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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Norton Villiers Triumph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norton_Villiers_Triumph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wankel_engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wankel_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Wankel engine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wankel_engine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wankel engine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wankel_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Aviation engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>North American ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Donington_Park_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Donington_Park_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>The Donington Park revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Donington_Park_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donington_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donington_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Donington Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donington_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TVS_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TVS_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>TVS acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TVS_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycles" title="Norton Motorcycles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norton Motorcycles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_(motorfiets)" title="Norton (motorfiets) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norton (motorfiets)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="ノートン・モーターサイクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノートン・モーターサイクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycles" title="Norton Motorcycles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norton Motorcycles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norton Motorcycle Company" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycles" title="Norton Motorcycles – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Norton Motorcycles" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Motorcycle_Company" title="Norton Motorcycle Company – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British motorcycle manufacturer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Norton Motorcycles</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nortonlog.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nortonlog.png/220px-Nortonlog.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Nortonlog.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black motorcycle racing at a non-street circuit with rider also wearing black" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg/220px-Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg/330px-Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Haslam" title="Ron Haslam">Ron Haslam</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">rotary-engined</a> Norton Motors Ltd <a href="/wiki/Norton_RCW588" title="Norton RCW588">NRS</a> racer</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Private_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company">Private company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Motorcycles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1898<span class="noprint">; 126 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1898</span>)</span></li><li>2008<span class="noprint">; 16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008</span>)</span>, relaunched</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/James_Lansdowne_Norton" title="James Lansdowne Norton">James Lansdowne Norton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, West Midlands, England<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortonmotorcycles.com">www<wbr />.nortonmotorcycles<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Norton Motorcycle Company</b> (formerly <b>Norton Motorcycles.</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, West Midlands, (originally based in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>), <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. For some years around 1990, the rights to use the name on motorcycles were owned by North American financiers. Currently it is owned by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> motorcycle giant <a href="/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company</a> </p><p>The business was founded in 1898 as a "fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade" manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-Holliday_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holliday-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1902 the company had begun manufacturing motorcycles with bought-in engines. In 1908 a Norton-built engine was added to the range. This began a long series of production of single and eventually twin-cylinder motorcycles, and a long history of racing involvement. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> Norton produced almost 100,000 of the military <a href="/wiki/Norton_16H" title="Norton 16H">Model 16 H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norton_Big_4" title="Norton Big 4">Big 4</a> sidevalve motorcycles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Associated_Motor_Cycles" title="Associated Motor Cycles">Associated Motor Cycles</a> bought the company in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reformed as <a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_Bronze_Holdings" title="Manganese Bronze Holdings">Manganese Bronze Holdings</a>, in 1966, and merged with <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Norton_Villiers_Triumph" title="Norton Villiers Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</a> in 1973. </p><p>In late 2008, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garner" title="Stuart Garner">Stuart Garner</a>, a UK businessman, bought the rights to Norton from some US concerns and relaunched Norton in its then-new Midlands home at <a href="/wiki/Donington_Park" title="Donington Park">Donington Park</a> where it was to develop the 961cc Norton Commando and a new range of Norton motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company went into administration in January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2020, administrators <a href="/wiki/BDO_Global" title="BDO Global">BDO</a> agreed to sell certain aspects of Garner's business to a new business with links to Indian motorcycle producer <a href="/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/220px-1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/330px-1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/440px-1907_Norton_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>1907 Norton</figcaption></figure> <p>The original company was formed by <a href="/wiki/James_Lansdowne_Norton" title="James Lansdowne Norton">James Lansdowne Norton</a> (known as "Pa") at 320, Bradford Street, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Holliday_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holliday-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902 Norton began building motorcycles with French and Swiss engines. In 1907 a Norton with Peugot engine, ridden by Rem Fowler, won the twin-cylinder class in the first <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Isle of Man TT</a> race, beginning a sporting tradition that went on until the 1960s. In April 1907 the Norton Manufacturing Co. moved to a larger factory at Deritend Bridge, Floodgate Street, Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Norton engines were made in 1907, with production models available from 1908. These were the 3.5 hp (490 cc) and the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Big_4" title="Norton Big 4">'Big 4'</a> (633cc), beginning a line of side-valve single-cylinder engines which continued with few changes until the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Norton logo was a fairly simple, <a href="/wiki/Art_nouveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Art nouveau">art nouveau</a> design, with the name spelled in capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a new logo appeared on the front of the catalogue for 1914, which was a joint effort by James Norton and his daughter Ethel. It became known as the "curly N" logo, with only the initial letter as a capital, and was used by the company thereafter, first appearing on actual motorcycles in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913 the business declined, and R. T. Shelley & Co., the main creditors, intervened and saved it. Norton Motors Ltd was formed shortly afterwards under joint directorship of James Norton and Bob Shelley. Shelley's brother-in-law was tuner Dan O'Donovan, and he managed to set a significant number of records on the Norton by 1914 when the war broke out - and as competition motorcycling was largely suspended during the hostilities, these records still stood when production restarted after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1914 Dan O'Donovan records set in April 1914 : </p> <ul><li>Under 500 cc flying km 81.06 mph, flying mile 78.60 mph - 490 cc Norton</li> <li>Under 750 cc flying km and flying mile see above</li> <li>Under 500 cc with sidecar flying km 65.65 mph, flying mile 62.07 mph - 490 cc Norton</li> <li>Under 750 cc with sidecar flying km and flying mile see above</li></ul> <p>On 17 July 1914 O'Donovan also took the flying 5 mile record at 75.88 mph, and the standing start 10 mile record at 73.29 mph, again on the 490 cc Norton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norton continued production of their 3.5 hp and Big 4 singles well into the war period, though in November 1916 the Ministry of Munitions issued an order that no further work on motor cycles or cars would be allowed from 15 November 1916 without a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time most motor cycle companies were already either producing munitions (or aircraft parts), or devoted to the export trade. Norton were involved in exporting and earlier that year had announced<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new 'Colonial Model' of their 633cc Big 4. This featured an increase in ground clearance from 4.25" to 6.5", by altering the frame, larger tank, greater clearance on mudguards, and a sturdy rear carrier. The engine was unaltered, and transmission was via a Sturmey-Archer 3-speed gearbox. </p><p>In February 1918, <i>Motor Cycle</i> reported<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a visit to Norton Motors. Mr Norton had stated that he expected three post-war models, the 3.5 hp 490 cc TT with belt drive (for the 'speed merchant'), and two utility mounts, one with detuned TT engine, and the other being the Big Four for very heavy solo or sidecar work, both of these with three-speed Sturmey-Archer countershaft gearbox and all chain drive. It was also stated that he had been experimenting with aluminium pistons, and that Norton had produced a book of driving hints which also contained details of their Military and Empire models. </p><p>In May 1918, Norton stated in one of their adverts<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that 'The ministry are taking the whole of our present output, but we have a waiting list'; this advert also uses the "Unapproachable Norton" phrase. Few Norton WD models appear in the For Sale column of <i>The Motor Cycle</i> after the war, suggesting they were shipped abroad, apparently one order going to the Russian Army <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nortonownersclub.org/history/1898–1939">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. The 1913–1917 Red Book<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listing UK Motor, Marine and Aircraft production shows Norton dropped from a full range in 1916, to only the Military Big Four in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-War_years">Inter-War years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inter-War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Inter-War motorcycles</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_16_H_(490_cc)_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg/250px-Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg/375px-Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg/500px-Norton_16_H_%28490_cc%29_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1921 Norton 16 H, 490 cc</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg/250px-Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg/375px-Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg/500px-Norton_International_M30_500_cc_OHC_Racer_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1937 Norton International M30 500 cc OHC Racer</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_ES2_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Norton_ES2_1939.jpg/250px-Norton_ES2_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Norton_ES2_1939.jpg/375px-Norton_ES2_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Norton_ES2_1939.jpg/500px-Norton_ES2_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1939 Norton ES2</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/250px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/375px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/500px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1952 Norton Big Four</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Norton resumed deliveries of civilian motorcycles in April 1919 with models aimed at motorcyclists who enjoyed the reliability and performance offered by long-stroke single-cylinder engines with separate gearboxes. </p><p>Norton also resumed racing and in 1924 the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Senior TT</a> was the first win with a race average speed over 60 mph, rider <a href="/wiki/Alec_Bennett" title="Alec Bennett">Alec Bennett</a>. Norton won this event ten times until they withdrew from racing in 1938. </p><p>J.L. Norton died in 1925 aged only 56, but he saw his motorcycles win the Senior and sidecar TTs in 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-IC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically with the 500 cc Model 18, Norton's first overhead valve single.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Designed by Walter Moore, the <a href="/wiki/Norton_CS1" title="Norton CS1">Norton CS1</a> engine appeared in 1927, based closely on the ES2 <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead valve">pushrod</a> engine and using many of its parts. Moore was hired away to <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU</a> in 1930, after which Arthur Carroll designed an entirely new OHC engine destined to become the basis for all later OHC and DOHC Norton singles. (Moore's move to NSU prompted his former staff to quip NSU stood for "Norton Spares Used") The Norton racing legend began in the 1930s. Of the nine Isle of Man Senior TTs (500 cc) between 1931 and 1939, Norton won seven.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1934 Norton bought <a href="/wiki/Sturmey-Archer" title="Sturmey-Archer">Sturmey-Archer</a> gearboxes and clutches. When Sturmey discontinued production Norton bought the design rights and had them made by <a href="/wiki/Burman_and_Sons_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Burman and Sons Ltd">Burman</a>, a manufacturer of proprietary gearboxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_France_and_Belgium_1940_F4344.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A British Army Norton and sidecar in Belgium, May 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Norton started making military motorcycles again in 1936 after a tender process in 1935 where a modified <a href="/wiki/Norton_16H" title="Norton 16H">Norton 16H</a> beat contenders. From 900 in 1936 to 2000 in 1937, Norton was ahead of the competition as war loomed, and there was good reason in terms of spares and maintenance for the military to keep to the same model. Between 1937 and 1945 nearly a quarter (over 100,000) of all British military motorcycles were Nortons, basically the <a href="/wiki/Norton_16H" title="Norton 16H">WD 16H</a> (solo) and WD Big Four outfit with driven sidecar wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/220px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/330px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg/440px-Norton_Big_Four_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Norton Big Four (1952 model)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Senior TT</a> successes continued after the war, with Nortons winning every year from 1947 to 1954. </p><p>After the Second World War, Norton reverted to civilian motorcycle production, gradually increasing its range. A major addition in 1949 was the twin cylinder Model 7, known as the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Dominator" title="Norton Dominator">Norton Dominator</a>, a pushrod 500 cc twin-cylinder machine designed by <a href="/wiki/Bert_Hopwood" title="Bert Hopwood">Bert Hopwood</a>. Its chassis was derived from the ES2 single, with telescopic front and plunger rear suspension, and an updated version of the gearbox known as the "lay-down" box. More shapely mudguards and tanks completed the more modern styling to Nortons new premium model twin. </p><p>Norton struggled to reclaim its pre-WWII racing dominance as the single-cylinder machine faced fierce competition from the multi-cylinder Italian machines and AJS from the UK. In the <a href="/wiki/1949_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season</a>, the first year of the world championship, Norton made only fifth place and <a href="/wiki/AJS" title="AJS">AJS</a> won. That was before the <a href="/wiki/Featherbed_frame" title="Featherbed frame">Featherbed frame</a> appeared, developed for Norton by the McCandless brothers of Belfast in January 1950, used in the legendary <a href="/wiki/Norton_Manx" title="Norton Manx">Manx Norton</a> and raced by riders including <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Duke" title="Geoff Duke">Geoff Duke</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Surtees" title="John Surtees">John Surtees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Minter" title="Derek Minter">Derek Minter</a>. Very quickly the featherbed frame, a design that allowed the construction of a motorcycle with good mass-stiffness distribution,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a benchmark by which all other frames were judged.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norton also experimented with engine placement, and discovered that moving the engine slightly up/down, forward/back, or even right/left, could deliver a "sweet spot" in terms of handling. Motorcycle designers still use this method to fine-tune motorcycle handling.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951 the Norton Dominator was made available to export markets as the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_88_Dominator" title="Norton Model 88 Dominator">Model 88</a> with the Featherbed frame. Later, as production of this frame increased, it became a regular production model, and was made in variants for other models, including the OHV single-cylinder machines. </p><p>Manx Nortons also played a significant role in the development of post war car racing. At the end of 1950, the English national 500 cc regulations were adopted as the new <a href="/wiki/Formula_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 3">Formula 3</a>. The JAP Speedway engine had dominated the category initially but the Manx was capable of producing significantly more power and became the engine of choice. Many complete motorcycles were bought in order to strip the engine for 500 cc car racing, as Norton would not sell separate engines. </p><p>The racing successes were transferred to the street through <a href="/wiki/Cafe_racer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe racer">cafe racers</a>, some of which would use the featherbed frame with an engine from another manufacturer to make a hybrid machine with the best of both worlds. The most famous of these were <a href="/wiki/Triton_motorcycle" title="Triton motorcycle">Tritons</a> - Triumph twin engines in a Norton featherbed frame. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_16H_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civilianised version of 1943/44 military Norton, model WD16H"><img alt="Civilianised version of 1943/44 military Norton, model WD16H" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Norton_16H_001.jpg/274px-Norton_16H_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Norton_16H_001.jpg/411px-Norton_16H_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Norton_16H_001.jpg/548px-Norton_16H_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civilianised version of 1943/44 military Norton, model WD16H</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NortonManx,Bj.1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1954 Norton Manx"><img alt="1954 Norton Manx" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg/266px-NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg/399px-NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg/532px-NortonManx%2CBj.1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954 Norton Manx</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norton Manx 500 cc Racer 1958"><img alt="Norton Manx 500 cc Racer 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg/286px-Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg/429px-Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg/572px-Norton_Manx_500_cc_Racer_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norton Manx 500 cc Racer 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-unit Triumph engined Triton Café racer"><img alt="Pre-unit Triumph engined Triton Café racer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triton.jpg/261px-Triton.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triton.jpg/392px-Triton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triton.jpg/522px-Triton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pre-unit Triumph engined Triton <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_racer" title="Café racer">Café racer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooper-_Norton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norton Manx Engine in a Cooper Formula 500 Race Car"><img alt="Norton Manx Engine in a Cooper Formula 500 Race Car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cooper-_Norton.jpg/273px-Cooper-_Norton.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cooper-_Norton.jpg/409px-Cooper-_Norton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cooper-_Norton.jpg/545px-Cooper-_Norton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norton Manx Engine in a Cooper Formula 500 Race Car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manx_Cooper.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of engine installation in the Cooper"><img alt="Detail of engine installation in the Cooper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Manx_Cooper.JPG/272px-Manx_Cooper.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Manx_Cooper.JPG/407px-Manx_Cooper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Manx_Cooper.JPG/543px-Manx_Cooper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of engine installation in the Cooper</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AMC">AMC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: AMC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg/220px-Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg/330px-Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg/440px-Norton_Atlas_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>1967 Norton Atlas</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Associated_Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Motorcycles">Associated Motorcycles</a></div> <p>Despite, or perhaps because of, the racing successes Norton was in financial difficulty. <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Technology" title="Reynolds Technology">Reynolds</a> could not make many of the highly desired Featherbed frames and customers lost interest in buying machines with the older frames. In 1953 Norton sold out to <a href="/wiki/Associated_Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Motorcycles">Associated Motorcycles</a> (AMC), who owned the brands <a href="/wiki/AJS" title="AJS">AJS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matchless" title="Matchless">Matchless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis-Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis-Barnett">Francis-Barnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cycle_Co" title="James Cycle Co">James</a>. In 1962 the Norton factory in Bracebridge Street, Birmingham was closed and production was moved to AMC's <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a> factory in south-east London. </p><p>Under AMC ownership a much improved version of the Norton gearbox was developed, to be used on all the larger models of AJS, Matchless and Norton. Again, the major changes were for improved gear selection. In September 1955 a 600 cc <a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_99_Dominator" title="Norton Model 99 Dominator">Dominator 99</a> was launched. The 1946 to 1953 Long Stroke <a href="/wiki/Norton_Manx" title="Norton Manx">Manx Norton</a> was 79.6 mm × 100 mm (3.1 in × 3.9 in) initially <a href="/wiki/SOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHC">SOHC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOHC">DOHC</a> engine becoming available to favoured racers in 1949. The Short Stroke model (1953 to 1962) had bore and stroke of 86 mm × 85.6 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in). It used a dry sump 499 cc single-cylinder motor, with two valves operated by bevel drive, shaft driven twin overhead camshafts. Compression ratio was 11:1. It had an <a href="/wiki/Amal_GP" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal GP">Amal GP</a> carburettor, and a Lucas racing magneto. The 1962 500 cc Manx Nortons produced 50 bhp (37 kW) at 6,780rpm, weighed 142 kg (313 lb), and had a top speed of 209 km/h (130 mph). </p><p>In 1960, a new version of the road-going Featherbed frame was developed in which the upper frame rails were bent inwards to reduce the width between the rider's knees for greater comfort. The move was also to accommodate the shorter rider as the wide frame made it difficult to reach the ground. This frame is known as the "slimline" frame; the earlier frames then became known as the "wideline". </p><p>The last Manx Nortons were sold in 1963. Even though Norton had pulled out of Grand Prix racing in 1954, the race-shop at Bracebridge Street continued until 1962, and the Manx became a mainstay of privateer racing, and even today are highly sought after, commanding high prices. </p><p>On 7 November 1960 the first new 650 cc <a href="/wiki/Norton_Manxman" title="Norton Manxman">Norton Manxman</a> was launched for the American market only. By September 1961 the Norton 650SS appeared for the UK market, the 750 cc (Atlas). By 20 April 1962 for the American market as they demanded more power,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but the increases to the vertical twin engine's capacity caused a vibration problem at 5500 rpm. A 500 cc vertical twin is smoother than a single-cylinder, but if the vertical twin's capacity is enlarged vibration increases. The 750 Norton Atlas proved too expensive and costs could not be reduced. Financial problems gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an export bike primarily for use as a desert racer, sold up until 1969 as the Norton P11,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AJS Model 33, Matchless G15 and Norton N15 which used the Norton Atlas engine in a modified Matchless G85CS scrambler frame with AMC wheels and Teledraulic front forks. This bike was reputed to vibrate less than the Featherbed frame model. AMC singles were also sold with Norton badging in this era.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during this period Norton developed a family of three similar smaller-capacity twin cylinder machines: first the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Jubilee" title="Norton Jubilee">Norton Jubilee</a> 250 and then the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Navigator" title="Norton Navigator">Navigator 350 and the Electra 400</a>, which had an electric starter. These models were Norton's first use of <a href="/wiki/Unit_construction" title="Unit construction">unit construction</a>. The engine was an entirely new design by Bert Hopwood and the frame and running gear were from the Francis-Barnett range, also owned by AMC.<sup id="cite_ref-nortonownersclub-1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nortonownersclub-1992-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norton-Villiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a></div> <p>In 1966 AMC became insolvent and was reformed as <a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_Bronze_Holdings" title="Manganese Bronze Holdings">Manganese Bronze Holdings</a>. </p><p>The 750 Norton Atlas was noted for its vibration. Rather than change engines Norton decided to change the frame, and the isolastic-framed Norton Commando 750 was the result. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg/220px-Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg/330px-Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg/440px-Norton_850_Commando_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>1973 850 Commando</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967 the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commando" title="Norton Commando">Commando prototype</a> was shown at the Earls Court Show in November, and introduced as a production model for 1968. Its styling, innovative <a href="/wiki/Isolastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolastic">isolastic</a> frame and powerful engine made it an appealing package. The Commando easily outperformed contemporary Triumph and BSA twins and was the most powerful and best-handling British motorcycle of its day. The isolastic frame made it much smoother than the Atlas. It used rubber bushings to isolate the engine and swing arm from the frame, forks, and rider. However, as the steel-shims incorporated in the Isolastic bearings wore, often from rusting, the bike became prone to poor handling: fishtailing in high-speed turns. </p><p>The "Combat" engine was released in January 1972 with a twin roller bearing crank, 10:1 compression and developing 65 bhp (48 kW) at 6,500 rpm. Reliability immediately suffered, with frequent and early crank-shaft main-bearing failures, sometimes leading to broken crankshafts. Older engines had used one ball-bearing main bearing and one roller bearing main bearing but the Combat engine featured two roller bearings in a mistaken belief that this would strengthen the bottom-end to cope with the higher power-output. Instead the resultant crank-bending caused the rollers to "dig-in" to the races, causing rapid failure. This fragility was particularly obvious when measured against the reliability of contemporary Japanese machines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem was solved initially by a special roller bearing of 'superblend' fame later in 1972. This was superseded by a standard high capacity roller bearing early in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1973 an 8.5:1 compression 828 cc "850" engine was released with German FAG SuperBlend bearings. These, featuring slightly barrel-shaped rollers, had been introduced on late model 750 cc engines to cure the Combat engine's problems of crank-flex and the consequent digging-in to the bearing-surface of the initial cylindrical bearing rollers. This model produced 51 bhp (38 kW) at 6,250 rpm but the stated power does not give a true picture of the engine performance because increased torque seemed to make up for the reduced horsepower.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commando was offered in several different styles: the standard street model, a pseudo-scrambler with upswept pipes and the Interstate, packaged as a tourer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norton_Villiers_Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norton Villiers Triumph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg/220px-1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg/330px-1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg/440px-1978_Norton_Commando_-_LHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>1978 Commando Interstate Mk3</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norton_Villiers_Triumph" title="Norton Villiers Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</a></div> <p>In 1972 <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a> was also in financial trouble. It was given UK Government help on the condition that it merged with <a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a>, and in 1973 the new <a href="/wiki/Norton_Villiers_Triumph" title="Norton Villiers Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</a> (NVT) was formed. The <a href="/wiki/Triumph_Engineering_Co_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph Engineering Co Ltd">Triumph Motorcycles</a> name came from BSA's Triumph subsidiary. </p><p>1973 saw the start of development on a new machine with a monocoque pressed steel frame, that also included a 500 cc twin, <a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine#Stepped_piston_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">stepped piston engine</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the 'Wulf'. However, as the Norton Villiers Triumph company was again in serious financial problems, development of the 'Wulf' was dropped in favour of the rotary <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a> type engine inherited from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a>. </p><p>In 1974 the UK's outgoing <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> withdrew subsidies, but the incoming <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> restored them after the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">General Election</a>. Rationalisation of the factory sites to Wolverhampton and Birmingham (BSA's <a href="/wiki/Small_Heath,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Heath, Birmingham">Small Heath</a> site) caused industrial disputes at Triumph's Coventry site; Triumph would go on as a workers <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> alone. Despite mounting losses, 1974 saw the release of the 828 Roadster, Mark 2 Hi Rider, JPN Replica (<a href="/wiki/John_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="John Player">John Player</a> Norton) and Mark 2a Interstate. In 1975 the range was down to just two models: the electric start Mark 3 Interstate and the Roadster, but then the UK Government asked for a repayment of its loan and refused export credits, further damaging the company's ability to sell abroad. Production of the two models still made was ended and supplies dwindled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wankel_engine">Wankel engine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wankel engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Rotary-engined motorcycles</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MyPicClassic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/MyPicClassic.jpg/250px-MyPicClassic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/MyPicClassic.jpg/375px-MyPicClassic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/MyPicClassic.jpg/500px-MyPicClassic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Norton Limited Edition Classic, air-cooled</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg/250px-Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg/375px-Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ron_Haslam_on_a_Norton_motorcycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Norton_RCW588" title="Norton RCW588">Norton RCW588</a> racer, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Haslam" title="Ron Haslam">Ron Haslam</a> riding</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg/250px-SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg/375px-SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/SL-Norton-Interpol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Norton Interpol 2</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton-Commander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Norton-Commander.jpg/250px-Norton-Commander.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Norton-Commander.jpg/375px-Norton-Commander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Norton-Commander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Norton Commander P53, sold as civilian tourer</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the break-up of NVT, Poore established Norton Motors (1978) Ltd in the former NVT factory at <a href="/wiki/Shenstone,_Staffordshire" title="Shenstone, Staffordshire">Shenstone, Staffordshire</a> to continue work on the rotary.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference:_NVT_rotary-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They purchased all the wankel manufacturing equipment from <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(motorcycle)" title="Hercules (motorcycle)">Hercules/DKW</a> who had stopped manufacturing wankel machines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 production prototypes of a dual rotor machine were built in 1979 with a planned production of 500 in 1980. However, Poore announced in December 1979 that the launch of the bike was delayed indefinitely due to the political situation surrounding the Triumph cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference:_NVT_rotary-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company had some success making the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a>-engined <a href="/wiki/Norton_Interpol_2" title="Norton Interpol 2">Interpol 2</a> motorcycle for civilian and military <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> forces and the <a href="/wiki/RAC_Limited" title="RAC Limited">RAC</a> which was launched in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a> planned to build a <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> (fwd) 2+2 car powered by a <a href="/wiki/Turbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo">turbo</a> version of the water cooled Norton wankel engine known as Project Nora. After negotiations with Norton it became apparent that the engine was not sufficiently developed for use.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of the water cooled engine continued and a water cooled prototype, the P51, was built in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference:_NVT_rotary-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a joint venture with German Norton importer Joachim "Joe" Seifert, Norton set up the German company Norton Motors (Deutschland) GmbH.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_F1_Sport_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_F1_Sport-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Poore's death in 1987, Manganese Bronze sold Norton to a group of investors led by Philippe LeRoux for £1.64 million, who formed Norton Group PLC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A civilian version of the Interpol 2 was introduced named the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Classic" title="Norton Classic">Classic</a> with only 100 bikes being made.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent Norton Wankels were water-cooled. The <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander_(motorcycle)" title="Norton Commander (motorcycle)">Commander</a> was launched in 1988 and was followed by the Spondon-framed <a href="/wiki/Norton_F1" title="Norton F1">F1</a>. This model was a de-tuned replica of the <a href="/wiki/Norton_RCW588" title="Norton RCW588">Norton RCW588</a> factory racing machine, which won many short-distance races, but had many reliability issues requiring frequent servicing, in particular changing the primary drive chain every 100 miles. </p><p>In 1988 a new team was brought in to replace Brian Crighton's team, to try to improve the model and reduce some of its reliability issues. The team, headed by ex-Honda-team manager Barry Symmons, Honda engineer Chris Mehew and chassis specialist Ron Williams, were tasked with producing a low-cost chassis and an engine with long-term reliability. The chassis, designed by Ron Williams and made by Harris Products, was based on Yamaha's Delta box stamped panels. However, in spite of many innovative solutions from Chris Mehew, the team's was unable to improve the reliability of the engine to a commercially saleable level. They quickly realized that an engine generating 1,100 °C exhaust temperatures was not the item to place under a petrol tank. </p><p>The team's project, renamed NRS 588, did win the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Isle of Man TT</a>, ridden by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hislop" title="Steve Hislop">Steve Hislop</a>, North West 200, and Ulster Grand Prix races ridden by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunlop" title="Robert Dunlop">Robert Dunlop</a>. Whilst in Northern Ireland, the team met Gordon Blair, an automotive engineer from <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>. Blair commented that the Japanese had abandoned development of the motorcycle variant of the Wankel engine on two main counts: 1. As the team had realised, there was just too much heat to be confined in a motorcycle chassis. 2. The pollution created by the engine burning lubrication oil and fuel was too great to meet the impending pollution regulations without a large and costly exhaust scrubbing system. In his TV Series on British industry, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey-Jones" title="John Harvey-Jones">John Harvey-Jones</a> commented that the company was governed more by heart than head, and the racing team were the only ones worth saving. </p><p>The F1 was succeeded by the restyled and slightly less costly F1 Sport. In 2005, a group of former Norton employees were reported to have built nine F1 Sport models from existing stocks of parts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Seifert and ex-Norton engineer Richard Negus registered Norton Motors Ltd in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_F1_Sport_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_F1_Sport-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Seifert, on behalf of Norton Motors (Deutschland) GmbH registered the Norton trademark in some European countries<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_Motors_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_Motors-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Italy, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands).<sup id="cite_ref-Registration_Statement_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Registration_Statement-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_engines">Aviation engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aviation engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Aerospace_Technologies" title="Continental Aerospace Technologies">Teledyne Continental Motors</a> licensed the Norton rotary technology for light aircraft engines. Norton continued to develop the engine for use in <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAV).<sup id="cite_ref-Automotive_Engineering_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automotive_Engineering-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, MidWest acquired the rights for light aviation use and based at <a href="/wiki/Staverton_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Staverton Airport">Staverton Airport</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/MidWest_AE_series" title="MidWest AE series">MidWest AE series</a> <a href="/wiki/Aero_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero engine">aero engine</a> from the Norton twin-rotor engine.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/David_Garside" title="David Garside">David Garside</a> led management buyout of the UAV engine part of Norton led to the formation of <i>UAV Engines Ltd</i> in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-Automotive_Engineering_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automotive_Engineering-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which leased part of the Shenstone site.<sup id="cite_ref-Registration_Statement_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Registration_Statement-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_American_ownership">North American ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North American ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chief Executive Phillippe LeRoux attempted to diversify the company to a group with interests in property and leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> started to investigate improprieties in the investments of financier Philippe LeRoux and his associates<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following which LeRoux resigned his position as Chief Executive.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a move to manage an outstanding debt of £7 million, in 1991 David MacDonald was appointed Chief Executive at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a>. McDonald sold the company to the Canadian company <i>Wildrose Ventures</i> in 1993 for around half a million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994_2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994_2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Head of Wildrose Ventures <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Skalbania" title="Nelson Skalbania">Nelson Skalbania</a> reformed the company as Norton Motors (1993) Ltd., putting his daughter Rosanda in place as General Manager at the Shenstone site.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new ownership attempted to reclaim from public exhibition premises and place for auction with Sothebys ten historic motorcycles, estimated at the time to be worth £50,000,<sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a 1904 Triumph first exhibited in 1938, which had been variously distributed to <a href="/wiki/National_Motor_Museum,_Beaulieu" title="National Motor Museum, Beaulieu">National Motor Museum, Beaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Transport_Museum" title="Coventry Transport Museum">Coventry Transport Museum</a>. </p><p>This proved controversial as the museums had assumed the loans had been made on a permanent basis, and former Chief Executive David MacDonald stated "Without doubt anything which existed before 1984 does not belong to the present company. The assets were simply not transferred".<sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994B_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994B-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildrose Ventures was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Stock_Exchange" title="Alberta Stock Exchange">Alberta Stock Exchange</a> to cease trading.<sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCN_1994_2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCN_1994_2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 ownership of the company reverted to <a href="/wiki/Aquilini_Investment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilini Investment Group">Aquilini Investments</a> as Skalbania was unable to repay the money he had borrowed to purchase the company. The Skalbania connection was reported as being severed by July of that year<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquilini formed <i>Norton Motors, International</i>, whose principal shareholder was <i>Global Coin Corporation</i>, an Aquilini controlled company. To hide its assets from creditors Norton was transferred to the <i>Norton Acquisition Corporation</i> and then to <i>Hallmark Properties</i>, which changed its name to <i>Norton Motorcycles Inc</i>. All of these were Aquilini controlled companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cieslukowski-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph Novogratz entered an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Robin_Herd" title="Robin Herd">Robin Herd</a> of <a href="/wiki/March_Engineering" title="March Engineering">March Engineering</a> to use the name March when the company was liquidated<sup id="cite_ref-AN_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed March Motors Limited, a UK company, in 1995. The following year the company was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cieslukowski-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company engaged Melling Consultancy Design (MCD), run by ex-<a href="/wiki/F1" class="mw-redirect" title="F1">F1</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Al_Melling" title="Al Melling">Al Melling</a>, to design a range of motorcycles, the flagship model being the 1,500 cc (92 cu in) <a href="/wiki/V8" class="mw-redirect" title="V8">v8</a> Nemesis. Aquilini approached March for using the Norton name for the bikes. A joint venture was set up, Norton Motors International Inc, with all of Aquilini Norton assets, including the Shenstone factory, transferred to the new company.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new model line-up was presented at an investors meeting in London's <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorchester Hotel">Dorchester Hotel</a> in December 1997 including prototypes of the 750 cc (46 cu in) four-cylinder Manx and the Nemesis. Production was due to start at Shenstone in late 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production was subsequently delayed and investors lost faith in the project. By November 1999 Norton Motors International were bankrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-AN_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melling and Norton ended up in court over the Nemesis prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedom Motorcycles were developing a v-twin cruiser. In July 2002 Global Coin issued them with a licence to use the Norton trademark in North America with an option to buy the trademark for $2.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cieslukowski-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom set up a subsidiary company Norton Motor Co.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal right of Global Coin to issue the licence was put into doubt,<sup id="cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cieslukowski-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in March 2003 the company relinquished the right to use the Norton name in return for an undisclosed cash payment. The company changed its name to Viper Motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s Kenny Dreer of Vintage Rebuilds of <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> started remanufacturing Commandos with an updated specifications and capacity increased to 880cc, calling the bikes the Norton Commando VR880.<sup id="cite_ref-Cycle_World_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cycle_World-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 Dreer received a <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> notice from Aquilini claiming Dreer had no right to use the names and logos of Norton and Commando on the VR880. A 4-year legal battle followed, the result of which was Dreers' company, renamed to Norton Motorsports in 2000, acquired the rights to the Norton trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-Robb_Report_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robb_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dreer finalised a deal with Seifert to obtain the European rights to the Norton name, giving Norton Motorsports worldwide rights to the name.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_Rider_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_Rider-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the costs to obtain the trademarks put the company in a poor financial situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Robb_Report_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robb_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VR880 had taken the Commando to the limit of its development and donor bikes were getting more difficult to obtain. Dreer wanted to build a more modern replacement for the Commando and development of the 952 started.<sup id="cite_ref-Robb_Report_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robb_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further development of the 952 led to the 961 and prototypes of the 961 were well received by the motorcycling press in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_Rider_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_Rider-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Norton Motorsports were unable to raise the finance to put the bike into production. Dreer's investor/business partner Oliver Curme put the business up for sale in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An agreement was made with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Castiglioni_(entrepreneur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudio Castiglioni (entrepreneur) (page does not exist)">Claudio Castiglioni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Castiglioni" class="extiw" title="it:Claudio Castiglioni">it</a>]</span> for <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV</a> to acquire the Norton name. Designer <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Tamburini" title="Massimo Tamburini">Massimo Tamburini</a> started work on modern Commando twin. However the deal was vetoed by the bankers Gevi SpA, who controlled 57.75% of MV.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norton Rotary Engineering Ltd had been established at Shenstone, their main business being the supplying of part and servicing of rotary Nortons. They were put up for auction in November 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all the parts, technical drawings and intellectual property were purchased by Norton Motors Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2004 Norton Motors Ltd opened premises in <a href="/wiki/Rugeley" title="Rugeley">Rugeley</a>, Staffordshire to service the needs of rotary owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_Motors_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_Motors-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Donington_Park_revival">The Donington Park revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Donington Park revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg/220px-Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg/330px-Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg/440px-Norton_Commando_961_Sport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Norton Commando 961 Sport in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>After fifteen years of US ownership the Norton brand was secured by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garner" title="Stuart Garner">Stuart Garner</a>, a UK businessman and owner of Norton Racing Ltd. Garner established a new 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m<sup>2</sup>) Norton factory at <a href="/wiki/Donington_Park" title="Donington Park">Donington Park</a> to develop the Dreer-based machine.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Norton was a 961 cc (88 mm × 79 mm (3.5 in × 3.1 in)), air- and oil-cooled pushrod <a href="/wiki/Straight-twin_engine" title="Straight-twin engine">parallel twin</a> with a gear-driven counterbalancer and a 270° crank (a concept pioneered on the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_TRX850" title="Yamaha TRX850">Yamaha TRX850</a>). The machine, a single-seat roadster styled after the earlier Commando models, has a claimed rear-wheel power output of 80 hp (60 kW), giving a top speed of over 130 mph (210 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-mcs_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcs-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new operation at Donington Park began limited production of a motorcycle based on the Kenny Dreer 961 Commando. The new motorcycle only shared the outline of the Dreer bike; all aspects of the motorcycle were re-designed in order to move into production. An updated and revised version of the rotary machine first produced in the 1980s is also being developed. The company <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a> was altered by "doing away with the double crossing of the 't<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", in use since 1924, thereby "honouring the very first configuration of the identity, designed by [James] Norton and his daughter."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2011 it was announced designer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Terblanche" title="Pierre Terblanche">Pierre Terblanche</a> had departed Piaggio/Moto Guzzi to join Norton.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2011 UK minister <a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a> announced that the Government was underwriting a £7.5 million bank loan to Norton, to promote secure cash flow for their export sales. Garner responded that this finance would allow Norton to double annual production from 500 to 1,000 machines.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 January 2020, it was announced that the company had gone into <a href="/wiki/Administration_in_United_Kingdom_law" title="Administration in United Kingdom law">administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrators <a href="/wiki/BDO_Global#United_Kingdom" title="BDO Global">BDO</a> were appointed by <a href="/wiki/Metro_Bank_(United_Kingdom)" title="Metro Bank (United Kingdom)">Metro Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company had been in court over £300,000 of unpaid taxes due to <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a>, from an original amount of £600,000, with company representatives stating that £135,000 in "outstanding research and development tax relief" was overdue and would substantially reduce the amount owed.<sup id="cite_ref-Live_Jan_29_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live_Jan_29-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMRC gave the company more time to pay and the court case was adjourned until mid-February.<sup id="cite_ref-Live_Jan_29_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live_Jan_29-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were reports that there had been fraudulent wrongdoing which affected hundreds of pension holders who invested in the company, Norton customers, and staff; government ministers had endorsed Norton as millions of pounds of government grants and loans were provided.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An associated hotel business owned by Stuart Garner also went in administration and was run temporarily by an outside hotel chain.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 April 2020, it was reported that India's <a href="/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company</a> had acquired the business in a cash deal. In the short term, they intended to continue production of motorcycles at Donington Park using the same staff. Former CEO Stuart Garner would not be involved in the new business.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2021, TVS announced the opening of a new manufacturing facility at Monkspath, <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, to be staffed initially by 100+ workers to produce luxury hand-crafted motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, former CEO Stuart Garner admitted taking circa £11 million from three pension schemes intended for employees, where Garner was the sole trustee, to invest in the business.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Derby_Crown_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Derby Crown Court">Derby Crown Court</a> on 31 March 2022, Garner was sentenced to eight months prison, <a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence#United_Kingdom" title="Suspended sentence">suspended</a> for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 July 2023, it was announced that UK MPs were launching an inquiry into the prosecution of the pension fraud case. It was stated that the inquiry would summon key representatives from the UK's financial regulators to give evidence on the case.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Donington_Hall">Donington Hall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Donington Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg/220px-DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg/330px-DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg/440px-DoningtonHallCastleDonington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donington_Hall" title="Donington Hall">Donington Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Norton acquired <a href="/wiki/Donington_Hall" title="Donington Hall">Donington Hall</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Donington" title="Castle Donington">Castle Donington</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_West_Leicestershire" title="North West Leicestershire">North West Leicestershire</a> as its new corporate headquarters in March 2013. This office and engineering facility is situated behind Donington Hall in a modern building complex, known as Hastings House. The Donington Hall site includes 26 country acres surrounded by parkland and ancient deer park.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norton Motorcycles purchased Donington Hall (formerly the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/British_Midland_International" title="British Midland International">British Midland International</a>) from <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> for an undisclosed sum, and announced that it would vacate the current Norton factory at Donington Park, which had about 40 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shifting operations from Donington Park would be carried out in phases so as to not interfere with either production or distribution of Norton's bikes.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TVS_acquisition">TVS acquisition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: TVS acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 April 2020 TVS motor company announced the acquisition of the brand in an all-cash deal for a reported £16 million.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, new Norton motorcycles rolled off the production line after nearly 12 months of inactivity, with interim CEO John Russell announcing “The first bikes to be built will be 40 Commandos. It's a bike people love.”<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, TVS announced the appointment of Dr Robert Hentschel as chief executive officer (CEO) of Norton Motorcycles. Dr Robert Hentschel joined Norton from <a href="/wiki/Valmet_Automotive" title="Valmet Automotive">Valmet Automotive Holding GmbH & Co KG</a>, where he served as managing director since 2017. Before that, he headed <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_PLC" title="Ricardo PLC">Ricardo Deutschland</a> and Hentschel System and was also Director of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Engineering">Lotus Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norton_motorcycles" title="List of Norton motorcycles">List of Norton motorcycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garside" title="David Garside">David Garside</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nortonmotorcycles.com/terms-conditions/">"Terms & Conditions"</a>. 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terms+%26+Conditions&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortonmotorcycles.com%2Fterms-conditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holliday-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holliday_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holliday_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holliday, Bob, <i>Norton Story</i>, Patrick Stephens, 1972, p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-motorcycle-gear.com/norton-motorcycle-history.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norton+Motorcycle+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-motorcycle-gear.com%2Fnorton-motorcycle-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garner_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2008/October/13-19/oct1608-mcn-speaks-with-norton-boss/">"Norton History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stepped+Piston+Engine+Operating+Principle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.breathe.com%2Fprhooper%2Fopads.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reference:_NVT_rotary-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reference:_NVT_rotary_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicbikeguide.com/nvt-rotary-2/">"Reference: NVT rotary"</a>. <i>Classic Bike Guide</i>. 3 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classic+Bike+Guide&rft.atitle=Reference%3A+NVT+rotary&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicbikeguide.com%2Fnvt-rotary-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHege2015" class="citation book cs1">Hege, John B. 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McFarland. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8658-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-8658-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wankel+Rotary+Engine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8658-8&rft.aulast=Hege&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIB2lMFqTTl8C%26dq%3Ddavid%2Bgarside%2Bwankel%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8_7wR77B1UC&dq=norton+motors+%281978%29+ltd&pg=RA11-PA25">"Wankel Delay"</a>. <i>Cycle World Magazine</i>. December 1979. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cycle+World+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wankel+Delay&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1979-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8_7wR77B1UC%26dq%3Dnorton%2Bmotors%2B%25281978%2529%2Bltd%26pg%3DRA11-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Gerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policebikes.org.uk/norton-interpol-2.html">"Norton Interpol 2 - Historic Police Motorcycle Group"</a>. <i>www.policebikes.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.policebikes.org.uk&rft.atitle=Norton+Interpol+2+-+Historic+Police+Motorcycle+Group&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policebikes.org.uk%2Fnorton-interpol-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom2017" class="citation book cs1">Winterbottom, Oliver (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a20JDgAAQBAJ&dq=Colin+chapman+Dennis+poore+lotus+norton&pg=PA100"><i>A Life in Car Design: Jaguar, Lotus, TVR</i></a>. Veloce Publishing Ltd. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78711-035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78711-035-9"><bdi>978-1-78711-035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+in+Car+Design%3A+Jaguar%2C+Lotus%2C+TVR&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-78711-035-9&rft.aulast=Winterbottom&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da20JDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DColin%2Bchapman%2BDennis%2Bpoore%2Blotus%2Bnorton%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_F1_Sport-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_F1_Sport_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_F1_Sport_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.real-classic.co.uk/2015/08/31/norton04092300-2/">"Norton F1 Sport"</a>. <i>Real Classic</i>. 31 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Classic&rft.atitle=Norton+F1+Sport&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.real-classic.co.uk%2F2015%2F08%2F31%2Fnorton04092300-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Cathcart, Alan (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magzter.com/stories/Automotive/Bike-SA/NORTON-ROTARY-RACERS-HISTORY-Rotary-Race-Record">"Norton Rotary Racers History - Rotary Race Record"</a>. <i>Bike SA</i> – via www.magzter.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bike+SA&rft.atitle=Norton+Rotary+Racers+History+-+Rotary+Race+Record&rft.date=2020-06&rft.aulast=Cathcart&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magzter.com%2Fstories%2FAutomotive%2FBike-SA%2FNORTON-ROTARY-RACERS-HISTORY-Rotary-Race-Record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Robert (15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-british-motorcycles/rotary-powered-nortons-zm0z14sozbea/">"Rotary-Powered Nortons: From Commander to F1"</a>. <i>Motorcycle Classics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motorcycle+Classics&rft.atitle=Rotary-Powered+Nortons%3A+From+Commander+to+F1&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcycleclassics.com%2Fclassic-british-motorcycles%2Frotary-powered-nortons-zm0z14sozbea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2020" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Ben (5 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://silodrome.com/norton-classic/">"The Rare Norton Classic – A Wankel Rotary-Engined British Motorcycle"</a>. <i>Silodrome</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silodrome&rft.atitle=The+Rare+Norton+Classic+%E2%80%93+A+Wankel+Rotary-Engined+British+Motorcycle&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsilodrome.com%2Fnorton-classic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Café Racer</i> magazine, No. 14, Mars-Avril, 2005, Motor Presse, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_Motors-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_Motors_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_Motors_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427105738/http://www.nortonmotors.co.uk/about%20us.htm">"About Us"</a>. <i>Norton Motors</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortonmotors.co.uk/about%20us.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norton+Motors&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortonmotors.co.uk%2Fabout%2520us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Registration_Statement-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Registration_Statement_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Registration_Statement_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1064228/0001047469-98-024692.txt">"Registration Statement Norton Motors International Inc"</a>. <i>www.sec.gov</i>. 19 June 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sec.gov&rft.atitle=Registration+Statement+Norton+Motors+International+Inc&rft.date=1998-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1064228%2F0001047469-98-024692.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automotive_Engineering-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automotive_Engineering_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automotive_Engineering_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Kendall, John (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nxtbook.com/smg/sae/21AE10/index.php?startid=23#/p/24">"The rotary, from bikes to aerial drones"</a>. <i>Automotive Engineering</i> – via www.nxtbook.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+rotary%2C+from+bikes+to+aerial+drones&rft.date=2021-10&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxtbook.com%2Fsmg%2Fsae%2F21AE10%2Findex.php%3Fstartid%3D23%23%2Fp%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.der-wankelmotor.de/Motoren/Midwest-Engines/midwest-engines.html">"Midwest-Engines Wankelmotoren"</a>. <i>www.der-wankelmotor.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.der-wankelmotor.de&rft.atitle=Midwest-Engines+Wankelmotoren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.der-wankelmotor.de%2FMotoren%2FMidwest-Engines%2Fmidwest-engines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"All Change", an article by Julian Ryder in Motorcycle International, March 1998, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotten1992" class="citation news cs1">Hotten, Russell (11 August 1992). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/dti-probe-into-norton-looks-at-rudd-links-corrected-1539583.html">"DTI probe into Norton looks at Rudd links (CORRECTED) - Business, News"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/dti-probe-into-norton-looks-at-rudd-links-corrected-1539583.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=DTI+probe+into+Norton+looks+at+Rudd+links+%28CORRECTED%29+-+Business%2C+News&rft.date=1992-08-11&rft.aulast=Hotten&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fdti-probe-into-norton-looks-at-rudd-links-corrected-1539583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1991" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Kris (1991). <i>Norton Rotaries</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-181-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton+Rotaries&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-181-6&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Kris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCN_1994-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Cycle_News" title="Motor Cycle News">Motor Cycle News</a></i> 23 February 1994 p.3 <i>Norton 'a snip'. "Norton was sold to Canadian businessman Nelson Skalbania for just a third of its true value, claims an ex-boss of the British bike firm. David MacDonald says Norton was worth £1.42 million when Skalbania bought the company for £470,000 last year. Skalbania told the Canadian Globe and Mail newspaper: 'We did a hell of a deal'.</i> Accessed and added 8 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCN_1994_2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994_2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994_2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Cycle_News" title="Motor Cycle News">Motor Cycle News</a></i> 23 March 1994 p.5 "Museum bikes sell-off blocked." "The Alberta Stock Exchange ordered Wildrose – which paid £500,000 to take over the stricken factory late last year – to cease trading this month" Accessed and added 7 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollett2004" class="citation book cs1">Woollett, Mick (2004). <i>Norton: The Complete Illustrated History</i>. MotorBooks International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1984-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-1984-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton%3A+The+Complete+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=MotorBooks+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1984-0&rft.aulast=Woollett&rft.aufirst=Mick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCN_1994B-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCN_1994B_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Cycle_News" title="Motor Cycle News">Motor Cycle News</a></i> 23 March 1994 p.5 <i>Museum bikes sell-off blocked.</i> Accessed and added 7 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1994" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Ian (17 March 1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/motorcycle-sale-causes-dismay-among-the-fans-fears-that-historic-models-could-disappear-from-view-raised-as-new-norton-owners-tell-museums-to-return-machines-for-auction-1429570.html">"Motorcycle sale causes dismay among the fans: Fears that historic models could disappear from view raised as new Norton owners tell museums to return machines for auction - UK, News"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/motorcycle-sale-causes-dismay-among-the-fans-fears-that-historic-models-could-disappear-from-view-raised-as-new-norton-owners-tell-museums-to-return-machines-for-auction-1429570.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Motorcycle+sale+causes+dismay+among+the+fans%3A+Fears+that+historic+models+could+disappear+from+view+raised+as+new+Norton+owners+tell+museums+to+return+machines+for+auction+-+UK%2C+News&rft.date=1994-03-17&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fmotorcycle-sale-causes-dismay-among-the-fans-fears-that-historic-models-could-disappear-from-view-raised-as-new-norton-owners-tell-museums-to-return-machines-for-auction-1429570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaith1994" class="citation news cs1">Faith, Nicholas (17 July 1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bunhill-company-in-need-of-repair-1414491.html">"Bunhill: Company in need of repair - Business, News"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bunhill-company-in-need-of-repair-1414491.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bunhill%3A+Company+in+need+of+repair+-+Business%2C+News&rft.date=1994-07-17&rft.aulast=Faith&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fbunhill-company-in-need-of-repair-1414491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cieslukowski-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cieslukowski_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225211046/https://casetext.com/case/cieslukowski-v-norton-motors-international">"Cieslukowski v. Norton Motors International, Civil No. 99-1056 (JRT/FLN)"</a>. <i>Casetext</i>. 10 September 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/cieslukowski-v-norton-motors-international">the original</a> on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casetext&rft.atitle=Cieslukowski+v.+Norton+Motors+International%2C+Civil+No.+99-1056+%28JRT%2FFLN%29&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fcieslukowski-v-norton-motors-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AN_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andover-norton.co.uk/files/7ca/an_source_2023-11.pdf">"he "Norton Nemesis": Comedy or Tragedy?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Andover Norton</i>. November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andover+Norton&rft.atitle=he+%22Norton+Nemesis%22%3A+Comedy+or+Tragedy%3F&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandover-norton.co.uk%2Ffiles%2F7ca%2Fan_source_2023-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Kevin (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSElH5E4AQC&q=Shenstone&pg=RA8-PA51">"Norton"</a>. <i>Cycle World Magazine</i>: 50–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cycle+World+Magazine&rft.atitle=Norton&rft.pages=50-54&rft.date=1998-01&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzSElH5E4AQC%26q%3DShenstone%26pg%3DRA8-PA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=norton+diablo+cruiser&pg=PA56">"Norton: Lots of News, Few Bikes"</a>. <i>American Motorcyclist</i>. July 2003. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Motorcyclist&rft.atitle=Norton%3A+Lots+of+News%2C+Few+Bikes&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PoDAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Dnorton%2Bdiablo%2Bcruiser%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bMiAQAAMAAJ&q=freedom+motorcycles+norton">"Freedom Buys Rights to Norton"</a>. <i>Brandweek</i>. <b>43</b> (26): 11. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brandweek&rft.atitle=Freedom+Buys+Rights+to+Norton&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bMiAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfreedom%2Bmotorcycles%2Bnorton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroeneveld2003" class="citation web cs1">Groeneveld, Benno (24 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2003/03/24/daily9.html">"Norton Motorcycle becomes Viper Motorcycle"</a>. <i>www.bizjournals.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robb+Report&rft.atitle=Wheels%3A+Master+and+Commando&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft.aulast=Shinzawa&rft.aufirst=Fluto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobbreport.com%2Fmotors%2Fcars%2Fwheels-master-and-commando-240110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sound_Rider-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sound_Rider_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sound_Rider_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundrider.com/archive/people/kenny_dreer.aspx">"Kenny Dreer"</a>. <i>Sound Rider</i>. Spring 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bikewriter.com&rft.atitle=Stuart+Garner%27s+not+the+first+grifter+to+own+Norton&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikewriter.com%2Fthe-daily%2F2020%2F2%2F23%2Fstuart-garners-not-the-first-grifter-to-own-norton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart" class="citation web cs1">Cathcart, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyclenews.com/2022/02/article/norton-motorcycles-enters-administration/">"Norton Motorcycles Enters Administration. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclassic.co.uk/news03120200.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Classic&rft.atitle=A+Norton+Newsflash&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclassic.co.uk%2Fnews03120200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207033525/http://nortonmotorcycles.com/news/view.php?id=12">"Norton Comes Home!!!"</a>. 16 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortonmotorcycles.com/news/view.php?id=12">the original</a> on 7 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norton+Comes+Home%21%21%21&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortonmotorcycles.com%2Fnews%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcs-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcs_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Norton's next step", article by Alan Cathcart in Motorcycle Sport and Leisure, No. 585, June 2009, pp63-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Comeback Commando - the Norton 961" article by Alan Cathcart in <i>Motorcycle Sport and Leisure</i> No. 585, June 2009, pp80-83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sinclair, Mark (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativereview.co.uk/a-new-old-logo-for-norton-motorcycles/">"A new, old logo for Norton motorcycles"</a>. <i>Creative Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103173930/https://www.creativereview.co.uk/a-new-old-logo-for-norton-motorcycles/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Review&rft.atitle=A+new%2C+old+logo+for+Norton+motorcycles&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativereview.co.uk%2Fa-new-old-logo-for-norton-motorcycles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116214004/http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2011/01/pierre-terblanche-joins-norton/">"Pierre Terblanche joins Norton"</a>. <i>Hell for Leather</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hellforleathermagazine.com/2011/01/pierre-terblanche-joins-norton">the original</a> on 16 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hell+for+Leather&rft.atitle=Pierre+Terblanche+joins+Norton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhellforleathermagazine.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fpierre-terblanche-joins-norton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Motorcycle News</i> 10 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51303905">"Norton Motorcycles goes into administration"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Norton+Motorcycles+goes+into+administration&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-51303905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/norton-motorcycles/">Norton Motorcycles faces collapse as the firm enters administration</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle News">Motorcycle News</a></i>, 29 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Live_Jan_29-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Jan_29_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Jan_29_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/norton-motorbikes-high-court-over-17535602">Norton Motorbikes in High Court over £300,000 of unpaid taxes to HMRC</a> Business Live 29 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Goodley2020" class="citation web cs1">Simon Goodley (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/30/taken-for-a-ride-how-norton-motorcycles-collapsed-amid-acrimony-and-scandal">"Taken for a ride: how Norton Motorcycles collapsed amid acrimony and scandal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Taken+for+a+ride%3A+how+Norton+Motorcycles+collapsed+amid+acrimony+and+scandal&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.au=Simon+Goodley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Fjan%2F30%2Ftaken-for-a-ride-how-norton-motorcycles-collapsed-amid-acrimony-and-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/central/2020-01-30/norton-motorcycles-enters-administration-what-we-know-so-far/">Norton Motorcycles enters administration - what we know so far</a> <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a></i>, 30 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-53152943">Court repayment order - BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/norton-motorcycles/">"Norton's new owners will fulfil outstanding orders"</a>. 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norton%27s+new+owners+will+fulfil+outstanding+orders&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcyclenews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorton-motorcycles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-live.co.uk/commercial-property/norton-motorcycles-opens-new-global-22136380">Norton Motorcycles opens new global HQ in Solihull</a> business-live, 11 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/norton-motorcycles-return/">'I am determined to make Norton big and successful' says new CEO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle News">Motorcycle News</a></i>, 12 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-60294946">Norton Motorcycles: Former boss admits £11m pension breaches</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 7 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local-news/former-norton-motorcycles-boss-stuart-6885917">Former Norton Motorcycles boss Stuart Garner walks free after £11m pension crime</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Derby_Telegraph" title="Derby Telegraph">Derby Telegraph</a></i>, 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodley2023" class="citation news cs1">Goodley, Simon (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jul/24/mps-launch-inquiry-into-prosecution-of-norton-motorcycles-pension">"MPs launch inquiry into prosecution of Norton Motorcycles pension fraud"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=MPs+launch+inquiry+into+prosecution+of+Norton+Motorcycles+pension+fraud&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Goodley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2023%2Fjul%2F24%2Fmps-launch-inquiry-into-prosecution-of-norton-motorcycles-pension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Wire2013" class="citation web cs1">The Wire (16 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cycleworld.com/2013/03/16/norton-motorcycles-announces-new-world-headquarters/">"Historic Donington Hall to serve as Norton Motorcycles New World Headquarters and Manufacturing Facilities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cycle_World" title="Cycle World">Cycle World</a></i>. Bonnier Corp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Where else in the world can one tour an 18th century Gothic Revival mansion, view a Norton Motorcycle being built, watch a World Superbike race and attend an Iron Maiden concert all in the same place?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cycle+World&rft.atitle=Historic+Donington+Hall+to+serve+as+Norton+Motorcycles+New+World+Headquarters+and+Manufacturing+Facilities&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft.au=The+Wire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cycleworld.com%2F2013%2F03%2F16%2Fnorton-motorcycles-announces-new-world-headquarters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Robin (16 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505131037/http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Motorcycles-airline-s-home-Donington-Hall/story-18433891-detail/story.html">"Motorcycles move into former airline's home over at Donington Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Derby_Telegraph" title="Derby Telegraph">Derby Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Motorcycles-airline-s-home-Donington-Hall/story-18433891-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Derby+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Motorcycles+move+into+former+airline%27s+home+over+at+Donington+Hall&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisderbyshire.co.uk%2FMotorcycles-airline-s-home-Donington-Hall%2Fstory-18433891-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstley2013" class="citation news cs1">Astley, Oliver (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505111753/http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Design-company-revved-job-transform-home-Norton/story-18662757-detail/story.html">"Design company revved up for the job to transform home of Norton"</a>. <i>Derby Telegraph</i>. Trinity Mirror. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Design-company-revved-job-transform-home-Norton/story-18662757-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>An 18th-century grade two-listed building presents a unique set of challenges, while the more modern Hastings House will provide a fantastic base for both motorcycle design and production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Derby+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Design+company+revved+up+for+the+job+to+transform+home+of+Norton&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Astley&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisderbyshire.co.uk%2FDesign-company-revved-job-transform-home-Norton%2Fstory-18662757-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaqvi2020" class="citation web cs1">Naqvi, Shams (25 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sundayguardianlive.com/lifestyle/glorious-indian-takeover-tvs-buys-norton-motorcycles">"A glorious Indian takeover as TVS buys Norton motorcycles"</a>. <i>The Sunday Guardian Live</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Guardian+Live&rft.atitle=A+glorious+Indian+takeover+as+TVS+buys+Norton+motorcycles&rft.date=2020-04-25&rft.aulast=Naqvi&rft.aufirst=Shams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsundayguardianlive.com%2Flifestyle%2Fglorious-indian-takeover-tvs-buys-norton-motorcycles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/norton-motorcycles-return/">"Norton widen their net: Partnership with sportscar firm announced for latest dealership"</a>. <i>www.motorcyclenews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.motorcyclenews.com&rft.atitle=Norton+widen+their+net%3A+Partnership+with+sportscar+firm+announced+for+latest+dealership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcyclenews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorton-motorcycles-return%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nortonmotorcycles.com/stories/new-leadership-team/">"New Leadership Team"</a>. <i>Norton Motorcycles</i>. 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norton+Motorcycles&rft.atitle=New+Leadership+Team&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortonmotorcycles.com%2Fstories%2Fnew-leadership-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorton+Motorcycle+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Motorcycle_Company&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norton_motorcycles" title="Template:Norton motorcycles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norton_motorcycles" title="Template talk:Norton motorcycles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norton_motorcycles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norton motorcycles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norton_motorcycles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norton motorcycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorcycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1908-1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_16H" title="Norton 16H">16H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_650_Dominator" title="Norton 650 Dominator">650 Dominator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_650SS" title="Norton 650SS">650SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Atlas" title="Norton Atlas">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Big_4" title="Norton Big 4">Norton Big 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Commando" title="Norton Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_CS1" title="Norton CS1">CS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Dominator" title="Norton Dominator">Dominator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Electra" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_ES2" title="Norton ES2">ES2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Interpol" title="Norton Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Commando_John_Player_Special" title="Norton Commando John Player Special">JPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Jubilee" title="Norton Jubilee">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Manxman" title="Norton Manxman">Manxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Mercury" title="Norton Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_7_Dominator" title="Norton Model 7 Dominator">Model 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_50" title="Norton Model 50">Model 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_77_Dominator" title="Norton Model 77 Dominator">Model 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_88_Dominator" title="Norton Model 88 Dominator">Model 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Model_99_Dominator" title="Norton Model 99 Dominator">Model 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Navigator" title="Norton Navigator">Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Nomad" title="Norton Nomad">Nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_P10" title="Norton P10">P10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_P11" title="Norton P11">P11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981-1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Classic" title="Norton Classic">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander_(motorcycle)" title="Norton Commander (motorcycle)">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_F1" title="Norton F1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Interpol_2" title="Norton Interpol 2">Interpol 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006 on</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_961_Commando" title="Norton 961 Commando">961 Commando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Challenge_P86" title="Norton Challenge P86">Challenge P86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Commando_Production_Racer" title="Norton Commando Production Racer">Commando Production Racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_International" title="Norton International">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Player_Norton" title="John Player Norton">John Player Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Manx" title="Norton Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_RCW588" title="Norton RCW588">RCW588</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Garside" title="David Garside">David Garside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hele" title="Doug Hele">Doug Hele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Hopwood" title="Bert Hopwood">Bert Hopwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromie_McCandless" title="Cromie McCandless">Cromie McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_McCandless" title="Rex McCandless">Rex McCandless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parent companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norton Motorcycle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Motor_Cycles" title="Associated Motor Cycles">Associated Motor Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Villiers_Triumph" title="Norton Villiers Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Dunstall" title="Norton Dunstall">Dunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbed_frame" title="Featherbed frame">Featherbed frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Isolastic_frame" title="Norton Isolastic frame">Isolastic frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norton_motorcycles" title="List of Norton motorcycles">List of Norton motorcycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_motorcycle_manufacturers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="Template:British motorcycle manufacturers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="Template talk:British motorcycle manufacturers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British motorcycle manufacturers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_motorcycle_manufacturers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> manufacturers</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing in the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJS" title="AJS">AJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Motor_Company" title="Ariel Motor Company">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clews_Competition_Motorcycles" title="Clews Competition Motorcycles">CCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheney_Racing" title="Cheney Racing">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeves_(motorcycles)" title="Greeves (motorcycles)">Greeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Motorcycles" title="Hesketh Motorcycles">Hesketh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tisse_Motorcycles" title="Métisse Motorcycles">Métisse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motorcycles_Ltd" title="Triumph Motorcycles Ltd">Triumph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasp_Motorcycles" title="Wasp Motorcycles">Wasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_motorcycles_(UK_1919)" title="Abbotsford motorcycles (UK 1919)">Abbotsford</a> (1919–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_motorcycles" title="ABC motorcycles">ABC</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdale#Motorcycles" title="Aberdale">Aberdale</a> (1946–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Motorcycles" title="Abingdon Motorcycles">Abingdon (AKD)</a> (1903–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABJ_(motorcycle)" title="ABJ (motorcycle)">ABJ</a> (1950–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ackland_Motorcycles_Co" title="Ackland Motorcycles Co">Ackland</a> (1919–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acme_Motor_Co" title="Acme Motor Co">Acme</a> (1902–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_Motor_Manufacturing_Company" title="Advance Motor Manufacturing Company">Advance</a> (1905–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEL_(motorcycle)" title="AEL (motorcycle)">AEL</a> (1919–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AER_(motorcycles)" title="AER (motorcycles)">AER</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJR_(motorcycle)" title="AJR (motorcycle)">AJR</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJS" title="AJS">AJS Motorcycles Ltd</a> (1909–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJW_Motorcycles" title="AJW Motorcycles">AJW</a> (1928–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkens_(motorcycle)" title="Akkens (motorcycle)">Akkens</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alecto_(motorcycle)" title="Alecto (motorcycle)">Alecto</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alert_(motorcycle)" title="Alert (motorcycle)">Alert</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alldays_%26_Onions" title="Alldays & Onions">Alldays & Onions</a> (1903–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Norton_(motorcycle)" title="Allen Norton (motorcycle)">Allen Norton</a> (1990–1994}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Motorcycles" title="Ambassador Motorcycles">Ambassador</a> (1946–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Motorcycles" title="Ariel Motorcycles">Ariel</a> (1902–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong-CCM_Motorcycles" title="Armstrong-CCM Motorcycles">Armstrong</a> (1980–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot-Pullin_Motorcycles" title="Ascot-Pullin Motorcycles">Ascot-Pullin</a> (1928–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Motor_Cycles" title="Associated Motor Cycles">AMC</a> (1937–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Baker_Motorcycles_Ltd" title="Frank E. Baker Motorcycles Ltd">Baker</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Motor_Manufacturing_Co." title="Bat Motor Manufacturing Co.">Bat</a> (1902–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baughan" title="Baughan">Baughan</a> (1920–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Precision_Motorcycles" title="Beardmore Precision Motorcycles">Beardmore Precision</a> (1914–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburne_(motorcycles)" title="Blackburne (motorcycles)">Blackburne</a> (1913–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Motor_Cycles" title="Bradbury Motor Cycles">Bradbury</a> (1902–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_Motorcycles" title="Brough Motorcycles">Brough</a> (1908–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_Superior" title="Brough Superior">Brough Superior</a> (1919–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a> (1919–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calthorpe_cars" title="Calthorpe cars">Calthorpe</a> (1909–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Brothers_Motorcycle" title="Chase Brothers Motorcycle">Chase Brothers Motorcycle</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chater-Lea" title="Chater-Lea">Chater-Lea</a> (1900–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyno" title="Clyno">Clyno</a> (1909–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corgi_Motorcycle_Co_Ltd." title="Corgi Motorcycle Co Ltd.">Corgi</a> (1946–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_(motorcycle)" title="Cotton (motorcycle)">Cotton</a> (1918–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry-Eagle" title="Coventry-Eagle">Coventry-Eagle</a> (1901–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Victor" title="Coventry Victor">Coventry Victor</a> (1919–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMW_Motorcycles" title="DMW Motorcycles">DMW</a> (1945–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_Cycle_and_Motor_Manufacturing_Company" title="Dot Cycle and Motor Manufacturing Company">DOT</a> (1908–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(motorcycles)" title="Douglas (motorcycles)">Douglas</a> (1907–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunelt_Motorcycles" title="Dunelt Motorcycles">Dunelt</a> (1919–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzmo_Motorcycles" title="Duzmo Motorcycles">Duzmo</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMC_Motorcycles" title="EMC Motorcycles">EMC</a> (1947–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Motor_Company" title="Excelsior Motor Company">Excelsior</a> (1896–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis%E2%80%93Barnett" title="Francis–Barnett">Francis–Barnett</a> (1919–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeves_(motorcycles)" title="Greeves (motorcycles)">Greeves</a> (1953–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindlay_Peerless" title="Grindlay Peerless">Grindlay Peerless</a> (1923-1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haden_(motorcycle)" title="Haden (motorcycle)">Haden</a> (1912–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazlewoods_Limited" title="Hazlewoods Limited">Hazlewoods Limited</a> (1895–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healey_1000/4" title="Healey 1000/4">Healey</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Motorcycles" title="Hesketh Motorcycles">Hesketh</a> (1981–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_motorcycles" title="Humber motorcycles">Humber</a> (1898–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRD_Motorcycles" title="HRD Motorcycles">HRD</a> (1922–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_(motorcycles)" title="Ivy (motorcycles)">Ivy</a> (1911–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cycle_Co" title="James Cycle Co">James</a> (1902–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Prestwich_Industries" title="J. A. Prestwich Industries">JAP</a> (1903–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levis_(motorcycle)" title="Levis (motorcycle)">Levis</a> (1911–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsyde" title="Martinsyde">Martinsyde</a> (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchless" title="Matchless">Matchless</a> (1899–1966, 1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McEvoy_Motorcycles" title="McEvoy Motorcycles">McEvoy</a> (1926–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megelli_Motorcycles" title="Megelli Motorcycles">Megelli</a> (2004–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Motorcycles" title="Montgomery Motorcycles">Montgomery</a> (1902–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ner-A-Car" title="Ner-A-Car">Ner-A-Car</a> (1921–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hudson_Motorcycles" title="New Hudson Motorcycles">New Hudson</a> (1903–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperial_Motors" title="New Imperial Motors">New Imperial</a> (1901–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cycles" title="Norman Cycles">Norman</a> (1935–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton-Villiers" title="Norton-Villiers">Norton-Villiers</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Villiers_Triumph" title="Norton Villiers Triumph">Norton Villiers Triumph</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUT_Motorcycles" title="NUT Motorcycles">NUT</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Engineering_Company" title="Osborn Engineering Company">OEC</a> (1901–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK-Supreme" title="OK-Supreme">OK-Supreme</a> (1882–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packman_%26_Poppe_Motorcycles" title="Packman & Poppe Motorcycles">P&P</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Motorcycles" title="Premier Motorcycles">Premier</a> (1908–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelon_%26_Moore" title="Phelon & Moore">Panther</a> (1904–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar_(motorcycle)" title="Quasar (motorcycle)">Quasar</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(motorcycles)" title="Quadrant (motorcycles)">Quadrant</a> (1901–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Bicycle_Company#The_motor_experiment" title="Raleigh Bicycle Company">Raleigh</a> (1899–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex-Acme" title="Rex-Acme">Rex-Acme</a> (1899–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickman_Motorcycles" title="Rickman Motorcycles">Rickman</a> (1960–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(motorcycles)" title="Rover (motorcycles)">Rover</a> (1902–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Enfield" title="Royal Enfield">Royal Enfield</a> (1893–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Cycle_Co_Ltd" title="Ruby Cycle Co Ltd">Ruby</a> (1909–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudge-Whitworth" title="Rudge-Whitworth">Rudge</a> (1911–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scott_Motorcycle_Company" title="The Scott Motorcycle Company">Scott</a> (1908–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Engineering" title="Silk Engineering">Silk</a> (1976–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer_(motorcycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer (motorcycle)">Singer</a> (1900–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(motorcycle)" title="Sprite (motorcycle)">Sprite</a> (1964–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_(motorcycle)" title="Sun (motorcycle)">Sun</a> (1911–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Engineering" title="Triumph Engineering">Triumph</a> (1885–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandon_Motorcycles" title="Tandon Motorcycles">Tandon</a> (1947–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Cycles" title="Sunbeam Cycles">Sunbeam</a> (1912–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocette" title="Velocette">Velocette</a> (1904–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villiers_Engineering" title="Villiers Engineering">Villiers</a> (1898–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Motorcycles" title="Vincent Motorcycles">Vincent-HRD</a> (1928–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Sword" title="Wilkinson Sword">Wilkinson</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooler_(motorcycles)" title="Wooler (motorcycles)">Wooler</a> (1909–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Motorcycles" title="Zenith Motorcycles">Zenith</a> (1905–1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="500cc/MotoGP_World_Constructors&#039;_Champions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:500cc/MotoGP_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="Template:500cc/MotoGP World Constructors' Champions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:500cc/MotoGP_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="Template talk:500cc/MotoGP World Constructors' Champions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:500cc/MotoGP_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:500cc/MotoGP World Constructors' Champions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="500cc/MotoGP_World_Constructors&#039;_Champions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Constructors' Champions">500cc/MotoGP World Constructors' Champions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:2.4em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/1949_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1949</a>  <a href="/wiki/AJS" title="AJS">AJS</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1950_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1950 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1950</a>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norton</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1951_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1951 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1951</a>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norton</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1952_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1952 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1952</a>  <a href="/wiki/Gilera" title="Gilera">Gilera</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1953_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1953 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1953</a>  <a href="/wiki/Gilera" title="Gilera">Gilera</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1954_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1954 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1954</a>  <a href="/wiki/Gilera" title="Gilera">Gilera</a>*<br /> <a href="/wiki/1955_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1955 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1955</a>  <a href="/wiki/Gilera" title="Gilera">Gilera</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1956 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1956</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1957_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1957 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1957</a>  <a href="/wiki/Gilera" title="Gilera">Gilera</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1958_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1958 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1958</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1959_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1959 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1959</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/1960_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1960 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1960</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1961_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1961 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1961</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1962_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1962</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1963_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1963 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1963</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1964_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1964</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1965_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1965 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1965</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1966_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1966 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1966</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1967_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1967</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1968_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1968 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1968</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1969_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1969 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1969</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/1970_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1970 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1970</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1971_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1971 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1971</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1972_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1972</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1973_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1973 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1973</a>  <a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" title="MV Agusta">MV Agusta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1974_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1974 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1974</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1975_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1975</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1976_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1976</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1977_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1977</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1978_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1978</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1979_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1979</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/1980_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1980 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1980</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1981_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1981 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1981</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1982_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1982 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1982</a>  <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1983_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1983</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1984_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1984 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1984</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1985_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1985</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1986_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1986 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1986</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1987_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1987 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1987</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1988_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1988</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1989_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1989</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/1990_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1990</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1991_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1991</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1992_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1992 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1992</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1993_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1993</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1994_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1994</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1995_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1995 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1995</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1996_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1996</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1997_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1997</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1998_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1998</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1999_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1999 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1999</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/2000_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2000</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2001_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2001 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2001</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2002_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2002</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2003_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2003 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2003</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2004_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2004</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2005_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2005 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2005</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2006_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2006</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2007_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2007</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2008_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2008</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2009</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/2010_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2010</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2011_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">2011</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2012_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2012 MotoGP World Championship">2012</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2013_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2013 MotoGP World Championship">2013</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2014_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2014 MotoGP World Championship">2014</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2015_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2015 MotoGP World Championship">2015</a>  <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2016_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2016 MotoGP World Championship">2016</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2017_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2017 MotoGP World Championship">2017</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2018_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2018 MotoGP World Championship">2018</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2019_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2019 MotoGP World Championship">2019</a>  <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/2020_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2020 MotoGP World Championship">2020</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2021_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2021 MotoGP World Championship">2021</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2022_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2022 MotoGP World Championship">2022</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2023_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2023 MotoGP World Championship">2023</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/2024_MotoGP_World_Championship" title="2024 MotoGP World Championship">2024</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Championship not officially recognized</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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