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href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Venda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(tuisland)" title="Venda (tuisland) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venda (tuisland)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Венда (бантустан) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венда (бантустан)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Δημοκρατία της Βέντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία της Βέντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(Sud%C3%A1frica)" title="Venda (Sudáfrica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venda (Sudáfrica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendo_(Sudafriko)" title="Vendo (Sudafriko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vendo (Sudafriko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="وندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EB%8B%A4" title="벤다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(bantustan)" title="Venda (bantustan) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venda (bantustan)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="ונדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(thuisland)" title="Venda (thuisland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venda (thuisland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ヴェンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="وینڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(%C3%81frica_do_Sul)" title="Venda (África do Sul) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Venda (África do Sul)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Венда (бантустан) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венда (бантустан)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_(bantustan)" title="Venda (bantustan) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venda (bantustan)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%E1%B8%93a" title="Venḓa – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Venḓa" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda" title="Venda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Венда (бантустан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венда (бантустан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%81%94" title="文達 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文達" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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(1979–94)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former territory in South Africa. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Venda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venda (disambiguation)">Venda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Venda</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Venda-language text"><i lang="ve">Riphabuliki ya Venḓa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>)</span><br /><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Republiek van Venda</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1979–1994</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venda_(1973%E2%80%931994).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Venda"><img alt="Flag of Venda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Venda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Venda"><img alt="Coat of arms of Venda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Venda.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Venda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Venda.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Venda.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="Venda-language text"><i lang="ve">Shumela Venda</i></span>"<span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>)<br />"Always Aspire for Venda"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Venda-language text"><i lang="ve"><a href="/wiki/Pfano_na_vhuthihi" title="Pfano na vhuthihi">Pfano na vhuthihi</a></i></span><span class="nowrap">  </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Venda)<sup>a</sup><br />Peace and Togetherness</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venda_in_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Venda (red) within South Africa (yellow)."><img alt="Location of Venda (red) within South Africa (yellow)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Venda_in_South_Africa.svg/250px-Venda_in_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Venda_in_South_Africa.svg/500px-Venda_in_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="711" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Venda (red) within South Africa (yellow).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a><br />(de facto; independence not internationally recognised)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thohoyandou" title="Thohoyandou">Thohoyandou</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_lang_constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_lang_constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_lang_constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_TBVC_states#Venda" title="List of leaders of the TBVC states">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1979–1988 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mphephu" title="Patrick Mphephu">Patrick Mphephu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ravele" title="Frank Ravele">Frank Ravele</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_TBVC_states#Venda" title="List of leaders of the TBVC states">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990–1994 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramushwana" title="Gabriel Ramushwana">Gabriel Ramushwana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Jan–Apr 1994 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshamano_Ramabulana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshamano Ramabulana (page does not exist)">Tshamano Ramabulana</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">Legislative Assembly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Self-government </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Nominal independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Coup d'etat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1994</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1980<sup id="cite_ref-FrankentalSichone2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrankentalSichone2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">7,410 km<sup>2</sup> (2,860 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1980<sup id="cite_ref-FrankentalSichone2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrankentalSichone2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">315,545</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991<sup id="cite_ref-BSTNdist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSTNdist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">558,797</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalanthems.info/vnd.htm">Anthem of Venda</a> at nationalanthems.info.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Venda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VEN</span>-də</i></a>) or Tswetla, officially the <b>Republic of Venda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>: <i lang="ve">Riphabuliki ya Venḓa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Republiek van Venda</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It was fairly close to the South African border with <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> to the north, while, to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, <a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a>. It is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> province. Venda was founded by the South African government as a <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a>, speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahiff55-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations and international community refused to recognise Venda (or any other Bantustan) as an independent state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:125%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">Historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">in present-day</span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_topo_continent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/South_Africa_topo_continent.png/250px-South_Africa_topo_continent.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/South_Africa_topo_continent.png/330px-South_Africa_topo_continent.png 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="2301" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">before 1600</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (1050–1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a> (1430–1760)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1600–1700</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1795)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1700–1800</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a> (c.1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Swellendam" title="Republic of Swellendam">Republic of Swellendam</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Graaff-Reinet" title="Republic of Graaff-Reinet">Republic of Graaff-Reinet</a> (1795–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1802)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1800–1850</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1802–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1806–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboer%27s_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterboer's Land">Waterboer's Land</a> (1813–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1818–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kok%27s_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Kok's Land">Adam Kok's Land</a> (1825–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winburg" title="Winburg">Winburg</a> (1836–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> (1837–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1850–1875</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1852–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Utrecht">Republic of Utrecht</a> (1854–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydenburg_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydenburg Republic">Lydenburg Republic</a> (1856–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Parker" title="Stafford Parker">Diggers' Republic</a> (1870–1871)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1875–1900</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuw Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1900–present</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1806–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> (1961–present)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_states_of_South_Africa_sidebar" title="Template:Historical states of South Africa sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_states_of_South_Africa_sidebar" title="Template talk:Historical states of South Africa sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_states_of_South_Africa_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical states of South Africa sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Venda was declared <a href="/wiki/Self-governing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing">self-governing</a> on 1 February 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-world_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/1973_Venda_legislative_election" title="1973 Venda legislative election">elections</a> held later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-AED_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further <a href="/wiki/1978_Venda_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Venda parliamentary election">elections</a> were held in July 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-AED_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory was declared independent by the South African government on 13 September 1979, and its residents lost their South African citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with the other <a href="/wiki/Bantustans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantustans">Bantustans</a>, its independence was not recognised by the international community. </p><p>Venda was initially a series of non-contiguous territories in the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a>, with one main part and one main <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a>. Its capital, formerly at <a href="/wiki/Sibasa" title="Sibasa">Sibasa</a>, was moved to <a href="/wiki/Thohoyandou" title="Thohoyandou">Thohoyandou</a> (which included the old Sibasa administrative district) when Venda was declared independent in 1979. Prior to independence, it was expanded to form one contiguous territory, with a total land area of 6,807 km<sup>2</sup> (2628 sq. mi.).<sup id="cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahiff55-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1984_Venda_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Venda parliamentary election">1984 elections</a>, the ruling Venda National Party retained its position as ruling party, beating the perpetual opposition <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda_Independent_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venda Independent People's Party (page does not exist)">Venda Independent People's Party</a> (VIPP).<sup id="cite_ref-AED_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At independence in 1979, the population of Venda stood at about 200,000 people. The state was cut off from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Madimbo_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Madimbo corridor">Madimbo corridor</a>, patrolled by South African troops, to the north, and from nearby <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahiff55-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first President of Venda, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mphephu" title="Patrick Mphephu">Patrick Mphephu</a>, was also a Paramount Chief of the Vhavenda people; he was born and lived in <a href="/wiki/Dzanani" title="Dzanani">Dzanani</a> in Limpopo. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ravele" title="Frank Ravele">Frank Ravele</a>, was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">military coup</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Venda_Defence_Force" title="Venda Defence Force">Venda Defence Force</a> in 1990. Afterwards, the territory was ruled by the Council of National Unity, a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> chaired by General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramushwana" title="Gabriel Ramushwana">Gabriel Ramushwana</a>. Venda was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-world_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions_of_education">Institutions of education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Institutions of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Venda" title="University of Venda">University of Venda</a>, known as Univen, was established as an institution of higher learning for the Vhavenda people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts_in_1991">Districts in 1991</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Districts in 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg/250px-Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg/330px-Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg/500px-Map_of_Venda_with_boundary_changes_from_independence_to_dissolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Map of Venda showing districts and border changes</figcaption></figure> <p>Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.<sup id="cite_ref-BSTNdist_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSTNdist-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzanani" title="Dzanani">Dzanani</a>: 123,035</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutale" title="Mutale">Mutale</a>: 244,532</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thohoyandou" title="Thohoyandou">Thohoyandou</a>: 136,089</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuwani" title="Vuwani">Vuwani</a>: 55,141</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_forces">Security forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venda_Defence_Force" title="Venda Defence Force">Venda Defence Force</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Venda_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Venda Defence Force</figcaption></figure> <p>The Venda National Force was established with Venda's independence in 1979 and included defence and other services such as police and prisons. Strangely enough, traffic policing was part of this national force, but, by 1981, it was transferred to the Department of Justice. The Fire Brigade was, however, still part of the Venda National Force, although there were plans to transfer this to the civilian government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_State_of_Venda" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of State of Venda">Heads of State of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a> (Vhavenda), the ethnic group who live mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> province in South Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_Defence_Force" title="Venda Defence Force">Venda Defence Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-official_lang_constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_lang_constitution_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 2, Section 6, Republic of Venda Constitution Act 1979 "Luvenda, English and Afrikaans shall be the official languages of the Republic of Venda"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrankentalSichone2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FrankentalSichone2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSally_FrankentalOwen_Sichone2005" class="citation book cs1">Sally Frankental; Owen Sichone (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2G9vI6NEjgYC&pg=PA187"><i>South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-674-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-674-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Diverse+Peoples%3A+A+Reference+Sourcebook&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-674-3&rft.au=Sally+Frankental&rft.au=Owen+Sichone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2G9vI6NEjgYC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSTNdist-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BSTNdist_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSTNdist_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/">"Census > 1991 > Venda > Variable Description > ... > District code"</a>. Statistics South Africa – Nesstar WebView. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/">the original</a> on 19 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+%3E+1991+%3E+Venda+%3E+Variable+Description+%3E+...+%3E+District+code&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Nesstar+WebView&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteractive.statssa.gov.za%3A8282%2Fwebview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahiff55-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahiff55_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lahiff, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/South_African_homelands.html">Worldstatesman.com</a> has a chronology of Venda's transition to nominal independence and reintegration into South Africa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AED-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AED_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AED_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AED_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanelections.tripod.com/za_homelands.html">Elections in South Africa's Apartheid-Era Homelands "Bantustans"</a> African Elections Database</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093656/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947404,00.html">The Birth of a New Non-State (subscription required)</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>, 24 September 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"S. Africa Launches 'Independent Black State' of Venda," in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>,</i> 13 September 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univen.ac.za/history.php">University of Venda website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704002526/http://www.univen.ac.za/history.php">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lahiff, E. (2000) <i>An Apartheid Oasis?: Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Venda</i>, Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5137-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5137-0">0-7146-5137-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_Bantustans_in_South_Africa_and_South_West_Africa155" style="width:100%;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible open navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominal independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane">KaNgwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele">KwaNdebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">KwaZulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa">Lebowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QwaQwa" title="QwaQwa">QwaQwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Caprivi" title="East Caprivi">East Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavangoland" title="Kavangoland">Kavangoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovamboland" title="Ovamboland">Ovamboland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No self-governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushmanland_(South_West_Africa)" title="Bushmanland (South West Africa)">Bushmanland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereroland" title="Hereroland">Hereroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaokoland" title="Kaokoland">Kaokoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaland" title="Namaland">Namaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(homeland)" title="Rehoboth (homeland)">Rehoboth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswanaland" title="Tswanaland">Tswanaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_Authority_of_the_Coloureds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representative Authority of the Coloureds (page does not exist)">Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_Authority_of_the_Whites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representative Authority of the Whites (page does not exist)">Whites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Leaders_and_Administrators2000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders and Administrators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana"><img alt="Bophuthatswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bophuthatswana_%281972%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Mangope" title="Lucas Mangope">Lucas Mangope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1968–94)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Malebane-Metsing" title="Rocky Malebane-Metsing">Rocky Malebane-Metsing</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Feb 1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Administrator:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tjaart_van_der_Walt_(academic)" title="Tjaart van der Walt (academic)">Tjaart van der Walt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job_Mokgoro" title="Job Mokgoro">Job Mokgoro</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mar–Apr 1994) </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushmanland_(South-West_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmanland (South-West Africa)">Bushmanland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>No central government established</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei"><img alt="Ciskei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ciskei.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ciskei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ciskei.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ciskei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Sebe" title="Lennox Sebe">Lennox Sebe</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oupa_Gqozo" title="Oupa Gqozo">Oupa Gqozo</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1990–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Administrator:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_van_Rensburg_Goosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter van Rensburg Goosen (page does not exist)">Pieter van Rensburg Goosen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bongani_Blessing_Finca" title="Bongani Blessing Finca">Bongani Blessing Finca</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mar–Apr 1994) </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland"><img alt="Damaraland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Damaraland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Damaraland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Damaraland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Damaraland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Head_of_State:14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justus_%C7%81Garo%C3%ABb" title="Justus ǁGaroëb">Justus ǁGaroëb</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980–89) </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaokoland" title="Kaokoland">Kaokoland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kaokoland" title="Kaokoland"><img alt="Kaokoland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>No central government established</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Namaland" title="Namaland">Namaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Head_of_State:14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Cloete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Cloete (page does not exist)">Cornelius Cloete</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980–85)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Luipert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Luipert (page does not exist)">Daniel Luipert</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1985–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(homeland)" title="Rehoboth (homeland)">Rehoboth</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(homeland)" title="Rehoboth (homeland)"><img alt="Rehoboth (homeland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Rehoboth-Basterland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rehoboth-Basterland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Rehoboth-Basterland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Rehoboth-Basterland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Head_of_State:14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Diergaardt" title="Hans Diergaardt">Johannes "Hans" Diergaardt</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1979–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei"><img alt="Transkei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transkei.svg/40px-Flag_of_Transkei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transkei.svg/60px-Flag_of_Transkei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botha_Sigcau" title="Botha Sigcau">Botha Sigcau</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1976–78)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwelibanzi_Maneli_Mabandla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla (page does not exist)">Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978–79)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Matanzima" title="Kaiser Matanzima">Kaiser Matanzima</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1979–86)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutor_Ndamase" title="Tutor Ndamase">Tutor Ndamase</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1986–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Administrator:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_Holomisa" title="Bantu Holomisa">Bantu Holomisa</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987–94) (Head of Military Council)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswanaland" title="Tswanaland">Tswanaland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tswanaland" title="Tswanaland"><img alt="Tswanaland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Head_of_State:14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Kgosiemang" title="Constance Kgosiemang">Constance Kgosiemang</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venda</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda"><img alt="Venda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venda_%281973%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Head_of_State:14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Head of State:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mphephu" title="Patrick Mphephu">Patrick Mphephu</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978–88)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ravele" title="Frank Ravele">Frank Ravele</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1988–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Ramushwana" title="Gabriel Ramushwana">Gabriel Ramushwana</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1990–94)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshamano_Ramabulana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshamano Ramabulana (page does not exist)">Tshamano Ramabulana</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Jan–Apr 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Caprivi" title="East Caprivi">East Caprivi</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Caprivi" title="East Caprivi"><img alt="East Caprivi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg/45px-Flag_of_East_Caprivi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Moraliswane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Moraliswane (page does not exist)">Josiah Moraliswane</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mar–Sept 1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Muhinda_Mamili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Muhinda Mamili (page does not exist)">Richard Muhinda Mamili</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1976–81)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chairman:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Moraliswane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Moraliswane (page does not exist)">Josiah Moraliswane</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.J._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.J. Becker (page does not exist)">H.J. Becker</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Jul–Aug 1984)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F.P.J._Visagie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F.P.J. Visagie (page does not exist)">F.P.J. Visagie</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1984–86)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I.J._van_der_Merwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I.J. van der Merwe (page does not exist)">I.J. van der Merwe</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mar–Aug 1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Visser" title="A. G. Visser">A. G. Visser</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1986–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu"><img alt="Gazankulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Gazankulu.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gazankulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Gazankulu.svg/60px-Flag_of_Gazankulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_William_Edison_Ntsanwisi" title="Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi">Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973–93)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mhinga" title="Edward Mhinga">Edward Mhinga</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mar–Apr 1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickenson_Nxumalo" title="Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo">Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1993–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hereroland" title="Hereroland">Hereroland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chairman:9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chairman:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Kutako" title="Hosea Kutako">Hosea Kutako</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1968–70)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Kapuuo" title="Clemens Kapuuo">Clemens Kapuuo</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1970–78)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaima_Riruako" title="Kuaima Riruako">Kuaima Riruako</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978–80)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimoteus_Tjamuaha" title="Thimoteus Tjamuaha">Thimoteus Tjamuaha</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Tjejamba" title="Erastus Tjejamba">Erastus Tjejamba</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987–88)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Mbaukua" title="Gottlob Mbaukua">Gottlob Mbaukua</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1984–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane">KaNgwane</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane"><img alt="KaNgwane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enos_John_Mabuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Enos John Mabuza">Enos John Mabuza</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1970–81, 1984–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangisi_Zitha" title="Mangisi Zitha">Mangisi Cephas Zitha</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1991–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Administrator:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N.J._Badenhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N.J. Badenhorst (page does not exist)">N.J. Badenhorst</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(June–Dec 1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_John_Mabuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Enos John Mabuza">Enos John Mabuza</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1982–84)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kavangoland" title="Kavangoland">Kavangoland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kavangoland" title="Kavangoland"><img alt="Kavangoland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kavangoland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Shashipapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Shashipapo (page does not exist)">Linus Shashipapo</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973–77)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Shashipapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons Shashipapo (page does not exist)">Alfons Shashipapo</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1977–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kamwanga" title="Sebastian Kamwanga">Sebastian Kamwanga</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele">KwaNdebele</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele"><img alt="KwaNdebele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_KwaNdebele.svg/40px-Flag_of_KwaNdebele.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_KwaNdebele.svg/60px-Flag_of_KwaNdebele.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Skosana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Skosana (page does not exist)">Simon Skosana</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981–86)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Mtshiweni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Mtshiweni (page does not exist)">Klaas Mtshiweni</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Nov 1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Majozi_Mahlangu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Majozi Mahlangu (page does not exist)">George Majozi Mahlangu</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1986–89)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Masana_Mabena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Masana Mabena (page does not exist)">Jonas Masana Mabena</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1989–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mahlangu" title="James Mahlangu">James Mahlangu</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1990–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">KwaZulu</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu"><img alt="KwaZulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_KwaZulu_%281985%E2%80%931994%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_KwaZulu_%281985%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_KwaZulu_%281985%E2%80%931994%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_KwaZulu_%281985%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1977–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa">Lebowa</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa"><img alt="Lebowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Lebowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Lebowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Lebowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokgama_Maurice_Matlala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokgama Maurice Matlala (page does not exist)">Mokgama Maurice Matlala</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1972–73)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Phatudi" title="Cedric Phatudi">Cedric Namedi Phatudi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973–87)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z.T._Seleka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z.T. Seleka (page does not exist)">Z.T. Seleka</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Oct 1987)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Ramodike" title="Nelson Ramodike">Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovamboland" title="Ovamboland">Ovamboland</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ovamboland" title="Ovamboland"><img alt="Ovamboland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Ovamboland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ovamboland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Ovamboland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ovamboland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fillemon_Elifas_Shuumbwa" title="Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa">Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973–75)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Tuhafeni_Ndjoba" title="Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba">Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalangula" title="Peter Kalangula">Peter Kalangula</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981–89)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/QwaQwa" title="QwaQwa">QwaQwa</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/QwaQwa" title="QwaQwa"><img alt="QwaQwa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_QwaQwa_%281975%E2%80%931994%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_QwaQwa_%281975%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_QwaQwa_%281975%E2%80%931994%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_QwaQwa_%281975%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chief_Minister:15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Chief Minister:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wessel_Motha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wessel Motha (page does not exist)">Wessel Motha</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1974–75)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Mopeli" title="Kenneth Mopeli">Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–94)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_South_African_governments86" style="width:100%;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_African_Governments" title="Template:South African Governments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_African_Governments" title="Template talk:South African Governments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_African_Governments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South African Governments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Other_South_African_governments86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other South African governments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdoms</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colonies</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">National</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–97)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–10)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–91)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a> (1971–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa">Lebowa</a> (1972–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QwaQwa" title="QwaQwa">QwaQwa</a> (1974–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–94)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venda</a> (1979–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane">KaNgwane</a> (1981–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele">KwaNdebele</a> (1981–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">KwaZulu</a> (1981–94)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a> (1853–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> (1961–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa"><b>Current government</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaal_uprising" title="Vaal uprising">Vaal uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League" title="International Socialist League">ISL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" 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