-ionospheric current couplings. Latitudinal and longitudinal Pi-2 propagations are exemplified by 180${^\circ}$ phase-shift (polarization) in EWA and group delay in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Overall, Pi-2 wave power from high to low latitudes declined with peak amplitudes of 15 nT to less than 1 nT, respectively. Finally, external influences from sea currents causing signal attenuation due to the station's proximity to the sea were also identified. To conclude, the accuracy and efficiency of wavelet analysis with no computation hassle render it a valuable tool for the study of space events in the magnetospheric community. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170110674.49544737/v2"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="//d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/assets/blog/default_image-be9182bca7b6523bb6c72e32e5c12398f36b92d81f6ee7882327b6145744bf1f.jpg" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170110674.49544737/v2"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Magnetic Field Enhancements in the Solar Wind: Diverse Processes Manifesting a Unifor... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Yingdong Jia" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABCFBMVEW8qqS7qaO8qqW9rKa9q6W3pJ6zn5i5pqC2o5y5p6G6qKK2 opu4pZ/IurXVysbAsKrJu7bBsau5p6C8q6XKvLjDs621oZvPwr7////28/Kz npi6qKHGt7Lr5uSynZe9q6avmpPp5OLIubS3o52ynpfj29nPw76xnZbFtbDo 4d+ynZbBsKvy7+6umZL5+Pfo4uCxnJXn4d/Zz8zNv7u0n5ny7u3+/v739fXh 2dfIubW1oZq8qqO4pJ6+rKfGtrG7qKL18/LEtK/Xzcm0oJrAr6nn4N68qaP1 8vG4pp+/rqjl3tza0M359/ezn5mznpfXzMnZz8vSxsLFtrHYzsvOwb20oZq7 qqQAAACO6J3OAAAAAWJLR0RXfQrZHwAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXD6/On4QAAAEt SURBVDgR5cGJVtNQFIbR/+MekmsNKK3DAaERGjRGJHWWscqkyOCI7/8oBtey jfII7K1rhUsSDTVo6B9MBSGwICRkQm1oOkkFiskNgTo3M6EJlM3M3sqk6duz c12p07tztys0ht277/MLlgV3Hsjioi/1c9BfYA+XfWVQrPqjxwGLpT+pctAY Nnjqa8/k64mExdLrKgeNQRg+d3vhL18FsFh6XeWgCaYy+es3bwsJLJZeVzmo 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<div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.170110674.49544737/v2"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> A document by Yingdong Jia. Click on the document to view its contents. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945479.90436599/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> P51C-02 PRESSURE DEFICIT IN GALE CRATER AND A LARGER NORTHERN POLAR CAP AFTER THE GLO... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Manuel de la Torre Juarez" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABYlBMVEX+2hD+2g/+2Q/+2hP+2hX+2hT+2hH+2hL91wH91QD91gD9 2Qz92Aj92AP92AT+4Dj+5mD+4kf92Qv92Q7+5Fb+5Vz+3CD+4kX+3Sn92Af9 2Q/+2hb91AD+8q/////+5mL+5Vj91wD+4Db+9Lr+8KT+637+99D+40/+3zD+ 8q3+8an+/fT+/O/+3CH+++b+5FH+3zH+8q7+7Yz+3zT+7ZH+6XX+407+8ab+ 3Sb+87P+9Ln+4UH+40z+8aT92Qn+8qv90wD+3zX+4Dv+2xn+3i3+4Df+7Y/9 0gD+7Y3+403+2xj+3zL+8aX+3i/++NX+87D9zgD+8aj+4T7+/PH+6G3+3CL+ 8KH90QD+7IX+4Dr+8KD+4Dz+/fb+2xf+8af+6XH+3ST+++j+8qz+5Vf+64H+ +NP92Q3+4kj+7Ib+2xv+6G7+4kb+7If92AX+6XP+6Xb+5FL92An92hD92Ab+ 2xYAAAAFrcrRAAAAAWJLR0R1qGqY+wAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXF7yiB9IAAAGf SURBVDgR3cEHWxNBEAbgb+b29u6WGBUUZHYcXTuxJaKICgoi9t5i772X/P/H O6MP/AbeF2sJEeEvIgwRVuMGalwj1LiGFZy5HAwwnPMMgJEXjP+IfVkFMDNG QtXyTIyRsM4zYYh9e/2GjW0Ao2ObNo+3PGO0mNgy6ZnQIIm61Wy8LFy1zWx7 cJKnHbZTnRAaJFF3me3WWFR7zPYGJ3naZ1PqhNAgidqx/QdCUR60Q3Y4OMlT 13rqhNAgidqxIzZdVkftmM0EJ3nqWk+dEBokUY/brJ3QYCdP2Vxwkqeu9dQJ oUESdd5On7GFRTs7Y3NhyWepaz11QmiQRJ23pXO2fN4uXLRLWqXL6Yr11Amh QRL1ql1bsOt24+Ytu53fuavVPetoFEKDJOp9W+w/MHvYf2SPx+zJU31mzysn hAZJ1Clb1hf2Mugre91/Y7W34Z1nDHFRvv/wsVV+mkjtz19mv1bT377/CJMF E4aIfdKf/leVCp/0ty+SauCCsYKzgWe4jDkbeEY2GDgwVuEa+B9iFmEmrEYE gAggAkA1rCl/ABr8MiFvXy0rAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOmNyZWF0ZQAyMDI0LTEx LTIxVDE2OjIzOjA3KzAwOjAw0/pNXQAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTptb2RpZnkAMjAy NC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzowNyswMDowMKKn9eEAAAAgdEVYdHNvZnR3YXJlAGh0 dHBzOi8vaW1hZ2VtYWdpY2sub3JnvM8dnQAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkRvY3Vt ZW50OjpQYWdlcwAxp/+7LwAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpIZWlnaHQA NjAwet69tQAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpXaWR0aAA2MDDpL+3oAAAA GXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6TWltZXR5cGUAaW1hZ2UvcG5nP7JWTgAAABd0RVh0VGh1 bWI6Ok1UaW1lADE3MzIyMDYxODczuPahAAAAE3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6U2l6ZQAx NTI5N0JCR1P/NwAAADx0RVh0VGh1bWI6OlVSSQBmaWxlOi8vdG1wL2xldHRl cl9hdmF0YXJzLzIvTUovMjU0XzIxOF8xNi82MDAucG5nN5PGfAAAAABJRU5E rkJggg== " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/532559"><p class="blog-card__owner">Manuel de la Torre Juarez</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 5 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-08" class="blog-card__date">November 08, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945479.90436599/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> In past global dust storms, no long lasting anomalies in the pressure cycle had been observed. The Global Dust Storm of Mars Year 34 (MY34), however, left behind an average surface pressure lower than what was expected based on the the values recorded on previous years by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Curiosity. The main signal contribution to the daily average surface pressure is the CO2 cycle, which is controlled by the Polar ice sublimation and freezing cycles. We used REMS and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) data to search for correlations between the REMS anomaly and anomalies in the circulation compared to MCS observations from previous years. The findings include an early start of the retreat season for the Northern Polar cap, followed by the longest period of growth for the Southern Polar (SP) cap ice expansion since Curiosity had landed and then, during the dust storm, the longest retreat season of the Southern Polar cap. We also find a larger Northern Polar Cap extension after the storm, suggestive of a larger deposition of CO2 ice. The changes in length of the SP growth and retreat seasons might be consequence of the response of the zonal mean circulation to the dust storm. Changes in the structure of the zonal mean circulation compared to previous years are found in MCS data and presented. The combination of these anomalies constraint what physical processes may have caused this response in surface pressure after the dust storm. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945455.58057137/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> A substorm-dependent negative limit of non-eclipse surface charging of a Chinese geos... </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Zhiyi Fu" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABKVBMVEWt1n2t1nys1Xyv14Cu1n+s1Xuj0W2i0Gui0Gyh0Gum0nKq 1HnM5a7L5azL5a3Q57TA35zB4JzQ57XK5KzP57Ox2ISq1Hit1n7////n89qU yVbl8te93per1Xu53JC424+4246u1oD0+e2/35qazF/f783O5rKw14K53JG6 3JOu1n6r1Xqm0nOm0nGp1HaYy1zN5rDX68Gfz2jf78zF4qOezmao03an03S3 2434+/Sgz2nA35uWylifz2f2+vG12oql0nCw14Pg787t9uLj8dLt9uOfz2bb 7cbR6Lf7/fne7suj0W683ZTy+OuWylml0nH9/vyp1Hen03XI46ik0W6v14HT 6bm63JK3246ezmXH46bj8dPN5q/M5a/P57Kz2Yep1Hik0W8AAAB1BCUVAAAA AWJLR0RiK7kdPAAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXI50W82cAAAE1SURBVDgR3cEHVsJA FAXQlzeTMLSoqORbsSNgxxobdrGBvbf9b0JOOEhQV+C9+GesAAArgB/4C1oQ qk5TqwCIJouwnYipicZ0LGpqInHQQgNh24lEMum6be1OR6rTdZNd3WkQDUTc k7qe3j4J9Mc00UBwYDCTGRoekdGxcZnITg7l8gUQ3whOTc/Mzsn8ginK4lJ8 eaUAIoTIZ6dWZc1ovyjrG2Yz5hEtCNtsyXZpx9+Vvf2+g1RJE2FUh0dyvKm0 vyvlcllOjKaFJqrTMzk3Wmf9oqxfOH4FJJropStVufSvKmm/KNc3tx6IEEKb cbnj/cPk4OOJPDmKIEKItJa66uyzJB1FIowY4MvcayLhvl2Xcu77B4hWhO1E akz001txPkALPxCqTjOvPOI3hln4ixXA//QFTzch4ELnKy0AAAAldEVYdGRh dGU6Y3JlYXRlADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MzUrMDA6MDDK6luXAAAAJXRF WHRkYXRlOm1vZGlmeQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2OjIzOjM1KzAwOjAwu7fjKwAA ACB0RVh0c29mdHdhcmUAaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZW1hZ2ljay5vcme8zx2dAAAA GHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBhZ2VzADGn/7svAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVt Yjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA2MDB63r21AAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6 OldpZHRoADYwMOkv7egAAAAZdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNaW1ldHlwZQBpbWFnZS9w bmc/slZOAAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6TVRpbWUAMTczMjIwNjIxNQ4ykp0AAAAT dEVYdFRodW1iOjpTaXplADEwMDEzQkKv473XAAAAPXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6VVJJ AGZpbGU6Ly90bXAvbGV0dGVyX2F2YXRhcnMvMi9aRi8xNzNfMjE0XzEyNS82 MDAucG5nvIb3HwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="Zhenpeng Su" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABPlBMVEWt1n2t1nys1nys1Xyt1n6v14Cu1oCo03ah0Gui0Gyu1n+r 1Xmj0W6h0Gqp1He424/Q57XK5KvL5a3L5azM5a64246p1Hil0nHG4qTR6Lf/ ///N5rCbzWG+3pjJ5Kqq1Hmx2IO73ZO324663JGw14LD4aD0+e2l0nCn03T+ /v7A35ym0nK02Yn5/Pa63JOm0nOq1HiczWPz+ey02Yigz2mz2Yft9uKRyFGr 1Xqfz2fC4J/J5Kmk0W+w14Ogz2jZ7MPR6Lao03X+/v3H46ek0W6t1X263JLw 9+i83ZXg78653JD9/vyk0XCs1Xv4+/Tc7ceezmXg78/P57Ku1n72+vHB4J3l 8teZzF7F4qOVyljA35vL5a632438/fvs9eHE4aLW6r+Xy1rI46fh8M/M5a+5 3JHP57TP57Oi0GsAAABqhvqJAAAAAWJLR0RpvGvEtAAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAX DtjJrxIAAAFfSURBVDgR3cGLWhJBGAbgb/abcXcmFhBR8rfAAwa1KppaaKRg eSwrLTtYHkot7v8KkmddQS7B98X9omLoUAr9PCY8xnAXtYlpEgPGaHro4VH7 ge0IfLgHqdCmHYkuaj+THcwN5XPZ4ZFC+mF2yFhNDwlFY0clNvbosXQUQ0ci QZTGJyanytPypFJ9Ks+imVmZqzniFjFfqBUWnsvi0rK8eFlfWZVXDUd0Ee71 2ro011xrQ95UAvvWB4muTQ6ktmQ7hKvsiMjuniWIHtSl6J2Ua47u/f7oB5GP VoPoovl0IIfh+GfdahSsXfwiRxVHJEgTHsnXb9WoGhbl+0r5x7H8tIYKN6hH nEhmeW9yp/5LTmai+qmcNRxxQ9HYrMTOf/+RjosUQCSo/Uwzf5nP55pX6RSL f/9N2DqIW4raD2y73bZhC27ehkGkQfSiNjFNamOMA3GHx37op2K4ppTCPfMf Y4InAKLO4hMAAAAldEVYdGRhdGU6Y3JlYXRlADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6 MTQrMDA6MDAuuFdeAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOm1vZGlmeQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2 OjIzOjE0KzAwOjAwX+Xv4gAAACB0RVh0c29mdHdhcmUAaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFn ZW1hZ2ljay5vcme8zx2dAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBhZ2Vz ADGn/7svAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA2MDB63r21AAAA F3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OldpZHRoADYwMOkv7egAAAAZdEVYdFRodW1i OjpNaW1ldHlwZQBpbWFnZS9wbmc/slZOAAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6TVRpbWUA MTczMjIwNjE5NLOqlloAAAATdEVYdFRodW1iOjpTaXplADIxNzM4QkJBK4+V AAAAPXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6VVJJAGZpbGU6Ly90bXAvbGV0dGVyX2F2YXRhcnMv Mi9aUy8xNzNfMjE0XzEyNS82MDAucG5nekFi1gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== " /> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/695540"><p class="blog-card__owner">Zhiyi Fu</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 7 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-08" class="blog-card__date">November 08, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169945455.58057137/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Surface charging is one of the most common causes of spacecraft anomalies. When and to what potential the spacecraft is charged are two important questions in space weather. Here, for a Chinese geosynchronous navigation satellite, we infer the extreme negative surface charging potentials from the ion differential fluxes measured by a low-energy ion spectrometer. Without the solar eclipse effect away from the midnight, the charging potentials are found to have a negative limit which is determined by the maximum SuperMAG electrojet index in the preceding 2 hr. Such an empirical relation can be reasonably explained by the dependence of 1--50 keV electron fluxes on substorm strength. Similar relations may also exist for other inner magnetospheric spacecraft in the non-eclipse region, which would be useful for spacecraft engineering and space weather alerts. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169955183.32558806/v1"> <div class="blog-card__image-container"> <img onerror="$(this).closest('a').remove()" height="200" class="blog-card__image-tag" loading="lazy" src="https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/users/529644/articles/684176-properties-of-the-nili-fossae-olivine-rich-lithology-orbital-and-in-situ-at-s%C3%A9%C3%ADtah/master/file/figures/978137_0_figure_11550999_s3hpbk/978137_0_figure_11550999_s3hpbk.png?1699551832" /> </div> </a> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169955183.32558806/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Properties of the Nili Fossae Olivine-rich lithology: orbital and in situ at S茅铆tah </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Adrian Brown" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABnlBMVEXiX1HiX1DiXlDhXlDiYFPiYlTiY1XiYVPiYFLgVkjfUEHh XU/fT0DeSTneSjreTT7gVEXgV0nkbGDogXbhXE3hXE7gVkfqj4XuoZnsmI/t nJTpioDkbWHeSzzhWkvfTj/88/L////sl4766Ob42NXfU0TiYVTmeW353tv4 3NnohXrkbF/lcGT20MzupJziYlXdRTT1ycXzv7njaVz53tzjZ1reTDzcQC/0 xsHdRzfhWkzgVUf20c3hW03wrabjZVfcPi7tnpbeSzveSjvrlIvrlYzcPS3+ /f3iX1L99vbzvrjbPSzdRTXdQzPXJBHnfnPfUUH1zcj0w7776+nnfXHfUULg VUb++fn0x8L1ysX31dL1zMfdSDjbPCvcQTD65OLvqqL77Or9+fj87+754N3j alzfUkP87u3eTj799PPcQTHeTD3aMyLsmZDaMyH54N7ohHrkbWD1yMPfTz/q i4HdRjbjZFfgV0jjZlj76unxsavlcWTslo3vqaHhWUvqjYPsmpHtnpXrkonl 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We used the geochemistry collected by the rover鈥檚 instruments to calculate the viscosity and relative flow distance of the S茅铆tah unit. Based on the low viscosity and distribution of the unit we postulate a ponded lava flow origin for the olivine rich unit at S茅铆tah. We calculate an approximate depth for the cumulate layer of the lava pond based on the viscosity of the unit and model of Worster et al. (1993). We show that the resolution of orbital data is inadequate to map the phyllosilicate 2.38 渭m band and demonstrate that it can be supplemented by in situ data from Mars 2020 SuperCam Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and reflectance observations to show that the low Al phyllosilicate in the olivine cumulate in the S茅铆tah formation is either talc, serpentine, hectorite, Fe/Mg smectite, saponite or stevensite. We discuss two intertwining aspects of the history of the lithology: 1) the potential emplacement and properties of the cumulate layer within a ponded lava flow, using previously published models of ponded lava flows and lava lakes, and 2) the limited extent of post emplacement alteration, including phyllosilicate and carbonate alteration. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169903612.23910188/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Tidally-induced acceleration as a potential cause of the Lunar Crustal Dichotomy </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Joshua Knicely" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABa1BMVEVSvIlRvIlRu4hTvIlVvYtUvIpWvYtUvYtTvIpLuYRCtX5M uYVGt4E+tHtOuoZEtoA7s3lJuINdwJB6y6RcwJBEtn9wx52Q1LNXvoxNuoVA tXxvx52W1rdtxpxRvIhWvYw6s3mk28H///+b2LsiqWjJ6tpsxps9tHtyyJ9h wpNKuYM6snmc2LyV1rchqWjB59Rtxps0sHVfwZI8s3qd2bwhqWfC59U3sXb8 /v15y6M4snfD59bL69yZ17k1sHVXvYzE6NfM69zy+vYyr3NQu4c6snj5/Puf 2r42sXY5snhZvo3B59XQ7N5JuIL+/v5BtX1AtX2i28Dx+fUvrnGj28CM0rAj qmliwpQkqmmCzqnv+fRPuoea2Lrz+vdhwZMurnC95dJpxZm14sy24s0urnFD tn7c8efE6NZFt4A/tHyT1bVSvIiCzqpHt4F7y6Wn3cNav45MuYRFtoCp3cSM 0rFIuII3sXdUvYoAAACn9WwUAAAAAWJLR0R41tvkRgAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAX E7vPw8sAAAFiSURBVDgR3cGJVtNQAATQyeQlBqpIq9VS6wtMcSmhiLRVsAoq FFnUuu+ouIIbiCi/b+MBTgJ+AffigHIQc/Af3AYwhn3oGpeeD4KH/IDYi+jq zniHj/SA3tHerEsHKUQmd+x4/sTJQp8pniqdzgZEkmXYP6Dy4BmdzZ47L1WG AiLJMoyGVR25oNGLOWms5pNIsgyjuqqNS6pcHtfElQKRQjKM6io1muJVXZuc IlLYEUZ1lRrXdUM3p2dApDAw8Ft1VRtNaVa35gpEAon8fGahVlZpZFG379zV WNsQuxyae/cf5PIPH+nxk0U9ffZcL9ovXWKHpV97pWZklvT6zVstD8290/sP hsQOYubjJ3UMd/d/1ugKVpf0pWhose0rg67it3J5ueV9/7G2/tPfqPza/O2S 2EWXq63WiqGbn+8DveyftksigTBhuEVwawoEg4IhUiz/ATsAxrCHYy1iDmIW B8pf6FQu7R9OCnkAAAAldEVYdGRhdGU6Y3JlYXRlADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6 MjM6MTkrMDA6MDBPbzaeAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOm1vZGlmeQAyMDI0LTExLTIx VDE2OjIzOjE5KzAwOjAwPjKOIgAAACB0RVh0c29mdHdhcmUAaHR0cHM6Ly9p bWFnZW1hZ2ljay5vcme8zx2dAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6RG9jdW1lbnQ6OlBh Z2VzADGn/7svAAAAGHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OkhlaWdodAA2MDB63r21 AAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6SW1hZ2U6OldpZHRoADYwMOkv7egAAAAZdEVYdFRo dW1iOjpNaW1ldHlwZQBpbWFnZS9wbmc/slZOAAAAF3RFWHRUaHVtYjo6TVRp bWUAMTczMjIwNjE5Oc0b6ucAAAATdEVYdFRodW1iOjpTaXplADE1NTM4QkKR koR+AAAAPHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6VVJJAGZpbGU6Ly90bXAvbGV0dGVyX2F2YXRh cnMvMi9KSy84Ml8xODhfMTM3LzYwMC5wbmfdlxW+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/695087"><p class="blog-card__owner">Joshua Knicely</p></a> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-03" class="blog-card__date">November 03, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169903612.23910188/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Analysis of GRAIL data revealed a lunar crustal dichotomy that can be described by a degree 1 spherical harmonic. A simple explanation of this observation is a superposition of the Moon鈥檚 self-gravity and an external and constant acceleration. I explored the possibility that the Moon experienced a much greater prograde acceleration in the past (when it was considerably closer to the Earth). I use a simple density balance approximation to determine the approximate acceleration needed to produce the observed asymmetry: ~0.009 m/s2 (or ~1/2% of the Moon鈥檚 self-gravity). In order to produce this acceleration, the Moon would need to be within ~13,000 km of the Earth. This is well within the Roche limit for completely fluid bodies (~18,350 km); for completely rigid bodies, the Roche limit is ~9,480 km. From this, it is extremely unlikely for tidally-induced acceleration to explain the observed crustal asymmetry. </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-card"> <div class="blog-card__container"> <div class='blog-card__top-row'> </div> <div class='blog-card__heading-container '> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169903619.98651613/v1"> <div class="blog-card__title"> Reconstruction analysis of global ionospheric outflow patterns </div> </a> </div> <div class="blog-card__author-container"> <div class="blog-card__author-information"> <div class="blog-card__images-container"> <div class="blog-card__first-avatar"> <img alt="Mike Liemohn" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAABLFBMVEX+2hD+2g/+2Q/+2hL+2hX+2hT+2hb+2hH92AX91QD91gD9 2Q/92Q7+2hP92Ab+3Sf+5mD+40792Af92Q392Qn+5FD+5l/+3in91wD+3Sj+ 52r+3Sb+6XP////+3zT+4kT+6nj90AD+6G7+6Gr+8J791AD+8q7+6W/+52b+ 6G3+++X91wL92Qz92Aj+98/+6Gz+52f+5Vf+6XT+6XH+6Gv+2xv+/vr++Nf+ ++n++dr+4kn+52j+3zX+6n391wP91wH+5Vn+6G/+5Vz+52n+2xr+/O/++d7+ +dn9zwD+5Vv90gD92AL92Qv+52X+6Gn+6nr+2xj+3zD+4Dj90wD+6XL+6nf+ 4UD92AP+7Yv+5V3+5FH+3zL+6nv+6Xb+3B392AT92An+2xf+2xYAAACEUdKk AAAAAWJLR0RjXL4tqgAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXDUHA/qgAAAGISURBVDgR3cGL YgtRFAXQfc7N3MmZ20RVEWSrmzEIrUkoSqJUvR8lXq1ntP//EZLRVPmEroUj RQQVEQCC/4lOYEInRFUF/1JXS6CAIqk5dd4pDhNN65YFqGIus3qjbs1UBX9p 2jw2f3xhDjixePLU6daZs+eaqeKABG9t8nzWSLIl8kJss2M+CGYkeMvJi0Ut KS6Rl2POK+aDYEaCty6v8try4gqvsx1L9swHwYwEbx122c8s5w3ejCV75oNg RoK3Vd66faewtbv3WMaSPfNBMCPB24DD+1z3nF9iGUv2zAdV7JPgrcf+Az7c oD1iGUtu2uNGAsUfErz1OIhPnq49e56zjKt88fJVK3sNRUWCtzfM4xbZj1vM Y86374aj941lKKYkeOty44MjF4oOP8ZPrHxuJSqYUrc92hnVW1++tpqjnW/Z 8Psgzzd//FxJFRXRdFyM0zTLXDouthvrhU39SlWwT92uU60lqm7XBbfnJ/ZS xQHRoKITokFVQ0VxmAAQASAApIIj5DdoayrCJRPDNwAAACV0RVh0ZGF0ZTpj cmVhdGUAMjAyNC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzoxMyswMDowMOsfadAAAAAldEVYdGRh dGU6bW9kaWZ5ADIwMjQtMTEtMjFUMTY6MjM6MTMrMDA6MDCaQtFsAAAAIHRF WHRzb2Z0d2FyZQBodHRwczovL2ltYWdlbWFnaWNrLm9yZ7zPHZ0AAAAYdEVY dFRodW1iOjpEb2N1bWVudDo6UGFnZXMAMaf/uy8AAAAYdEVYdFRodW1iOjpJ bWFnZTo6SGVpZ2h0ADYwMHrevbUAAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpJbWFnZTo6V2lk dGgANjAw6S/t6AAAABl0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1pbWV0eXBlAGltYWdlL3BuZz+y Vk4AAAAXdEVYdFRodW1iOjpNVGltZQAxNzMyMjA2MTkzLc4D+QAAABN0RVh0 VGh1bWI6OlNpemUAMTE3OTlCQh68H1sAAAA8dEVYdFRodW1iOjpVUkkAZmls ZTovL3RtcC9sZXR0ZXJfYXZhdGFycy8yL01MLzI1NF8yMThfMTYvNjAwLnBu Z7OwW6kAAAAASUVORK5CYII= " /> </div> <div class="blog-card__second-avatar"> <img alt="Jorg-Micha Jahn" width="24" height="24" class="user-profile-pic" src="data:image/jpg;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAMAAABEpIrGAAAABGdBTUEAALGP C/xhBQAAACBjSFJNAAB6JgAAgIQAAPoAAACA6AAAdTAAAOpgAAA6mAAAF3Cc ulE8AAAA/1BMVEVSvIlRu4hUvIpUvYtTvIpVvYtGt4FEtn9SvIhJuINCtn5O uoZRvIhMuYVrxZpyyJ9Qu4hLuYRjwpR5y6M9tHrz+vf///9NuoVTvIlWvYw4 snfF6Nd1yaFRvIk8s3ro9u83sXe85dFwx507s3np9vC95dJPuoZWvYs3sXY+ tHs9s3rn9u9Yvo05snhwx55Qu4fQ7d/S7eBAtX1KuYMyr3Pt+PKg2r7w+fRG t4AtrW+4485txptDtn/j9Ox+zaczsHSAzqgkqmm14sxdwJBUvYpoxJjq9/GU 1bZBtX2T1bWb2LuS1bVJuIJFt4CH0K2Z17lkw5U6snhMuYQ6snkAAAAyhALn AAAAAWJLR0RU5AOIpQAAAAd0SU1FB+gLFRAXECLGknEAAAEtSURBVDgR5cEH VoNAFAXQ93DGAljG8mHUQYRgjL33GmOLNbr/vRiPJxrUFei9+IfYhja24Tf0 ekAAVBrEDyR6+wj2EwN+AIYoC4HBoeFgBIQZHdMBiDJCjU9IEMW0k1My7Ws6 lBAqmRETxbTprGS+pkMJofKKmCimTQvJfE2HLo6Eyitiopg2LSTzNR26kITK K2KimDYtJPM1HbrQ04iTipg5i+p8IZmv6dBBcqSWQC8symAtD5aWC1nxNR06 iFWztr6xubUt+c6u3ts/kMMjTYcOwkuO5eT0TI7P61JPL0RgFPEpZOPoUN5d bgxcSdt1okl8Ib2bxm3zjjfV+4fH5tNzEpMoYcPkrfylQbVaa732ahLfUFlr FUFUrfUY4jt+AD/gFy50eOfCEH/NG8d7HIUxsfdoAAAAJXRFWHRkYXRlOmNy ZWF0ZQAyMDI0LTExLTIxVDE2OjIzOjE2KzAwOjAwuSdGdwAAACV0RVh0ZGF0 ZTptb2RpZnkAMjAyNC0xMS0yMVQxNjoyMzoxNiswMDowMMh6/ssAAAAgdEVY dHNvZnR3YXJlAGh0dHBzOi8vaW1hZ2VtYWdpY2sub3JnvM8dnQAAABh0RVh0 VGh1bWI6OkRvY3VtZW50OjpQYWdlcwAxp/+7LwAAABh0RVh0VGh1bWI6Oklt YWdlOjpIZWlnaHQANjAwet69tQAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6OkltYWdlOjpXaWR0 aAA2MDDpL+3oAAAAGXRFWHRUaHVtYjo6TWltZXR5cGUAaW1hZ2UvcG5nP7JW TgAAABd0RVh0VGh1bWI6Ok1UaW1lADE3MzIyMDYxOTZdpPd2AAAAEnRFWHRU aHVtYjo6U2l6ZQA4MTMwQkLZ8B7bAAAAPHRFWHRUaHVtYjo6VVJJAGZpbGU6 Ly90bXAvbGV0dGVyX2F2YXRhcnMvMi9KSi84Ml8xODhfMTM3LzYwMC5wbme4 8C74AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC " /> </div> </div> <div> <div class="blog-card__authors-text"> <div class="blog-card-author-list" style="width: 100%;"> <a href="/users/243338"><p class="blog-card__owner">Michael W. Liemohn</p></a> <p class='blog-card__remaining-text'>and 10 more</p> </div> </div> <time datetime="2023-11-03" class="blog-card__date">November 03, 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class='blog-card__preview-content-container'> <a href="/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.169903619.98651613/v1"> <div class='blog-card__preview-content'> Ionospheric outflow supplies nearly all of the heavy ions observed within the magnetosphere, as well as a significant fraction of the proton density. While much is known about upflow and outflow energization processes, the full global pattern of outflow and its evolution is only known statistically or through numerical modeling. Because of the dominant role of heavy ions in several key physical processes, this unknown nature of the full outflow pattern leads to significant uncertainty in understanding geospace dynamics, especially surrounding storm intervals. That is, global models risk not accurately reproducing the main features of intense space storms because the amount of ionospheric outflow is poorly specified and thus magnetospheric composition and mass loading could be ill-defined. This study defines a potential mission to observe ionospheric outflow from several platforms, allowing for a reasonable and sufficient reconstruction of the full outflow pattern on an orbital cadence. An observing system simulation experiment is conducted, revealing that four well-placed satellites are sufficient for reasonably accurate outflow reconstructions. The science scope of this mission could include the following: reveal the global structure of ionospheric outflow; relate outflow patterns to geomagnetic activity level; and determine the spatial and temporal nature of outflow composition. The science objectives could be focused to be achieved with minimal instrumentation (only a low-energy ion spectrometer to obtain outflow reconstructions) or with a larger scientific scope by including contextual instrumentation. 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