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href="#Elizabethan_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Elizabethan English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabethan_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacobean_and_Caroline_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobean_and_Caroline_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Jacobean and Caroline eras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobean_and_Caroline_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacobean_era_(1603–1625)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobean_era_(1603–1625)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Jacobean era (1603–1625) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobean_era_(1603–1625)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caroline_era_and_English_Civil_War_(1625–1649)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caroline_era_and_English_Civil_War_(1625–1649)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.2 Caroline era and English Civil War (1625–1649) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caroline_era_and_English_Civil_War_(1625–1649)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum_and_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum_and_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Interregnum and Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum_and_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_to_Modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_to_Modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Development to Modern English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_to_Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhoticity/rhotic_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhoticity/rhotic_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rhoticity/rhotic vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhoticity/rhotic_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Specific words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_auxiliaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Modal auxiliaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_auxiliaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfect_and_progressive_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfect_and_progressive_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Perfect and progressive forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfect_and_progressive_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_angl%C3%A9s_moderno_primerenco" title="Idioma anglés moderno primerenco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma anglés moderno primerenco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_modernu_tempranu" title="Inglés modernu tempranu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés modernu tempranu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChneuenglisch" title="Frühneuenglisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frühneuenglisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_moderno_temprano" title="Inglés moderno temprano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés moderno temprano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="انگلیسی نو نخستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی نو نخستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_moderne_naissant" title="Anglais moderne naissant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais moderne naissant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0_%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="초기 현대 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초기 현대 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frua_Modern_Angliana" title="Frua Modern Angliana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frua Modern Angliana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Modern_Awal" title="Bahasa Inggris Modern Awal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Modern Awal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_anglese_moderne_nascente" title="Lingua anglese moderne nascente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua anglese moderne nascente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreugmodern_Ingels" title="Vreugmodern Ingels – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vreugmodern Ingels" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Раносовремен англиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раносовремен англиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="初期近代英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初期近代英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlig_moderne_engelsk" title="Tidlig moderne engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidlig moderne engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wczesny_nowoangielski" title="Język wczesny nowoangielski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wczesny nowoangielski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83_modern%C4%83_timpurie" title="Limba engleză modernă timpurie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba engleză modernă timpurie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modren_Inglis" title="Early Modren Inglis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Early Modren Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Early Modern English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidig_nyengelska" title="Tidig nyengelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidig nyengelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erken_Modern_%C4%B0ngilizce" title="Erken Modern İngilizce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erken Modern İngilizce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="中世紀後英文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中世紀後英文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="近代英语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="近代英语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For the historical period, see <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Britain">Early Modern Britain</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Early Modern English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Shakespeare's English, King James English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonnet_132_1609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sonnet_132_1609.jpg/320px-Sonnet_132_1609.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sonnet_132_1609.jpg/480px-Sonnet_132_1609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Sonnet_132_1609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="142" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_132" title="Sonnet 132">Sonnet 132</a> in the 1609 Quarto</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>; developed into <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> in the late 17th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Early Modern English</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">ISO 639-6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>emen</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-emodeng</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModE<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> to the English <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>, or from the transition from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, in the late 15th century, to the transition to <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, in the mid-to-late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Before and after the accession of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> to the English throne in 1603, the emerging English standard began to influence the spoken and written <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> of Scotland. The grammatical and orthographical conventions of literary English in the late 16th century and the 17th century are still very influential on modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>. Most modern readers of English can understand texts written in the late phase of Early Modern English, such as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> and the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, and they have greatly influenced Modern English. Texts from the earlier phase of Early Modern English, such as the late-15th-century <a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a> (1485) and the mid-16th-century <a href="/wiki/Gorboduc_(play)" title="Gorboduc (play)">Gorboduc</a> (1561), may present more difficulties but are still closer to Modern English grammar, lexicon and phonology than are 14th-century Middle English texts, such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Early_Modern_English" title="Special:EditPage/Early Modern English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Renaissance">English Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_from_Middle_English">Transition from Middle English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transition from Middle English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a></div> The change from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> to Early Modern English affected much more than just vocabulary and pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Middle English underwent significant change over time and contained large dialectical variations. Early Modern English, on the other hand, became more standardised and developed an established canon of literature which survives today. <ul><li>1476 – <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> started printing in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>; however, the language that he used reflected the variety of styles and dialects used by the authors who originally wrote the material.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tudor_period_(1485–1603)">Tudor period (1485–1603)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tudor period (1485–1603)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1485 – Caxton published <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a>, the first print bestseller in English. Malory's language, while archaic in some respects, was clearly Early Modern and was possibly a Yorkshire or Midlands dialect.</li> <li>1491 or 1492 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a> started printing in London; his style tended to prefer <a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Chancery_Standard" title="Middle English">Chancery Standard</a>, the form of English used by the government.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Henry_VIII">Henry VIII</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Henry VIII">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1509 – Pynson became the king's official printer.</li> <li>From 1525 – Publication of <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Bible translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible" title="Censorship of the Bible">which was initially banned</a>.</li> <li>1539 – Publication of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a>, the first officially authorised Bible in English. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Myles_Coverdale" title="Myles Coverdale">Myles Coverdale</a>, it was largely from the work of Tyndale. It was read to congregations regularly in churches, which familiarised much of the population of England with a standard form of the language.</li> <li>1549 – Publication of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">first edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> in English, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> (revised in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">1604</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a>), which standardised much of the wording of church services. Some have argued that since attendance at prayer book services was required by law for many years, the repetitive use of its language helped to standardise Modern English even more than the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> (1611) did.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>1557 – Publication of <a href="/wiki/Tottel%27s_Miscellany" title="Tottel's Miscellany">Tottel's Miscellany</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elizabethan_English">Elizabethan English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elizabethan English">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg/220px-Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg/330px-Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg/440px-Gorboduc_TP_1565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Gorboduc_(play)" title="Gorboduc (play)">Gorboduc</a> (printed 1565). The Tragedie of Gorbodvc, whereof three Actes were wrytten by Thomas Nortone, and the two laste by Thomas Sackuyle. Sett forthe as the same was shewed before the Qvenes most excellent Maiestie, in her highnes Court of Whitehall, the .xviii. day of January, Anno Domini .1561. By the Gentlemen of Thynner Temple in London.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> (1558–1603)</dt></dl> <ul><li>1560 – The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> was published. The New Testament was completed in 1557 by English Reformed exiles on the continent during the reign of Mary, and the complete Bible three years later, after Elizabeth succeeded the throne. This version was favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">Pilgrims</a> due to its more vigorous and forceful language. Its popularity and proliferation (due in large part to its copious notes) over the following decades sparked the production of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> to counter it.</li> <li>1582 – The <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Rheims and Douai Bible</a> was completed, and the New Testament was released in <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a>, France, in 1582. It was the first complete English translation of the Bible that was officially sponsored and carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (earlier translations into English, especially of the Psalms and Gospels, existed as far back as the 9th century, but it was the first Catholic English translation of the full Bible). Though the Old Testament was already complete, it was not published until 1609–1610, when it was released in two volumes. While it did not make a large impact on the English language at large, it certainly played a role in the development of English, especially in heavily Catholic English-speaking areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1586–1593</li> <li>1592 – <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590 – c. 1612 – <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Shakespeare's plays</a> written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology of Shakespeare's plays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare's influence">Shakespeare's influence</a></div></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacobean_and_Caroline_eras">Jacobean and Caroline eras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jacobean and Caroline eras">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jacobean_era_(1603–1625)">Jacobean era (1603–1625)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jacobean era (1603–1625)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></div> <ul><li>1609 – <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a> published</li> <li>Other playwrights: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(writer)" title="Thomas Dekker (writer)">Thomas Dekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher" title="Beaumont and Fletcher">Beaumont and Fletcher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Francis Beaumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Webster" title="John Webster">John Webster</a></li></ul></li> <li>1607 – The first successful permanent English colony in the New World, <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, is established in Virginia. Early vocabulary specific to <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> comes from indigenous languages (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moose" class="extiw" title="wikt:moose">moose</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/racoon" class="extiw" title="wikt:racoon">racoon</a>).</li> <li>1611 – The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> was published, largely based on Tyndale's translation. It remained the standard Bible in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> into the latter half of the twentieth century.</li> <li>1623 – Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> published</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caroline_era_and_English_Civil_War_(1625–1649)">Caroline era and English Civil War (1625–1649)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caroline era and English Civil War (1625–1649)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline era</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></div> <ul><li>1630–1651 – William Bradford, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>, wrote his journal. It will become <a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a>, one of the earliest texts written in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a>.</li> <li>1647 – Publication of the first <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher_folio" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont and Fletcher folio">Beaumont and Fletcher folio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interregnum_and_Restoration">Interregnum and Restoration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interregnum and Restoration">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> were times of social and political upheaval and instability. The dates for <a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration literature</a> are a matter of convention and differ markedly from genre to genre. In drama, the "Restoration" may last until 1700, but in poetry, it may last only until 1666, the <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis#1666_—_The_year_of_wonders" title="Annus mirabilis">annus mirabilis</a> (year of wonders), and in prose lasts until 1688. With the increasing tensions over succession and the corresponding rise in journalism and periodicals, or until possibly 1700, when those periodicals grew more stabilised. <ul><li>1651 – Publication of <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>.</li> <li>1660–1669 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> wrote his diary, which will become an important eyewitness account of the Restoration Era.</li> <li>1662 – New edition of the Book of Common Prayer, largely based on the 1549 and subsequent editions. It long remained a standard work in English.</li> <li>1667 – Publication of <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_(poem)" title="Annus Mirabilis (poem)">Annus Mirabilis</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_to_Modern_English">Development to Modern English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development to Modern English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></div> The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Port_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Port town">port towns</a> and their forms of speech gained influence over the old <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county towns</a>. From around the 1690s onwards, England experienced a new period of internal peace and relative stability, which encouraged the arts including literature. Modern English can be taken to have emerged fully by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> in 1714, but <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> remained somewhat fluid until the publication of Johnson's <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">A Dictionary of the English Language</a>, in 1755. The towering importance of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> over the other Elizabethan authors was the result of his <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shakespeare's influence">reception</a> during the 17th and the 18th centuries, which directly contributes to the development of <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Shakespeare's plays</a> are therefore still familiar and comprehensible 400 years after they were written,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> but the works of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>, which had been written only 200 years earlier, are considerably more difficult for the average modern reader. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor,_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/200px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/300px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/400px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s writings are universally associated with Early Modern English.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of Early Modern English is recognisably similar to <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">that of today</a>, but spelling was unstable. Early Modern English and Modern English both retain various orthographical conventions that predate the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>. Early Modern English spelling was broadly similar to that encountered <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English orthography">in Middle English</a>. Some of the changes that occurred were based on etymology (as with the <a href="/wiki/Silent_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent b">silent ⟨b⟩</a> that was added to words like debt, doubt and subtle). Certain key orthographic features of Early Modern English spelling have not been retained: <ul><li>The letter ⟨S⟩ had two distinct <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> forms: ⟨s⟩ (short s), as is still used today, and ⟨ſ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>). The short s was always used at the end of a word and often elsewhere. The long s, if used, could appear anywhere except at the end of a word. The double lowercase S was written variously ⟨ſſ⟩, ⟨ſs⟩ or ⟨ß⟩ (the last <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> is still used in German <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> That is similar to the alternation between medial (σ) and final lowercase <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> (ς) in Greek.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">⟨u⟩</a> and <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">⟨v⟩</a> were not considered two distinct letters then but as still different forms of the same letter. Typographically, ⟨v⟩ was frequent at the start of a word and ⟨u⟩ elsewhere:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> hence vnmoued (for modern unmoved) and loue (for love). The modern convention of using ⟨u⟩ for the vowel sounds and ⟨v⟩ for the consonant appears to have been introduced in the 1630s.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-7">[7]</a> Also, ⟨w⟩ was frequently represented by ⟨vv⟩.</li> <li>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">⟨i⟩</a> and <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">⟨j⟩</a> were also still considered not as two distinct letters, but as different forms of the same letter: hence ioy for joy and iust for just. Again, the custom of using ⟨i⟩ as a vowel and ⟨j⟩ as a consonant began in the 1630s.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-7">[7]</a></li> <li>The letter ⟨þ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a>) was still in use during the Early Modern English period but was increasingly limited to handwritten texts. In Early Modern English printing, ⟨þ⟩ was represented by the Latin ⟨Y⟩ (see <a href="/wiki/Ye_olde" title="Ye olde">Ye olde</a>), which appeared similar to thorn in blackletter typeface <big>⟨𝖞⟩</big>. Thorn had become nearly totally disused by the late Early Modern English period, the last vestiges of the letter being its ligatures, ye (thee), yt (that), yu (thou), which were still seen occasionally in the 1611 King James Version and in Shakespeare's Folios.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Silent_e" title="Silent e">silent ⟨e⟩</a> was often appended to words, as in ſpeake and cowarde. The last <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> was sometimes doubled when the ⟨e⟩ was added: hence manne (for man) and runne (for run).</li> <li>The sound /ʌ/ was often written ⟨o⟩ (as in son): hence ſommer, plombe (for modern summer, plumb).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>The final syllable of words like public was variously spelt but came to be standardised as -ick. The modern spellings with -ic did not come into use until the mid-18th century.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>⟨y⟩ was often used instead of ⟨i⟩.<a href="#cite_note-oed-11">[11]</a></li> <li>The vowels represented by ⟨ee⟩ and ⟨e_e⟩ (for example in meet and mete) changed, and ⟨ea⟩ became an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-oed-11">[11]</a></li></ul> Many spellings had still not been standardised, however. For example, he was spelled as both he and hee in the same sentence in Shakespeare's plays and elsewhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA"><img alt="[]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Early Modern English consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td>p • b </td> <td> </td> <td>t • d </td> <td>tʃ • dʒ </td> <td> </td> <td>k • ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>f • v </td> <td>θ • ð </td> <td>s • z </td> <td>ʃ • ʒ </td> <td>(ç) </td> <td>x </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td>ʍ • w </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Most consonant sounds of Early Modern English have survived into present-day English; however, there are still a few notable differences in pronunciation: <ul><li>Today's "silent" consonants found in the <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> of such words as knot, gnat, sword were still fully pronounced up until the mid-to-late 16th century and thus possibly by Shakespeare, though they were <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#Other_initial_cluster_reductions" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">fully reduced</a> by the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-OP-12">[12]</a></li> <li>The digraph ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩, in words like night, thought and daughter, originally pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] in much older English, was probably reduced to nothing (as it is today) or at least heavily reduced in sound to something like [ht], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>], or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]. It seems likely that much variation existed for many of these words. Upon its disappearance, it lengthened the previous vowel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The now-silent l of would and should may have persisted in being pronounced as late as 1700 in Britain and perhaps several decades longer in the <a href="/wiki/British_American_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="British American colonies">British American colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The l in could, however, first appearing in the early 16th century, was presumably never pronounced.</li> <li>The modern phoneme /ʒ/ was not documented as occurring until the second half of the 17th century. Likely, that phoneme in a word like vision was pronounced as /zj/ and in measure as /z/.</li> <li>Most words with the spelling ⟨wh⟩, such as what, where and whale, were still pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg\/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless labio-velar fricative.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless labio-velar fricative.ogg">ⓘ</a>, rather than [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f2\/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg\/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced labio-velar approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg" title="File:Voiced labio-velar approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a>. That means, for example, that wine and whine were <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">still pronounced differently</a>, unlike in most varieties of English today.<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Early Modern English was <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a>. In other words, the r was always pronounced,<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a> but the precise nature of the typical rhotic consonant remains unclear. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was, however, certainly one of the following: <ul><li>The "R" of most varieties of English today: [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar approximant">ɹ̠</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/33\/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg\/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Postalveolar approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Postalveolar_approximant.ogg" title="File:Postalveolar approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a> or a further forward sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1f\/Alveolar_approximant.ogg\/Alveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Alveolar_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_approximant.ogg" title="File:Alveolar approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></li> <li>The "trilled or rolled R": [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Alveolar_trill.ogg\/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar trill.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_trill.ogg" title="File:Alveolar trill.ogg">ⓘ</a>, perhaps with one contact [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Alveolar_tap.ogg\/Alveolar_tap.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar tap.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Alveolar_tap.ogg/Alveolar_tap.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_tap.ogg" title="File:Alveolar tap.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in modern <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> and Scottish English</li> <li>The "retroflex R": [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/Retroflex_Approximant2.oga\/Retroflex_Approximant2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Retroflex Approximant2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Retroflex_Approximant2.oga/Retroflex_Approximant2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Retroflex_Approximant2.oga" title="File:Retroflex Approximant2.oga">ⓘ</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In Early Modern English, the precise nature of the light and dark <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">variants</a> of the l consonant, respectively [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a> and [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Velarized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Velarized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a>, remains unclear.</li> <li>Word-final ⟨ng⟩, as in sing, was still pronounced [ŋɡ] until the late 16th century, when it began to <a href="/wiki/Ng-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng-coalescence">coalesce</a> into the usual modern pronunciation, [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]. The original pronunciation [ŋɡ] is preserved in parts of England, in dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Mancunian</a> and Scouse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a> at the start of words was common, as it still is in informal English throughout most of England.<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a> In loanwords taken from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Greek, or any <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>, a written h was usually mute well into modern English times, e.g. in heritage, history, hermit, hostage, and still today in heir, honor, hour etc.</li> <li>With words originating from or passed through ancient Greek, th was commonly pronounced as t, e.g. theme, theater, cathedral, anthem; this is still retained in some proper names as Thomas and a few common nouns like thyme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Early modern English vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Short </th> <th>Long </th> <th>+/j/ </th> <th>+/w/ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <td>ɪ </td> <td>iː </td> <td> </td> <td>ɪw </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <td>ʊ </td> <td>uː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>eː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>oː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>ə </td> <td> </td> <td>əj </td> <td>əw </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɛj </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <td>ɤ </td> <td>ɔː </td> <td>ɔj </td> <td>ɔw </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <td>ɒ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>a </td> <td>aː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The following information primarily comes from studies of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> see the related chart. <ul><li>The modern English <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9f\/En-us-I.ogg\/En-us-I.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-I.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/En-us-I.ogg/En-us-I.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-I.ogg" title="File:En-us-I.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in glide, rhyme and eye, was <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[əi]</a>, and was reduced word-finally. Early Modern rhymes indicate that <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[əi]</a> was similar to the vowel that was used at the end of words like happy, melody and busy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/En-us-ow.ogg\/En-us-ow.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ow.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-ow.ogg/En-us-ow.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ow.ogg" title="File:En-us-ow.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in now, out and ploughed, was <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[əu]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b1\/En-uk-oh.ogg\/En-uk-oh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-oh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-uk-oh.ogg/En-uk-oh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-oh.ogg" title="File:En-uk-oh.ogg">ⓘ</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in fed, elm and hen, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today, sometimes approaching [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> (which is still in the word pretty).<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/eɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/En-uk-a.ogg\/En-uk-a.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-uk-a.ogg/En-uk-a.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-a.ogg" title="File:En-uk-a.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in name, case and sake, was a long <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>. It shifted from [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-open front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-open front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> to [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> and finally to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Earlier in Early Modern English, mat and mate were near-homophones, with a longer vowel in the second word. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> rhymed words like haste, taste and waste with last and shade with sad.<a href="#cite_note-Sonnet-17">[17]</a> The more open pronunciation remains in some <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a> and rarely in Irish English. During the 17th century, the phoneme variably <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">merged</a> with the phoneme <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɛi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Nl-ei.ogg\/Nl-ei.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ei.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Nl-ei.ogg/Nl-ei.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-ei.ogg" title="File:Nl-ei.ogg">ⓘ</a> as in day, weigh, and the merger survived into standard forms of Modern English, though a few dialects kept these vowels distinct at least to the 20th century (see <a href="/wiki/Pane%E2%80%93pain_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pane–pain merger">pane–pain merger</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/iː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> (typically spelled ⟨ee⟩ or ⟨ie⟩) as in see, bee and meet, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today, but it had not yet <a href="/wiki/Fleece_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleece merger">merged</a> with the phoneme represented by the spellings ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ei⟩ (and perhaps ⟨ie⟩, particularly with fiend, field and friend), as in east, meal and feat, which were pronounced with [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝ː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sonnet-17">[17]</a> However, words like breath, dead and head may have already split off towards <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in bib, pin and thick, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/En-us-o.ogg\/En-us-o.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-o.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/En-us-o.ogg/En-us-o.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-o.ogg" title="File:En-us-o.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in stone, bode and yolk, was [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>. The phoneme was probably just beginning the process of merging with the phoneme <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ow]</a>, as in grow, know and mow, without yet achieving today's <a href="/wiki/Toe%E2%80%93tow_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Toe–tow merger">complete merger</a>. The old pronunciation remains in some dialects, such as in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/En-us-awe.ogg\/En-us-awe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-awe.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/En-us-awe.ogg/En-us-awe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-awe.ogg" title="File:En-us-awe.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in rod, top and pot, was [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>, much like the corresponding RP sound.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in taut, taught and law was more open than in contemporary RP, being [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> (and thus being closer to Welsh and General American /ɔː/)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/En-uk-oi.ogg\/En-uk-oi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-oi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/En-uk-oi.ogg/En-uk-oi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-oi.ogg" title="File:En-uk-oi.ogg">ⓘ</a>, as in boy, choice and toy, is even less clear than other vowels. In the late 16th century, the similar but distinct phonemes /ɔi/, /ʊi/ and /əi/ all existed. By the late 17th century, they all merged.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Because those phonemes were in such a state of flux during the whole Early Modern period (with evidence of rhyming occurring among them as well as with the precursor to /aɪ/), scholars<a href="#cite_note-OP-12">[12]</a> often assume only the most neutral possibility for the pronunciation of /ɔɪ/ as well as its similar phonemes in Early Modern English: [əɪ] (which, if accurate, would constitute an early instance of the <a href="/wiki/Line%E2%80%93loin_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Line–loin merger">line–loin merger</a> since /aɪ/ had not yet fully developed in English).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʌ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/83\/En-us-uh.ogg\/En-us-uh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-uh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/En-us-uh.ogg/En-us-uh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-uh.ogg" title="File:En-us-uh.ogg">ⓘ</a> (as in drum, enough and love) and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> (as in could, full, put) had not yet <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">split</a> and so were both pronounced in the vicinity of [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/uː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6b\/En-us-ooh.ogg\/En-us-ooh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ooh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/En-us-ooh.ogg/En-us-ooh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ooh.ogg" title="File:En-us-ooh.ogg">ⓘ</a> occurred not only in words like food, moon and stool, but also all other words spelled with ⟨oo⟩ like blood, cook and foot. The nature of the vowel sound in the latter group of words, however, is further complicated by the fact that the vowel for some of those words was shortened: either beginning or already in the process of approximating the Early Modern English [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> and later [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>. For instance, at certain stages of the Early Modern period or in certain dialects (or both), doom and come rhymed; this is certainly true in Shakespeare's writing. That phonological split among the ⟨oo⟩ words was a catalyst for the later <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">foot–strut split</a> and is called "early shortening" by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The ⟨oo⟩ words that were pronounced as something like [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> seem to have included blood, brood, doom, good and noon.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>/ɪw/ or /iw/<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> occurred in words spelled with ew or ue such as due and dew. In most dialects of Modern English, it became /juː/ and /uː/ by <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> and so do, dew and due are now perfect homophones in most American pronunciations, but a distinction between the two phonemes remains in other versions of English. There is, however, an additional complication in dialects with <a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">yod-coalescence</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and younger RP), in which dew and due /dʒuː/ (homophonous with jew) are distinguished from do /duː/ purely by the initial consonant, without any vowel distinction.</li></ul> The difference between the transcription of the EME diphthong offsets with ⟨j w⟩, as opposed to the usual modern English transcription with ⟨ɪ̯ ʊ̯⟩ is not meaningful in any way. The precise EME realizations are not known, and they vary even in modern English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhoticity/rhotic_vowels">Rhoticity/rhotic vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rhoticity/rhotic vowels">edit</a>]</div> The r sound (the phoneme <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/r/</a>) was probably always pronounced with following vowel sounds (more in the style of today's <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Country_Accent" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Accent">West Country English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a> accents and Scottish accents, although in the case of the Scottish accent the R is rolled, and less like the pronunciation now usual in most of England.) Furthermore, at the beginning of the Early Modern English period there were three non-open and non-<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> short vowels before /r/ in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a>: /e/, /i/ and /u/ (roughly equivalent to modern /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /ʊ/; /ʌ/ had not yet developed). In London English they gradually merged into a phoneme that became modern <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɜːr/</a>. By the time of Shakespeare, the spellings ⟨er⟩, ⟨ear⟩ and perhaps ⟨or⟩ when they had a short vowel, as in clerk, earth, or divert, had an a-like quality, perhaps about <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɐɹ]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[äɹ]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sonnet-17">[17]</a> With the spelling ⟨or⟩, the sound may have been backed, more toward <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɒɹ]</a> in words like worth and word.<a href="#cite_note-Sonnet-17">[17]</a> In some pronunciations, words like fair and fear, with the spellings ⟨air⟩ and ⟨ear⟩, rhymed with each other, and words with the spelling ⟨are⟩, such as prepare and compare, were sometimes pronounced with a more open vowel sound, like the verbs are and scar. See <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift#Later_mergers" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift § Later mergers</a> for more information. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_words">Specific words</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specific words">edit</a>]</div> Nature was pronounced approximately as [ˈnɛːtəɹ]<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a> and may have rhymed with letter or, early on, even latter. One may have been pronounced own, with both one and other using the era's long <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>GOAT vowel, rather than today's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT vowels.<a href="#cite_note-Hark-14">[14]</a> Tongue derived from the sound of tong and rhymed with song.<a href="#cite_note-Sonnet-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Early Modern English had two second-person personal pronouns: <a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a>, the informal singular pronoun, and ye, the plural (both formal and informal) pronoun and the formal singular pronoun. "Thou" and "ye" were both common in the early 16th century (they can be seen, for example, in the disputes over <a href="/wiki/Tyndale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndale">Tyndale</a>'s translation of the Bible in the 1520s and the 1530s) but by 1650, "thou" seems old-fashioned or literary. It has effectively completely disappeared from Modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>. The translators of the King James Version of the Bible (begun 1604 and published 1611, while Shakespeare was at the height of his popularity) had a particular reason for keeping the informal "thou/thee/thy/thine/thyself" forms that were slowly beginning to fall out of spoken use, as it enabled them to match the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> distinction between second person singular ("thou") and plural ("ye"). It was not to denote reverence (in the King James Version, God addresses individual people and even Satan as "thou") but only to denote the singular. Over the centuries, however, the very fact that "thou" was dropping out of normal use gave it a special aura and so it gradually and ironically came to be used to express reverence in hymns and in prayers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Like other personal pronouns, thou and ye have different forms dependent on their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a>; specifically, the objective form of thou is thee, its possessive forms are thy and thine, and its reflexive or emphatic form is thyself. The objective form of ye was you, its possessive forms are your and yours and its reflexive or emphatic forms are yourself and yourselves. The older forms "mine" and "thine" had become "my" and "thy" before words beginning with a consonant other than h, and "mine" and "thine" were retained before words beginning with a vowel or an h, as in mine eyes or thine hand. <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pronouns">Personal pronouns in Early Modern English</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">Possessive</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>I </td> <td>me </td> <td>my/mine<a href="#cite_note-thine-23">[# 1]</a> </td> <td>mine </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>we </td> <td>us </td> <td>our </td> <td>ours </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">2nd person </th> <th>singular informal </th> <td>thou </td> <td>thee </td> <td>thy/thine<a href="#cite_note-thine-23">[# 1]</a> </td> <td>thine </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural informal </th> <td rowspan="1">ye </td> <td rowspan="2">you </td> <td rowspan="2">your </td> <td rowspan="2">yours </td></tr> <tr> <th>formal </th> <td rowspan="1">you </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>he/she/it </td> <td>him/her/it </td> <td>his/her/his (it)<a href="#cite_note-its-24">[# 2]</a> </td> <td>his/hers/his<a href="#cite_note-its-24">[# 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>they </td> <td>them </td> <td>their </td> <td>theirs </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thine-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thine_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thine_23-1">b</a> The genitives my, mine, thy, and thine are used as <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjectives</a> before a noun, or as possessive pronouns without a noun. All four forms are used as possessive adjectives: mine and thine are used before nouns beginning in a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sound, or before nouns beginning in the letter h, which was usually silent (e.g. thine eyes and mine heart, which was pronounced as mine art) and my and thy before consonants (thy mother, my love). However, only mine and thine are used as possessive pronouns, as in it is thine and they were mine (not *they were my). </li> <li id="cite_note-its-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-its_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-its_24-1">b</a> From the early <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern English</a> period up until the 17th century, his was the possessive of the third-person neuter it as well as of the third-person masculine he. Genitive "it" appears once in the 1611 <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> (Leviticus 25:5) as groweth of it owne accord. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense_and_number">Tense and number</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tense and number">edit</a>]</div> During the Early Modern period, the verb inflections became simplified as they evolved towards their modern forms: <ul><li>The third-person singular present lost its alternate inflections: -eth and -th became obsolete, and -s survived. (Both forms can be seen together in Shakespeare: "With her, that hateth thee and hates us all".)<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></li> <li>The plural present form became uninflected. Present plurals had been marked with -en and singulars with -th or -s (-th and -s survived the longest, especially with the singular use of is, hath and doth).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Marked present plurals were rare throughout the Early Modern period and -en was probably used only as a stylistic affectation to indicate rural or old-fashioned speech.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></li> <li>The second-person singular indicative was marked in both the present and past tenses with -st or -est (for example, in the past tense, walkedst or gav'st).<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Since the indicative past was not and still is not otherwise marked for person or number,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> the loss of <a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a> made the past subjunctive indistinguishable from the indicative past for all verbs except to be.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modal_auxiliaries">Modal auxiliaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modal auxiliaries">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">modal auxiliaries</a> cemented their distinctive syntactical characteristics during the Early Modern period. Thus, the use of modals without an infinitive became rare (as in "I must to Coventry"; "I'll none of that"). The use of modals' present participles to indicate aspect (as in "Maeyinge suffer no more the loue & deathe of Aurelio" from 1556), and of their preterite forms to indicate tense (as in "he follow'd Horace so very close, that of necessity he must fall with him") also became uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Some verbs ceased to function as modals during the Early Modern period. The present form of must, mot, became obsolete. Dare also lost the syntactical characteristics of a modal auxiliary and evolved a new past form (dared), distinct from the modal durst.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perfect_and_progressive_forms">Perfect and progressive forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Perfect and progressive forms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> of the verbs had not yet been standardised to use only the auxiliary verb "to have". Some took as their auxiliary verb "to be", such as this example from the King James Version: "But which of you... will say unto him... when he is come from the field, Go and sit down..." [Luke XVII:7]. The rules for the auxiliaries for different verbs were similar to those that are still observed in German and French (see <a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">unaccusative verb</a>). The modern syntax used for the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive aspect</a> ("I am walking") became dominant by the end of the Early Modern period, but other forms were also common such as the prefix a- ("I am a-walking") and the infinitive paired with "do" ("I do walk"). Moreover, the to be + -ing verb form could be used to express a passive meaning without any additional markers: "The house is building" could mean "The house is being built".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> A number of words that are still in common use in Modern English have undergone <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic narrowing</a>. The use of the verb "to suffer" in the sense of "to allow" survived into Early Modern English, as in the phrase "suffer the little children" of the King James Version, but it has mostly been lost in Modern English.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> This use still exists in the <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> "to suffer fools gladly". Also, this period includes one of the earliest Russian borrowings to English (which is historically a rare occasion itself<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a>); at least as early as 1600, the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steppe" class="extiw" title="wikt:steppe">steppe</a>" (rus. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:степь">степь</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>) first appeared in English in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s comedy <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a>. It is believed that this is a possible indirect borrowing via either German or French. The substantial borrowing of Latin and sometimes Greek words for abstract concepts, begun in Middle English, continued unabated, often terms for abstract concepts not available in English.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkhorn_term" title="Inkhorn term">Inkhorn term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare's influence">Shakespeare's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> For example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRío-Rey2002" class="citation journal cs1">Río-Rey, Carmen (9 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=124085">"Subject control and coreference in Early Modern English free adjuncts and absolutes"</a>. English Language and Linguistics. 6 (2). Cambridge University Press: 309–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1360674302000254">10.1017/s1360674302000254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122740133">122740133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221025332/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=124085">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Subject+control+and+coreference+in+Early+Modern+English+free+adjuncts+and+absolutes&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309-323&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1360674302000254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122740133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=R%C3%ADo-Rey&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3Faid%3D124085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Nevalainen, Terttu (2006). An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Stephen L. White, "The Book of Common Prayer and the Standardization of the English Language" The Anglican, 32:2(4-11), April 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Cercignani, Fausto</a>, Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurroughsGreenhill,_William1660" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs" title="Jeremiah Burroughs">Burroughs, Jeremiah</a>; Greenhill, William (1660). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintshappiness00greegoog">The Saints Happinesse</a>. M.S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saints+Happinesse&rft.pub=M.S.&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintshappiness00greegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> Introduction uses both happineſs and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blessedness" class="extiw" title="wikt:blessedness">bleſſedneſs</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks,_David2004" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alphabetunraveli0000sack/page/316">The Alphabet</a>. London: Arrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alphabetunraveli0000sack/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-943682-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-943682-5"><bdi>0-09-943682-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet&rft.place=London&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-09-943682-5&rft.au=Sacks%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falphabetunraveli0000sack%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon_7-1">b</a> Salmon, V., (in) Lass, R. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. III, CUP 2000, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks,_David2003" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2003). Language Visible. Canada: Knopf. pp. 356–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-676-97487-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-676-97487-2"><bdi>0-676-97487-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Visible&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=356-57&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-676-97487-2&rft.au=Sacks%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/W._W._Skeat" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Skeat">W. W. Skeat</a>, in Principles of English Etymology, claims that the substitution was encouraged by the ambiguity between u and n; if sunne could just as easily be misread as sunue or suvne, it made sense to write it as sonne. (Skeat, Principles of English Etymology, Second Series. Clarendon Press, 1891, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesengli00skeagoog/page/n137">page 99</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Fischer, A., Schneider, P., "The dramatick disappearance of the ⟨-ick⟩ spelling", in Text Types and Corpora, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2002, pp. 139ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626171245/https://public.oed.com/blog/early-modern-english-pronunciation-and-spelling/">"Early modern English pronunciation and spelling"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.oed.com/blog/early-modern-english-pronunciation-and-spelling/">the original</a> on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+modern+English+pronunciation+and+spelling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fblog%2Fearly-modern-english-pronunciation-and-spelling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OP-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OP_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OP_12-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html">The History of English (online)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">David Crystal</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://originalpronunciation.com/">Original Pronunciation (online).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209064651/http://originalpronunciation.com/">Archived</a> 9 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The American Language 2nd ed. p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hark-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hark_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal" class="citation web cs1">Crystal, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020080412/http://www.davidcrystal.com/?fileid=-4254">"David Crystal – Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com/?fileid=-4254">the original</a> on 20 October 2017. <q>"Hark, hark, what shout is that?" Around the Globe 31. [based on article written for the Troilus programme, Shakespeare's Globe, August 2005: 'Saying it like it was'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Crystal+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidcrystal.com%2F%3Ffileid%3D-4254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Stemmler, Theo. Die Entwicklung der englischen Haupttonvokale: eine Übersicht in Tabellenform [Trans: The development of the English primary-stressed-vowels: an overview in table form] (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, William Elford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113011226/http://facweb.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/phone/eme/evowel.htm">"Early Modern English vowels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Furman_University" title="Furman University">Furman University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facweb.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/phone/eme/evowel.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+English+vowels&rft.pub=Furman+University&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=William+Elford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacweb.furman.edu%2F~wrogers%2Fphonemes%2Fphone%2Feme%2Fevowel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonnet-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sonnet_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonnet_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonnet_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonnet_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonnet_17-4">e</a> Crystal, David (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidcrystal.com/?fileid=-4836">Sounding out Shakespeare: Sonnet Rhymes in Original Pronunciation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020080423/http://www.davidcrystal.com/?fileid=-4836">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In Vera Vasic (ed.) Jezik u Upotrebi: primenjena lingvsitikja u cast Ranku Bugarskom. Novi Sad and Belgrade: Philosophy faculties. P. 298-300. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Cercignani, Fausto (1981), Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation, Oxford: Clarendon Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1997" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Charles Laurence (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iat4Bk_YeR4C">Early modern English</a> (second ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 108–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0835-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0835-4"><bdi>0-7486-0835-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109181145/https://books.google.com/books?id=Iat4Bk_YeR4C">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+modern+English&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=108-116&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7486-0835-4&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Charles+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIat4Bk_YeR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells,_John_C.1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). Accents of English. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22919-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22919-7"><bdi>0-521-22919-7</bdi></a>. (vol. 1). (vol. 2)., (vol. 3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-22919-7&rft.au=Wells%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Crystal, David. "Sounding Out Shakespeare: Sonnet Rhymes in Original Pronunciation". In Vera Vasic (ed.), Jezik u upotrebi: primenjena lingvistikja u cast Ranku Bugarskom [Language in use: applied linguistics in honour of Ranko Bugarski] (Novi Sad and Belgrade: Philosophy Faculties, 2011), 295-306300. p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> E. J. Dobson (English pronunciation, 1500–1700, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968, passim) and other scholars before him postulated the existence of a vowel /y/ beside /iu̯/ in early Modern English. But see <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, On the alleged existence of a vowel /y:/ in early Modern English, in “English Language and Linguistics”, 26/2, 2022, pp. 263–277 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/on-the-alleged-existence-of-a-vowel-y-in-early-modern-english/AC739707E998A98AFFD515678D9B1E14">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109181252/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/abs/on-the-alleged-existence-of-a-vowel-y-in-early-modern-english/AC739707E998A98AFFD515678D9B1E14">Archived</a> 9 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III. Cambridge: Cambridge. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26476-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 165–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=165-66&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26476-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Laurence_Barber1997" class="citation book cs1">Charles Laurence Barber (1997). Early Modern English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-0835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+English&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0835-5&rft.au=Charles+Laurence+Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Laurence_Barber1997" class="citation book cs1">Charles Laurence Barber (1997). Early Modern English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-0835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+English&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0835-5&rft.au=Charles+Laurence+Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Laurence_Barber1997" class="citation book cs1">Charles Laurence Barber (1997). Early Modern English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0835-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-0835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+English&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0835-5&rft.au=Charles+Laurence+Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 231–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=231-35&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26476-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III. Cambridge: Cambridge. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26476-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 217–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26476-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=217-18&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26476-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Doughlas Harper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/suffer#etymonline_v_22311">https://www.etymonline.com/word/suffer#etymonline_v_22311</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010424/https://www.etymonline.com/word/suffer#etymonline_v_22311">Archived</a> 4 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mirosława Podhajecka Russian borrowings in English: A dictionary and corpus study, p.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Max Vasmer, Etymological dictionary of the Russian language </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, James (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/mental.pdf">"Mental furniture from the philosophers"</a> (PDF). Et Cetera. 40: 177–191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123101442/http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/mental.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Et+Cetera&rft.atitle=Mental+furniture+from+the+philosophers&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=177-191&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maths.unsw.edu.au%2F~jim%2Fmental.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Modern+English" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_English&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616095827/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/paleography.html">English Paleography</a>: Examples for the study of English handwriting from the 16th–18th centuries from the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" 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id="History_of_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phonological_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Vowels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Changes before historic /l/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">Changes before historic /r/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisyllabic_laxing" title="Trisyllabic laxing">Trisyllabic laxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩">Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">Th</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">stopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">Wh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472196#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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