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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toto language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="টোটো ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোটো ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoeg" title="Totoeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Totoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_(Sprache)" title="Toto (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toto (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_keel" title="Toto keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toto keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoish" title="Totoish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Totoish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ટોટો ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટોટો ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="टोटो भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोटो भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitoto" title="Kitoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Toto" title="Bahasa Toto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Toto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="टोटो भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टोटो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Toto" title="Lenga Toto – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Toto" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_toto" title="Língua toto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua toto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Тото (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тото (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Toto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Toto-language text"><span lang="txo-Toto">𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪</span></span>, <span title="Toto-language text"><span lang="txo-Beng">টোটো</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:0;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:0;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shukla_Toto_T.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shukla_Toto_T.svg/200px-Shukla_Toto_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shukla_Toto_T.svg/300px-Shukla_Toto_T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shukla_Toto_T.svg/400px-Shukla_Toto_T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:0;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg/200px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg/300px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg/400px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="145" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Toto" in Toto and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Toto_people" title="Toto people">Toto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,411 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_India-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Toto</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toto_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Toto script">Toto script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/txo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:txo">txo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/toto1302">toto1302</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3451">Toto</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Toto is classified as Critically Endangered language by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Toto_script" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the Toto <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Toto</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali</a>: <span title="Toto-language text"><span lang="txo-Beng">টোটো</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toto (script)">Toto</a>: <span title="Toto-language text"><span lang="txo-Toto">𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> language spoken on the border of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, by the tribal <a href="/wiki/Toto_people" title="Toto people">Toto people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Totopara,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Totopara, West Bengal">Totopara, West Bengal</a> along the border with <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. It is also spoken in Subhapara, Dhunchipara, and Panchayatpara hillocks on India-Bhutan border in <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri district</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toto is listed as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">critically endangered language</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, with perhaps 1,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most families in the community speak Toto at home. Most children learn Toto at home, although they use <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> in school. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India" title="Anthropological Survey of India">Anthropological Survey of India</a> (AnSI) set out to conduct a study on language of the Toto tribe, whose population has dwindled to 1,536, they did not realize that the language is more endangered than the tribe itself. Researchers as well the members of the Toto community admit that the language is under threat and the influence of other languages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and Bengali, is increasing day by day.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Languages_Project" title="Himalayan Languages Project">Himalayan Languages Project</a> is working on the first grammatical sketch of Toto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toto consists of 25 segmental phonemes, of which 19 are consonants and six are vowels. The phonemes of this language are as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six vowel phonemes in the Toto language: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. They can be classified: </p> <ul><li>horizontally into three groups as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels;</li> <li>vertically into four groups as close, close-mid, open-mid and open.</li></ul> <p>There are eight diphthongs realized in Toto, these are: </p> <ul><li>/eu/ — occurring in initial and medial positions,</li> <li>/au/, /ou/ — occurring only in the medial position,</li> <li>/ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ — occurring in medial and final positions, and</li> <li>/ui/ — occurring in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_India-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel: </p> <dl><dt>/i/~/e/</dt> <dd>/iŋ/ 'brother in-law', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'</dd> <dd>/ciwa/ 'tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (cloth)</dd> <dt>/i/~/a/</dt> <dd>/guJi/ 'owl', vs. /guJa/ 'pocket'</dd> <dd>/nico/ 'fire', vs. /naco/ 'two'</dd> <dt>/i/~/u/</dt> <dd>/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'bird'</dd> <dt>/ei/~/əi/</dt> <dt>/e/~/a/</dt> <dd>/lepa/ 'brain', vs. /lapa/ 'jungle betel leaf'</dd> <dd>/kewa/ 'birth', vs. /kawa/ 'sound'</dd> <dt>/e/~/o/</dt> <dd>/je/ 'grass', vs. /jo/ 'breast'</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regards to consonants, Toto has an inventory of seven <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> (nasals and liquids) and twelve <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (stops and fricative), eight of which are contrastive in voicing. It also distinguishes the voiceless obstruents /t/ and /p/ with their <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> equivalents /tʰ/ and /pʰ/, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_India-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant"><small>aspirated</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant"><small>aspirated</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a> </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar stops">t</a> </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental and alveolar stops">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palatal stop">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">g</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labio-velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are some Toto words from van Driem (1995), who uses these words to suggest that Toto may be a <a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">aŋ-</i></span> 'to drink'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bɔcɔŋ</i></span> 'shoulder'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yoti</i></span> 'cooking pot' (second syllable), cf. <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><i lang="dz-Latn">dî</i></span> 'jug'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">uŋtí</i></span> 'seed'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">haní</i></span> 'today'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tarí</i></span> 'moon'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">lip-</i></span> 'fall' (cf. <a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict" title="Paul K. Benedict">Benedict</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">PTB</a> <span title="uncoded-language text">*<i lang="mis">lip</i></span> 'dive, sink, drown')</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tɛ́bo</i></span> 'big' (first syllable)</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">así</i></span> 'shit'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">daŋkre</i></span> 'right' (vs. 'left')</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">buibé</i></span> 'stomach' (first syllable); the second syllable <span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">-be</i></span> is cognate with Toto <span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">biyá</i></span> 'meat'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">biyá</i></span> 'meat'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">wɔteŋ</i></span> 'bamboo species' (first syllable), <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ḍhuṅgre ko ghās</i></span></li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">maʔoŋ</i></span> 'paddy'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bagreŋ</i></span> 'wing'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">saní</i></span> 'sun'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">jâr-</i></span> 'stand'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">anji</i></span> 'yesterday'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">böidi</i></span> 'navel'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">lâru-</i></span> 'bring'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">em-</i></span> 'to shit'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">jiŋ-</i></span> 'sleep'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">cici</i></span> 'urine'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kiya</i></span> 'dog'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">miŋ</i></span> 'name'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">daŋ</i></span> 'horn'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">maibe</i></span> 'flower'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">pǘyɔ</i></span> 'snake'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">luŋtü</i></span> 'stone'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">lɛbɛ́</i></span> 'tongue'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">maŋbü-</i></span> 'to dream'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nanuŋ</i></span> 'ear'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">mico</i></span> 'eye'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋaya</i></span> 'fish'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">musa</i></span> 'body hair'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ka</i></span> 'I'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">taŋpa</i></span> 'sole of the foot'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">paká</i></span> 'pig'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nati</i></span> 'thou'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">satáŋ</i></span> 'tooth'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">si-</i></span> 'die'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ca-</i></span> 'eat'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">the-</i></span> 'be sweet, taste sweet'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">toise</i></span> 'mango' (suffix: <span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">-se</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">daŋse</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>' (suffix: <span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">-se</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">sâ-</i></span> 'kill'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">dai-</i></span> 'dig'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">köitü</i></span> 'egg'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yuŋ-</i></span> 'sit, stay'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ti</i></span> 'water'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">mití</i></span> 'tear'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">totí</i></span> 'spit'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">wɛtí</i></span> 'rain'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yutí</i></span> 'blood'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yutí</i></span> 'milk'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">dikɔ́</i></span> 'buffalo'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ü-</i></span> 'come down, descend'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋɛtɔ́ŋ</i></span> 'neck'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">to pa-</i></span> 'weave'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kai-</i></span> 'cry'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋɔká</i></span> 'monkey'</li> <li><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">jüwɔ́</i></span> 'mouse, rat'</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Toto personal pronouns are (van Driem 1995):<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>first person </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ka</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kibi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>second person </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nati</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">natibi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>third person </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">aku</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">abi</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Toto numerals are (van Driem 1995):<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English numeral</th> <th>bare stem for counting</th> <th>counting humans</th> <th>counting animals</th> <th>inanimate objects </th></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">i</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">iccɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ippu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">icce</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ni</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">niso</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nipu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nise</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>three </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">sumcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>four </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">di</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">dicɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">dipu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">dise</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>five </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋacɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋapu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ŋase</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>six </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tukcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tukpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tuse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>seven </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ni</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nícɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nípu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">níse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>eight </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yâ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yấcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yấpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">yấse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>nine </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ku</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kucɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kupu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">kuse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ten </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tâ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tâcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tâpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">tâse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>eleven </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">eghâra</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">eghârcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">eghârpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">eghârse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>twelve </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bâra</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bârcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bârpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">bârse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>twenty </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai cɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai pu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai se</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>twenty-one </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so i</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so iccɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so ippu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so icce</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>thirty </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so tâ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so tâcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so tâpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">ikai-so tâse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>forty </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai cɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai pu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai se</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>fifty </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai-so tâ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai-so tâcɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai-so tâpu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">nikai-so tâse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>sixty </th> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋkai</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋkai cɔ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋkai pu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Toto-language romanization"><i lang="txo-Latn">suŋkai se</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Toto script<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">𞊒𞊪𞊒𞊪</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">Dhaniram Toto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> 2015 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Toto</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Toto</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(294)</span>, Toto</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Toto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E290.pdf">U+1E290–U+1E2BF</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> script developed for the language by community elder and author, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhaniram_Toto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhaniram Toto (page does not exist)">Dhaniram Toto</a>, was published in 2015, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing; most significantly, the Toto alphabet was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September, 2021. Prior to the publication of this script, Dhaniram Toto and other members of the community (whose literacy rate as per sample survey carried out in 2003 was just 33.64 per cent) penned books and poems in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toto_(Unicode_block)" title="Toto (Unicode block)">Toto (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Toto alphabet was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Toto is U+1E290–U+1E2BF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Toto_(Unicode_block)" title="Toto (Unicode block)">Toto</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1E290_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1E290_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1E290_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1E290_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E290.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1E29x </td> <td title="U+1E290: TOTO LETTER PA">𞊐 </td> <td title="U+1E291: TOTO LETTER BA">𞊑 </td> <td title="U+1E292: TOTO LETTER TA">𞊒 </td> <td title="U+1E293: TOTO LETTER DA">𞊓 </td> <td title="U+1E294: TOTO LETTER KA">𞊔 </td> <td title="U+1E295: TOTO LETTER GA">𞊕 </td> <td title="U+1E296: TOTO LETTER MA">𞊖 </td> <td title="U+1E297: TOTO LETTER NA">𞊗 </td> <td title="U+1E298: TOTO LETTER NGA">𞊘 </td> <td title="U+1E299: TOTO LETTER SA">𞊙 </td> <td title="U+1E29A: TOTO LETTER CHA">𞊚 </td> <td title="U+1E29B: TOTO LETTER YA">𞊛 </td> <td title="U+1E29C: TOTO LETTER WA">𞊜 </td> <td title="U+1E29D: TOTO LETTER JA">𞊝 </td> <td title="U+1E29E: TOTO LETTER HA">𞊞 </td> <td title="U+1E29F: TOTO LETTER RA">𞊟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1E2Ax </td> <td title="U+1E2A0: TOTO LETTER LA">𞊠 </td> <td title="U+1E2A1: TOTO LETTER I">𞊡 </td> <td title="U+1E2A2: TOTO LETTER BREATHY I">𞊢 </td> <td title="U+1E2A3: TOTO LETTER IU">𞊣 </td> <td title="U+1E2A4: TOTO LETTER BREATHY IU">𞊤 </td> <td title="U+1E2A5: TOTO LETTER U">𞊥 </td> <td title="U+1E2A6: TOTO LETTER E">𞊦 </td> <td title="U+1E2A7: TOTO LETTER BREATHY E">𞊧 </td> <td title="U+1E2A8: TOTO LETTER EO">𞊨 </td> <td title="U+1E2A9: TOTO LETTER BREATHY EO">𞊩 </td> <td title="U+1E2AA: TOTO LETTER O">𞊪 </td> <td title="U+1E2AB: TOTO LETTER AE">𞊫 </td> <td title="U+1E2AC: TOTO LETTER BREATHY AE">𞊬 </td> <td title="U+1E2AD: TOTO LETTER A">𞊭 </td> <td title="U+1E2AE: TOTO SIGN RISING TONE">𞊮 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1E2Bx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1E290_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1E290_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1E290_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1E290_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Dhimalish_comparative_vocabulary_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list">Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Languages_of_India-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_India_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf">"Languages of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguageinindia.com%2Fjune2014%2Fchibiramtotophonology1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToto+language" class="Z3988"></span>|</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyNicolas2010" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi"><i>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3rd ed.). Paris: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104096-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723042105/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=43-47&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104096-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026%2FPDF%2F187026eng.pdf.multi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToto+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Doherty2012" class="citation web cs1">Ben Doherty (April 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html">"India's tribal people fast becoming lost for words"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=India%27s+tribal+people+fast+becoming+lost+for+words&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft.au=Ben+Doherty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Findias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToto+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Shiv Sahay (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece">"Toto language more endangered than tribe"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Toto+language+more+endangered+than+tribe&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Shiv+Sahay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fkolkata%2Ftoto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe%2Farticle6270931.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToto+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDriem1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem1995_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Driem, George. 1995. <i>The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars</i>. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM.</li> <li>Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59–84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf">http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf</a></li> <li>Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications.</li> <li>Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html">http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson, George A.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=3-1&pages=670"><i>Linguistic Survey of India</i></a>. Vol. III, Part 1, <i>Tibeto-Burman family. General introduction. Specimens of the Tibetan dialects, the Himalayan dialects and the North Assam group</i>. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D3-1%26pages%3D670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToto+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105–114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm">https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm</a></li> <li>Perumalsamy P (2016) "Toto Language" in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume I by Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp 628–702 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826">https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826</a></li> <li>Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece</a></li> <li>van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp. 559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.</li> <li>van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp. 289–348). London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li>van Driem, George. 1995. <i>The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars</i>. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xt06.html">India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbnorthbengaldev.gov.in/HtmlPage/toto.aspx">About Toto People</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oralliterature.org/">World Oral Literature Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_wb/5TOTO.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kiranti_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kiranti_languages" title="Template:Kiranti languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kiranti_languages" title="Template talk:Kiranti languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kiranti_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kiranti languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kiranti_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limbu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thulung_language" title="Thulung language">Thulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambule_language" title="Wambule language">Wambule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerung_language" title="Jerung language">Jerung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaling_language" title="Khaling language">Khaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_language" title="Koi language">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahing_language" title="Bahing language">Bahing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_language" title="Vayu language">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilung_language" title="Tilung language">Tilung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulung_language_(Nepal)" title="Kulung language (Nepal)">Kulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachhiring_language" title="Nachhiring language">Nachhiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampang_language" title="Sampang language">Sampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saam_language" title="Saam language">Saam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Bantawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_language" title="Puma language">Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungmali_language" title="Dungmali language">Dungmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhare_language" title="Belhare language">Belhare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athpare_language" title="Athpare language">Athpare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintang_language" title="Chintang language">Chintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulung_language" title="Chulung language">Chulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamphu_language" title="Yamphu language">Yamphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohorung_language" title="Lohorung language">Lohorung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewahang_language" title="Mewahang language">Mewahang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see also: <a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&oldid=1250707874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toto_language&oldid=1250707874</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kiranti_languages" title="Category:Kiranti languages">Kiranti languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_India" title="Category:Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Category:Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_languages_of_India" title="Category:Endangered languages of India">Endangered languages of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Toto-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Toto-language text">Articles containing Toto-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_uncoded-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing uncoded-language text">Articles containing uncoded-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 October 2024, at 01:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International 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