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<li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_cardiac_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_cardiac_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of cardiac surgery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_cardiac_surgery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of cardiac surgery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_cardiac_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open-heart_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-heart_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Open-heart surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-heart_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_beating-heart_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_beating-heart_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Modern beating-heart surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_beating-heart_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_transplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_transplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Heart transplant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_transplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coronary artery bypass grafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimally_invasive_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimally_invasive_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Minimally invasive surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimally_invasive_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-surgical_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-surgical_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-surgical procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-surgical_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Risks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Risks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Risk reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-pharmacologic_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-pharmacologic_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Non-pharmacologic approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-pharmacologic_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacological_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacological_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Pharmacological approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacological_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac surgery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="جراحة القلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراحة القلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirux%C3%ADa_cardiovascular" title="Ciruxía cardiovascular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciruxía cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta_koronar_%C5%9Funtlama" title="Aorta koronar şuntlama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aorta koronar şuntlama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="হৃৎ শল্যচিকিৎসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হৃৎ শল্যচিকিৎসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кардиохирургия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кардиохирургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia_cardiovascular" title="Cirurgia cardiovascular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cirurgia cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кардиохирурги – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кардиохирурги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiochirurgie" title="Kardiochirurgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kardiochirurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzchirurgie" title="Herzchirurgie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzchirurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Καρδιοχειρουργική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρδιοχειρουργική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirug%C3%ADa_card%C3%ADaca" title="Cirugía cardíaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cirugía cardíaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%A5irurgio" title="Korĥirurgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korĥirurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihotzeko_kirurgia" title="Bihotzeko kirurgia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bihotzeko kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="جراحی قلب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جراحی قلب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie_cardiaque" title="Chirurgie cardiaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chirurgie cardiaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC" title="심장외과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심장외과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սրտային վիրաբուժություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրտային վիրաբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="हृदय शल्य चिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हृदय शल्य चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardijalna_kirurgija" title="Kardijalna kirurgija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kardijalna kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiovaskulala_kirurgio" title="Kardiovaskulala kirurgio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kardiovaskulala kirurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhlinzwa_inhliziyo" title="Ukuhlinzwa inhliziyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuhlinzwa inhliziyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiochirurgia" title="Cardiochirurgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cardiochirurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91-%D7%97%D7%96%D7%94" title="כירורגיית לב-חזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כירורגיית לב-חזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಹೃದಯ ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೃದಯ ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirds_%C4%B7irur%C4%A3ija" title="Sirds ķirurģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirds ķirurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADvseb%C3%A9szet" title="Szívsebészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szívsebészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Срцева хирургија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Срцева хирургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹൃദയ ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൃദയ ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हृदय शस्त्रक्रिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हृदय शस्त्रक्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartchirurgie" title="Hartchirurgie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hartchirurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कार्डियोथोर्‍यासिक सर्जरी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्डियोथोर्‍यासिक सर्जरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%93%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="心臓血管外科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心臓血管外科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiojarrohlik" title="Kardiojarrohlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kardiojarrohlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiochirurgia" title="Kardiochirurgia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kardiochirurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia_cardiovascular" title="Cirurgia cardiovascular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cirurgia cardiovascular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie_cardiovascular%C4%83" title="Chirurgie cardiovasculară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chirurgie cardiovasculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кардиохирургия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кардиохирургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cardiac surgery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiochirurgia" title="Kardiochirurgia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kardiochirurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5" title="نەشتەرگەریی دڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەشتەرگەریی دڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%A4n-_ja_rintaelinkirurgia" title="Sydän- ja rintaelinkirurgia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sydän- ja rintaelinkirurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalp_ve_damar_cerrahisi" title="Kalp ve damar cerrahisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalp ve damar cerrahisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кардіохірургія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кардіохірургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="心外科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心外科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="心血管外科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心血管外科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235007#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of surgery performed on the heart</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cardiac_surgery" title="Special:EditPage/Cardiac surgery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cardiac+surgery%22">"Cardiac surgery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cardiac+surgery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cardiac+surgery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cardiac+surgery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cardiac+surgery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cardiac+surgery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Cardiac surgery</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg/280px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg/420px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg/560px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657B-PH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two cardiac surgeons performing <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass surgery</a>. Note the use of a steel <a href="/wiki/Retractor_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractor (medical)">retractor</a> to forcefully maintain the exposure of the heart.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=35&Submit=Search&action=search">35</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=37&Submit=Search&action=search">37</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006348">D006348</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd-code.de/ops/code/5-35...5-37.html">5-35...5-37</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235007" class="extiw" title="d:Q235007">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Cardiac surgery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235007" class="extiw" title="d:Q235007">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cardiac surgery</b>, or <b>cardiovascular surgery</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> performed by cardiac <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a>. It is often used to treat complications of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> (for example, with <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery bypass grafting">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>); to correct <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a>; or to treat <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a> from various causes, including <a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic heart disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kilic2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilic2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest operations on the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Romero_(surgeon)" title="Francisco Romero (surgeon)">Francisco Romero</a> (1801) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> (Spain),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey" title="Dominique Jean Larrey">Dominique Jean Larrey</a> (1810), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dalton" title="Henry Dalton">Henry Dalton</a> (1891), and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams" title="Daniel Hale Williams">Daniel Hale Williams</a> (1893).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Cappelen" title="Axel Cappelen">Axel Cappelen</a> on 4 September 1895 at <a href="/wiki/Rikshospitalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikshospitalet">Rikshospitalet</a> in Kristiania, now <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. Cappelen <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligated</a> a bleeding <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary artery</a> in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a> and was in deep <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> upon arrival. Access was through a left <a href="/wiki/Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">thoracotomy</a>. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours but became ill with a <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and died three days after the surgery from <a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">mediastinitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surgery on the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aortic_coarctation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic coarctation">aortic coarctation</a> repair, <a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt</a> creation, closure of <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>) became common after the turn of the century. However, operations on the <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a> were unknown until, in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Souttar" title="Henry Souttar">Henry Souttar</a> operated successfully on a young woman with <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve stenosis">mitral valve stenosis</a>. He made an opening in the appendage of the left <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> and inserted a finger in order to palpate and explore the damaged <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a>. The patient survived for several years,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Souttar's colleagues considered the procedure unjustified, and he could not continue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Blalock" title="Alfred Blalock">Alfred Blalock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Taussig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Thomas" title="Vivien Thomas">Vivien Thomas</a> performed the first successful palliative <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatric</a> cardiac operation at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> on 29 November 1944, in a one-year-old girl with Tetralogy of Fallot.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardiac surgery changed significantly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sellors" title="Thomas Sellors">Thomas Sellors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital" title="Middlesex Hospital">Middlesex Hospital</a> in London operated on a <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a> patient with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary stenosis">pulmonary stenosis</a> and successfully divided the stenosed <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a>. In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Brock,_Baron_Brock" title="Russell Brock, Baron Brock">Russell Brock</a>, probably unaware of Sellors's work,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later that year, he designed a punch to resect a stenosed <a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, which is often associated with Tetralogy of Fallot. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="Cardiopulmonary bypass">cardiopulmonary bypass</a> made direct surgery on valves possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1948, four surgeons carried out successful operations for mitral valve stenosis resulting from <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Smithy" title="Horace Smithy">Horace Smithy</a> of Charlotte used a <a href="/wiki/Valvulotome" title="Valvulotome">valvulotome</a> to remove a portion of a patient's mitral valve,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while three other doctors—<a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Bailey_(surgeon)" title="Charles P. Bailey (surgeon)">Charles Bailey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hahnemann_University_Hospital" title="Hahnemann University Hospital">Hahnemann University Hospital</a> in Philadelphia; <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Harken" title="Dwight Harken">Dwight Harken</a> in Boston; and Russell Brock of <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> in London—adopted Souttar's method. All four men began their work independently of one another within a period of a few months. This time, Souttar's technique was widely adopted, with some modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful intracardiac correction of a <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital heart defect</a> using <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> was performed by lead surgeon Dr. <a href="/wiki/F._John_Lewis" title="F. John Lewis">F. John Lewis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Dr. <a href="/wiki/C._Walton_Lillehei" title="C. Walton Lillehei">C. Walton Lillehei</a> assisted) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> on 2 September 1952. In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Vishnevsky" title="Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky">Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky</a> conducted the first cardiac surgery under <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>. In 1956, Dr. John Carter Callaghan performed the first documented open-heart surgery in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_cardiac_surgery">Types of cardiac surgery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of cardiac surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cardiac_surgery" title="Special:EditPage/Cardiac surgery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-heart_surgery">Open-heart surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open-heart surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open-heart surgery is any kind of surgery in which a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in the chest to open the rib cage and operate on the heart. "Open" refers to the chest, not the heart. Depending on the type of surgery, the surgeon also may open the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Gordon_Bigelow" title="Wilfred Gordon Bigelow">Wilfred G. Bigelow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> found that procedures involving opening the patient's heart could be performed better in a bloodless and motionless environment. Therefore, during such surgery, the heart is temporarily stopped, and the patient is placed on <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="Cardiopulmonary bypass">cardiopulmonary bypass</a>, meaning a machine pumps their blood and oxygen. Because the machine cannot function the same way as the heart, surgeons try to minimize the time a patient spends on it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/500px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/750px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/1000px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Cardiac surgery at <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Gemelli_University_Polyclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic">Gemelli Hospital</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass was developed after surgeons realized the limitations of <a href="/wiki/Targeted_temperature_management" title="Targeted temperature management">hypothermia</a> in cardiac surgery: Complex intracardiac repairs take time, and the patient needs blood flow to the body (particularly to the brain), as well as heart and lung function. In July 1952, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Dewey_Dodrill" title="Forest Dewey Dodrill">Forest Dodrill</a> was the first to use a mechanical pump in a human to bypass the left side of the heart whilst allowing the patient's lungs to oxygenate the blood, in order to operate on the mitral valve.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Heysham_Gibbon" title="John Heysham Gibbon">John Heysham Gibbon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Jefferson Medical School</a> in Philadelphia reported the first successful use of <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracorporeal">extracorporeal circulation</a> by means of an <a href="/wiki/Oxygenator" title="Oxygenator">oxygenator</a>, but he abandoned the method after subsequent failures.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, Dr. Lillehei performed a series of successful operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique, in which the patient's mother or father was used as a "heart-lung machine".<sup id="cite_ref-Stoney2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoney2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kirklin" title="John W. Kirklin">John W. Kirklin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> was the first to use a Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2003_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayo2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazih Zuhdi performed the first total intentional hemodilution open-heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on 25 February 1960 at Mercy Hospital in Oklahoma City. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer performed open-heart surgery on a child, aged <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>, using the total intentional hemodilution machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_beating-heart_surgery">Modern beating-heart surgery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern beating-heart surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, surgeons began to perform <a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">off-pump coronary artery bypass</a>, done without cardiopulmonary bypass. In these operations, the heart continues beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect a conduit vessel that bypasses a blockage. The conduit vessel that is often used is the saphenous vein. This vein is harvested using a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_vein_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoscopic vein harvesting">endoscopic vein harvesting</a> (EVH). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_transplant">Heart transplant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heart transplant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, the Soviet pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another dog. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a> is widely regarded as the father of human <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplantation</a>, although the world's first adult heart transplant was performed by a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> cardiac surgeon, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a>, using techniques developed by Shumway and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(surgeon)" title="Richard Lower (surgeon)">Richard Lower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard performed the first transplant on <a href="/wiki/Louis_Washkansky" title="Louis Washkansky">Louis Washkansky</a> on 3 December 1967 at <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_I_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_I-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a> performed the first pediatric heart transplant on 6 December 1967 at Maimonides Hospital (now <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center" title="Maimonides Medical Center">Maimonides Medical Center</a>) in Brooklyn, New York, barely three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2007_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shumway performed the first adult heart transplant in the United States on 6 January 1968 at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Hospital_and_Clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Hospital and Clinics">Stanford University Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2007_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting">Coronary artery bypass grafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coronary artery bypass grafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG), also called revascularization, is a common surgical procedure to create an alternative path to deliver blood supply to the heart and body, with the goal of preventing <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">clot formation</a>. This can be done in many ways, and the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> used can be taken from several areas of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arteries are typically harvested from the chest, arm, or wrist and then attached to a portion of the coronary artery, relieving pressure and limiting <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting factors</a> in that area of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-urmc.rochester.edu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urmc.rochester.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procedure is typically performed because of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> (CAD), in which a plaque-like substance builds up in the coronary artery, the main pathway carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can cause a blockage and/or a rupture, which can lead to a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urmc.rochester.edu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urmc.rochester.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimally_invasive_surgery">Minimally invasive surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minimally invasive surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an alternative to open-heart surgery, which involves a five- to eight-inch incision in the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">chest wall</a>, a surgeon may perform an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopic</a> procedure by making very small incisions through which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery" title="Robot-assisted surgery">robot-assisted heart surgery</a>, a machine controlled by a cardiac surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision required: three small port holes instead of an incision big enough for the surgeon's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Harky2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harky2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of robotics in heart surgery continues to be evaluated, but early research has shown it to be a safe alternative to traditional techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-surgical_procedures">Post-surgical procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-surgical procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any surgical procedure, cardiac surgery requires postoperative precautions to avoid complications. Incision care is needed to avoid infection and minimize <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarring</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">Swelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recovery from open-heart surgery begins with about 48 hours in an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and oxygen levels are closely monitored. <a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tubes</a> are inserted to drain blood around the heart and lungs. After discharge from the hospital, <a href="/wiki/Compression_stockings" title="Compression stockings">compression socks</a> may be recommended in order to regulate blood flow.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major concern with cardiac surgery is neurological damage. <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a> occurs in 2–3% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and the rate is higher in patients with other risk factors for stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21396854_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21396854-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more subtle complication attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass is <a href="/wiki/Postperfusion_syndrome" title="Postperfusion syndrome">postperfusion syndrome</a>, sometimes called "pumphead". The <a href="/wiki/Neurocognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocognitive">neurocognitive</a> symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially thought to be permanent,<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but turned out to be transient, with no permanent neurological impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the <a href="/wiki/EuroSCORE" title="EuroSCORE">EuroSCORE</a>. It takes a number of health factors from a patient and, using precalculated <a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">logistic regression</a> coefficients, attempts to quantify the probability that they will survive to discharge. Within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">cardiothoracic surgery</a> centres and to indicate whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the <a href="/wiki/Care_Quality_Commission" title="Care Quality Commission">Care Quality Commission</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-Guida2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guida2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important source of complications are the neuropsychological and psychopathologic changes following open-heart surgery. One example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skumin_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skumin syndrome (page does not exist)">Skumin syndrome</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_de_Skumin" class="extiw" title="fr:Syndrome de Skumin">fr</a>]</span>, described by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Skumin" title="Victor Skumin">Victor Skumin</a> in 1978, which is a "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve" title="Artificial heart valve">mechanical heart valve implants</a> and characterized by irrational fear, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruzza2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruzza2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_reduction">Risk reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Risk reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmacological and <a href="/wiki/Non-pharmacological_intervention" title="Non-pharmacological intervention">non-pharmacological</a> prevention approaches may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation and reduce the length of hospital stays, however there is no evidence that this improves mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-pharmacologic_approaches">Non-pharmacologic approaches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-pharmacologic approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preoperative <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a> may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications, such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">atelectasis</a>, in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and may decrease the length of hospital stay by more than three days on average.<sup id="cite_ref-Hulzebos-2012_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulzebos-2012-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that quitting <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> at least four weeks before surgery may reduce the risk of postoperative complications.<sup id="cite_ref-IQWiG-2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQWiG-2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmacological_approaches">Pharmacological approaches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pharmacological approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta-blocking medication is sometimes prescribed during cardiac surgery. There is some low certainty evidence that this perioperative blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors may reduce the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_arrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular arrhythmias">ventricular arrhythmias</a> in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gerbode_(surgeon)" title="Frank Gerbode (surgeon)">Frank Gerbode (surgeon)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lee2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeeRhimKang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, KY; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informed+Health+Online&rft.atitle=Complications+after+surgery%3A+Can+quitting+smoking+before+surgery+reduce+the+risks%3F&rft.au=Institute+for+Quality+and+Efficiency+in+Health+Care+%28IQWiG%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMH0005103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiac+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlessbergerLewisPritchardFawcett2019" class="citation journal cs1">Blessberger, Hermann; Lewis, Sharon R.; Pritchard, Michael W.; Fawcett, Lizzy J.; Domanovits, Hans; Schlager, Oliver; Wildner, Brigitte; Kammler, Juergen; Steinwender, Clemens (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6755267">"Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>9</b> (10): CD013435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013435">10.1002/14651858.CD013435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6755267">6755267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31544227">31544227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Perioperative+beta-blockers+for+preventing+surgery-related+mortality+and+morbidity+in+adults+undergoing+cardiac+surgery&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=CD013435&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6755267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31544227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013435&rft.aulast=Blessberger&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Sharon+R.&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Fawcett%2C+Lizzy+J.&rft.au=Domanovits%2C+Hans&rft.au=Schlager%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Wildner%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Kammler%2C+Juergen&rft.au=Steinwender%2C+Clemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6755267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiac+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohnEdmunds2003" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Lawrence H.; Edmunds, L. Henry Jr., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080704/http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/"><i>Cardiac surgery in the adult</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139129-0"><bdi>978-0-07-139129-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/">the original</a> on 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardiac+surgery+in+the+adult&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Medical+Pub.+Division&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-139129-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiac+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_surgery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and 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radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template talk:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a><br />and septa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve_repair" title="Heart valve repair">Valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvulotomy" title="Valvulotomy">Valvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valvuloplasty">Valvuloplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty" title="Aortic valvuloplasty">aortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valvuloplasty">mitral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_replacement" title="Valve replacement">Valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair" title="Aortic valve repair">Aortic valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement" title="Aortic valve replacement">Aortic valve replacement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_procedure" title="Ross procedure">Ross procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_aortic_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter aortic valve replacement">Transcatheter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">Mitral valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_pulmonary_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement">Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">production of septal defect in heart</span></dt> <dd><i>enlargement of existing septal defect</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septostomy" title="Atrial septostomy">Atrial septostomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balloon_septostomy" title="Balloon septostomy">Balloon septostomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>creation of septal defect in heart</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Hanlon_procedure" title="Blalock–Hanlon procedure">Blalock–Hanlon procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fontan_procedure" title="Fontan procedure">Fontan procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rastelli_procedure" title="Rastelli procedure">Rastelli procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sano_shunt" title="Sano shunt">Sano shunt</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">compound procedures</span></dt> <dd>for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation" title="Arterial switch operation">Arterial switch operation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustard_procedure" title="Mustard procedure">Mustard procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Senning_procedure" title="Senning procedure">Senning procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>for univentricular defect <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Norwood_procedure" title="Norwood procedure">Norwood procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_procedure" title="Kawashima procedure">Kawashima procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> shunt <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Taussig shunt</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">SVC</a> to the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">PA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_procedure" title="Glenn procedure">Glenn procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiac vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">CHD</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Angioplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Bypass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">Off-pump CAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">TECAB</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_stent" title="Bare-metal stent">Bare-metal stent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">Drug-eluting stent</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Obstacle removal</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentall_procedure" title="Bentall procedure">Bentall procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve-sparing_aortic_root_replacement" title="Valve-sparing aortic root replacement">Valve-sparing aortic root replacement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeCompte_maneuver" title="LeCompte maneuver">LeCompte maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">Pericardiocentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">Pericardial window</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">Pericardiectomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyoplasty" title="Cardiomyoplasty">Cardiomyoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dor_procedure" title="Dor procedure">Dor procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septal_myectomy" title="Septal myectomy">Septal myectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular reduction">Ventricular reduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_septal_ablation" title="Alcohol septal ablation">Alcohol septal ablation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></span></dt> <dd>Maze procedure (<a href="/wiki/Cox_maze_procedure" title="Cox maze procedure">Cox maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimaze_procedure" title="Minimaze procedure">minimaze</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">Catheter ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker insertion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S-ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-ICD">S-ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">Cardiac resynchronization therapy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage_occlusion" title="Left atrial appendage occlusion">Left atrial appendage occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotomy" title="Cardiotomy">Cardiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vectorcardiography" title="Vectorcardiography">Vectorcardiography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_loop_recorder" title="Implantable loop recorder">Implantable loop recorder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_protocol" title="Bruce protocol">Bruce protocol</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology_study" title="Electrophysiology study">Electrophysiology study</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiovascular MRI</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ventriculography" title="Cardiac ventriculography">Ventriculography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_catheterization" title="Coronary catheterization">Coronary 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