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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Net_neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Net neutrality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions_for_low-income_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions_for_low-income_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Provisions for low-income families </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions_for_low-income_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Classifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Access providers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mailbox_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mailbox_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mailbox providers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mailbox_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hosting_ISPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hosting_ISPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Hosting ISPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hosting_ISPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit_ISPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit_ISPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Transit ISPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit_ISPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_ISPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_ISPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Virtual ISPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_ISPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_ISPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_ISPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Free ISPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_ISPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_ISP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_ISP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Wireless ISP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_ISP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISPs_in_rural_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISPs_in_rural_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 ISPs in rural regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISPs_in_rural_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_internet_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_internet_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Satellite internet services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_internet_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altnets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altnets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Altnets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altnets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Peering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_intelligence_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_intelligence_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Law enforcement and intelligence assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_intelligence_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Internet service provider</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eormennett_%C3%BEegnung_fores%C4%93ond" title="Eormennett þegnung foresēond – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eormennett þegnung foresēond" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مزود خدمة الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزود خدمة الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_xidm%C9%99t_provayderi" title="İnternet xidmət provayderi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet xidmət provayderi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ইন্টারনেট সেবা প্রদানকারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট সেবা প্রদানকারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Интернет доставчик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интернет доставчик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_servisni_provajder" title="Internetski servisni provajder – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Internetski servisni provajder" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prove%C3%AFdor_d%27Internet" title="Proveïdor d'Internet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proveïdor d'Internet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poskytovatel_internetov%C3%A9ho_p%C5%99ipojen%C3%AD" title="Poskytovatel internetového připojení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poskytovatel internetového připojení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetudbyder" title="Internetudbyder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internetudbyder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetdienstanbieter" title="Internetdienstanbieter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internetdienstanbieter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetiteenuste_pakkuja" title="Internetiteenuste pakkuja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internetiteenuste pakkuja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πάροχος υπηρεσιών Διαδικτύου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάροχος υπηρεσιών Διαδικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proveedor_de_servicios_de_internet" title="Proveedor de servicios de internet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proveedor de servicios de internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provizanto_de_retkonekto" title="Provizanto de retkonekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Provizanto de retkonekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP" title="ISP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ISP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="رساننده خدمات اینترنتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رساننده خدمات اینترنتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournisseur_d%27acc%C3%A8s_%C3%A0_Internet" title="Fournisseur d'accès à Internet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fournisseur d'accès à Internet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A1thra%C3%AD_seirbh%C3%ADs%C3%AD_Idirl%C3%ADn" title="Soláthraí seirbhísí Idirlín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Soláthraí seirbhísí Idirlín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP" title="ISP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ISP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90" title="인터넷 서비스 제공자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 서비스 제공자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्जाल सेवा प्रदाता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्जाल सेवा प्रदाता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pru%C5%BEatelj_internetskih_usluga" title="Pružatelj internetskih usluga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pružatelj internetskih usluga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interret-provizerio" title="Interret-provizerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interret-provizerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelenggara_jasa_internet" title="Penyelenggara jasa internet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyelenggara jasa internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet service provider" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="ספק שירותי אינטרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספק שירותי אינטרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಸೇವಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಸೇವಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Интернет провайдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интернет провайдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtoa_huduma_za_Tovuti_(MHT)" title="Mtoa huduma za Tovuti (MHT) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtoa huduma za Tovuti (MHT)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Провайдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Провайдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Internet service provider" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_provider" title="Internet provider – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Internet provider" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetszolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%B3" title="Internetszolgáltató – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internetszolgáltató" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Семрежен услужник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семрежен услужник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembekal_khidmat_Internet" title="Pembekal khidmat Internet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembekal khidmat Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0" title="အင်တာနက်ဝန်ဆောင်မှုပေးသူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်တာနက်ဝန်ဆောင်မှုပေးသူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprovider" title="Internetprovider – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internetprovider" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="इन्टरनेट सेवा प्रदायक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टरनेट सेवा प्रदायक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80" title="インターネットサービスプロバイダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネットサービスプロバイダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP" title="ISP – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="ISP" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internettleverand%C3%B8r" title="Internettleverandør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internettleverandør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internettleverand%C3%B8r" title="Internettleverandør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internettleverandør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Провайдер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Провайдер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostawca_us%C5%82ug_internetowych" title="Dostawca usług internetowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dostawca usług internetowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornecedor_de_acesso_%C3%A0_internet" title="Fornecedor de acesso à internet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fornecedor de acesso à internet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnizor_de_servicii_Internet" title="Furnizor de servicii Internet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Furnizor de servicii Internet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Интернет-провайдер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернет-провайдер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D3%A9%D2%A5%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Интернет өҥөтүн тириэрдээччи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Интернет өҥөтүн тириэрдээччи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofruesi_i_sh%C3%ABrbimit_t%C3%AB_Internetit" title="Ofruesi i shërbimit të Internetit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ofruesi i shërbimit të Internetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet service provider" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="دابینکاری ڕاژەی ئینتەرنێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دابینکاری ڕاژەی ئینتەرنێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Добављач интернет услуга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Добављач интернет услуга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet-palveluntarjoaja" title="Internet-palveluntarjoaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Internet-palveluntarjoaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetleverant%C3%B6r" title="Internetleverantör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internetleverantör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="இணையச் சேவை வழங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணையச் சேவை வழங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంటర్నెట్ సర్వీస్ ప్రొవైడర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంటర్నెట్ సర్వీస్ ప్రొవైడర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_servis_sa%C4%9Flay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="İnternet servis sağlayıcısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet servis sağlayıcısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Постачальник послуг Інтернету – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постачальник послуг Інтернету" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="انٹرنیٹ خدمت فراہم کنندہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹرنیٹ خدمت فراہم کنندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_cung_c%E1%BA%A5p_d%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5_Internet" title="Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetipakja" title="Internetipakja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Internetipakja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="互联网服务供应商" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E5%95%86" title="互聯網服務供應商 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="互聯網服務供應商" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="互联网服务供应商" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ISP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ISP (disambiguation)">ISP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Internet service" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg/440px-Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg/660px-Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg/880px-Internet_Connectivity_Access_layer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline </td></tr> <tr> <td> Early research and development: <ul><li>1960–4 (1960–4): <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li> <li>1962–4 (1962–4): <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li> <li>1965 (1965): <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li> <li>1966 (1966): <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li> <li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li> <li>1970 (1970): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li> <li>1971 (1971): <a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li> <li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li> <li>1972 (1972): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li> <li>1974 (1974): <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li> <li>1975 (1975): <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li> <li>1976 (1976): <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li> <li>1978 (1978): <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li> <li>1979 (1979): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li> <li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul> Merging the networks and creating the Internet: <ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li> <li>1984 (1984): <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li> <li>1985 (1985): <a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li>1987 (1987): <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li> <li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li> <li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul> Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: <ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li> <li>2013 (2013): <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li>2014 (2014): <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul> Examples of Internet services: <ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides myriad services related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, <a href="/wiki/Community-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="Community-owned">community-owned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a>, or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Privately_owned" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately owned">privately owned</a>. Internet services typically provided by ISPs can include <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">internet access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transit_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (Internet)">internet transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> registration, <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web hosting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg/220px-Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg/330px-Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg/440px-Stealth_Fiber_Crew_installing_fiber_cable_underneath_the_streets_of_Manhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stealth_Communications" title="Stealth Communications">Stealth Communications</a> in Manhattan installing fiber for providing Internet access</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Internet (originally <a href="/wiki/ARPAnet" class="mw-redirect" title="ARPAnet">ARPAnet</a>) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">backbone</a>, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometimes using dialup tools such as <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a>. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. Some restrictions were removed by 1991,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> shortly after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">online service providers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> (AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the general public. In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Australia<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> and the United States. In <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_(Internet_service_provider)" title="The World (Internet service provider)">The World</a> became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> These companies generally offered <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> connections, using the public telephone network to provide last-mile connections to their customers. The <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a> for dial-up ISPs were low and many providers emerged. However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired connections to their customers and could offer Internet connections at much higher speeds than dial-up using <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> technology such as <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became effectively a monopoly or <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> in countries with a commercial <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> market, such as the United States. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> was decommissioned removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic and <a href="/wiki/Network_access_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network access point">network access points</a> were created to allow peering arrangements between commercial ISPs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net_neutrality">Net neutrality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Net neutrality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net neutrality in the United States</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Internet_service_provider" title="Talk:Internet service provider">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> On 23 April 2014, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule permitting ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> position.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140423-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140424a-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140511-7">[7]</a> A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be <a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">municipal broadband</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Susan_P._Crawford" title="Susan P. Crawford">Professor Susan Crawford</a>, a legal and technology expert at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140428-8">[8]</a> On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> service, thereby preserving net neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140515a-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140515b-10">[10]</a> On 10 November 2014, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141114-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20150121-DAS-13">[13]</a> On 16 January 2015, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> presented legislation, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">H.R.</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_in_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of bills in the 114th United States Congress">discussion draft bill</a>, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150120-JW-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-HG-20150116-15">[15]</a> On 31 January 2015, <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a> reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") <a href="/wiki/Common_carrier#Telecommunications" title="Common carrier">Title II (common carrier)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> to the Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150202a-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150202b-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150131-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20150102-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150102-20">[20]</a> Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150204-21">[21]</a> and, according to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a>, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-WRD-20150204-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150206-23">[23]</a> The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150224-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150225-25">[25]</a> On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting <a href="/wiki/Common_carrier#Telecommunications" title="Common carrier">Title II (common carrier)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States#Broadband_deployment_policy_objectives" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> to the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-FCC-20150226-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150226-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150225-28">[28]</a> The FCC Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a>, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."<a href="#cite_note-HP-20150226-29">[29]</a> On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150312a-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150312b-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCC-20150315-32">[32]</a> On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "<a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net Neutrality</a>" regulations.<a href="#cite_note-CNET-20150413-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FR-20150413-34">[34]</a> These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170429-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET-20170502-37">[37]</a> On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December 2017 on whether to repeal the policy.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20171121-38">[38]</a> On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC's network neutrality rules took effect.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-repealed-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions_for_low-income_families">Provisions for low-income families</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provisions for low-income families">edit</a>]</div> Since December 31, 2021, The <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Connectivity_Program" title="Affordable Connectivity Program">Affordable Connectivity Program</a> has given households in the U.S. at or below 200% of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty guidelines">Federal Poverty Guidelines</a> or households which meet a number of other criteria an up to $30 per month discount toward internet service, or up to $75 per month on certain tribal lands.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classifications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_providers">Access providers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Access providers">edit</a>]</div> Access provider ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">acoustic couplers</a> to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, and fiber optics. For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">dial-up</a>, DSL, typically <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">asymmetric digital subscriber line</a> (ADSL), cable modem or <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">Integrated Services Digital Network</a> (ISDN) (typically <a href="/wiki/Basic_rate_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic rate interface">basic rate interface</a>). Using <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optics</a> to end users is called <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber To The Home</a> or similar names.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as <a href="/wiki/Single-pair_high-speed_digital_subscriber_line" title="Single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line">single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Ethernet" title="Metro Ethernet">metropolitan Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">gigabit Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a>, ISDN <a href="/wiki/Primary_Rate_Interface" title="Primary Rate Interface">Primary Rate Interface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">synchronous optical networking</a> (SONET).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless access</a> is another option, including <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite Internet access</a>. Access providers may have an MPLS (<a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_label_switching" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprotocol label switching">Multiprotocol label switching</a>) or formerly a SONET <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone network</a>, and have a ring<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> or mesh<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> network topology in their core network.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The networks run by access providers can be considered <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide area networks">wide area networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciscopress.com-49">[49]</a> ISPs can have <a href="/wiki/Access_network" title="Access network">access networks</a>, aggregation networks/aggregation layers/distribution layers/edge routers/metro networks and a <a href="/wiki/Core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Core network">core network</a>/backbone network; each subsequent network handles more traffic than the last.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Network_Design_Models-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Mobile service providers also have similar networks.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mailbox_providers">Mailbox providers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mailbox providers">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Mailbox_provider" title="Mailbox provider">mailbox provider</a> is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides <a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">email servers</a> to send, receive, accept, and store email for <a href="/wiki/End-user_(computer_science)#End_user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user (computer science)">end users</a> or other organizations. Many mailbox providers are also access providers,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> while others are not (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Mail">Yahoo! Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/AOL_Mail" title="AOL Mail">AOL Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Po box">Po box</a>). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers <a href="/wiki/Email_hosting_service" title="Email hosting service">email hosting services</a>, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a> (IMAP), the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a>, or a proprietary protocol.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hosting_ISPs">Hosting ISPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hosting ISPs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">Internet hosting services</a> provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_server" title="Virtual private server">virtual server</a>, cloud services, or physical server operation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit_ISPs">Transit ISPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transit ISPs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/440px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/660px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/880px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections</figcaption></figure> Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP such as a tier 2 or tier 1 ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.<a href="#cite_note-ssrn-59">[59]</a> In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a <a href="/wiki/Tier_1_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tier 1 carrier">tier 1 carrier</a>. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one <a href="/wiki/Point_of_presence" title="Point of presence">point of presence</a> (PoP)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.<a href="#cite_note-ssrn-59">[59]</a> Transit ISPs provide large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> is used by routers to connect to other networks, which are identified by their <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous system</a> number.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tier_2_network" title="Tier 2 network">Tier 2 ISPs</a> depend on Tier 1 ISPs and often have their own networks, but must pay for transit or internet access to Tier 1 ISPs, but may peer or send transit without paying, to other Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 3 ISPs do not engage in peering and only purchase transit from Tier 2 and Tier 1 ISPs, and often specialize in offering internet service to end customers such as businesses and individuals. Some organizations act as their own ISPs and purchase transit directly from a Tier 1 ISP.<a href="#cite_note-Springer-64">[64]</a> Transit ISPs may use OTN (<a href="/wiki/Optical_transport_network" title="Optical transport network">Optical transport network</a>) or SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Networking)<a href="#cite_note-ciscopress.com-49">[49]</a> with DWDM (<a href="/wiki/Dense_wavelength-division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense wavelength-division multiplexing">Dense wavelength-division multiplexing</a>) for transmitting data over optical fiber.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> For transmissions in a metro area such as a city<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and for large customers such as data centers,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> special pluggable modules in routers, conforming to standards such as <a href="/wiki/C_form-factor_pluggable" title="C form-factor pluggable">CFP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> QSFP-DD, OSFP,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 400ZR or OpenZR+ may be used alongside DWDM<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and many vendors have proprietary offerings.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Long-haul networks transport data across longer distances than metro networks, such as through submarine cables,<a href="#cite_note-ciscopress.com-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> or connecting several metropolitan networks.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Optical line systems and packet optical transport systems<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> can also be used for data transmission.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ultra long haul transmission transports data over distances of over 1500 kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_ISPs">Virtual ISPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Virtual ISPs">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Virtual_ISP" title="Virtual ISP">virtual ISP</a> (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble <a href="/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator" title="Mobile virtual network operator">mobile virtual network operators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">competitive local exchange carriers</a> for voice communications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_ISPs">Free ISPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Free ISPs">edit</a>]</div> Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">freenets</a>, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_ISP">Wireless ISP</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wireless ISP">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider" title="Wireless Internet service provider">wireless Internet service provider</a> (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the <a href="/wiki/MMDS" class="mw-redirect" title="MMDS">MMDS</a> frequency band) and <a href="/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Multipoint Distribution Service">LMDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISPs_in_rural_regions">ISPs in rural regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ISPs in rural regions">edit</a>]</div> It is hypothesized that the vast divide between broadband connection in rural and urban areas is partially caused by a lack of competition between <a href="/wiki/Rural_internet" title="Rural internet">ISPs in rural areas</a>, where there exists a market typically controlled by just one provider.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A lack of competition problematically causes subscription rates to rise disproportionately with the quality of service in rural areas, causing broadband connection to be unaffordable for some, even when the infrastructure supports service in a given area. In contrast, consumers in urban areas typically benefit from lower rates and higher quality of broadband services, not only due to more advanced infrastructure but also the healthy economic competition caused by having several ISPs in a given area.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> How the difference in competition levels has potentially negatively affected the innovation and development of infrastructure in specific rural areas remains a question. The exploration and answers developed to the question could provide guidance for possible interventions and solutions meant to remedy the digital divide between rural and urban connectivity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_internet_services">Satellite internet services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satellite internet services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altnets">Altnets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Altnets">edit</a>]</div> Altnets (portmanteau of "alternative network provider") are localized broadband networks, typically formed as an alternative to monopolistic internet service providers within a region.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peering">Peering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Peering">edit</a>]</div> ISPs may engage in <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peering</a>, where multiple ISPs interconnect at <a href="/wiki/Peering_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Peering point">peering points</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a> (IXPs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.<a href="#cite_note-ssrn-59">[59]</a> ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called <a href="/wiki/Tier_1_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tier 1 carrier">Tier 1 ISPs</a>. Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Tier 1 ISPs are also interconnected with a mesh network topology.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement_and_intelligence_assistance">Law enforcement and intelligence assistance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and intelligence assistance">edit</a>]</div> Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a> (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP, or even store the browsing history of users to allow government access if needed (e.g. via the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>). Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> program known as <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a> provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Packet_sniffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet sniffing">packet sniffing</a> equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as <a href="/wiki/DCSNet" class="mw-redirect" title="DCSNet">DCSNet</a> in the United States, or <a href="/wiki/SORM" title="SORM">SORM</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-blocking" title="Geo-blocking">Geo-blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index of Internet-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">Internet hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service_provider" title="Network service provider">Network service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">Mobile network operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_network" title="Open-access network">Open-access network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline of the Internet</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/nsfoutreach/htm/n50_z2/pages_z3/28_pg.htm">Outreach: The Internet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118121412/http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/nsfoutreach/htm/n50_z2/pages_z3/28_pg.htm">Archived</a> 2014-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. National Science Foundation, "In March 1991, the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/">"Web history timeline"</a>. 2014-03-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729162322/http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-29. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+history+timeline&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Fworld-wide-web-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#CIAP">"Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201253/http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#CIAP">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Nature+of+the+Internet+in+Australia&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerclarke.com%2FII%2FOzI04.html%23CIAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H'obbes'_Zakon" class="citation web cs1">Robert H'obbes' Zakon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/">"Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505235502/http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobbes%27+Internet+Timeline+v10.1&rft.au=Robert+H%27obbes%27+Zakon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakon.org%2Frobert%2Finternet%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> Also published as Robert H. 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Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020455/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/technology/in-net-neutrality-push-fcc-is-expected-to-propose-regulating-the-internet-as-a-utility.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2015. 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Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Get+ready%3A+The+FCC+says+it+will+vote+on+net+neutrality+in+February&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F02%2Fget-ready-the-fcc-says-itll-vote-on-net-neutrality-in-february%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20150102-20"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20150102_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation news cs1">Staff (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150103/us-fcc-net-neutrality-d8f89ffc53.html">"FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103042904/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150103/us-fcc-net-neutrality-d8f89ffc53.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. 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IEEE Access. 8: 119768–119784. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...8k9768S">2020IEEEA...8k9768S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.3005287">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=VNF+Availability+and+SFC+Sizing+Model+for+Service+Provider+Networks&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=119768-119784&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.3005287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IEEEA...8k9768S&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sidharth&rft.au=Engelmann%2C+Anna&rft.au=Jukan%2C+Admela&rft.au=Gumaste%2C+Ashwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FACCESS.2020.3005287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciscopress.com-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciscopress.com_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciscopress.com_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciscopress.com_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2832405&seqNum=5">"Selecting a WAN Technology (1.2) > WAN Concepts | Cisco Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selecting+a+WAN+Technology+%281.2%29+%3E+WAN+Concepts+%26%23124%3B+Cisco+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciscopress.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.asp%3Fp%3D2832405%26seqNum%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnPentikousisAgapiouJacob2013" class="citation book cs1">John, Wolfgang; Pentikousis, Konstantinos; Agapiou, George; Jacob, Eduardo; Kind, Mario; Manzalini, Antonio; Risso, Fulvio; Staessens, Dimitri; Steinert, Rebecca; Meirosu, Catalin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6702549">"Research Directions in Network Service Chaining"</a>. 2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS). pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5080">1312.5080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSDN4FNS.2013.6702549">10.1109/SDN4FNS.2013.6702549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2781-4"><bdi>978-1-4799-2781-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9770534">9770534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+Directions+in+Network+Service+Chaining&rft.btitle=2013+IEEE+SDN+for+Future+Networks+and+Services+%28SDN4FNS%29&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1312.5080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9770534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSDN4FNS.2013.6702549&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-2781-4&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Pentikousis%2C+Konstantinos&rft.au=Agapiou%2C+George&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Kind%2C+Mario&rft.au=Manzalini%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Risso%2C+Fulvio&rft.au=Staessens%2C+Dimitri&rft.au=Steinert%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Meirosu%2C+Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6702549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRhHPINWo2AC&dq=aggregation+network+core+network&pg=PA86">Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia : Convergences and Complementarities</a>. 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Information Economics and Policy. 13 (4): 411–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-6245%2801%2900044-0">10.1016/S0167-6245(01)00044-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F162960">11250/162960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-6245">0167-6245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24402565">24402565</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623080157/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624501000440">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2020-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Economics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Competition+and+compatibility+among+Internet+Service+Providers&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=411-425&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F162960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24402565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-6245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-6245%2801%2900044-0&rft.aulast=Foros&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Bj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0167624501000440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssrn-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_59-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2128103">Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405083326/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2128103">Archived</a> 2020-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Working Paper, August 11, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiang2012" class="citation book cs1">Chiang, Mung (10 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5DJJXoLPDQC&dq=tier+1+mesh&pg=PA283">Networked Life: 20 Questions and Answers</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02494-6"><bdi>978-1-107-02494-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networked+Life%3A+20+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02494-6&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Mung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5DJJXoLPDQC%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bmesh%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhiRamasamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OCcBAAAQBAJ&dq=tier+1+point+of+presence&pg=PA360">Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800829-4"><bdi>978-0-12-800829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800829-4&rft.aulast=Medhi&rft.aufirst=Deep&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OCcBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpoint%2Bof%2Bpresence%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_configuration_example09186a008009456d.shtml#intro">cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119045246/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_configuration_example09186a008009456d.shtml#intro">Archived</a> 2014-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BGP article </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhiRamasamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OCcBAAAQBAJ&dq=internet+exchange+point+tier+1&pg=PA351">Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800829-4"><bdi>978-0-12-800829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800829-4&rft.aulast=Medhi&rft.aufirst=Deep&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OCcBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinternet%2Bexchange%2Bpoint%2Btier%2B1%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyaev2020" class="citation book cs1">Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgDQDwAAQBAJ&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA88">Internet Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34957-8"><bdi>978-3-030-34957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Computing%3A+Principles+of+Distributed+Systems+and+Emerging+Internet-Based+Technologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-34957-8&rft.aulast=Sunyaev&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgDQDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U1M_46OltXAC&dq=dwdm+otn&pg=PA49">Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals</a>. Springer. 13 April 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-24063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-24063-3"><bdi>978-0-387-24063-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Networking+Standards%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+for+Professionals&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-387-24063-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1M_46OltXAC%26dq%3Ddwdm%2Botn%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9RWurSS0IC&dq=dwdm+otn&pg=PA93">Telecommunications Technology Handbook</a>. Artech House. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-708-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-708-7"><bdi>978-1-58053-708-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+Technology+Handbook&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58053-708-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZO9RWurSS0IC%26dq%3Ddwdm%2Botn%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EisDEAAAQBAJ&dq=dwdm+otn&pg=PA409">Springer Handbook of Optical Networks</a>. Springer. 15 October 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-16250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-16250-4"><bdi>978-3-030-16250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Optical+Networks&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-16250-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEisDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddwdm%2Botn%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_Hibler" class="citation web cs1">Florian Hibler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peering-forum.eu/2022/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2020/05/P4-400G-ZR...-Florian-Hibler.pdf">"400G-ZR(+) Real World Examples"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=400G-ZR%28%2B%29+Real+World+Examples&rft.au=Florian+Hibler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeering-forum.eu%2F2022%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F5%2F2020%2F05%2FP4-400G-ZR...-Florian-Hibler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Bechtolsheim" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bechtolsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Bechtolsheim">Andreas Bechtolsheim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pc.nanog.org/static/published/meetings/NANOG75/1954/20190220_Martin_Building_The_400G_v1.pdf">"400G and 800G Ethernet and Optics"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=400G+and+800G+Ethernet+and+Optics&rft.au=Andreas+Bechtolsheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpc.nanog.org%2Fstatic%2Fpublished%2Fmeetings%2FNANOG75%2F1954%2F20190220_Martin_Building_The_400G_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2017" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Jung Han (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmrOBQAAQBAJ&dq=cfp2+module&pg=PA147">High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THZ Applications</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-9012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-9012-0"><bdi>978-1-4665-9012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-Speed+Devices+and+Circuits+with+THZ+Applications&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-9012-0&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Jung+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmrOBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcfp2%2Bmodule%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiaCampos2019" class="citation book cs1">Jia, Zhensheng; Campos, Luis Alberto (28 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHa7DwAAQBAJ&dq=cfp2+module&pg=PA42">Coherent Optics for Access Networks</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-73650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-73650-2"><bdi>978-1-000-73650-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coherent+Optics+for+Access+Networks&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-000-73650-2&rft.aulast=Jia&rft.aufirst=Zhensheng&rft.au=Campos%2C+Luis+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHa7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcfp2%2Bmodule%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_UrricarietAndré_Guimarães2019" class="citation web cs1">Christian Urricariet; André Guimarães (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacnic.net/innovaportal/file/3635/1/christian-urricariet-y-andre-guimaraes.pdf">"Trends in 400G Optics for the Data Center"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+400G+Optics+for+the+Data+Center&rft.date=2019-05&rft.au=Christian+Urricariet&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Guimar%C3%A3es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacnic.net%2Finnovaportal%2Ffile%2F3635%2F1%2Fchristian-urricariet-y-andre-guimaraes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oiforum.com/wp-content/uploads/OIF-400ZR-01.0_reduced2.pdf">"Implementation Agreement 400ZR"</a> (PDF). Optical Internetworking Forum. March 10, 2020. OIF-400ZR-01.0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+Agreement+400ZR&rft.pub=Optical+Internetworking+Forum&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiforum.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FOIF-400ZR-01.0_reduced2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightwaveonline.com/optical-tech/transmission/article/14184990/openzr-msa-group-releases-first-specification">"OpenZR+ MSA Group releases first specification"</a>. 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenZR%2B+MSA+Group+releases+first+specification&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightwaveonline.com%2Foptical-tech%2Ftransmission%2Farticle%2F14184990%2Fopenzr-msa-group-releases-first-specification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightwaveonline.com/optical-tech/transmission/article/14188934/understanding-400zr-openzr-400zr-optics">"Understanding 400ZR/OpenZR+/400ZR+ Optics"</a>. 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+400ZR%2FOpenZR%2B%2F400ZR%2B+Optics&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightwaveonline.com%2Foptical-tech%2Ftransmission%2Farticle%2F14188934%2Funderstanding-400zr-openzr-400zr-optics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYEqEAAAQBAJ&dq=400zr+dwdm&pg=PA164">Optical Communications in the 5G Era</a>. Academic Press. 23 October 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-823134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-823134-0"><bdi>978-0-12-823134-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Communications+in+the+5G+Era&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-12-823134-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYEqEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D400zr%2Bdwdm%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PJbEAAAQBAJ&dq=long+haul+network&pg=PA371">Optical Networks</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52938-6"><bdi>978-0-470-52938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcatel-Lucent+Scalable+IP+Networks+Self-Study+Guide%3A+Preparing+for+the+Network+Routing+Specialist+I+%28NRS+1%29+Certification+Exam&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-470-52938-6&rft.aulast=Hundley&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTPmJytNeosC%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bnetwork%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2011" class="citation book cs1">Norton, William B. 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DrPeering Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937451-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937451-02-8"><bdi>978-1-937451-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Peering+Playbook%3A+Connecting+to+the+Core+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=DrPeering+Press&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-937451-02-8&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92ZYiSTXkWMC%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM-Y2W0RIF0C&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA293">Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</a>. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7"><bdi>978-0-08-047497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047497-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM-Y2W0RIF0C%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM-Y2W0RIF0C&dq=internet+exchange+point+tier+1&pg=PA291">Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</a>. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7"><bdi>978-0-08-047497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047497-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM-Y2W0RIF0C%26dq%3Dinternet%2Bexchange%2Bpoint%2Btier%2B1%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXZODwAAQBAJ&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA156">Information Network Engineering</a>. 株式会社オーム社. 20 July 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-274-99991-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-274-99991-8"><bdi>978-4-274-99991-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Network+Engineering&rft.pub=%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE+%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.isbn=978-4-274-99991-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXZODwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/security/risk-management/nsa-prism-creates-stir-but-appears-legal/d/d-id/1110275">NSA PRISM Creates Stir, But Appears Legal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125144544/http://www.informationweek.com/security/risk-management/nsa-prism-creates-stir-but-appears-legal/d/d-id/1110275">Archived</a> 2014-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2014-03-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/us/politics/obamas-speech-on-nsa-phone-surveillance.html?_r=0">"Obama's Speech on N.S.A. Phone Surveillance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 17 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140120154717/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/us/politics/obamas-speech-on-nsa-phone-surveillance.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Speech+on+N.S.A.+Phone+Surveillance&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fobamas-speech-on-nsa-phone-surveillance.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/02/new-kgb-takes-internet-sorm">"New KGB Takes Internet by SORM"</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318013742/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/02/new-kgb-takes-internet-sorm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=New+KGB+Takes+Internet+by+SORM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F02%2Fnew-kgb-takes-internet-sorm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+service+provider" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_service_provider&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11558-022-09483-z">Telecommunications Ownership and Control (TOSCO) dataset</a> on the ownership of internet service providers.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Internet service providers of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Internet service providers of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet service providers of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_service_providers_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet service providers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Charter Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneLink_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="OneLink Communications">OneLink Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Xfinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">HughsNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Fiber">AT&T Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell Fioptics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Fiber" title="Frontier Fiber">Frontier Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlight_Networks" title="Greenlight Networks">Greenlight Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoscope_Communications" title="Phonoscope Communications">Phonoscope Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic.net">Sonic.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_Communications" title="Stealth Communications">Stealth Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ting_Inc." title="Ting Inc.">Ting Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">Copper / DSL ISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Internet" title="AT&T Internet">AT&T Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenturyLink" class="mw-redirect" title="CenturyLink">CenturyLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_High_Speed_Internet" title="Verizon High Speed Internet">Verizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Defunct ISP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_Global_Internet_Services" title="Apex Global Internet Services">AGIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_CitiNet" title="Boston CitiNet">Boston CitiNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMNet" title="ATMNet">ATMNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/@Home_Network" title="@Home Network">@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Talk">Pure Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas.net" title="Texas.net">Texas.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Access" title="WorldWide Access">WorldWide Access</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a 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