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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types and design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unmarked_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmarked_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unmarked crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmarked_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marked_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marked_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marked crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marked_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal-controlled_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal-controlled_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Signal-controlled crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal-controlled_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_scramble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_scramble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Pedestrian scramble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_scramble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footbridges_and_tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footbridges_and_tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Footbridges and tunnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footbridges_and_tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crosswalk_shortening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosswalk_shortening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Crosswalk shortening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crosswalk_shortening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artwork_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artwork_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Artwork crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artwork_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raised_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raised_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Raised crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raised_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinctions by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinctions_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinctions by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinctions_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Signals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_call_buttons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_call_buttons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pedestrian call buttons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_call_buttons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countdown_timers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countdown_timers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Countdown timers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countdown_timers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_Pedestrian_Interval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_Pedestrian_Interval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Leading Pedestrian Interval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_Pedestrian_Interval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Temporary signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancements_for_disabled_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancements_for_disabled_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enhancements for disabled people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enhancements_for_disabled_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Enhancements for disabled people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enhancements_for_disabled_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactile_indications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactile_indications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tactile indications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactile_indications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audible_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audible_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Audible signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audible_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Relief symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key-based_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key-based_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Key-based system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key-based_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lighting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illuminating_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminating_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Illuminating lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminating_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warning_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warning_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Warning lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warning_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_pedestrian_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_pedestrian_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Railway pedestrian crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_pedestrian_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedestrian crossing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="معبر مشاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبر مشاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyada_ke%C3%A7idi" title="Piyada keçidi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piyada keçidi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Йәйәүлеләр өсөн үткәүел – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәйәүлеләр өсөн үткәүел" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пешаходны пераход – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пешаходны пераход" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пешеходна пътека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пешеходна пътека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="འཕྲེད་བརྒལ་ལམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཕྲེད་བརྒལ་ལམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99echod_pro_chodce" title="Přechod pro chodce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přechod pro chodce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodg%C3%A6ngerfelt" title="Fodgængerfelt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fodgængerfelt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fg%C3%A4nger%C3%BCbergang" title="Fußgängerübergang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fußgängerübergang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_de_peatones" title="Paso de peatones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paso de peatones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedira_transirejo" title="Piedira transirejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piedira transirejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinezko_pasabide" title="Oinezko pasabide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oinezko pasabide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="گذرگاه عابران پیاده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذرگاه عابران پیاده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_pi%C3%A9ton" title="Passage piéton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Passage piéton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ite_coise" title="Àite coise – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àite coise" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A1%EB%8B%A8%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84" title="횡단보도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="횡단보도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pje%C5%A1a%C4%8Dki_prijelaz" title="Pješački prijelaz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pješački prijelaz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place designated for pedestrians to cross a road, street or avenue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crosswalk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crosswalk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crosswalk (disambiguation)">Crosswalk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing,_24-11-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abbey Road crosswalk in London, where the band "The Beatles" took a famous photo while they crossed it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg/170px-Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg/255px-Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg/340px-Abbey_Road_zebra_crossing%2C_24-11-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4621" data-file-height="2947" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul,_KOREA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Pedestrian crossing in Seoul, South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg/144px-Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg/216px-Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg/288px-Pedestrian_crossing_in_Seoul%2C_KOREA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An unmarked, raised pedestrian island crossing in Brisbane, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg/148px-Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg/222px-Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg/296px-Pedestrian_refuge_Blackwood_St_Mitchelton_L1060802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St,_Manhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A standard U.S.-style crosswalk in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg/166px-Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg/249px-Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg/332px-Riverside_Drive_at_W_145th_St%2C_Manhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2462" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Pedestrian crossings in (clockwise, from top left) <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>pedestrian crossing</b> (or <b>crosswalk</b> in American and Canadian English) is a place designated for <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a> to cross a <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">street</a> or <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenue</a>. The term "pedestrian crossing" is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva</a> Conventions, both of which pertain to road signs and road traffic. </p><p>Marked pedestrian crossings are often found at <a href="/wiki/Junction_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junction (road)">intersections</a>, but may also be at other points on busy roads that would otherwise be too unsafe to cross without assistance due to vehicle numbers, speed or road widths. They are also commonly installed where large numbers of pedestrians are attempting to cross (such as in shopping areas) or where vulnerable road users (such as school children) regularly cross. Rules govern usage of the pedestrian crossings to ensure safety; for example, in some areas, the pedestrian must be more than halfway across the crosswalk before the driver proceeds, and in other areas, <a href="/wiki/Jaywalking" title="Jaywalking">jaywalking</a> laws are in place which restrict pedestrians from crossing away from marked crossing facilities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg/220px-13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg/330px-13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg/440px-13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption> Pedestrian crossing in Abu Dhabi, UAE</figcaption></figure> <p>Pedestrian crossings using signals clearly separate when each type of traffic (pedestrians or road vehicles) can use the crossing. Crossings without signals generally assist pedestrians, and usually prioritise pedestrians, depending on the locality. <a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">Pelican crossings</a> use signals to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen by <a href="/wiki/Motorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorist">motorists</a>, and where they can cross most <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safely</a> across the flow of <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicular</a> <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">zebra crossings</a> are uncontrolled and more appropriate for lower flow numbers. What appears to be just pedestrian crossings can also be created largely as a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> technique, especially when combined with other features like pedestrian priority, <a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">refuge islands</a>, or raised surfaces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_crossing_notice_1868.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Police_crossing_notice_1868.png/170px-Police_crossing_notice_1868.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Police_crossing_notice_1868.png/255px-Police_crossing_notice_1868.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Police_crossing_notice_1868.png/340px-Police_crossing_notice_1868.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Police notice explaining the operation of the first pedestrian crossing signal, London 1868</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pedestrian_crossing" title="Talk:Pedestrian crossing">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pedestrian crossings already existed more than 2,000 years ago<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pedestrian_crossing#Dubious" title="Talk:Pedestrian crossing">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, as can be seen in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Blocks raised on the road allowed pedestrians to cross the street without having to step onto the road itself which doubled up as Pompeii's drainage and sewage disposal system. The spaces between the blocks allowed horse-drawn carts to pass along the road.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first pedestrian crossing signal was erected in Bridge Street, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, in December 1868. It was the idea of John Peake Knight, a railway engineer, who thought that it would provide a means to safely allow pedestrians to cross this busy thoroughfare. The signal consisted of a semaphore arm (manufactured by Saxby and Farmer, who were railway signaling makers), which was raised and lowered manually by a police constable who would rotate a handle on the side of the pole. The semaphore arms were augmented by gas illuminated lights at the top (green and red) to increase visibility of the signal at night. However, in January 1869, the gas used to illuminate the lights at the top leaked and caused an explosion, injuring the police operator. No further work was done on signalled pedestrian crossings until fifty years later.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, car traffic increased dramatically. A reader of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> wrote to the editor in 1911: </p> <blockquote><p>"Could you do something to help the pedestrian to recover the old margin of safety on our common streets and roads? It is heartrending to read of the fearful deaths taking place. If a pedestrian now has even one hesitation or failure the chance of escape from a dreadful death is now much less than when all vehicles were much slower. There is, too, in the motor traffic an evident desire not to slow down before the last moment. It is surely a scandal that on the common ways there should be undue apprehension in the minds of the weakest users of them. While the streets and roads are for all, of necessity the pedestrians, and the feeblest of these, should receive the supreme consideration."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Zegeer, </p> <blockquote><p>"Pedestrians have a right to cross roads safely and, therefore, planners and engineers have a professional responsibility to plan, design, and install safe crossing facilities."<sup id="cite_ref-nevadadot.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nevadadot.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pedestrian crossing warrants are guidelines for the appropriate pedestrian crossing type for a site's traffic conditions. There are several guidelines in use across the world, and guidance and practice differ between jurisdictions. An over-emphasis by traffic engineers on vehicular movement in these criteria is criticised for neglecting the safety of pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PV<sup>2</sup> warrants have been used in the UK, among other countries such as India, since they were developed in 1987. This warrant uses a calculation of peak pedestrian volume and peak vehicular volume to determine which type of crossing, if any, should be installed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if 500 pedestrians cross the road per hour and 600 vehicles per hour use that road section, PV<sup>2</sup> dictates that a pelican crossing should be installed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Fig. 1">: Fig. 1 </span></sup> </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> (MUTCD) advises that crosswalk markings should 'not be used indiscriminately' and encourages engineering studies at sites away from signalized intersections and STOP or Yield signs. Its guidance is against installing crossing markings (without extra engineering interventions) on high-traffic routes if the speed limit exceeds 40 miles per hour (64 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Section 3B.18">: Section 3B.18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_design">Types and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type (incl. various names) </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Informal crossings </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg/220px-Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg/330px-Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg/440px-Cyclists_Crossing_Refuge_Crossing_Onehunga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td>Crossings giving equal priority to pedestrian and vehicular traffic. </td> <td>A refuge is sometimes installed so that a pedestrian can cross in two stages; called 'unmarked crosswalk' in North America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zebra crossing </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_crossing,_Rochdale_Road,_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg/200px-Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg/300px-Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg/400px-Zebra_crossing%2C_Rochdale_Road%2C_Greetland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2640706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td>Formed of black and white stripes (resembling a <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">Zebra</a>). Pedestrians normally have priority over vehicular traffic. </td> <td>Called a 'marked crosswalk' in North America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Signal-controlled crossing </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_(geograph_2443957).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg/220px-Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg/330px-Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg/440px-Pelican_crossing_on_Cuffley_Hill_%28geograph_2443957%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td> <td>Crossing with call buttons, pedestrian signals, and traffic lights, <a href="/wiki/HAWK_beacon" title="HAWK beacon">HAWK beacons</a>, or Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFB)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for vehicular traffic. </td> <td>Sometimes known as a 'pelican crossing' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multi-user crossing </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg/220px-Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg/330px-Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg/440px-Cycleway_Assen_G11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span> </td> <td>Crossings allowed to be used by non-pedestrians, such as cyclists or horse riders. </td> <td>Sometimes known as 'toucan crossing' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pedestrian underpass </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_subway,_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg/220px-Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg/330px-Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg/440px-Pedestrian_subway%2C_Melrose_Bypass_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2541584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </td> <td>A pedestrian pathway in a tunnel under a road, providing a crossing without interrupting pedestrian or vehicular traffic. </td> <td>Also known as a <a href="/wiki/Subway_(underpass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subway (underpass)">subway</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pedestrian overpass </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.,_Taichung_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg/220px-A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg/330px-A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg/440px-A_Pedestrian_overpass_on_Wenxin_Rd._near_Changping_Rd.%2C_Taichung_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span> </td> <td>Footbridge over a pedestrian pathway, allowing pedestrians to cross without interrupting vehicular traffic. </td> <td>Also known as a <a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">footbridge</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unmarked_crossings">Unmarked crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unmarked crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg/145px-Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg/217px-Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg/289px-Ivan_Jack_Drive_traffic_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A pedestrian refuge in <a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg/130px-Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg/195px-Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg/260px-Courtesy_crossing_784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A courtesy crossing in <a href="/wiki/Havelock_North" title="Havelock North">Havelock North</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, including the US, "unmarked crosswalks" are presumed to occur at intersections even if a crossing is not marked, except at locations where pedestrian crossing is expressly prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-row-xwalk50_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row-xwalk50-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedestrian refuges are uncontrolled crossings with two dropped kerbs and a central <a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">traffic island</a>, protected by kerbs. The island allows pedestrians to cross the road one direction of traffic at a time, which can be quicker and safer (they decrease pedestrian accidents by around 40%) than a lack of crossing. Additionally, they can narrow the road, slowing down vehicles and preventing them from overtaking. However, they may not afford pedestrians priority, meaning pedestrians may have a longer wait than a controlled crossing. They can also create pinch points, which can be dangerous for cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Courtesy crossings are uncontrolled crossings with coloured surfacing or some other non-formal suggestion that pedestrians may cross. They aim to encourage concentrated pedestrian crossings and to encourage drivers to let pedestrians cross the roads out of courtesy, rather than obligation. The inclusion of stripes (e.g. in paving), the presence of narrowing and visual narrowings of the road positively affect courtesy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marked_crossings">Marked crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marked crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4876Maduya,_Carmona,_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg/220px-4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg/330px-4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg/440px-4876Maduya%2C_Carmona%2C_Cavite_Landmarks_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A woman at a marked crossing in <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Cavite" title="Carmona, Cavite">Carmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest marked crossings may just consist of some markings on the road surface. In the US these are known as "marked crosswalks".<sup id="cite_ref-row-xwalk50_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row-xwalk50-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK these are often called <a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">zebra crossings</a>, referring to the alternate white and black stripes painted on the road surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Trafford_Council_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trafford_Council-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the pedestrian has priority over vehicular traffic when using the crossing, then they have an incentive to use the crossing instead of crossing the road at other places. In some countries, pedestrians may not have priority, but may be committing an offence if they cross the road elsewhere, or "<a href="/wiki/Jaywalking" title="Jaywalking">jaywalk</a>". Special markings are often made on the road surface, both to direct pedestrians and to prevent motorists from stopping vehicles in the way of foot traffic. There are many varieties of signal and marking layouts around the world and even within single countries. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there are many inconsistencies, although the variations are usually minor. There are several distinct types in the United Kingdom, each with their own name. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Road_marking_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Road marking machine">Pedestrian cross striping machines</a> are special equipment professionally used to paint zebra lines on the intersections or other busy road sections. Because of the characteristics of zebra crossings, parallel stripes that are wide but not long, the striping machine is often a small hand-guided road marking machine, which can easily be made to change direction. There are differences between the engineering regulations in different countries. The marking shoe of a pedestrian cross striping machine, which determines marking lines' width, is much wider than on other marking machines. A smaller marking shoe with wheels may be used to perform the <a href="/wiki/Road_striping" class="mw-redirect" title="Road striping">road striping</a>. </p><p>The section of <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> should be swept clean and kept dry. The painter first pulls a guiding line straight and fix the two ends on the ground. Then they spray or brush a primer layer on the <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> surface. The thermoplastic <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> in powder form is then melted into a molten liquid state for painting. Finally, the painter pulls or pushes the striping machine with the guide rod along the guiding line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As an alternative to thermoplastics, household paint or <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> can be used to mark crosswalks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal-controlled_crossings">Signal-controlled crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Signal-controlled crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUCANCrossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TUCANCrossing.jpg/220px-TUCANCrossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TUCANCrossing.jpg/330px-TUCANCrossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TUCANCrossing.jpg/440px-TUCANCrossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A toucan crossing in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Some crossings have pedestrian traffic signals that allow pedestrians and road traffic to use the crossing alternately. On some traffic signals, pressing a <a href="#Call_button">call button</a> is required to trigger the signal.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_nyt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buttons_bbc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Audible_signals">Audible</a> or <a href="#Tactile_indications">tactile</a> signals may also be included to assist people who have poor <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">sight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cities, some or most signals are equipped with <a href="#Countdown_timers">countdown timers</a> to give notice to both drivers and pedestrians the time remaining on the crossing signal.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places where there is very high pedestrian traffic, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_pavement_flashing-light_system" title="Embedded pavement flashing-light system">Embedded pavement flashing-light systems</a> are used to signal traffic of pedestrian presence, or <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">exclusive traffic signal phases for pedestrians</a> (also known as Barnes Dances) may be used, which stop vehicular traffic in all directions at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedestrian_scramble">Pedestrian scramble</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pedestrian scramble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GFX02488_(33373154670).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg/220px-GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg/330px-GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg/440px-GFX02488_%2833373154670%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="6192" /></a><figcaption>A pedestrian scramble in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some intersections display <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">red lights</a> to vehicles in all directions for <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light#Traffic_signal_cycles" title="Traffic light">a period of time</a>. Known as a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">pedestrian scramble</a>, this type of vehicle <a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">all-way stop</a> allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footbridges_and_tunnels">Footbridges and tunnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footbridges and tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp/220px-Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp/330px-Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp/440px-Pedestrian_overhead_crosswalk.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian overhead crosswalk</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridges</a> or pedestrian <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> may be used in lieu of crosswalks at very busy intersections as well as at locations where <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a> must be crossed. They can also be beneficial in locations where the sidewalk or pedestrian path naturally ascends or descends to a different level than the intersection itself, and the natural "desire line" leads to a footbridge or tunnel, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetmore_2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetmore_2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, pedestrian bridges are ineffective in most locations; due to their expense, they are typically spaced far apart. Additionally, ramps, stairs, or elevators present additional obstacles, and pedestrians tend to use an at-grade pedestrian crossing instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetmore_2012_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetmore_2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variation on the bridge concept, often called a <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyway</a> or skywalk, is sometimes implemented in regions that experience inclement <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crosswalk_shortening">Crosswalk shortening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crosswalk shortening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian refuge">Pedestrian refuges</a> or small islands in the middle of a street may be added when a street is very wide, as these crossings can be too long for some individuals to cross in one cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Officials_Initiative_2016_p._88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officials_Initiative_2016_p._88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pedestrian refuges may consist of building <a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">traffic islands</a> in the middle of the road; extending an existing island or <a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">median strip</a> to the crosswalk to provide a refuge; or simply cutting through the existing island or median strip where the median is already continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-Officials_Initiative_2016_p._88_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officials_Initiative_2016_p._88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another relatively widespread variation is the <a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">curb/kerb extension</a> (also known as a bulb-out), which narrows the width of the street and is used in combination with crosswalk markings. They can also be used to slow down cars, potentially creating a safer crossing for pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artwork_crossings">Artwork crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artwork crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Rainbow_pedestrian_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A rainbow pedestrian crossing in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></div> <p>Some crosswalks, known as colourful crossings, include unique designs, many of which take the form of artwork. These works of art may serve many different purposes, such as attracting tourism or catching drivers' attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cities and towns worldwide have held competitions to paint crosswalks, usually as a form of artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile, a 2013 work by Canadian artist Roadsworth features yellow-and-blue fish overlaid on the existing crosswalk. Other crossings worldwide also feature some of Roadsworth's work,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a crosswalk in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> where the zebra stripes are shaped like bullets, as well as "conveyor belt" crosswalk in <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Lompoc,_California" title="Lompoc, California">Lompoc, California</a>, several artists were commissioned to create an artwork as part of its "Creative Crossings" competition. Artist Marlee Bedford painted the first set of four crosswalks as part of the 2015 competition,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Linda Powers painted two more crosswalks in 2016 following that year's competition.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia, some Tbilisi Academy of Arts students and government officials jointly created a crossing that is designed to look like it is in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a>. A message on the white bars of the crosswalk reads, "for your safety."<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3D crosswalk designs have also been installed in China, with a "floating zebra crossing" implemented in a village in <a href="/wiki/Luoyuan_County" title="Luoyuan County">Luoyuan County</a> to boost tourism;<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a multicolored 3-D crossing installed in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, China to catch drivers' attention;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another multicolored crossing in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> Province that serves the same purpose as the colored Changsha crosswalk.<sup id="cite_ref-WebUrbanist_2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebUrbanist_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colored crosswalks might have themes that reflect the immediate area. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China had a red-and-white zebra crossing with hearts painted on it, reflecting its location near a junction of two rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebUrbanist_2012_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebUrbanist_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil, a crosswalk with its bars irregularly painted like a <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> served as an advertisement for a nearby shopping center, but was later painted over.<sup id="cite_ref-WebUrbanist_2012_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebUrbanist_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">pedestrian scramble</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Oakland">Chinatown</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, is painted with red-and-yellow colors to signify the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">flag of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WebUrbanist_2012_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebUrbanist_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunst-am-campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pedestrian crossing sign used in art, University of Bremen campus, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/170px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/255px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kunst-am-campus.jpg/340px-Kunst-am-campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian crossing sign used in art, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bremen" title="University of Bremen">University of Bremen</a> campus, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes, different cities around the world may have similar art concepts for their crosswalks. <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)">Rainbow flag</a>-colored crosswalks, which are usually painted to show support for the locality's <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> cultures, have been installed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California" title="West Hollywood, California">West Hollywood</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosswalks painted like <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">piano keyboards</a> have been painted in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WebUrbanist_2012_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebUrbanist_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2016_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> prohibits crosswalk art due to concerns about safety and visibility, but U.S. cities have chosen to install their own designs. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> had 40 crosswalks with unique designs, including the rainbow flag in <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle" title="Capitol Hill, Seattle">Capitol Hill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle" title="Central District, Seattle">Central District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colourful crossings have been criticised for creating accessibility issues. For blind and visually impaired pedestrians, consistency in design is important to ensure a safe crossing. Visually impaired people with limited sight and <a href="/wiki/Neurodivergent_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodivergent people">neurodivergent people</a> may experience pain or confusion in interpreting colourful crossings or distress from visual noise. These crossings may therefore discriminate against marginalised groups in accessing public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raised_crossings">Raised crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Raised crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raised crossings are a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> measure that contains <a href="/wiki/Speed_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed table">speed tables</a> spanning the crossing. The crossings are demarcated with paint and/or have special paving materials. These crossings allow the pedestrian to cross at grade with the sidewalk and has been shown to reduce pedestrian crashes by 45% due to reduction of vehicular speeds and the prominence of the pedestrian in the driver's field of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions_by_region">Distinctions by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distinctions by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A signal displaying in red the text DON'T WALK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG/220px-US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG/330px-US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG/440px-US_DontWalk_Traffic_Signal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A traditional, now-defunct U.S. "DON'T WALK" signal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg/220px-Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg/330px-Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg/440px-Crossride_on_Barrington_Street_Halifax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4012" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>A crosswalk at a signalized intersection, showing the 'parallel line'-type</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg/220px-Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg/330px-Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg/440px-Tonawanda_Rails-to-Trails_-_20200117_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3926" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>A ladder-style crosswalk by a STOP sign</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crosswalks_in_North_America" title="Crosswalks in North America">Crosswalks in North America</a></div> <p>In the United States, crosswalks are sometimes marked with white stripes, though many <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> have slightly different styles. The designs used vary widely between <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, and often vary even between a city and its county (or local equivalents).<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most frequently, they are marked with two parallel white lines running from one side of the road to the other, with the width of the lines being typically 12 to 24 inches (300 to 610 mm) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marked crosswalks are usually placed at traffic intersections or crossroads, but are occasionally used at mid-block locations, which may include additional regulatory signage such as "PED XING" (for "pedestrian crossing"), flashing yellow beacons (also known as rectangular rapid-flashing beacons or RRFBs), stop or yield signs, or by actuated or automatic signals. Some more innovative crossing treatments include in-pavement flashers, yellow flashing warning lights installed in the roadway, or <a href="/wiki/HAWK_beacon" title="HAWK beacon">HAWK beacon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crossing laws vary between different states and provinces and sometimes at the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-row-xwalk503_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row-xwalk503-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All U.S. states require vehicles to yield to a pedestrian who has entered a marked crosswalk, and in most states crosswalks exist at all intersections meeting at approximately right angles, whether they are marked or not.<sup id="cite_ref-row-xwalk503_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row-xwalk503-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At crossings controlled by signals, generally the <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">poles</a> at both ends of the crosswalk also have the pedestrian signal heads. For many years these bore white <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">walk</span> and <a href="/wiki/Portland_Orange" title="Portland Orange">Portland Orange</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dont walk</span> legends,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but pictograms of an "upraised hand" (symbolizing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dont walk</span>) and a "walking person" (symbolizing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">walk</span>) have been required since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-racism2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> 90% of pedestrian fatalities occur outside of pedestrian crossings. The highest rate is in the UK, which has fewer crossings than neighbouring European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-theaa.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theaa.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg/220px-Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg/330px-Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg/440px-Finnish_pedestrian_crossing_in_Vimpeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The typical Continental pedestrian crossing sign</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roundabout with a pedestrian crossing across one arm, except the crossing stripes are yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg/220px-Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg/330px-Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg/440px-Panneaux_suisses_3.02_2.41.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Swiss yellow pedestrian crossings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampelmann_gruen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ampelmann_gruen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>A Berlin <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ampelmännchen</i></span> signal, showing green</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly every country of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> is party to (though has not necessarily ratified) the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968)</a>, which says of pedestrian crossings: 'to mark pedestrian crossings, relatively broad stripes, parallel to the axis of the carriageway, should preferably be used'.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that pedestrian crossing styles are quite uniform across the Continent. However, while the stripes are normally white, in Switzerland they are yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968)</a> states that pedestrians should use pedestrian crossings when one is nearby (§6.c) and prohibits the overtaking of other vehicles approaching crossings, unless the driver would be able to stop for a pedestrian.<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_convention_road_traffic2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org_convention_road_traffic2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1971 European supplement to that Convention re-iterates the former and outlaws the standing or parking of vehicles around pedestrian crossings. It also specifies signs and markings: the "pedestrian crossing sign" is on a blue or black ground, with a white or yellow triangle where the symbol is displayed in black or dark blue, and that the minimum width recommended for pedestrian crossings is 2.5 m (or 8-foot) on roads on which the speed limit is lower than 60 km/h (or 37 mph), and 4 m (or 13-foot) on roads with a higher or no speed limit.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, it is not mandatory that crosswalks exist. However, if there is one less than 50 meters (55 yards) away, pedestrians are obliged to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the east of Germany, including <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, the unique <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Ampelmännchen">Ampelmännchen</a></i> design for pedestrian lights are widely used. These signals originated in the former East Germany and have become an icon of the city and of <a href="/wiki/Ostalgie" title="Ostalgie">ostalgie</a> – nostalgia for East German life. A study has shown they are more effective than Western-style icons.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom">Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg/220px-A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg/330px-A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg/440px-A_blustery_morning_in_Llandudno_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4679013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>A zebra crossing on the sea front of <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a>, with the traditional – and mandatory – 'belisha' beacons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22PUFFIN%22_crossing,_Coleraine_(1)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg/220px-%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg/330px-%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg/440px-%22PUFFIN%22_crossing%2C_Coleraine_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2759755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Traditional 'farside' signals are frequently replaced with 'nearside' signal boxes, like this one in <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>'s pedestrian crossings are quite distinct from the rest of Europe use animal names to distinguish different types of crossing. These conventions have been adapted in some ex-Empire countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. 'Look right' and 'look left' markings are sometimes found in tourist areas, to remind pedestrians of the driving direction in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zebra crossings are similar to their Continental counterparts, with white stripe markings, they must have orange flashing globes, called '<a href="/wiki/Belisha_beacon" title="Belisha beacon">belisha beacons</a>'. They also normally have zig-zag markings to prevent overtaking and stopping of vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p><p>There are a number of different types of signal-controlled crossing. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">pelican crossing</a> is no longer permitted in the UK, because it has been replaced with more intelligent <a href="/wiki/Puffin_crossing" title="Puffin crossing">puffin crossings</a> – which have crossing sensors and low-level pedestrian signals – and pedex crossings, which features pedestrian countdown timers, however in Ireland only pelican crossings are installed. Puffin crossings are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–3, 125">: 62–3, 125 </span></sup> Cyclists are sometimes permitted to use pedestrian crossings, such as <a href="/wiki/Toucan_crossing" title="Toucan crossing">toucan crossings</a> (so named because TWO user types CAN cross) and sparrow crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg/220px-Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg/330px-Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg/440px-Pedestrian_and_bicycle_crossing_lantern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5781" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Crossing lamp/s used at a signalised intersection in Sydney, Australia</figcaption></figure><p>Pictograms are standard on all traffic light controlled crossings. Like some other countries, a flashing red sequence is used prior to steady red to clear pedestrians. Moments after, in some instances, a flashing yellow sequence (for motorists) can begin indicating that the vehicles may proceed through the crossing if safe to do so; this is fairly uncommon however.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two distinctive types of crossings in Australia: marked foot crossings and pedestrian crossing (also called zebra crossings). </p><p>Marked foot crossings consist on two parallel broken white lines indicating where pedestrians must cross with pedestrian lights facing pedestrians and traffic lights facing drivers. These crossings are located at intersections with signals and may also be located between intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-cross_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cross-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On most Australian foot crossings, PB/5 “Audio-Tactile Pedestrian Detector” push buttons are provided to allow pedestrians to request the green walk (green symbol) display.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, zebra crossings are common in low traffic areas and their approaches may be marked by zigzag lines.<sup id="cite_ref-cross_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cross-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nswt_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswt-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a pedestrian crossing is placed on a raised section of road they are known as wombat crossings and are usually accompanied by a 40km/h speed limit.<sup id="cite_ref-cross_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cross-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedestrian crossings can have a yellow sign showing a pair of legs to indicate pedestrian priority.<sup id="cite_ref-nswt_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswt-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children’s crossings are part-time crossings that usually operate during school zone hours, and at other approved times and locations, marked by red‑orange flags at both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-cross_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cross-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nswt_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswt-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflector signposting is also used at crossings in school zones.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signals">Signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedestrian_call_buttons">Pedestrian call buttons<span class="anchor" id="Call_button"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pedestrian call buttons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pedestrian_crossing" title="Talk:Pedestrian crossing">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg/170px-Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg/255px-Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg/340px-Los_Angeles_pedestrian_crossing_button.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="3719" /></a><figcaption>A pedestrian call button</figcaption></figure> <p>Pedestrian call buttons (also known as pedestrian push buttons or pedestrian beg buttons) are installed at traffic lights with a dedicated pedestrian signal, and are used to bring up the pedestrian "walk" indication in locations where they function correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_nyt_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buttons_bbc_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the majority of locations where call buttons are installed, pushing the button does not light up the pedestrian walk sign immediately. One <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a> researcher notes of call buttons in the US, "Most [call] buttons don't provide any feedback to the pedestrian that the traffic signal has received the input. It may appear at many locations that nothing happens."<sup id="cite_ref-Gan_2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gan_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some locations where call buttons do provide confirmation feedback. At such locations, pedestrians are more likely to wait for the "walk" indications.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports suggest that many walk buttons in some areas, such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the United Kingdom, may actually be either <a href="/wiki/Placebo_button" title="Placebo button">placebo buttons</a> or nonworking call buttons that used to function correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_nyt_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buttons_bbc_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former case, these buttons are designed to give pedestrians an <a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_control" title="Illusion of control">illusion of control</a> while the crossing signal continues its operation as programmed.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_bbc_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in instances of the latter case, such as New York City's, the buttons were simply deactivated when traffic signals were updated to automatically include pedestrian phases as part of every signal cycle. In such instances these buttons may be removed during future updates to the pedestrian signals.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_nyt_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, pressing a button at a standalone pedestrian crossing that is unconnected to a junction will turn a traffic light red immediately, but this is not necessarily the case at a junction.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_bbc_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, call buttons work only at some intersections, at certain times of day, or certain periods of the year, such as in New York City or in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-buttons_nyt_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttons_nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radioboston_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioboston-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Boston, some busy intersections are programmed to give a pedestrian cycle during certain times of day (so pushing the button is not necessary) but at off-peak times a button push is required to get a pedestrian cycle. In neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, a button press is always required if a button is available, though the city prefers to build signals where no button is present and the pedestrian cycle always happens between short car cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-radioboston_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioboston-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases the light will not turn immediately, but will wait until the next available pedestrian slot in a pre-determined rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-radioboston_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioboston-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countdown_timers">Countdown timers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Countdown timers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CountDownTrafficLight.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Count down traffic light"><img alt="Count down traffic light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/90px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif" decoding="async" width="90" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/135px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/180px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Count down traffic light</figcaption></figure> <p>Some pedestrian signals integrate a <a href="/wiki/Countdown" title="Countdown">countdown</a> <a href="/wiki/Timer" title="Timer">timer</a>, showing how many seconds are remaining for the clearing phase. In the United States, San Francisco was the first major city to install countdown signals to replace older pedestrian modules, doing so on a trial basis starting in March 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States MUTCD added a countdown signal as an optional feature to its 2003 edition; if included, the countdown digits would be Portland Orange, the same color as the "Upraised Hand" indication.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MUTCD's 2009 edition changed countdown timers to a mandatory feature on pedestrian signals at all signalized intersections with pedestrian clearance intervals ("flashing upraised hand" phases) longer than seven seconds. With the MUTCD guideline allotting at least one second to cross 3 feet (0.91 m), this indicates that countdown timers are supposed to be installed on roads wider than 21 feet (6.4 m).<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countdown is not supposed to be displayed during the pedestrian "walk" interval ("steady walking person" phase).<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some municipalities have found that there are instances where pedestrian countdown signals may be less effective than standard hand/man or "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">walk</span>"/"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dont walk</span>" signals. New York City started studying the pedestrian timers in an inconclusive 2006 study<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only started rolling out pedestrian timers on a large scale in 2011 after the conclusion of a second study, which found that pedestrian countdown timers were ineffective at shorter crosswalks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a 2000 study of pedestrian countdown timers in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buena_Vista,_Florida" title="Lake Buena Vista, Florida">Lake Buena Vista, Florida</a>, at several intersections near <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a>, found that pedestrians were more likely to cross the street during the pedestrian clearance interval (flashing upraised hand) if there is a timer present, compared to at intersections where there was no timer present.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> found similar results to the Florida study, determining that countdown timers may actually cause more crashes than standard hand/man signals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other cities such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> found that countdown timers were effective,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New York City found that countdown signals worked mainly at longer crosswalks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedestrian countdown signals are also used elsewhere around the world, such as in Buenos Aires,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwan,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the walking man moves his feet during the countdown.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taiwan, all the crossings feature animated men called <a href="/wiki/Xiaoluren" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoluren">xiaolüren</a> ("little green man"), who will walk faster immediately before the traffic signal will change. There is also always a countdown timer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RocherBayardDinant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RocherBayardDinant.JPG/170px-RocherBayardDinant.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RocherBayardDinant.JPG/255px-RocherBayardDinant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RocherBayardDinant.JPG/340px-RocherBayardDinant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A pedestrian crossing with a <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention standard</a> sign indicating to motorists that they must give priority to pedestrians using it</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, instead of "don't walk", a depiction of a red man or hand indicating when not to cross, the drawing of the person crossing appears with an "X" drawn over it. </p><p>Some countries around the Baltic Sea in Scandinavia duplicate the red light. Instead of one red light, there are two which both illuminate at the same time. </p><p>In many parts of eastern Germany, particularly the former <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, the design of the crossing man (<a href="/wiki/Ampelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Ampelmännchen">Ampelmännchen</a>) has a hat. There are also female <i>Ampelmännchen</i> in western Germany and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries also use unusual "walk" and "don't walk" pedestrian indicators. In southwest <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, there are pedestrian signal lights that resemble <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(character)" title="Astro Boy (character)">Astro Boy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe_2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, some signals have a "don't walk" indicator that dances; these "dancing man" signals, created by <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>, were created to encourage pedestrians to wait for the "walk" indicator, with the result that 81% more pedestrians stopped and waited for the "walk" light compared to at crosswalks with conventional signals.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leading_Pedestrian_Interval">Leading Pedestrian Interval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Leading Pedestrian Interval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some areas, the signal timing technique of a Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI) allows pedestrians exclusive access to a crosswalk, typically 3–7 seconds, before vehicular traffic is permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on intersection volume and safety history, a normal right-turn-on-red (RTOR) might be explicitly prohibited during the LPI phase.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPI benefits include increased visibility and greater likelihood of vehicles yielding. LPI is among the tools being considered in the fatality-elimination toolkit of <a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</a> planners and advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_signals">Temporary signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Temporary signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg/170px-Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg/255px-Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg/340px-Portable_pedestrian_crossing_signals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Portable pedestrian crossing signal at a road work site</figcaption></figure> <p>In certain circumstances, there are needs to install temporary pedestrian crossing signals. The reasons may include redirecting traffic due to <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">roadworks</a>, closing of the permanent crossing signals due to repairs or upgrades, and establishing new pedestrian crossings for the duration of large public events. </p><p>The temporary pedestrian crossings can be integrated into portable traffic signals that may be used during the roadworks, or it can be stand-alone just to stop vehicles to allow pedestrians to safely cross the road without directing vehicle movements. When using the temporary pedestrian crossings signals for roadworks, there should be consideration on signal cycle time. The pedestrian crossing cycles may add longer delay to the traffics which may require additional planning on road work traffic flows. </p><p>Depending on the duration and the nature of the temporary signals, the equipment can be installed in different way. One way is to use the permanent traffic signals mounted temporary poles such as poles in concrete-filled barrels. Another way is to use portable pedestrian crossing signals.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enhancements_for_disabled_people">Enhancements for disabled people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Enhancements for disabled people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Special:EditPage/Pedestrian crossing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pedestrian controlled crossings are sometimes provided with enhanced features to assist <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactile_indications">Tactile indications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tactile indications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tactile_paving_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tactile_paving_2.jpg/220px-Tactile_paving_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tactile_paving_2.jpg/330px-Tactile_paving_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tactile_paving_2.jpg/440px-Tactile_paving_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tactile paving next to a crosswalk</figcaption></figure> <p>Tactile cones near or under the control button may rotate or shake when the pedestrian signal is in the pedestrian "walk" phase. This is for pedestrians with visual impairments. A vibrating button is used in Australia, Germany, some parts of the United States, Greece, Ireland, and Hong Kong to assist hearing-impaired people. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a>, touch-sensitive buttons require no force to activate. To confirm that a request has been registered, the buttons usually emit a chirp or other sound. They also offer anti-vandalism benefits due to not including moving parts which are sometimes jammed on traditional push-button units. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tactile_paving" title="Tactile paving">Tactile surfacing patterns</a> (or tactile pavings) may be laid flush within the adjacent footways (US: <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>), so that <a href="/wiki/Visually_impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Visually impaired">visually impaired</a> pedestrians can locate the control box and cone device and know when they have reached the other side. In Britain, different colours of tactile paving indicate different types of crossings; yellow (referred to as buff coloured) is used at non-controlled (no signals) crossings, and red is used at controlled (signalised) locations.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsloCrossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/OsloCrossing.jpg/220px-OsloCrossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/OsloCrossing.jpg/330px-OsloCrossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/OsloCrossing.jpg/440px-OsloCrossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Tactile representation of a street crossing in Oslo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some crossing include a tactile map of the crossing geometry. For example, this crossing from Oslo shows (starting at the bottom) that the crossing consists of a curb, a bicycle lane, two lanes of traffic, a pedestrian island, two tram tracks, another island, then three more traffic lanes. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audible_signals"><span class="anchor" id="Accessible_pedestrian_signals"></span>Audible signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Audible signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg/220px-PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg/330px-PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg/440px-PedestrianSignalPushButton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An accessible pedestrian signal which is used in the US and Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Crosswalks have adaptations, mainly for people with visual impairments, through the addition of accessible pedestrian signals (APS) that may include speakers at the pushbutton, or under the signal display, for each crossing location.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of signals have been shown to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, without other indications such as tactile pavings or cones, these APS units may be hard for visually impaired people to locate.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the standards in the 2009 MUTCD require APS units to have a pushbutton locator tone, audible and vibrotactile walk indications, a tactile arrow aligned with the direction of travel on the crosswalk, and to respond to ambient sound. The pushbutton locator tone is a beep or tick, repeating at once per second, to allow people who are blind to find the device.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If APS units are installed in more than one crossing direction (e.g. if there are APS units at a curb for both the north–south and west–east crossing directions), different sounds or speech messages may be used for each direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the MUTCD guideline, the walk indication may be a speech message if two or more units on the same curb are separated by less than 10 feet (3.0 m). These speech messages usually follow the pattern "[Street name]. Walk sign is on to cross [Street Name]."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the walk indication may be a "percussive tone", which usually consists of repeated, rapid sounds that can be clearly heard from the opposite curb and can oscillate between high and low volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, when the "don't walk" indication is flashing, the device will beep at every second until the "don't walk" indication becomes steady and the pedestrian countdown indication reaches "0", at which point the device will beep intermittently at lower volume.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When activated, the APS units are mandated to be accompanied by a vibrating arrow on the APS during the walk signal.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The devices have been in existence since the mid-20th century, but were not popular until the 2000s because of concerns over noise.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2009 MUTCD, APS are supposed to be set to be heard only 6 to 12 feet from the device to be easy to detect from a close distance but not so loud as to be intrusive to neighboring properties.<sup id="cite_ref-mutcd-4e_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutcd-4e-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among American cities, San Francisco has one of the greatest numbers of APS-equipped intersections in the United States, with APS installed at 202 intersections as of October 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York City has APS at 131 intersections as of November 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with 75 more intersections to be equipped every year after that.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="LA2_dont_walk.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LA2_dont_walk.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/LA2_dont_walk.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/LA2_dont_walk.ogg/LA2_dont_walk.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Pedestrian sound signal in Sweden. During the first 9 seconds, the slow don't walk signal is heard. Then the button is pressed, sounding a beep. Soon after this, the faster walk signal is heard.</figcaption></figure> <p>APS in other countries may consist of a short recorded message, as in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, Singapore and some parts of Canada (moderate to large urban centres). In Japan, various electronic melodies are played, often of traditional melancholic <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk songs</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dryanse" title="Tōryanse">Tōryanse</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Sakura_Sakura" title="Sakura Sakura">Sakura</a>". In Croatia, Denmark and Sweden, beeps (or clicks) with long intervals in-between signifying "don't walk" mode and beeps with very short intervals signifying "walk" mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief_symbol">Relief symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Relief symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg/170px-Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg/255px-Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg/340px-Reliefsymbole-Ampel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Relief symbol on a pushbutton of a traffic light in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>On some pushbutton especially in Austria and Germany there is a symbolic relief showing the crossing situation for the visually impaired, so they can get an overview of the crossing. </p><p>The relief is read from the bottom up. It consists of different modules, which are put together according to the crosswalk. Each pedestrian crossing begins with the start symbol, consisting of an arrow and a broad line representing the curb. Subsequently, different modules for traffic lanes and islands follow. The relief is completed with a broad line. </p><p>Modules for traffic lanes consist of a dash in the middle and a symbol for the kind of lane right or left of the dash, depending on the direction from which the traffic crosses the crossing. If a crossing is possible from both directions, a symbol is located on both sides. If the pedestrian crossing is a zebra crossing, the middle line is dashed. A traffic light secured crossing has a solid line. </p><p>A cycle path is represented by two points next to each other, a vehicle lane by a rectangle and tram rails by two lines lying one above the other. </p><p>Islands are represented as a rectangle, which has semicircles on the right and left side. If there is a pushbutton for pedestrians on the island, there is a dot in the middle of the rectangle. If the pedestrian walkway divides on an island, the rectangle may be open on the right or left side.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>securing </th> <th>type </th> <th>direction </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=End of crossing"><img alt="alternativtext=End of crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ende.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>End </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=Bidirectional cycle path in crosswalk"><img alt="alternativtext=Bidirectional cycle path in crosswalk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>zebra crossing </td> <td>cycle path </td> <td>bidirectional </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=Cycle path from the right in a zebra crossing"><img alt="alternativtext=Cycle path from the right in a zebra crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Radweg-rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>zebra crossing </td> <td>cycle path </td> <td>right </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=vehicle lane from the right in a zebra crossing"><img alt="alternativtext=vehicle lane from the right in a zebra crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-KFZ-rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>zebra crossing </td> <td>vehicle lane </td> <td>right </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=Tram tracksfrom the right in a zebra crossing"><img alt="alternativtext=Tram tracksfrom the right in a zebra crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Zebrastreifen-Schienen-rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>zebra crossing </td> <td>tram tracks </td> <td>right </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=Left open island with pushbutton"><img alt="alternativtext=Left open island with pushbutton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung-links_offen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>island with pushbutton </td> <td>open to the left </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=island with pushbutton"><img alt="alternativtext=island with pushbutton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel-Anforderung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>island with pushbutton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=island"><img alt="alternativtext=island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Insel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>island </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=tram tracks from the left of a traffic light"><img alt="alternativtext=tram tracks from the left of a traffic light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Schienen-links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>traffic light </td> <td>tram tracks </td> <td>left </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=vehicle lane from the left of a traffic light"><img alt="alternativtext=vehicle lane from the left of a traffic light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-KFZ-Links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>traffic light </td> <td>vehicle lane </td> <td>left </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=cycle path from the left of a traffic light"><img alt="alternativtext=cycle path from the left of a traffic light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>traffic light </td> <td>cycle path </td> <td>left </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=Two-way cycle path of a traffic light"><img alt="alternativtext=Two-way cycle path of a traffic light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Ampel-Radweg-Zweirichtung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td>traffic lights </td> <td>cycle path </td> <td>bidirectional </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alternativtext=start"><img alt="alternativtext=start" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg/100px-%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg/150px-%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg/200px-%C3%9Cbergang-Start.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Start </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key-based_system"><span class="anchor" id="Keywalk"></span>Key-based system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Key-based system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, an extended phase system called "Keywalk" was developed by the Main Roads Department of Western Australia in response to concerns from disability advocates about the widening of the Albany Highway in that city in the mid-1990s. The department felt that extending the walk phase permanently on cross streets would cause too much disruption to traffic flow on the highway and so the Keywalk system was developed to allow for those who needed an extended green light phase to cross the road safely. A small electronic key adjusted the green/walk and flashing red/complete crossing phases to allow more time for the key holder to complete the crossing of the highway safely. The system was first installed at the junction of Albany Highway and Cecil Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what became of this system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lighting">Lighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crosswalk,_with_built-in_lighting..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG/220px-Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG/330px-Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG/440px-Crosswalk%2C_with_built-in_lighting..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Crosswalk with overhead lighting, and internally illuminated overhead crosswalk signs in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of crosswalk lights: those that illuminate the whole crosswalk area, and warning lights.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these lighting systems encourage oncoming traffic to yield for pedestrians only if necessary. </p><p>The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America currently provides engineering design standards for highway lighting. In the US, in conventional intersections, area lighting is typically provided by pole-mounted luminaires.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems illuminate the crosswalk as well as surrounding areas, and do not always provide enough contrast between the pedestrian and his or her background. </p><p>There have been many efforts to create lighting scenarios that offer better nighttime illumination in crosswalks. Some innovative concepts include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminating_lights">Illuminating lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Illuminating lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a> posts containing linear light sources inside. These posts have been shown to sufficiently illuminate the pedestrian but not the background, consequently increasing contrast and improving pedestrian visibility and detection.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this method shows promise in being incorporated into crosswalk lighting standards, more studies need to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Festooned strings of light over the top of the crosswalk.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warning_lights">Warning lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Warning lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To warn the oncoming traffic, these warning lights usually only rapidly flash when a pedestrian presses a button to use the crosswalk. </p> <ul><li>In-pavement lighting oriented to face oncoming traffic (<a href="/wiki/Embedded_pavement_flashing-light_system" title="Embedded pavement flashing-light system">Embedded pavement flashing-light system</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In-pavement, flashing warning lights oriented upwards (especially visible to children, the <a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">short-statured</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smombie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smombie">smombies</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pole-mounted, flashing warning lights (mounted similar to a traffic signal).</li> <li>Pedestrian warning signs enhanced with LED lights either within the sign face<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or underneath it.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In areas with heavy snowfall, using in-pavement lighting can be problematic, since snow can obscure the lights, and snowplows can damage them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railway_pedestrian_crossings">Railway pedestrian crossings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Railway pedestrian crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg/220px-Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg/330px-Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg/440px-Pedestrian_crossing_on_Haapam%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4-track.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A railway pedestrian crossing in <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>In Finland, fences in the footpath approaching the crossing force pedestrians and bicycles to slow down to navigate a zigzag path, which also tends to force that user to look out for the train. </p><p>Pedestrian crossings across railways may be arranged differently elsewhere, such as in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, where they consist of: </p> <ul><li>a barrier which closes when a train approaches;</li> <li>a "Red Man" light; no light when no train approaching</li> <li>an alarm</li></ul> <p>In France, when a train is approaching, a red man is shown with the word STOP flashing in red (R25 signal).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a footpath crosses a railway in the United Kingdom, there will most often be gates or stiles protecting the crossing from wildlife and livestock. In situations where there is little visibility along the railway, or the footpath is especially busy, there will also be a small set of lights with an explanatory sign. When a train approaches, the signal light will change to red and an alarm will sound until the train has cleared the crossing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The safety of unsignalled pedestrian or zebra crossings is somewhat contested in traffic engineering circles. </p><p>Research undertaken in New Zealand showed that a zebra crossing without other safety features on average <i>increases</i> pedestrian crashes by 28% compared to a location without crossings. However, if combined with (placed on top of) a <a href="/wiki/Speed_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed table">speed table</a>, zebra crossings were found to reduce pedestrian crashes by 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-LANDTRANSPORT_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANDTRANSPORT-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A five-year U.S. study of 1,000 marked crosswalks and 1,000 unmarked comparison sites found that on most roads, the difference in safety performance of marked and unmarked crossings is not statistically significant, unless additional safety features are used. On multilane roads carrying over 12,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an otherwise similar unmarked location, unless safety features such as raised median refuges or pedestrian beacons are also installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zegeer_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zegeer-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On multilane roads carrying over 15,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an unmarked location, even if raised median refuges are provided. The marking pattern had no significant effect on safety. This study only included locations where vehicle traffic was not controlled by a signal or stop sign.<sup id="cite_ref-Zegeer_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zegeer-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedestrian_crossings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedestrian crossings">Pedestrian crossings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footpath" title="Footpath">Footpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile" title="Stile">Stile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greenwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwalking">The Greenwalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing_flag" title="Pedestrian crossing flag">Pedestrian crossing flag</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBradley2013" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Pamela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8ifPP_QoNUC&pg=PT109"><i>Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107638112" title="Special:BookSources/9781107638112"><bdi>9781107638112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Vesuvius%3A+Pompeii+and+Herculaneum&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107638112&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8ifPP_QoNUC%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshaqueNoland" class="citation web cs1">Ishaque, Muhammad M.; Noland, Robert B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051250/http://www.cts.cv.ic.ac.uk/documents/poster/poster00845.pdf">"Making Roads Safe for Pedestrians or Keeping them Out of the Way? - An Historical Perspective on Pedestrian Policies in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> Centre for Transport Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cts.cv.ic.ac.uk/documents/poster/poster00845.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Roads+Safe+for+Pedestrians+or+Keeping+them+Out+of+the+Way%3F+-+An+Historical+Perspective+on+Pedestrian+Policies+in+Britain&rft.pub=Imperial+College+London+Centre+for+Transport+Studies&rft.aulast=Ishaque&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+M.&rft.au=Noland%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cts.cv.ic.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fposter%2Fposter00845.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 14 Feb. 1911, pg. 14: <i>The Pedestrian's Chances.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nevadadot.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nevadadot.com_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevadadot.com/home/showdocument?id=9057">Safety and Guidelines for Marked and Unmarked Pedestrian Crosswalks at Unsignalized Intersections in Nevada</a> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Southern+California&rft.atitle=Long+Beach+Tunes+Up+Road+Safety+With+Painted+Piano+Crosswalks&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbclosangeles.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FLong-beach-Piano-Crosswalks-395385121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueb2019" class="citation news cs1">Rueb, Emily S. (7 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/us/crosswalks-ames-iowa-safety.html">"The Government Says Rainbow Crosswalks Could Be Unsafe. Are They Really?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Government+Says+Rainbow+Crosswalks+Could+Be+Unsafe.+Are+They+Really%3F&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Rueb&rft.aufirst=Emily+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F07%2Fus%2Fcrosswalks-ames-iowa-safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Jessica (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/central-district-crosswalks-marked-with-colors-of-pan-african-flag/">"Crosswalks marked with colors of Pan-African flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Crosswalks+marked+with+colors+of+Pan-African+flag&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fcentral-district-crosswalks-marked-with-colors-of-pan-african-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transportforall.org.uk/campaign/colourful-crossings/">"Colourful Crossings » Transport for All"</a>. 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colourful+Crossings+%C2%BB+Transport+for+All&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportforall.org.uk%2Fcampaign%2Fcolourful-crossings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/step/docs/techSheet_RaisedCW2018.pdf">"Raised Crosswalk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raised+Crosswalk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fped_bike%2Fstep%2Fdocs%2FtechSheet_RaisedCW2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/sidewalks208.cfm">"Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide"</a>. <i>Federal Highway Administration</i>. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.atitle=Part+II+of+II%3A+Best+Practices+Design+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fenvironment%2Fbicycle_pedestrian%2Fpublications%2Fsidewalk2%2Fsidewalks208.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:63_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2009/part3/part3b.htm">"Chapter 3B - MUTCD 2009 Edition"</a>. <i>FHWA</i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FHWA&rft.atitle=Chapter+3B+-+MUTCD+2009+Edition&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmutcd.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fhtm%2F2009%2Fpart3%2Fpart3b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-row-xwalk503-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-row-xwalk503_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-row-xwalk503_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729000248/http://americawalks.org/wp-content/upload/Right-of-Way-in-the-Crosswalk_2013.pdf">"Right of Way in the Crosswalk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americawalks.org/wp-content/upload/Right-of-Way-in-the-Crosswalk_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Right+of+Way+in+the+Crosswalk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericawalks.org%2Fwp-content%2Fupload%2FRight-of-Way-in-the-Crosswalk_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/04100/01.htm">here</a> (discussing the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Vehicle_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Vehicle Code">Uniform Vehicle Code</a> and stating that "a crosswalk at an intersection is defined as the extension of the sidewalk or the shoulder across the intersection, regardless of whether it is marked or not."); see also California Vehicle Code section 275(a) ("'Crosswalk' is . . . [t]hat portion of a roadway included within the [extension] of the boundary lines of sidewalks at intersections where the intersecting roadways meet at approximately right angles, except the [extension] of such lines from an alley across a street")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/millennium/12.18.00/4.pdf">"2000 MUTCD - PART 4 - TRAFFIC SIGNALS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">fhwa.dot.gov</a></i>. December 2000. pp. 4E1 to 4E14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fhwa.dot.gov&rft.atitle=2000+MUTCD+-+PART+4+-+TRAFFIC+SIGNALS&rft.pages=4E1+to+4E14&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmutcd.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpdfs%2Fmillennium%2F12.18.00%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutcd-4e2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mutcd-4e2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2009/part4/part4e.htm">"Chapter 4E - MUTCD 2009 Edition"</a>. <i>FHWA</i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FHWA&rft.atitle=Chapter+4E+-+MUTCD+2009+Edition&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmutcd.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fhtm%2F2009%2Fpart4%2Fpart4e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-racism2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-racism2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2020" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, David (6 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://level.medium.com/the-unintentional-racism-found-in-traffic-signals-b2899c34fefb">"The Unintentional Racism Found in Traffic Signals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unintentional+Racism+Found+in+Traffic+Signals&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flevel.medium.com%2Fthe-unintentional-racism-found-in-traffic-signals-b2899c34fefb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theaa.com-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theaa.com_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaa.com/public_affairs/news/aa-pedestrian-crossings-in-europe-survey.html">"Public Affairs : AA pedestrian crossings survey in Europe - the AA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Affairs+%3A+AA+pedestrian+crossings+survey+in+Europe+-+the+AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaa.com%2Fpublic_affairs%2Fnews%2Faa-pedestrian-crossings-in-europe-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Article 29". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1978/06/19780606%2000-35%20AM/CTC-xi-b-20-searchable.pdf"><i>Convention on Road Signs and Signals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Treaty Series (in English, French, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish). Vol. 1091. Vienna. 8 November 1968. p. 27 – via United Nations Treaty Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+29&rft.btitle=Convention+on+Road+Signs+and+Signals&rft.place=Vienna&rft.series=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1968-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FTreaties%2F1978%2F06%2F19780606%252000-35%2520AM%2FCTC-xi-b-20-searchable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzone2008" class="citation cs2">Mazzone, Francesco (25 November 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329055817/https://www.polisnetwork.eu/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/pedestrian_crossings_intro.pdf"><i>International cooperation to improve the safety of European pedestrian crossings</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polisnetwork.eu/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/pedestrian_crossings_intro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+cooperation+to+improve+the+safety+of+European+pedestrian+crossings&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Mazzone&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polisnetwork.eu%2Fuploads%2FModules%2FPublicDocuments%2Fpedestrian_crossings_intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unece.org_convention_road_traffic2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_convention_road_traffic2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Conv_road_traffic_EN.pdf"><i>Convention on Road Traffic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> – via unece.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convention+on+Road+Traffic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2Fconventn%2FConv_road_traffic_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Conv_road_signs_2006v_EN.pdf"><i>Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968; European Agreement Supplementing the Convention; and Protocol on Road Markings, Additional to the European Agreement</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ECE/TRANS/196, United Nations Publication, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convention+on+Road+Signs+and+Signals+of+1968%3B+European+Agreement+Supplementing+the+Convention%3B+and+Protocol+on+Road+Markings%2C+Additional+to+the+European+Agreement&rft.series=ECE%2FTRANS%2F196&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publication&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2Fconventn%2FConv_road_signs_2006v_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Code de la route, article R412-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/go-ahead-bring-back-east-germany-s-little-traffic-light-man-say-researchers-8776994.html">"Go ahead: Bring back East Germany's little traffic light man, say"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 20 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Go+ahead%3A+Bring+back+East+Germany%27s+little+traffic+light+man%2C+say&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgo-ahead-bring-back-east-germany-s-little-traffic-light-man-say-researchers-8776994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097355613"><i>Traffic signs manual. Chapter 5, Road markings</i></a>. Great Britain. Department for Transport, Northern Ireland. Department for Infrastructure, Scotland. Scottish Government, Wales. Welsh Government (2003 ed.). London. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-553208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-553208-5"><bdi>978-0-11-553208-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097355613">1097355613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traffic+signs+manual.+Chapter+5%2C+Road+markings&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2003&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097355613&rft.isbn=978-0-11-553208-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1097355613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134444798"><i>Traffic signs manual. 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New Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton, NJ, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toxel.com/tech/2009/12/15/illuminated-air-crosswalk-concept/">"Illuminated Air Crosswalk Concept"</a>. <i>www.toxel.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toxel.com&rft.atitle=Illuminated+Air+Crosswalk+Concept&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toxel.com%2Ftech%2F2009%2F12%2F15%2Filluminated-air-crosswalk-concept%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202062227/http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsmart/tlite.htm">"Pedestrian & Bicycle Information Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsmart/tlite.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedestrian+%26+Bicycle+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkinginfo.org%2Fpedsmart%2Ftlite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/29/always-practise-safe-text-the-german-traffic-light-for-smartphone-zombies">"German traffic light for smartphone zombies"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 29 April 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+traffic+light+for+smartphone+zombies&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Fapr%2F29%2Falways-practise-safe-text-the-german-traffic-light-for-smartphone-zombies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xwalk.com/">"Crosswalk Lights, Pedestrian Crossing Signs"</a>. <i>Traffic Safety Corp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traffic+Safety+Corp.&rft.atitle=Crosswalk+Lights%2C+Pedestrian+Crossing+Signs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxwalk.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/49231">Embedded LEDs in Signs</a>, Federal highway Administration, May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Houten, Ron and & Malenfant, J.E. Louis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/interim_approval/ia11/stpetersburgrpt/index.htm">Efficacy of Rectangular-shaped Rapid Flash LED Beacons</a>, Retrieved 25 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo59261">Impacts of LED Brightness, Flash Pattern, and Location for Illuminated Pedestrian Traffic Control Device</a>, Federal Highway Administration, May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106194532/http://www.cete-sud-ouest.equipement.gouv.fr/securisation-des-traversees-a407.html"><i>Sécurisation des traversées piétonnes des voies de tramway</i></a>, CETE Sud-Ouest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LANDTRANSPORT-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LANDTRANSPORT_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pedestrian planning and design guide</i>. Land Transport New Zealand / <a href="/wiki/NZ_Transport_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ Transport Agency">NZ Transport Agency</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-478-30945-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-478-30945-4"><bdi>978-0-478-30945-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedestrian+planning+and+design+guide&rft.pub=Land+Transport+New+Zealand+%2F+NZ+Transport+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-478-30945-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zegeer-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zegeer_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zegeer_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegeer2002" class="citation book cs1">Zegeer, Charles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117081801/http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/collateral/resources/Effects_Un_MarkedCrosswalks_Summary.pdf"><i>Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations:Executive Summary and Recommended Guidelines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/collateral/resources/Effects_Un_MarkedCrosswalks_Summary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+Effects+of+Marked+vs.+Unmarked+Crosswalks+at+Uncontrolled+Locations%3AExecutive+Summary+and+Recommended+Guidelines&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zegeer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkinginfo.org%2Ftraining%2Fcollateral%2Fresources%2FEffects_Un_MarkedCrosswalks_Summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedestrian+crossing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedestrian_crossing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004030551/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/publications.htm">Bicycle and Pedestrian Statistics</a> Federal Highway Administration (US)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614082258/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/ltnotes/thedesignofpedestriancrossin4034">The Design of Pedestrian Crossings</a> - Department for Transport (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelblog.org/Europe/blog-846720.html">Photos of pedestrian signals from various countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/15043/index.cfm">Investigating Improvements to Pedestrian Crossings</a> FHWA.dot.gov</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pedestrian_crossings" title="Template:Pedestrian crossings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pedestrian_crossings" title="Template talk:Pedestrian crossings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pedestrian_crossings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pedestrian crossings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pedestrian_crossings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedestrian crossings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crossings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_crosswalks" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla crosswalks">Guerrilla crosswalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_crossing" title="Panda crossing">Panda crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">Pedestrian scramble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom">Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_separation_structure" title="Pedestrian separation structure">Pedestrian separation structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_crossing" title="Pegasus crossing">Pegasus crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">Pelican crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_crossing" title="Puffin crossing">Puffin crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subway_(underpass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subway (underpass)">Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing#Tiger_and_parallel_crossings" title="Zebra crossing">Tiger crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucan_crossing" title="Toucan crossing">Toucan crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">Zebra crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Ampelmännchen">Ampelmännchen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisha_beacon" title="Belisha beacon">Belisha beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_pavement_flashing-light_system" title="Embedded pavement flashing-light system">Embedded pavement flashing-light system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAWK_beacon" title="HAWK beacon">HAWK beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Orange" title="Portland Orange">Portland Orange</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiaol%C3%BCren" title="Xiaolüren">Xiaolüren</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">Curb cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_paving" title="Tactile paving">Tactile paving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Walking_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walking" title="Template:Walking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walking" title="Template talk:Walking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Walking_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> culture</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aids, groups and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bematist" title="Bematist">Bematist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_walker" title="Baby walker">Baby walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_guard" title="Crossing guard">Crossing guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">Pedometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_(mobility)" title="Walker (mobility)">Walker (mobility)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bus" title="Walking bus">Walking bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dromomania" title="Dromomania">Dromomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">Hand walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">Knuckle-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">Pedestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_walking_speed" title="Preferred walking speed">Preferred walking speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_distance_measure" title="Walking distance measure">Walking distance measure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alley" title="Alley">Alley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginnel" title="Ginnel">Ginnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drovers%27_road" title="Drovers' road">Drovers' road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">Esplanade</a>/Promenade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footpath" title="Footpath">Footpath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile" title="Stile">Stile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaol%C3%BCren" title="Xiaolüren">Xiaolüren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leisure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur" title="Flâneur">Flâneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-distance_footpaths" title="List of long-distance footpaths">Long-distance footpaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_walking" title="Mall walking">Mall walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_walking" title="Nordic walking">Nordic walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatapawali" title="Shatapawali">Shatapawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_walking" title="Power walking">Speed walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strolling" title="Strolling">Strolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_tour" title="Walking tour">Walking tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedestrian_circumnavigators" title="List of pedestrian circumnavigators">Pedestrian circumnavigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrianism" title="Pedestrianism">Pedestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_marathon" title="Slow marathon">Slow marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives<br />and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_charter_for_walking" title="International charter for walking">International charter for walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Pedestrians" title="International Federation of Pedestrians">International Federation of Pedestrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrominuto" title="Metrominuto">Metrominuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pedestrian_Day" title="National Pedestrian Day">National Pedestrian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Safely_to_School_Day" title="Walk Safely to School Day">Walk Safely to School Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkathon" title="Walkathon">Walkathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_audit" title="Walking audit">Walking audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8010#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" 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