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id="toc-Islamic_scholars_under_him" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_scholars_under_him"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islamic scholars under him</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_scholars_under_him-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_for_translations_and_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_for_translations_and_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Patronage for translations and scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_for_translations_and_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">al-Mansur</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="أبو جعفر المنصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو جعفر المنصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99nsur_(x%C9%99lif%C9%99)" title="Mənsur (xəlifə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mənsur (xəlifə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="المنصور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="المنصور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আল মনসুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল মনসুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Mensur" title="El-Mensur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="El-Mensur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_(abb%C3%A0ssida)" title="Al-Mansur (abbàssida) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Mansur (abbàssida)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mans%C3%BAr" title="Al-Mansúr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Mansúr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mans%C5%ABr_(Abbaside)" title="Al-Mansūr (Abbaside) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Mansūr (Abbaside)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81" title="Αλ-Μανσούρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Μανσούρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87)" title="منصور (خلیفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منصور (خلیفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_(Abbasside)" title="Al-Mansur (Abbasside) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Mansur (Abbasside)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B6%80_%EC%9E%90%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C%EB%A7%8C%EC%88%98%EB%A5%B4" title="아부 자파르 알만수르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아부 자파르 알만수르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Աբու ալ-Մանսուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբու ալ-Մանսուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A3)" title="אל-מנסור (ח'ליף) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-מנסור (ח'ליף)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალ-მანსური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-მანსური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%B1%D1%80" title="Әл-Мансұр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Мансұр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansz%C3%BAr_abb%C3%A1szida_kalifa" title="Al-Manszúr abbászida kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Manszúr abbászida kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ابو جعفر المنصور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو جعفر المنصور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansoer_(kalief)" title="Al-Mansoer (kalief) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Mansoer (kalief)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="マンスール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンスール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jafar_al-Mansur" title="Abu Jafar al-Mansur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abu Jafar al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ابو جعفر المنصور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابو جعفر المنصور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ابوجعفر منصور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابوجعفر منصور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman%C3%A7or_(califa)" title="Almançor (califa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almançor (califa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80" title="Абу Джафар аль-Мансур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абу Джафар аль-Мансур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ابو جعفر منصور – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابو جعفر منصور" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuu_jacfar_almansuur" title="Abuu jacfar almansuur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abuu jacfar almansuur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B9%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئەبووجەعفەری مەنسوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبووجەعفەری مەنسوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ел Мансур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ел Мансур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_(abbasidi)" title="Al-Mansur (abbasidi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Mansur (abbasidi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Mansur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mans%C3%BBr" title="Mansûr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mansûr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80" title="Абу Джафар аль-Мансур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абу Джафар аль-Мансур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ابو جعفر المنصور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابو جعفر المنصور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC)" title="曼蘇爾 (阿拔斯哈里發) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼蘇爾 (阿拔斯哈里發)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ja%27far_al-Mansur&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ja'far al-Mansur">Abu Ja'far al-Mansur</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754–775)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Al-Mansur (disambiguation)">Al-Mansur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Mansur<br />المنصور</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Khalifah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_(silsilan%C4%81ma),_Cream_of_Histories_(Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih,_1598).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg/220px-Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg/330px-Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg/440px-Abb%C4%81sid_Caliph_al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr_from_the_genealogy_%28silsilan%C4%81ma%29%2C_Cream_of_Histories_%28Z%C3%BCbdet-%C3%BCt_Tevarih%2C_1598%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="962" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Abbāsid Caliph al-Manṣūr from the genealogy (silsilanāma), "Cream of Histories" (<i>Zübdet-üt Tevarih</i>, 1598)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 754 – 6 October 775</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 714</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Humeima" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeima">al-Humayma</a>, Jordan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 775 (aged 61)<br />near <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Mu%27alla" title="Jannat al-Mu'alla">al-Ma'lat Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Mansur_al-Himyari" title="Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari">Arwa bint Mansur</a></li> <li>Hammadah bint Isa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Muhammad_al-Taymi" title="Fatimah bint Muhammad al-Taymi">Fatimah bint Muhammad</a></li> <li>Qali-al Farrashah</li> <li>Umm al-Qasim</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abdallah_al-Mansur" title="Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Mansur">Ja'far</a> <i>(b. 742/43)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a> <i>(b. 744/45)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abi_Ja%27far" title="Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_bint_al-Mansur" title="Aliyah bint al-Mansur">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="#Family">see more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abu Ja'far Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdallah" title="Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah">Muḥammad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Abbas" title="Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas">ʿAlī</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">ʿAbd Allāh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sallamah_Umm_Abdallah" title="Sallamah Umm Abdallah">Sallamah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdallah" title="Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah">Muḥammad</a> al-Manṣūr</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور</span>‎; 95 <a href="/wiki/Anno_hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno hegirae">AH</a> – 158 AH/714 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a> <b>al-Manṣūr</b> (المنصور) was the second <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 750–754</span>). He is known for founding the 'Round City' of <a href="/wiki/Madinat_al-Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinat al-Salam">Madinat al-Salam</a>, which was to become the core of imperial <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p><p>Modern historians regard al-Mansur as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 265">: 265 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caliphs" title="History of the Caliphs">History of the Caliphs</a></i>, al-Mansur lived 95 AH – 158 AH (714 CE – 6 October 775 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur was born at the home of the Abbasid family in <a href="/wiki/Humeima" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeima">Humeima</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) after their emigration from the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in 714 (95 AH).<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Sallamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallamah">Sallamah</a>, a slave woman.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur was a brother of <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were named Abd Allah, and to distinguish between them, al-Saffah was referred to by his <i><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a></i> Abu al-Abbas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri202141_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri202141-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur was a great great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a>, an uncle of the Islamic prophet, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur's brother al-Saffah began asserting his claim to become caliph in the 740s and became particularly active in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, an area where non-Arab Muslims lived. After the death of the Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik</a> in 743 a period of instability followed. Al-Saffah led the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> in 747 and his claim to power was supported throughout Iraq by Muslims. He became the first caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a> in 750 after defeating his rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> by an army of rebels from Khorasan that were influenced by propaganda spread by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, the last Umayyad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a>, arrested the head of the Abbasid family, Al Mansur's other brother Ibrahim. Al-Mansur fled with the rest of his family to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> where some of the Khorasanian rebel leaders gave their allegiance to his brother al-Saffah. Ibrahim died in captivity and al-Saffah became the first Abbasid Caliph. During his brother's reign, al-Mansur led an army to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> where he received a submission from the governor after informing him of the last Umayyad Caliph's death. The last Umayyad governor had taken refuge in Iraq in a garrison town. He was promised a safe-conduct by al-Mansur and the Caliph al-Saffah, but after surrendering the town, he was executed with a number of his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i>, a history book in Arabic written around 947 CE, al-Mansur's dislike of the Umayyad dynasty is well documented and he has been reported saying: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_(758_AD).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG/250px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG/375px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of al-Mansur</figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>"The Umayyads held the government which had been given to them with a firm hand, protecting, preserving and guarding the gift granted them by God. But then their power passed to their effeminate sons, whose only ambition was the satisfaction of their desires and who chased after pleasures forbidden by Almighty God...Then God stripped them of their power, covered them with shame and deprived them of their worldly goods".<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Mansur's first wife was a Yemeni woman from a royal family; his second was a descendant of a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>; his third was an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> servant. He also had a minimum of three concubines: an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, a Byzantine, nicknamed the “restless butterfly," and a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201221_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201221-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Saffah died after a short five-year reign and al-Mansur took on the responsibility of establishing the Abbasid caliphate<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by holding on to power for nearly 22 years, from Dhu al-Hijjah 136 AH until Dhu al-Hijjah 158 AH (754 – 775).<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Axworthy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur was proclaimed Caliph on his way to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the year 753 (136 AH) and was inaugurated the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikin1747_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikin1747-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad took the name al-Mansur ("the victorious") and agreed to make his nephew <a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Musa" title="Isa ibn Musa">Isa ibn Musa</a> his successor to the Abbasid caliphate. This agreement was supposed to resolve rivalries in the Abbasid family, but al-Mansur's right to accession was particularly challenged by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Ali">Abdullah ibn Ali</a>. Once in power as caliph, al-Mansur had his uncle imprisoned in 754 and killed in 764.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_of_Abu_Muslim_and_aftermath">Execution of Abu Muslim and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Execution of Abu Muslim and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Khorasan_highlighted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ancient_Khorasan_highlighted.jpg/300px-Ancient_Khorasan_highlighted.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Ancient_Khorasan_highlighted.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Khorasan and other territories during the Caliphate in 750.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fearing the increasing power of the Abbasid general <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a>, who gained popularity among the people, al-Mansur carefully planned his assassination. Abu Muslim was conversing with the Caliph when, at an appointed signal, four (some sources say five) of his guards rushed in and fatally wounded the general.<sup id="cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marigny1758-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Aikin" title="John Aikin">John Aikin</a>, in his work <i>General Biography</i>, narrates that Mansur, not content with the assassination, committed "outrages on the dead body, and kept it several days in order to glut his eyes with the spectacle."<sup id="cite_ref-Aikin1747_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikin1747-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Execution of Abu Muslim caused uproars throughout the province of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>. In 755 <a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a>, an Iranian nobleman from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Karen" title="House of Karen">House of Karen</a>, led a revolt against al-Mansur, taking the cities of <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qumis,_Iran" title="Qumis, Iran">Qumis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>. In Ray, he seized the treasuries of Abu Muslim. He gained many supporters from <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabuyid">Dabuyid</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Khurshid_of_Tabaristan" title="Khurshid of Tabaristan">Khurshid</a>, who was paid with money from the treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marigny1758-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> Al-Mansur ordered a force of 10,000 under Abbasid commander Jahwar ibn Marrar al-lijli to march without delay to Khorasan to fight the rebellion. Sunpadh was defeated and Khorasan reclaimed by the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marigny1758-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur sent an official to take inventory of the spoils collected from the battle as a precautionary measure against acquisition by his army. Angered by al-Mansur's avarice, general Jahwar gained support from his troops for his plans to split the treasures evenly, and revolted against the caliph. This raised alarm in the caliph's court and al-Mansur ordered Mohammad ibn Ashar to march towards <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. Jahwar, knowing his troops were at a disadvantage, retired to <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and fortified in preparation. Mohammad's army pressed the rebel forces and Jahwar fled to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Jahwar's forces were defeated, but he escaped Mohammad's pursuit. This campaign lasted from 756 to 762 CE (138 to 144 AH).<sup id="cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marigny1758-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 759, al-Mansur sent an army under his generals <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb_Marzuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq">Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khazim_ibn_Khuzayma_al-Tamimi" title="Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi">Khazim ibn Khuzayma</a> to Tabaristan to punish Khurshid for his support to Sunpadh. Khurshid was defeated and Abu al-Khasib was appointed as the governor of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After relieving former vizier ibn Attiya al-Bahili, al-Mansur transferred his duties to Abu Ayyub al-Muriyani from <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>. Abu Ayyub was previously a secretary to Sulayman ibn Habib ibn al-Muhallab, who in the past, had condemned al-Mansur to be whipped and flogged to pieces. Abu Ayyub had rescued al-Mansur from this punishment. Nevertheless, after appointing him as vizier, al-Mansur suspected Abu Ayyub of various crimes, including extortion and treachery, which led to the latter's assassination. The vacant secretary role was granted to Aban ibn Sadaqa until the death of the caliph al-Mansur.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_of_Baghdad">Foundation of Baghdad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation of Baghdad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/400px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/600px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/800px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Map of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD. The city was founded by al-Mansur in 762.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 757 CE, al-Mansur sent a large army to <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> which fortified the city of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>. In this same year, he confronted a group of the <a href="/wiki/Rawandiyya" title="Rawandiyya">Rawandiyya</a> from the region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> that were performing <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulation</a> around his palace as an act of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aikin1747_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikin1747-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> When in 758/9 the people of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a> rioted against al-Mansur in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Al_Hashimiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hashimiya">Al Hashimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_ibn_Za%27ida_al-Shaybani" title="Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani">Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani</a>, a general from the <a href="/wiki/Shayban_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayban (tribe)">Shayban</a> tribe and companion of <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Umar_al-Fazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari">Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, appeared at the scene of the uprising completely masked, and threw himself between the crowd and Mansur, driving the insurgents away. Ma'n reveals himself to al-Mansur as "he whom you have been searching" and upon hearing this, al-Mansur granted him rewards, robes of honor, rank, and amnesty from previously serving the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> In 762 two descendants of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> rebelled in Medina and Basra. Al-Mansur's troops defeated the rebels first in Medina and then in Basra. This would be the last major uprising against the caliph al-Mansur.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To consolidate his power al-Mansur founded the new imperial residence and palace city Madinat as-Salam (<a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">the city of peace</a>), which became the core of the Imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur laid the foundations of Baghdad near the old capital of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">al-Mada'in</a>, on the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a>, a location acceptable to him and his commanders. The circular city of about 2.4 km diameter was enclosed by a double-thick <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive wall</a> with four gates named Kufa, Syria, Khorasan, and Basra. In the center of the city al-Mansur erected the caliph's palace and the main <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur had built Baghdad in response to a growing concern from the chief towns in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> that there was lack of solidity within the regime after the death of Abu'l 'Abbas (later known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a>). Another reason for the construction of the new capital was the growing need to house and provide stability for a rapidly developing Abbasid bureaucracy forged under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval historians <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> would later claim that al-Mansur had ordered the demolition of the Khosrow palace in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> so that the material could be used for the construction of the <i>city of peace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur pursued his vision of a powerful centralized caliphate in the new Muslim imperial capital of Baghdad. The city was populated with men and women of different faiths and cultures from all over the Islamic world. The Baghdad populace included <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> minorities and communicated in Arabic. Al-Mansur pursued Islamization by staffing his administration with Muslims of varied backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdad became one of al-Mansur's lasting achievements. His rule was largely peaceful as he focused on internal reforms, agriculture and patronage of the sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus he paved the way for Baghdad to become a global center of learning and science under the rule of the seventh <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 764 al-Mansur's son <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a> was made the designated heir to the caliphate, taking precedence over al-Mansur's nephew <a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Musa" title="Isa ibn Musa">Isa ibn Musa</a>, who had been named the designated successor when al-Mansur was crowned caliph. This change in succession was opposed by parts of the Abbasid family and some allies of Isa ibn Musa in <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>, but was supported by the Abbasid army. Al-Mansur had cultivated support for his son's accession since 754, while undermining Isa ibn Musa's position within the Abbasid military.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> writes in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prophets_and_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prophets and Kings">History of Prophets and Kings</a></i>: "Abu Ja'far had a mirror in which he could descry his enemy from his friend."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur's <a href="/wiki/Secret_service" title="Secret service">secret service</a> extended to remote regions of his empire, and were cognizant of everything from social unrest to the price of figs, making Mansur very knowledgeable of his domains. He rose at dawn, worked until <a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">evening prayer</a>. He set the example for his son and heir. According to historic sources al-Mansur advised his son: “put not off the work of today until tomorrow and attend in person to the affairs of state. Sleep not, for thy father has not slept since he came to the caliphate. For when sleep fell upon his eyes, his spirit remained awake.” Notably frugal, al-Mansur was nicknamed Abu al-Duwaneek (“the Father of Small Change”), kept close tabs on his <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collectors</a>, and made sure <a href="/wiki/Public_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Public spending">public spending</a> was carefully monitored. He is reported as having said “he who has no money has no men, and he who has no men watches as his enemies grow great.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201213_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201213-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_scholars_under_him">Islamic scholars under him</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic scholars under him"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>, a group descended from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s closest male relative and cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, had fought with the Abbasids against the Umayyads. They wanted the power to be given to the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, a great-grandson of Ali and one of the most influential scholars in Islamic jurisprudence at the time. When it became clear that the Abbasid family had no intention of handing the power to an Alid, groups loyal to Ali moved into opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Mansur came to power as second Abbasid caliph he started to suppress what he perceived as extreme elements in the broad Muslim coalition that had supported the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a>. He would be the first Abbasid caliph to uphold Islamic orthodoxy as a matter of <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>. While al-Mansur's regime did not intrude into the private realm of elites, orthodoxy was promoted in public <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>, for example through the organization of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrim caravans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur's harsh treatment towards the Alids led to a revolt in 762–763, but they were eventually defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq became the victim of harassment by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a> family and in response to his growing popularity among the people was eventually poisoned on the orders of the caliph<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the tenth year of al-Mansur's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> According to a number of sources, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man</a>, who founded a <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, was imprisoned by al-Mansur. <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>, the founder of another school, was <a href="/wiki/Flogged" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogged">flogged</a> during his rule, but al-Mansur himself did not condone this. Al-Mansur's cousin, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madinah</a> at the time, had ordered the flogging and was punished for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Abdallah" title="Ibrahim ibn Abdallah">Ibrahim ibn Abdallah</a>, the grandsons of Imam <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan ibn Ali">Hassan ibn Ali</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were persecuted by al-Mansur after rebelling against his reign. They escaped his persecution, but al-Mansur's anger fell upon their father Abdallah ibn Hassan and others of his family. Abdallah's sons were later defeated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikin1747_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikin1747-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage_for_translations_and_scholarship">Patronage for translations and scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Patronage for translations and scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur,_AH_150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg/300px-Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg/450px-Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg/600px-Dirham_of_Abbasid_caliph_al-Mansur%2C_AH_150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Abbasid Silver <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of Caliph al-Mansur 754–775</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Mansur was the first Abbasid caliph to sponsor the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Translation Movement</a>. Al-Mansur was particularly interested in sponsoring the translations of texts on <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur called scientists to his court and became noted as patron of astronomers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Mansur's Baghdad court was presented with the <i><a href="/wiki/Zij_al-Sindhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Zij al-Sindhind">Zij al-Sindhind</a></i>, an Indian astronomical handbook that included tables to calculate celestial positions, al-Mansur ordered for this major Indian work on astronomy to be translated from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to Arabic. The astronomical tables in the Arabic translation of <i>Zij al-Sindhind</i> became widely adopted by Muslim scholars. During al-Mansur reign Greek works were also translated, such <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur had <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> books on astronomy, mathematics, medicine, philosophy and other sciences translated in a systematic campaign to collect knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation of Persian books was part of a growing interest in ancient Iranian heritage and a Persian revivalist movement which al-Mansur sponsored. The translation and study of works in <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Pahlavi</a>, a pre-Islamic language of Persia, became fashionable among intellectuals and authors who supported the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government secretaries of Persian descent in al-Mansur's administration sponsored translations of Pahlavi texts on the history and principles of royal administration. Popular Arabic translations were produced by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa">Ibn al-Muqaffa</a> of texts that documented the systems and hierarchies of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur was greatly interested in the quality of the translation and paid <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar</a> to translate Euclid's <i>Elements</i> twice.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur paid for the physician <a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a> to write Arabic translations of medical books,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first Arabic translations of medical texts written by <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> were done by al-Mansur's official translator.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 765 al-Mansur suffered from a stomach ailment and called the Christian <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking physician <a href="/wiki/Jurjis_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurjis ibn Bukhtishu">Jurjis ibn Bukhtishu</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> for medical treatment. In doing so al-Mansur started the tradition among Abbasid caliphs, who would pay physicians of the <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a> family to attend to their needs and to write original Arabic medical treatises, as well as translate medical texts into Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/300px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/450px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/600px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancus</a> issued under the Saxon king <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796), copied from a <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinar</a> of al-Mansur's reign. It combines the Latin legend OFFA REX with Arabic legends. The date of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">A.H.</a> 157 (773–774) is readable.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 751 the first Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> had defeated the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>. Chinese sources record that al-Mansur sent his diplomatic delegations regularly to China. Al-Mansur's delegations were known in China as <i>Heiyi Dashi</i> (<i>Black Clothed Arabs</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 756 al-Mansur sent 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> to assist <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Suzong of Tang">Emperor Suzong of Tang</a> in the An Lushan rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by former Yan rebel general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Shengong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Shengong (page does not exist)">Tian Shengong</a> happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre_(760)" title="Yangzhou massacre (760)">Yangzhou massacre (760)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> had used the weakness of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a> to regain land from Muslim rulers. After the Umayyad caliphate was defeated by al-Mansur's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a>, Constantine V invaded <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and occupied parts of it throughout 751 and 752. Under al-Mansur's rule Muslim armies conducted raids on Byzantine territory.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur was the first Abbasid caliph to hold a ransom meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Diplomats in the service of Constantine V and al-Mansur first negotiated the exchange of prisoners in 756.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 763 al-Mansur sent his troops to conquer <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid empire">Abbasid empire</a>. But the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carmona_(763)" title="Siege of Carmona (763)">successfully defended</a> his territory. Al-Mansur withdrew and thereafter focused his troops of holding the eastern part of his empire on lands that were once part of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians credit al-Mansur with starting the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Abbasid–Carolingian alliance</a>. In fact, it was the first <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Pippin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin III">Pippin III</a> who initiated a new era of Franconian diplomacy by sending diplomatic envoys to al-Mansur's Baghdad court in 765. It is probable that Pippin III sought an alliance with al-Mansur against their common enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a>. In 768 the envoys of Pippin III returned to <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Francia</a> along with caliph al-Mansur's ambassadors. Pippin III received al-Mansur's delegation in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> and gifts were exchanged as a sign of the new alliance. This alliance was solidified when between 797 and 807 king <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> established embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mansur's treatment of his Christian subjects was severe; he "collected from them capitation with much vigor and impressed upon them marks of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-Aikin1747_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikin1747-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mansur's first wife was <a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Mansur_al-Himyari" title="Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari">Arwa</a> known as Umm Musa, whose lineage went back to the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">kings of Himyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abbott_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbott-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was Mansur al-Himyari. She had a brother named Yazid.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had two sons, Muhammad (future Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abdallah_al-Mansur" title="Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Mansur">Ja'far</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abbott_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbott-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 764.<sup id="cite_ref-abbott_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbott-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was Hammadah. Her father was Isa,<sup id="cite_ref-al-sai_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-sai-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of al-Mansur's uncles.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died during al-Mansur's caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-al-sai_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-sai-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Muhammad_al-Taymi" title="Fatimah bint Muhammad al-Taymi">Fatimah</a>. Her father was Muhammad, one of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Talhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talhah">Talhah ibn Ubaydullah</a>. She had three sons, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abi_Ja%27far" title="Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far">Sulayman</a>, Isa, and Ya'qub.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his concubines was a Kurdish woman. She was the mother of al-Mansur's son Ja'far 'Ibn al-Kurdiyyah' (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Name">Nasab</a> translating to "Son of the Kurdish woman"). Unlike his other adult half-brothers, little is known of Ja'far and he likely was not involved in politics or had marriage or issue. However, his death is recorded at 802 AD by palace records suggesting he lived into adulthood and continued to live at court rather than having been banished or dying before adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concubine was Qali-al Farrashah. She was a Greek, and was the mother of al-Mansur's son Salih al-Miskin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another concubine was Umm al-Qasim, whose son al-Qasim died at aged ten.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Masnur's only daughter <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_bint_al-Mansur" title="Aliyah bint al-Mansur">Aliyah</a> was born to an Umayyad woman. She married <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Sulayman_al-Hashimi" title="Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi">Ishaq ibn Sulayman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">Al-Mas'udi</a> writes that Mansur died on Saturday 6, Dhu al-Hijja 158 AH/775 CE. There are varying accounts of the location and circumstances of al-Mansur's death. One account narrates that al-Mansur was on a pilgrimage to Mecca and had nearly reached, when death overtook him at a location called the Garden of the Bani Amir on the high road to Iraq at the age of sixty-three. According to this narration, he was buried in Mecca with his face uncovered because he was wearing the <a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">ihram clothing</a>. 100 graves were dug around Mecca with the intention to thwart any attempt to find and violate his bones.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different narration from <a href="/wiki/Fadl_ibn_Rabi%27ah" title="Fadl ibn Rabi'ah">Fadl ibn Rabi'ah</a>, who claimed to have been with Mansur at his time of death, states that he died at al-Batha' near the Well of Maimun in which he would have been buried at al-Hajun at sixty-five years of age. In this narration, Mansur was sitting in a domed room hallucinating about ill-omen writings on the wall. When al-Rabiah replied "I see nothing written on the wall. Its surface is clean and white," al-Mansur replied, "my soul is warned that she may prepare for her near departure." After reaching the Well of Maimun, he reportedly said "God be praised" and succumbed to death that very day. </p><p>When al-Mansur died, the caliphate's treasury contained 600,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">dirhams</a> and fourteen million <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Masudi_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Masudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> On his deathbed, Mansur said, “We have sacrificed the life to come for a mere dream!”<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weh_Antiok_Khosrow" title="Weh Antiok Khosrow">al-Rumiya</a>, city used temporarily by al-Mansur as his seat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_Mosque" title="Bay'ah Mosque">Bay'ah Mosque</a> is a mosque outside Mecca in Arabia, It was built on the orders of al-Mansur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Zayd_ibn_Hasan" title="Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan">Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan</a> Abbasid Governor of Medina 766 to 772.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Sino-Arab relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of Islam, volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World</i>, ed. Chase F Robinson, March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Souyouti, Tarikh Al-Kholafa'a (The History of Caliphs)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawting2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting2010_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHawting" class="citation web cs1">Hawting, G.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mansur-Abbasid-caliph">"Al Mansur: Abbasid Caliph"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Al+Mansur%3A+Abbasid+Caliph&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2Fal-Mansur-Abbasid-caliph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajībābādī2001" class="citation book cs1">Najībābādī, Akbar Shāh K̲h̲ān (2001). <i>History of Islam (Vol 2)</i>. Darussalam. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789960892887" title="Special:BookSources/9789960892887"><bdi>9789960892887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam+%28Vol+2%29&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789960892887&rft.aulast=Naj%C4%ABb%C4%81b%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Akbar+Sh%C4%81h+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Ernest (2016). <i>The Middle East in Modern World History</i>. 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London: G. G. and J. Robinson. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1333072457" title="Special:BookSources/1333072457"><bdi>1333072457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+biography%3A+or%2C+Lives%2C+critical+and+historical%2C+of+the+most+eminent+persons+of+all+ages%2C+countries%2C+conditions%2C+and+professions%2C+arranged+according+to+alphabetical+order&rft.place=London&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=G.+G.+and+J.+Robinson&rft.date=1747&rft.isbn=1333072457&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsham2009" class="citation book cs1">Marsham, Andrew (2009). <i>Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748630776" title="Special:BookSources/9780748630776"><bdi>9780748630776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+of+Islamic+Monarchy%3A+Accession+and+Succession+in+the+First+Muslim+Empire%3A+Accession+and+Succession+in+the+First+Muslim+Empire&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780748630776&rft.aulast=Marsham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marigny1758-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marigny1758_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarigny1758" class="citation book cs1">Marigny, François Augier de (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyarabians02marigoog"><i>The history of the Arabians, under the government of the caliphs, from Mahomet, their founder, to the death of Mostazem, the fifty-sixth and last Abassian caliph; containing the space of six hundred thirty-six years. With notes, historical, critical, and explanatory; together with genealogical and chronological tables; and a complete index to each volume</i></a>. London: London, T. Payne [etc.] p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyarabians02marigoog/page/n32">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781171019787" title="Special:BookSources/9781171019787"><bdi>9781171019787</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatoreTottoliRahimi2018" class="citation book cs1">Salvatore, Armando; Tottoli, Roberto; Rahimi, Babak (2018). <i>The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470657546" title="Special:BookSources/9780470657546"><bdi>9780470657546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780470657546&rft.aulast=Salvatore&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft.au=Tottoli%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Rahimi%2C+Babak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Wendell1971" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>2</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Baghdad%3A+Imago+Mundi%2C+and+Other+Foundation-Lore&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Charles+Wendell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865686" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865686"><bdi>9780810865686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780810865686&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayyusiHolodPetruccioliRaymond2008" class="citation book cs1">Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, Andre (2008). <i>The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2</i>. BRILL. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004162402" title="Special:BookSources/9789004162402"><bdi>9789004162402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+in+the+Islamic+World%2C+Volume+94%2F1+%26+94%2F2&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004162402&rft.aulast=Jayyusi&rft.aufirst=Salma+K.&rft.au=Holod%2C+Renata&rft.au=Petruccioli%2C+Attilio&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatoreTottoliRahimi2018" class="citation book cs1">Salvatore, Armando; Tottoli, Roberto; Rahimi, Babak (2018). <i>The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470657546" title="Special:BookSources/9780470657546"><bdi>9780470657546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780470657546&rft.aulast=Salvatore&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft.au=Tottoli%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Rahimi%2C+Babak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhareebDougherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004). <i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865686" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865686"><bdi>9780810865686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780810865686&rft.aulast=Ghareeb&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsham2009" class="citation book cs1">Marsham, Andrew (2009). <i>Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748630776" title="Special:BookSources/9780748630776"><bdi>9780748630776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+of+Islamic+Monarchy%3A+Accession+and+Succession+in+the+First+Muslim+Empire%3A+Accession+and+Succession+in+the+First+Muslim+Empire&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780748630776&rft.aulast=Marsham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-TabariWilliams1988" class="citation book cs1">al-Tabari; Williams, John Alden (1988). <i>The Early 'Abbasi Empire, Volume I: The Reign of Abu Ja'far al-Mansur</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521326621" title="Special:BookSources/0521326621"><bdi>0521326621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+%27Abbasi+Empire%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Reign+of+Abu+Ja%27far+al-Mansur&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0521326621&rft.au=al-Tabari&rft.au=Williams%2C+John+Alden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick201213-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick201213_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Ernest (2016). <i>The Middle East in Modern World History</i>. Routledge. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315508245" title="Special:BookSources/9781315508245"><bdi>9781315508245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+in+Modern+World+History&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315508245&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Fusul al-muhimmah, p.212; Dala’il al-imamah, p.lll: Ithbat al-wasiyah, p.142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ya'qubi, vol.III, p. 86; Muruj al-dhahab, vol.III, pp. 268–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBsoul2019" class="citation book cs1">Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed (2019). <i>Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World</i>. Springer. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030217037" title="Special:BookSources/9783030217037"><bdi>9783030217037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+Movement+and+Acculturation+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030217037&rft.aulast=Bsoul&rft.aufirst=Labeeb+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBsoul2019" class="citation book cs1">Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed (2019). <i>Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World</i>. Springer. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030217037" title="Special:BookSources/9783030217037"><bdi>9783030217037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+Movement+and+Acculturation+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030217037&rft.aulast=Bsoul&rft.aufirst=Labeeb+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBsoul2019" class="citation book cs1">Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed (2019). <i>Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World</i>. Springer. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030217037" title="Special:BookSources/9783030217037"><bdi>9783030217037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+Movement+and+Acculturation+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030217037&rft.aulast=Bsoul&rft.aufirst=Labeeb+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBsoul2019" class="citation book cs1">Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed (2019). <i>Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World</i>. Springer. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030217037" title="Special:BookSources/9783030217037"><bdi>9783030217037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+Movement+and+Acculturation+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030217037&rft.aulast=Bsoul&rft.aufirst=Labeeb+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelim2017" class="citation book cs1">Selim, Samah (2017). <i>Nation and Translation in the Middle East</i>. Routledge. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317620648" title="Special:BookSources/9781317620648"><bdi>9781317620648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+Translation+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317620648&rft.aulast=Selim&rft.aufirst=Samah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelim2017" class="citation book cs1">Selim, Samah (2017). <i>Nation and Translation in the Middle East</i>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317620648" title="Special:BookSources/9781317620648"><bdi>9781317620648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+Translation+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317620648&rft.aulast=Selim&rft.aufirst=Samah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Jubouri2004" class="citation book cs1">al-Jubouri, Imadaldin (2004). <i>History of Islamic Philosophy: With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam</i>. Authors On Line Ltd. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755210114" title="Special:BookSources/9780755210114"><bdi>9780755210114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy%3A+With+View+of+Greek+Philosophy+and+Early+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780755210114&rft.aulast=al-Jubouri&rft.aufirst=Imadaldin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelon1916" class="citation book cs1">Morelon, Régis (1916). <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences</i>. CRC Press. p. 910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415124126" title="Special:BookSources/9780415124126"><bdi>9780415124126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science%3A+Technology%2C+alchemy+and+life+sciences&rft.pages=910&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9780415124126&rft.aulast=Morelon&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriersonBlackburnMuseum1986" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Museum, Fitzwilliam (5 August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGkz9NGFXIMC&dq=manqush+coin&pg=PA327"><i>Medieval European Coinage: With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521031776" title="Special:BookSources/9780521031776"><bdi>9780521031776</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+European+Coinage%3A+With+a+Catalogue+of+the+Coins+in+the+Fitzwilliam+Museum%2C+Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986-08-05&rft.isbn=9780521031776&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Mark+A.+S.&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGkz9NGFXIMC%26dq%3Dmanqush%2Bcoin%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisviziLytrasAlhalabiZhang2019" class="citation book cs1">Visvizi, Anna; Lytras, Miltiadis D.; Alhalabi, Wadee; Zhang, Xi (2019). <i>The New Silk Road leads through the Arab Peninsula: Mastering Global Business and Innovation</i>. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787566798" title="Special:BookSources/9781787566798"><bdi>9781787566798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Silk+Road+leads+through+the+Arab+Peninsula%3A+Mastering+Global+Business+and+Innovation&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781787566798&rft.aulast=Visvizi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lytras%2C+Miltiadis+D.&rft.au=Alhalabi%2C+Wadee&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamHoLuSivin1980" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Ho, Ping-Yu; Lu, Gwei-Djen; Sivin, Nathan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA416"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052108573X" title="Special:BookSources/052108573X"><bdi>052108573X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+4%2C+Spagyrical+Discovery+and+Invention%3A+Apparatus%2C+Theories+and+Gifts&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=052108573X&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ho%2C+Ping-Yu&rft.au=Lu%2C+Gwei-Djen&rft.au=Sivin%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrNDwP0pS8sC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2017" class="citation book cs1">Wan, Lei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf"><i>The earliest Muslim communities in China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Qiraat No. 8 (February – March 2017). King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-39-3"><bdi>978-603-8206-39-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+Muslim+communities+in+China&rft.series=Qiraat+No.+8+%28February+%E2%80%93+March+2017%29&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=King+Faisal+Center+For+Research+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-603-8206-39-3&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfcris.com%2Fpdf%2F6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQi2010221-227_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQi2010">Qi 2010</a>, p. 221-227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alicia (2012). <i>Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440853531" title="Special:BookSources/9781440853531"><bdi>9781440853531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Conflicts+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+21st+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781440853531&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2019" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). <i>The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries C.E</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107004771" title="Special:BookSources/9781107004771"><bdi>9781107004771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+and+the+World%3A+Exotic+Elements+and+the+Imaging+of+Middle+Byzantine+Imperial+Power%2C+Ninth+to+Thirteenth+Centuries+C.E.&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781107004771&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise_Bauer2010" class="citation book cs1">Wise Bauer, Susan (2010). <i>The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393078176" title="Special:BookSources/9780393078176"><bdi>9780393078176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Medieval+World%3A+From+the+Conversion+of+Constantine+to+the+First+Crusade&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780393078176&rft.aulast=Wise+Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTor2017" class="citation book cs1">Tor, Deborah (2017). <i>The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation</i>. BRILL. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004353046" title="Special:BookSources/9789004353046"><bdi>9789004353046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%CA%BFAbbasid+and+Carolingian+Empires%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Civilizational+Formation&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004353046&rft.aulast=Tor&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbott-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abbott_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbott_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbott_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nabia_Abbott" title="Nabia Abbott">Abbott, Nabia</a> (1946). <i>Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-031-6"><bdi>978-0-86356-031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Queens+of+Baghdad%3A+Mother+and+Wife+of+H%C4%81r%C5%ABn+Al+Rash%C4%ABd&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-031-6&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Nabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-TabariHugh_Kennedy1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>; Hugh Kennedy (1990). <i>The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169</i>. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+29%3A+Al-Mansur+and+al-Mahdi+A.D.+763-786%2FA.H.+146-169&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.pages=148-49&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=al-Tabari&rft.au=Hugh+Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-sai-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-sai_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-sai_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-SāʿīToorawaBray2017" class="citation book cs1">al-Sāʿī, Ibn; Toorawa, Shawkat M.; Bray, Julia (2017). <i>كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court of Baghdad</i>. Library of Arabic Literature. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-6679-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-6679-3"><bdi>978-1-4798-6679-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1%3A+Women+and+the+Court+of+Baghdad&rft.series=Library+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-6679-3&rft.aulast=al-S%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft.au=Toorawa%2C+Shawkat+M.&rft.au=Bray%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhallikānde_Slane1842" class="citation book cs1">Khallikān, Ibn; de Slane, W.M.G. (1842). <i>Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary</i>. Oriental translation fund of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1. p. 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khallikan%27s+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Oriental+translation+fund+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Khallik%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft.au=de+Slane%2C+W.M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 19</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Bobrick, Benson (2012). <i>The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416567622" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416567622"><bdi>978-1416567622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph%27s+Splendor%3A+Islam+and+the+West+in+the+Golden+Age+of+Baghdad&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1416567622&rft.aulast=Bobrick&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hibri2021" class="citation book cs1">El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTMiEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Abbasid Caliphate: A History</i></a>. Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18324-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18324-7"><bdi>978-1-107-18324-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abbasid+Caliphate%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18324-7&rft.aulast=El-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Tayeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTMiEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQi2010" class="citation cs2">Qi, Dongfang (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504233858/https://asia.si.edu/research/exhibition-catalogues/shipwrecked-catalog/">"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck"</a>, in Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/research/exhibition-catalogues/shipwrecked-catalog/"><i>Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds</i></a>, Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 221–227, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-305-5"><bdi>978-1-58834-305-5</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/17Qi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gold+and+Silver+Wares+on+the+Belitung+Shipwreck&rft.btitle=Shipwrecked%3A+Tang+Treasures+and+Monsoon+Winds&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=221-227&rft.pub=Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-305-5&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Dongfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.si.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2F17Qi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mansur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mansur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Al-Mansur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Al-Mansur" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur wasfa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div><b>al-Mansur</b></div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Clan of the <b><a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Banu Quraish</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 714 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 775 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites Shia</a> </b><br />10 June 754 – 6 October 775 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </b><br />10 June 754 – 6 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbasid_caliphs" title="Template:Abbasid caliphs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abbasid_caliphs" title="Template talk:Abbasid caliphs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid_caliphs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid caliphs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abbasid_Caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br />(749–1258)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti%27" title="Al-Muti'">al-Muti'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i%27" title="Al-Ta'i'">al-Ta'i'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">al-Mustansir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><br />(1261–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_II" title="Al-Mustansir II">al-Mustansir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_I" title="Al-Hakim I">al-Hakim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">al-Mustakfi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_I" title="Al-Wathiq I">al-Wathiq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_II" title="Al-Hakim II">al-Hakim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_I" title="Al-Mu'tadid I">al-Mu'tadid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_II" title="Al-Wathiq II">al-Wathiq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'in (Cairo)">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">al-Mu'tadid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Cairo)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_II" title="Al-Mutawakkil II">al-Mutawakkil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[B]</sup> indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31066#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000037163816">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3267911">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1832756/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7YMkPY6YYWr4k9JXjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11883889X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88194430">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15547972k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15547972k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001186088">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636191905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007256739505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11883889X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11883889X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/128038950">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mansur--halife">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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