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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="جيمناسيون (اليونان القديمة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمناسيون (اليونان القديمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гімнасій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гімнасій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гимназион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гимназион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0s_(antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia)" title="Gimnàs (antiga Grècia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gimnàs (antiga Grècia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Oldtidens_Gr%C3%A6kenland)" title="Gymnasium (Oldtidens Grækenland) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gymnasium (Oldtidens Grækenland)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCmnaasium_(Vana-Kreeka)" title="Gümnaasium (Vana-Kreeka) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gümnaasium (Vana-Kreeka)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Γυμνάσιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυμνάσιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasio_(Antigua_Grecia)" title="Gimnasio (Antigua Grecia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gimnasio (Antigua Grecia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_(%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ژیمناسیوم (یونان باستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیمناسیوم (یونان باستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnase_(Gr%C3%A8ce_antique)" title="Gymnase (Grèce antique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gymnase (Grèce antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%82%98%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8" title="김나시온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="김나시온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Գիմնասիոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիմնասիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnazij" title="Gimnazij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gimnazij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasium_(Yunani_kuno)" title="Gimnasium (Yunani kuno) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gimnasium (Yunani kuno)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnasio" title="Ginnasio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ginnasio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גימנסיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גימנסיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Graecia_antiqua)" title="Gymnasium (Graecia antiqua) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gymnasium (Graecia antiqua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCmnaszion" title="Gümnaszion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gümnaszion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ギュムナシオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギュムナシオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasiy" title="Gimnasiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gimnasiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnazjon" title="Gimnazjon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gimnazjon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin%C3%A1sio_(Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga)" title="Ginásio (Grécia Antiga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ginásio (Grécia Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnazion" title="Gimnazion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gimnazion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гимнасий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гимнасий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjimnazi_i_lasht%C3%AB" title="Gjimnazi i lashtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjimnazi i lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnazij_(Anti%C4%8Dna_Gr%C4%8Dija)" title="Gimnazij (Antična Grčija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gimnazij (Antična Grčija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гимназијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гимназијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasion" title="Gymnasion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gymnasion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93)" title="โรงฝึก (กรีซโบราณ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรงฝึก (กรีซโบราณ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гимнасий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гимнасий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Antik_Yunanistan)" title="Gymnasium (Antik Yunanistan) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gymnasium (Antik Yunanistan)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гімнасій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гімнасій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E9%A6%86_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="体育馆 (古希腊) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="体育馆 (古希腊)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q504400#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> the <b>Gymnasion</b> (or <b>Gymnasium</b>, romanized name) was a place where <a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a> could <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">train</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competitions</a> in public games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. <i>Gymnos</i> means <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">naked</a>. Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies). Athletes also competed in the nude. This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body. It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods. Gymnasia and <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palestrae</a> were under the protection and patronage of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and, in Athens, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Layout" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Layout"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestra,_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Palestra%2C_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="739" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p> The picture above shows the <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> gymnasium from the top of the <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a> wall. The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and used for <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a> practice as well. Mock <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a> (naumachiae) took place in the flooded <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a> floor or a specially dug pool in the arena. According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (1987), p. 70, </p><blockquote><p>"Perhaps the most spectacular of all <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainments</a> were the naumachiae, or sea battles. The first was given in 46 B.C. by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" title="Marine (military)">marines</a> and 6,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oarsmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oarsmen (not yet started)">oarsmen</a>. Later the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatres</a> were sometimes flooded for such events. By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fucine_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fucine Lake (not yet started)">Fucine Lake</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/celebrate" class="extiw" title="wikt:celebrate">celebrate</a> the completion of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_conduit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water conduit (not yet started)">water conduit</a>. On that occasion, 19,000 <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">participants</a> fought and many died.</p></blockquote><p> To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonized</a> tree stumps. These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaistra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaistra (not yet started)">palaistra</a>. They were burned in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius#Eruption_of_79_AD" title="Mount Vesuvius">volcanic eruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/79" title="79">79</a>. Between these and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonnade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonnade (not yet started)">colonnade</a> is a line of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapling (not yet started)">saplings</a> recently planted as a replacement. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a 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href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Hermes_and_the_Infant_Dionysos" title="Hermes and the Infant Dionysos">Hermes and the Infant Dionysos</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Riace_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Riace Warriors">Riace Warriors</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a>  •</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AurigaDelfi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/150px-AurigaDelfi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/225px-AurigaDelfi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AurigaDelfi.jpg/300px-AurigaDelfi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Painter" title="Carpenter Painter">Carpenter Painter</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Epiktetos" title="Epiktetos">Epiktetos</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kleophrades_Painter" title="Kleophrades Painter">Kleophrades Painter</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kottabos_(Kleophrades_Painter)" title="Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)">Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Singing_Reveler_(Epiktetos)" title="Singing Reveler (Epiktetos)">Singing Reveler (Epiktetos)</a>  •</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;"><a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">Sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Games">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a>  • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnasium</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Heraia" title="Heraia">Heraia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kleomedes_of_Astypalia" title="Kleomedes of Astypalia">Kleomedes of Astypalia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kottabos" title="Kottabos">Kottabos</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">Palaestra</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Theogenes" title="Theogenes">Theogenes</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wrestling" title="Ancient Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a>  •</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Palaestra_at_Olympia" title="Palaestra at Olympia">Palaestra at Olympia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera_at_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera at Olympia">Temple of Hera at Olympia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus at Olympia">Temple of Zeus at Olympia</a>  •</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;"><a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">Theater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Greek chorus</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">Satyr play</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a>  •</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">Epic poem</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Delphi,_Greece" title="Delphi, Greece">Delphi</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Mount Parnassus</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Olympia" title="Olympia">Olympia</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EDF2;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias (geographer)</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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