Thermodynamique chimique

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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Loi de Kirchhoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loi_de_Kirchhoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_réaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_réaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Autres grandeurs standards de réaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_réaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Autres grandeurs standards de réaction</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_réaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grandeur_de_réaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grandeur_de_réaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grandeur de réaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grandeur_de_réaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entropie_standard_de_réaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropie_standard_de_réaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Entropie standard de réaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropie_standard_de_réaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enthalpie_libre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enthalpie_libre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Enthalpie libre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enthalpie_libre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enthalpie_libre_standard_de_réaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enthalpie_libre_standard_de_réaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Enthalpie libre standard de réaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enthalpie_libre_standard_de_réaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prospective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermodynamique chimique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 59 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء حرارية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كيميا حراريه – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيميا حراريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimya" title="Termokimya – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termokimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэрмахімія – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмахімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэрмахімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмахімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Термохимия – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপ-রসায়ন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপ-রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termohemija" title="Termohemija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termohemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Termoquímica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termoquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="کیمیای گەرمی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termochemie" title="Termochemie – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termochemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemie" title="Thermochemie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θερμοχημεία – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermochemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokemio" title="Termokemio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Termoquímica – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termoquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokeemia" title="Termokeemia – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimika" title="Termokimika – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termokimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ترموشیمی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترموشیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6kemia" title="Lämpökemia – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpökemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmiceimic" title="Teirmiceimic – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmiceimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ऊष्मारसायन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मारसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokemija" title="Termokemija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termokemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termok%C3%A9mia" title="Termokémia – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termokémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ջերմաքիմիա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմաքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokemio" title="Termokemio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termokemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termochimica" title="Termochimica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termochimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="熱化学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Termokimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Термохимия – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="열화학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Термохимия – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термохимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အပူဓာတုဗေဒ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပူဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokjemi" title="Termokjemi – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termokjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoquimia" title="Termoquimia – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Termoquimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termochemia" title="Termochemia – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Termoquímica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termoquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termochimie" title="Termochimie – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Термохимия – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termohemija" title="Termohemija – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termohemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="තාප රසායනය – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප රසායනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermochemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoch%C3%A9mia" title="Termochémia – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termochémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokemija" title="Termokemija – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termokemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termokimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Термохемија – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термохемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokemi" title="Termokemi – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termokemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப வேதியியல் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="อุณหเคมี – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimika" title="Termokimika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Termokimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termokimya" title="Termokimya – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termokimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Термохімія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="حرارتی کیمیاء – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارتی کیمیاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt hóa học – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="热化学 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-h%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jia̍t-hòa-ha̍k – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermochimie&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermochimie">Thermochimie</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"><div>Thermochimie</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ice-calorimeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ice-calorimeter.jpg/260px-Ice-calorimeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ice-calorimeter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">Le premier calorimètre à glace d'<a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> et <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, utilisé durant l'hiver 1782–83.</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Partie de</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p279"><a href="/wiki/Chimie_physique" title="Chimie physique">Chimie physique</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183410?uselang=fr#P279" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183410" class="extiw" title="d:Q183410">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>La <b>thermodynamique chimique</b> est la branche de la <a href="/wiki/Chimie_physique" title="Chimie physique">chimie physique</a> qui étudie les échanges d'énergie aux substances chimiques et dans les milieux réactionnels. Elle se trouve sur le plan disciplinaire à l'interface entre la <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique">thermodynamique</a>. C'est une branche fondamentale de la chimie. </p><p>La thermodynamique chimique inclut la <b>thermochimie</b>, qui étudie les échanges de la <a href="/wiki/Chaleur" class="mw-disambig" title="Chaleur">chaleur</a>, une forme de l'énergie, aux substances chimiques et dans les <a href="/wiki/Milieu_r%C3%A9actionnel" title="Milieu réactionnel">milieux réactionnels</a>. Les réactions qui dégagent de la chaleur sont dites <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_exothermique" title="Réaction exothermique">exothermiques</a>, tandis que celles qui en absorbent sont <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_endothermique" title="Réaction endothermique">endothermiques</a>. La mesure des chaleurs de réaction est effectuée par <a href="/wiki/Calorim%C3%A9trie" title="Calorimétrie">calorimétrie</a>, soit à pression constante dans un <a href="/wiki/Calorim%C3%A8tre" title="Calorimètre">calorimètre</a>, soit à volume constant dans une <a href="/wiki/Bombe_calorim%C3%A9trique" title="Bombe calorimétrique">bombe calorimétrique</a>. Celle-ci, mise au point en 1881 par <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a>, permet de mesurer le pouvoir calorifique d’un combustible. Berthelot est de ce fait considéré comme le fondateur de la thermochimie. </p><p>En plus de la thermochimie, la thermodynamique chimique étudie diverses formes de travail aux systèmes chimiques, y compris le travail mécanique, le travail électrique et le travail chimique. La thermodynamique chimique s’est beaucoup développée au cours du XXe siècle. L’application du <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Deuxième principe de la thermodynamique">deuxième principe de la thermodynamique</a> aux systèmes chimiques a permis, entre autres, de prévoir le sens des réactions, le positionnement des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique" title="Équilibre chimique">équilibres chimiques</a> et donc de définir le <a href="/wiki/Rendement_chimique" title="Rendement chimique">rendement</a> et la composition du système après réaction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermochimie">Thermochimie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Thermochimie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Thermochimie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaleur_de_réaction"><span id="Chaleur_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Chaleur de réaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Chaleur de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chaleur de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Enthalpie de réaction">Enthalpie de réaction</a>.</div></div> <p>Au cours d’une réaction chimique, le système échange de l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_thermique" title="Énergie thermique">énergie thermique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaleur_(thermodynamique)" title="Chaleur (thermodynamique)">chaleur</a>) avec le milieu extérieur. Cette énergie échangée <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> dépend des conditions expérimentales dans lesquelles se produit la réaction : </p> <ul><li>à volume constant (transformation isochore), cas de la <a href="/wiki/Bombe_calorim%C3%A9trique" title="Bombe calorimétrique">bombe calorimétrique</a>, la thermodynamique montre que <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> est égale à la variation de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_interne" title="Énergie interne">énergie interne</a> du système : <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{v}=\Delta U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{v}=\Delta U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cacb1c9f48203c0854461c599520541f19c1fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.685ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{v}=\Delta U}"></span> ;</dd></dl></li> <li>à pression constante (transformation isobare), cas très fréquent des réactions effectuées à l’air libre, la chaleur est égale à la variation de l'<a href="/wiki/Enthalpie" title="Enthalpie">enthalpie</a> : <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{p}=\Delta H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{p}=\Delta H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c651baa4703ae1da3be07032330c0d1fc1daca9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.995ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{p}=\Delta H}"></span>.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enthalpie_de_réaction"><span id="Enthalpie_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Enthalpie de réaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Enthalpie de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Enthalpie de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Enthalpie de réaction">Enthalpie de réaction</a>.</div></div> <p>On appelle <b><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Enthalpie de réaction">enthalpie de réaction</a></b> à pression <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> et température <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> constantes, la grandeur : </p> <center><b>Enthalpie de réaction : </b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c06e9c0ab4cded32daa787a17a845b37ac17ecbb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.88ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}}"></span></center> <p>Dans le cas d'un <a href="/wiki/Solution_id%C3%A9ale#Enthalpie" title="Solution idéale">mélange idéal</a>, les enthalpies molaires partielles <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79300449b3ebb717ea78ed8183ee4bd814ee7571" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.863ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}}"></span> sont égales aux enthalpies molaires des corps purs <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5054a62a5c0d622e0b42b8068a1617def74b1fe7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.118ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {H}}_{i}^{*}}"></span>, on a alors : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>id</mtext> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9d373a5b767adba9759a1999adf133d26100c76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.88ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {H}}_{i(T,p)}^{*}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>La variation d'enthalpie du système réactionnel, pour un état d'avancement donné, correspond à la chaleur mise en jeu et est égale à : </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}=\int _{0}^{\xi }\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \mathrm {d} \xi =Q_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}=\int _{0}^{\xi }\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \mathrm {d} \xi =Q_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e809ee5f1631bb432311355428630fe3515512ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:30.866ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}=\int _{0}^{\xi }\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \mathrm {d} \xi =Q_{p}}"></span></center> <p>Dans le cas d'un système idéal, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5154b5641653430b4c7a14fd8d640a5e406797ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}"></span> est indépendant de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ξ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }"></span>. On en déduit : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \xi =Q_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>id</mtext> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \xi =Q_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/40f7ff481ff51a8d080ae5c729ff3906e1e6c8d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:25.762ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{T,p}^{\text{id}}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}\cdot \xi =Q_{p}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>L'enthalpie de réaction <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5154b5641653430b4c7a14fd8d640a5e406797ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T,p}}"></span> est le « potentiel calorifique » de la réaction, mis en jeu partiellement ou totalement selon que la réaction est partielle ou totale. Elle s'exprime en <abbr class="abbr" title="joule par mole">J/mol</abbr>. </p><p>Si la réaction est effectuée de telle manière que chaque constituant se trouve sous la pression standard, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/719b28a6fc5ee3b1e50424df301e631ec8343e01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p^{\circ }}"></span>, on obtient l'<b>enthalpie standard de réaction</b>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a3c25cd689e51ba036a9ef76dcc73465dee8eb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.133ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{T}^{\circ }}"></span>. L'état standard est défini : </p> <ul><li>pour un gaz : <a href="/wiki/Gaz_parfait" title="Gaz parfait">gaz parfait</a> sous la pression de <span title="100 000 Pa ou 0,986 923 atm" style="cursor:help">1</span> bar ;</li> <li>pour un liquide ou solide : sous la pression de <span title="100 000 Pa ou 0,986 923 atm" style="cursor:help">1</span> bar ;</li> <li>pour un soluté : à une concentration de référence de <span class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d444c69eb12cda4fd9f6f96e30ca521f574d9f9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.852ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C^{\circ }}"></span> = 1 <abbr class="abbr" title="mole par litre">mol/l</abbr></span>.</li></ul> <p>Une réaction chimique ne peut être étudiée thermodynamiquement, qu'à température et pression constante. Le plus souvent la pression choisie est la pression atmosphérique (<span title="101 325 Pa ou 1 atm" style="cursor:help">1,013 25</span> bar), bien qu'aujourd'hui elle ne soit plus la valeur de pression standard. Cette dernière est fixée à 1 bar (néanmoins, ce changement n'affecte que très peu les valeurs tabulées). On obtient alors l'<b>enthalpie standard de réaction à <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>.</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loi_de_Kirchhoff">Loi de Kirchhoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Loi de Kirchhoff" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Loi de Kirchhoff"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il est possible de calculer l'<b>enthalpie standard de réaction</b> à une température donnée connaissant l'enthalpie standard de réaction à <span class="nowrap"><span title="24,9 °C ou 76,7 °F">298</span> <span title="Kelvin">K</span></span>, température de référence des tables thermodynamiques. </p><p>L'évolution de l'enthalpie standard de réaction en fonction de la température est donnée par la <a href="/wiki/Relations_de_Kirchhoff" title="Relations de Kirchhoff">loi de Kirchhoff</a> : </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ } \over \mathrm {d} T}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ } \over \mathrm {d} T}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7834b4cfc7a9e02bdf5ac047b39e410eb1245d1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.862ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ } \over \mathrm {d} T}=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}"></span> , qui devient par intégration, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\int _{298}^{T}\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot C_{p,i}^{\circ }\cdot \mathrm {d} T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\int _{298}^{T}\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot C_{p,i}^{\circ }\cdot \mathrm {d} T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a672038194edeb90603fd83683b848aa4791a8c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:42.898ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\int _{298}^{T}\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot C_{p,i}^{\circ }\cdot \mathrm {d} T}"></span> </p><p>(la dérivée est une dérivée droite, et non partielle, car les grandeurs standards sont supposées ne dépendre que de la température), avec : </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}.C_{p,i}^{\circ }=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}.C_{p,i}^{\circ }=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33a47be92baee057a0d4a0fd603b09217803b7ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.233ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}.C_{p,i}^{\circ }=\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p,i}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p,i}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44786d5d1ce7cabcd9f8bdabb6dd91252dd94c12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.746ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p,i}^{\circ }}"></span> la capacité calorifique molaire à pression constante du constituant <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> à l'état standard. Elle est fonction de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> mais on peut la considérer comme constante si l'intervalle de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> n'est pas trop grand.</li></ul> <p>Dans ce cas on obtient la relation approchée : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }\cdot \left(T-298\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }\cdot \left(T-298\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca4885168f1dce94c985030cb77a84d3ddf4a87e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.914ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }+\Delta _{\rm {r}}C_{p}^{\circ }\cdot \left(T-298\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p><i>Remarque importante</i> : cette relation n'est valable que s'il n'y a pas de <a href="/wiki/Changement_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Changement d'état">changement d'état</a> ou de phase dans l'intervalle de température considéré. Dans le cas contraire, il est nécessaire d'effectuer un cycle grâce à la <a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Hess" title="Loi de Hess">loi de Hess</a> pour les prendre en considération. </p><p>Le calcul de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c580b5c709ed323afdd227f2efa89e5a240ddad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.442ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}H_{298}^{\circ }}"></span> s'effectue à l'aide de l'<a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_standard_de_formation" title="Enthalpie standard de formation">enthalpie standard de formation</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}H_{298}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}H_{298}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab30f5914bb3705f5b191967a61eb2127f1583f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}H_{298}^{\circ }}"></span>, dont les valeurs sont tabulées pour la plupart des composés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_réaction"><span id="Autres_grandeurs_standards_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Autres grandeurs standards de réaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Autres grandeurs standards de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres grandeurs standards de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ce sont des grandeurs associées à l'écriture de l'équation-bilan. En plus de l'enthalpie, elles concernent l'<a href="/wiki/Entropie_(thermodynamique)" title="Entropie (thermodynamique)">entropie</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_libre" title="Enthalpie libre">enthalpie libre</a>. </p><p>En conditions standards, les grandeurs de réaction obéissent à la loi de Hess qui énonce que : </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c19751053bc872ecc0fbffa711ca938c5f603d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.484ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}"></span> </p><p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af4a0955af42beb5f85aa05fb8c07abedc13990d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{i}}"></span> est une grandeur extensive, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84e4f9d405b5ed7349addbb759667507956e3b7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.831ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}X_{i}^{\circ }}"></span> est une grandeur standard de formation. Par convention : </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}<0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}<0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aeee4853b360ba323e932acb72159b1c9c357841" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.209ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}<0}"></span> pour les réactifs,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}>0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}>0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44d9c0eac121342f83f680ea9963901ddfded18f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.209ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}>0}"></span> pour les produits,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d370e94d86d8182d557ea2b10e8d6f7d63a1145c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.209ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=0}"></span> pour les inertes.</li></ul> <p>Rappelons la définition même de l'<a href="/wiki/Avancement_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Avancement de réaction">avancement de réaction</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi ={\frac {\Delta n_{i}}{\nu _{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi ={\frac {\Delta n_{i}}{\nu _{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a22517d91dd949f36f706d8f2e22e26827f797b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.095ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi ={\frac {\Delta n_{i}}{\nu _{i}}}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grandeur_de_réaction"><span id="Grandeur_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Grandeur de réaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Grandeur de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grandeur de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Grandeur_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Grandeur de réaction">Grandeur de réaction</a>.</div></div> <p>On appelle <b><a href="/wiki/Grandeur_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Grandeur de réaction">grandeur de réaction</a></b>, notée avec l'opérateur de Lewis <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6456f85921f2369c8e5f4b1861453995a15be9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.813ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}}"></span>, la dérivée d'une grandeur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span>, par rapport à l'<a href="/wiki/Avancement_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Avancement de réaction">état d'avancement de la réaction</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ξ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }"></span>, à pression <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> et température <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> constantes. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\left({\frac {\partial X}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\left({\frac {\partial X}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4dac69926ca76cda404e9fa590ee85ba5d2dcb34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:18.12ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\left({\frac {\partial X}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,p}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>La grandeur de réaction s'exprime en fonction des <a href="/wiki/Grandeur_molaire_partielle" title="Grandeur molaire partielle">grandeurs molaires partielles <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {{\bar {X}}_{i}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {{\bar {X}}_{i}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/912d3c95192f3e8a704fd5988b497aee4dfe4963" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {{\bar {X}}_{i}}}"></span></a> par : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {X}}_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {X}}_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7735ac5c993fa06c811ef3f8191bf9ebc7a18bb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.04ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}X=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\nu _{i}\cdot {\bar {X}}_{i}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entropie_standard_de_réaction"><span id="Entropie_standard_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Entropie standard de réaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Entropie standard de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Entropie standard de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elle est notée <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{T}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{T}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccd830b5ef1b176d5fd3d778c04a14411be70e47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.627ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{T}^{\circ }}"></span>. Le troisième principe de la thermodynamique énonce que l'entropie d'un corps pur est nulle à <span class="nowrap"><span title="−273,2 °C ou −459,7 °F">0</span> <span title="Kelvin">K</span></span>. Donc on peut calculer l'entropie molaire d'un corps pur de façon absolue (voir l'article <a href="/wiki/Entropie_d%27un_corps_pur" title="Entropie d'un corps pur">Entropie d'un corps pur</a>). Il n'est donc pas nécessaire de définir une entropie standard de formation. On a dressé des tables d'entropies molaires standards à <span class="nowrap"><span title="24,9 °C ou 76,7 °F">298</span> <span title="Kelvin">K</span></span> pour la plupart des corps purs, qui permettent de calculer les entropies standards de réaction : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot S_{i,298}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot S_{i,298}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9269dbbe79b676f5bc30a4099b58bd3a46d0815f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:22.552ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot S_{i,298}^{\circ }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Il est alors possible de calculer l'évolution de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0275e5f02ecc1ab61c6b0ba98c78a4997a7b5bbb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.834ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}"></span> en fonction de <i>T</i>, grâce à la <a href="/wiki/Relations_de_Kirchhoff" title="Relations de Kirchhoff">relation de Kirchhoff</a> appliquée à l'entropie. </p><p><i>Remarque :</i> le signe de l'entropie de réaction est souvent prévisible, puisque l'entropie peut être considérée comme une mesure de l'ordre (ou du désordre). Plus le désordre est important, plus l'entropie est grande, d'où le classement <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S({\text{solide}})<S({\text{liquide}})\ll S({\text{gaz}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>solide</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo><</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>liquide</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≪</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gaz</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S({\text{solide}})<S({\text{liquide}})\ll S({\text{gaz}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00904421c23a59a0d2dd870653abad6a2df9c795" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.478ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S({\text{solide}})<S({\text{liquide}})\ll S({\text{gaz}})}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enthalpie_libre">Enthalpie libre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Enthalpie libre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Enthalpie libre"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_libre" title="Enthalpie libre">Enthalpie libre</a>.</div></div> <p>Pour tout système thermodynamique, on définit une fonction d'état notée <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span>, par : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=H-T\,S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=H-T\,S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/654925143975f5644fe7bd754229ea6c7bfef226" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.352ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=H-T\,S}"></span></dd></dl> <p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span> désigne l'enthalpie, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> la <a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature_thermodynamique" title="Température thermodynamique">température</a> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> l'<a href="/wiki/Entropie_(thermodynamique)" title="Entropie (thermodynamique)">entropie</a>. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> est appelé <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_libre" title="Enthalpie libre">enthalpie libre</a>, énergie libre de Gibbs ou énergie de Gibbs. Dans le <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international_d%27unit%C3%A9s" title="Système international d'unités">Système international d'unités</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span> s'expriment en <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> (J), <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> en <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> (K) et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> en joules par kelvin (J/K). </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_libre" title="Enthalpie libre">enthalpie libre</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> est la <a href="/wiki/Fonction_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Fonction d'état">fonction d'état</a> indispensable pour l'étude des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique" title="Équilibre chimique">équilibres chimiques</a>. Cette fonction ne peut que décroître dans une transformation à pression et température constantes selon le <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Deuxième principe de la thermodynamique">deuxième principe de la thermodynamique</a>. En conséquence, pour une réaction chimique effectuée à <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> constantes, le signe de l'enthalpie libre de réaction indique dans quel sens se déplace un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique#Enthalpie_libre_de_réaction_et_déplacement_d'équilibre" title="Équilibre chimique">équilibre chimique</a>. Lorsque l'enthalpie libre atteint un minimum, c'est-à-dire lorsqu'elle ne varie plus, alors l'équilibre chimique est atteint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enthalpie_libre_standard_de_réaction"><span id="Enthalpie_libre_standard_de_r.C3.A9action"></span>Enthalpie libre standard de réaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Enthalpie libre standard de réaction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Enthalpie libre standard de réaction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elle est notée <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{T}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{T}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4c081056d7626087df61fdf170ab88fc5a47f38" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.029ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{T}^{\circ }}"></span>. Elle peut être calculée grâce à la <a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Hess" title="Loi de Hess">loi de Hess</a>, à partir des enthalpies libres standards de formation, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{T}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{T}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0953ed973c808a2798911dd8cdc159a0c7326bcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.996ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{T}^{\circ }}"></span> dont les valeurs numériques sont tabulées à <span class="nowrap"><span title="24,9 °C ou 76,7 °F">298</span> <span title="Kelvin">K</span></span>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{i,298}^{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{i,298}^{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3db2733cd82dcda67c02010abe7886bb0ba996b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.135ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G_{298}^{\circ }=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}\cdot \Delta _{\rm {f}}G_{i,298}^{\circ }}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Il est aussi possible de calculer l'enthalpie libre de réaction standard par la relation issue directement de la définition de la fonction enthalpie libre <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31abc549d1a3b34b4d49d0785f8f90abbd2396fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.965ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=H-TS}"></span> : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)-T\Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)-T\Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81f3ee19506b289a57103b48ff77258b7aa5a44e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.965ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=\Delta _{\rm {r}}H^{\circ }(T)-T\Delta _{\rm {r}}S^{\circ }(T)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Le calcul de l'enthalpie libre standard de réaction revêt une importance capitale pour l'étude des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique" title="Équilibre chimique">équilibres chimiques</a> puisque la connaissance de cette grandeur permet d'avoir accès à la constante d'équilibre. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=-RT\ln K(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=-RT\ln K(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97293d06cdb73dcc6a04ab14802324be74693572" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.671ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)=-RT\ln K(T)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>D'où </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K(T)=\exp \left({\frac {-\Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)}{R\cdot T}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K(T)=\exp \left({\frac {-\Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)}{R\cdot T}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68c38215236311eadadbc390793fbaada922f8df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.367ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K(T)=\exp \left({\frac {-\Delta _{\rm {r}}G^{\circ }(T)}{R\cdot T}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prospective">Prospective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Prospective" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prospective"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'utilisation de certains <a href="/wiki/Forum_international_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_IV" title="Forum international Génération IV">réacteurs nucléaires de quatrième génération</a> (sans turbine de production d'électricité éventuellement) est envisagée comme source de fluide à très haute température pour des productions industrielles d'<a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a> produit par des réactions thermochimiques<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Carre F (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20453763">The nuclear systems of the future. The International Forum Generation 4 and the research and development axes at the CEA; Les systèmes nucléaires du futur</a></i>. Le Forum International Generation 4 et les axes du R et D du CEA.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thermodynamique_chimique" class="extiw" title="v:Thermodynamique chimique">Thermodynamique chimique</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamique_chimique&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tique_chimique" title="Cinétique chimique">Cinétique chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique" title="Équilibre chimique">Équilibre chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_d%27action_de_masse" title="Loi d'action de masse">Loi d'action de masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notations_en_thermodynamique_chimique" title="Notations en thermodynamique chimique">Notations en thermodynamique chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processus_spontan%C3%A9" title="Processus spontané">Processus spontané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamique_des_solutions" title="Thermodynamique des solutions">Thermodynamique des solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_exothermique" title="Réaction exothermique">Réaction exothermique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_endothermique" title="Réaction endothermique">Réaction endothermique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouvoir_calorifique" title="Pouvoir calorifique">Pouvoir calorifique</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Branches_de_la_chimie" title="Modèle:Palette Branches de la chimie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Branches_de_la_chimie&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Branches de la <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimie</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_agricole" title="Chimie agricole">Agrochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ochimie" title="Archéochimie">Archéochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochimie" title="Astrochimie">Astrochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">Biochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochimie_clinique" title="Biochimie clinique">Biochimie clinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochimies_hypoth%C3%A9tiques" title="Biochimies hypothétiques">Biochimie hypothétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biog%C3%A9ochimie" title="Biogéochimie">Biogéochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_chimique" title="Biologie chimique">Biologie chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9moinformatique" title="Chémoinformatique">Chémoinformatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gat_atomique" title="Agrégat atomique">Chimie des agrégats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_alimentaire" title="Chimie alimentaire">Chimie alimentaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_analytique" title="Chimie analytique">Chimie analytique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Chimie atmosphérique">Chimie atmosphérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_bioinorganique" title="Chimie bioinorganique">Chimie bioinorganique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_bioorganique" title="Chimie bioorganique">Chimie bioorganique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_biomim%C3%A9tique" title="Chimie biomimétique">Chimie biomimétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_click" title="Chimie click">Chimie click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_combinatoire" title="Chimie combinatoire">Chimie combinatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_douce" title="Chimie douce">Chimie douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_environnementale" title="Chimie environnementale">Chimie environnementale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_fine" title="Chimie fine">Chimie fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_des_fuller%C3%A8nes" title="Chimie des fullerènes">Chimie des fullerènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_industrielle" title="Chimie industrielle">Chimie industrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_min%C3%A9rale" title="Chimie minérale">Chimie inorganique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_macromol%C3%A9culaire" title="Chimie macromoléculaire">Chimie macromoléculaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_math%C3%A9matique" title="Chimie mathématique">Chimie mathématique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Chimie nucléaire">Chimie nucléaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_num%C3%A9rique" title="Chimie numérique">Chimie numérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_organique" title="Chimie organique">Chimie organique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_organique_physique" title="Chimie organique physique">Chimie organique physique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_organom%C3%A9tallique" title="Chimie organométallique">Chimie organométallique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9o-inspiration" title="Paléo-inspiration">Chimie paléo-inspirée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_pharmaceutique" title="Chimie pharmaceutique">Chimie pharmaceutique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_physique" title="Chimie physique">Chimie physique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_quantique" title="Chimie quantique">Chimie quantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_quantique_relativiste" title="Chimie quantique relativiste">Chimie quantique relativiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_quantique_directe" title="Chimie quantique directe">Chimie quantique directe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_du_solide" title="Chimie du solide">Chimie du solide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_des_solutions" title="Chimie des solutions">Chimie des solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_supramol%C3%A9culaire" title="Chimie supramoléculaire">Chimie supramoléculaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_de_synth%C3%A8se" title="Chimie de synthèse">Chimie de synthèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_pharmaceutique" title="Chimie pharmaceutique">Chimie thérapeutique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_th%C3%A9orique" title="Chimie théorique">Chimie théorique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_verte" title="Chimie verte">Chimie verte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimiom%C3%A9trie" title="Chimiométrie">Chimiométrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tique_chimique" title="Cinétique chimique">Cinétique chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochimie" title="Cosmochimie">Cosmochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristallochimie" title="Cristallochimie">Cristallochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrochimie" title="Électrochimie">Électrochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochimie" title="Femtochimie">Femtochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_chimique" title="Génie chimique">Génie chimique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ochimie" title="Géochimie">Géochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ochimie_organique" title="Géochimie organique">Géochimie organique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochimie" title="Hydrochimie">Hydrochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunochimie" title="Immunochimie">Immunochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canochimie" title="Mécanochimie">Mécanochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ralogie" title="Minéralogie">Minéralogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanochimie" title="Nanochimie">Nanochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochimie" title="Neurochimie">Neurochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%A9ochimie" title="Oléochimie">Oléochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachimie" title="Parachimie">Parachimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trochimie" title="Pétrochimie">Pétrochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacie" title="Pharmacie">Pharmacie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacologie" title="Pharmacologie">Pharmacologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochimie" title="Photochimie">Photochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physico-chimie" title="Physico-chimie">Physico-chimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochimie" title="Phytochimie">Phytochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiochimie" title="Radiochimie">Radiochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_des_mat%C3%A9riaux" title="Science des matériaux">Science des matériaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_des_surfaces" title="Science des surfaces">Science des surfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochimie" title="Sonochimie">Sonochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">Spectroscopie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9r%C3%A9ochimie" title="Stéréochimie">Stéréochimie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonique_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Tectonique moléculaire">Tectonique moléculaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topochimie" title="Topochimie">Topochimie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">Table périodique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Liste des éléments chimiques">Éléments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_chimistes" title="Liste de chimistes">Chimistes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" 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