CINXE.COM
References - IOPscience - Publishing Support
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preload" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/icons/FontAwesome.ttf" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin="anonymous" > <script> var siteUrl = "https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org", templateUrl = "https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1", homeUrl = "https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org"; // Not ideal placement but needs to happen early-ish document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { document.body.classList.add("js"); }); </script> <script id="js-pardot-tracking"> window.piAId = '970933'; window.piCId = '1150'; window.piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com'; </script> <script id="js-pardot" defer="" src="https://pi.pardot.com/pd.js"></script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>References - IOPscience - Publishing Support</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="References - IOPscience - Publishing Support" /> <meta property="og:description" content="It is vitally important that you fully acknowledge all relevant work. You should also consult the IOP ethical policy for journals for general guidance on compiling your reference list. You can find information on how to structure and format your references in the style guide for journal articles. Please note it is not necessary to […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IOPscience - Publishing Support" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-11-24T09:35:27+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/","url":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/","name":"References - IOPscience - Publishing Support","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-02-21T10:29:28+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-24T09:35:27+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Questions","item":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"References"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/#website","url":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/","name":"IOPscience - Publishing Support","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IOPscience - Publishing Support » Feed" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IOPscience - Publishing Support » Comments Feed" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='old-style-css' href='https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/all-styles.min.css?ver=1687329012377' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-css' href='https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/dist/style.min.css?ver=1687329012377' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" defer="" src="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/dist/build.min.js?ver=1687329012377" id="theme-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-json/wp/v2/questions/1268" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/?p=1268' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org%2Fquestions%2Freferences%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org%2Fquestions%2Freferences%2F&format=xml" /> <!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.0.2 --> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'virtualPageView', 'virtualPageTitle': document.title, 'virtualPageUrl': '/ps/questions/references' }); </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M73Z4W');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager. --> </head> <body class="questions-template-default single single-questions postid-1268"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P6BVBXC" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a href="#main" class="sr-only">Skip to content</a> <header class="header"> <div class="header__wrapper wrapper"> <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/" rel="external"> <img src="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/img/iops-logo.svg" class="header__logo" alt="" width="100" height="16" loading="eager" decoding="async" > <span class="sr-only">IOP Science</span> </a> <button type="button" class="header__button header__mobile" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-navigation" aria-label="Navigation menu" data-bind="menu" > <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <nav id="header-navigation" class="header__navigation navigation" aria-label="Primary"> <ul class="navigation__items"> <li class="navigation__item navigation__item--search"> <button type="button" class="header__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-search" aria-label="Search menu" > <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </li> <li class="navigation__item navigation__item--dropdown dropdown"> <button type="button" class="header__button dropdown__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-journals" aria-label="Journals menu" data-bind="dropdown" > Journals <i class="fa fa-caret-down navigation__icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <ul id="header-journals" class="dropdown__content"> <li class="dropdown__item"> <a class="dropdown__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journals" rel="external"> <span class="dropdown__heading">Journals list</span> <span class="dropdown__reveal">Browse more than 70 science journal titles</span> </a> </li> <li class="dropdown__item"> <a class="dropdown__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/page/subjects" rel="external"> <span class="dropdown__heading">Subject collections</span> <span class="dropdown__reveal">Read the very best research published in IOP journals</span> </a> </li> <li class="dropdown__item"> <a class="dropdown__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journals?type=partner#js-tab-pubpart" rel="external"> <span class="dropdown__heading">Publishing partners</span> <span class="dropdown__reveal">Partner organisations and publications</span> </a> </li> <li class="dropdown__item"> <a class="dropdown__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/openaccess" rel="external"> <span class="dropdown__heading">Open access</span> <span class="dropdown__reveal">IOP Publishing open access policy guide</span> </a> </li> <li class="dropdown__item"> <a class="dropdown__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/conference-series/" rel="external"> <span class="dropdown__heading">IOP Conference Series</span> <span class="dropdown__reveal">Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a class="navigation__link" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/booklistinfo/home" rel="external"> Books </a> </li> <li class="navigation__item"> <a class="navigation__link" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org"> Publishing Support </a> </li> <li class="navigation__item navigation__item--right navigation__item--md"> <button type="button" class="header__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-lookup" data-bind="lookup" > Article lookup <i class="fa fa-caret-down navigation__icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <form id="header-search" rel="search" class="header__foldout search" aria-label="Site search" role="search" method="get" action="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org" data-bind="header-search" > <div class="wrapper search__main"> <button type="button" class="navigation__link search__close" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-search" aria-label="Search menu" > <i class="fa fa-close navigation__icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> <label id="label-header-search-input" class="sr-only" for="header-search-input" aria-live="polite" >Search content on Publishing Support</label> <input type="search" id="header-search-input" name="s" class="search__text" placeholder="Search Publishing Support" value="" > <label id="label-header-search-platform" class="sr-only" for="header-search-platform" >Select platform</label> <select id="header-search-platform" name="platform" class="search__platform" > <option selected value="pub-support">Publishing support</option> <option value="iopscience">IOPscience</option> </select> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default search__submit" >Search</button> </div> </form> <form id="header-lookup" class="header__foldout lookup" aria-label="Article lookup" role="search" method="get" action="https://iopscience.iop.org/findcontent" name="contentFinderForm" > <div class="wrapper foldout__main lookup__main"> <label id="label-header-lookup-journal" class="sr-only" for="header-lookup-journal" >Select the journal to search</label> <select id="header-lookup-journal" name="CF_JOURNAL" class="lookup__journal" > <option value="2053-1583">2D Mater. (2014 - present)</option> <option value="1004-423X">Acta Phys. Sin. (Overseas Edn) (1992 - 1999)</option> <option value="2043-6262">Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. (2010 - present)</option> <option value="1882-0786">Appl. Phys. Express (2008 - present)</option> <option value="1758-5090">Biofabrication (2009 - present)</option> <option value="1748-3190">Bioinspir. Biomim. (2006 - present)</option> <option value="1748-605X">Biomed. Mater. (2006 - present)</option> <option value="2057-1976">Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express (2015 - present)</option> <option value="0508-3443">Br. J. Appl. Phys. (1950 - 1967)</option> <option value="1009-9271">Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. (2001 - 2008)</option> <option value="1003-7713">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (1987 - 2007)</option> <option value="1674-0068">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (2008 - 2012)</option> <option value="1009-1963">Chinese Phys. (2000 - 2007)</option> <option value="1674-1056">Chinese Phys. B (2008 - present)</option> <option value="1674-1137">Chinese Phys. C (2008 - present)</option> <option value="0256-307X">Chinese Phys. Lett. (1984 - present)</option> <option value="0264-9381">Class. Quantum Grav. (1984 - present)</option> <option value="0143-0815">Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. (1980 - 1992)</option> <option value="0253-6102">Commun. Theor. Phys. (1982 - present)</option> <option value="1749-4699">Comput. Sci. Disc. (2008 - 2015)</option> <option value="2057-1739">Converg. Sci. Phys. Oncol. (2015 - present)</option> <option value="0967-1846">Distrib. Syst. Engng. (1993 - 1999)</option> <option value="0295-5075">EPL (1986 - present)</option> <option value="1748-9326">Environ. Res. Lett. (2006 - present)</option> <option value="0143-0807">Eur. J. Phys. (1980 - present)</option> <option value="2058-8585">Flex. Print. Electron. (2015 - present)</option> <option value="1873-7005">Fluid Dyn. Res. (1986 - present)</option> <option value="1755-1315">IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. (2008 - present)</option> <option value="1757-899X">IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. (2009 - present)</option> <option value="0266-5611">Inverse Problems (1985 - present)</option> <option value="1064-5632">Izv. Math. (1995 - present)</option> <option value="1752-7163">J. Breath Res. (2007 - present)</option> <option value="1475-7516">J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. (2003 - present)</option> <option value="1742-2140">J. Geophys. Eng. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="1126-6708">J. High Energy Phys. (1997 - 2009)</option> <option value="1748-0221">J. Inst. (2006 - present)</option> <option value="0960-1317">J. Micromech. Microeng. (1991 - present)</option> <option value="1741-2552">J. Neural Eng. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="0368-3281">J. Nucl. Energy, Part C Plasma Phys. (1959 - 1966)</option> <option value="0150-536X">J. Opt. (1977 - 1998)</option> <option value="2040-8986">J. Opt. (2010 - present)</option> <option value="1464-4258">J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1999 - 2009)</option> <option value="1464-4266">J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1999 - 2005)</option> <option value="0022-3689">J. Phys. A: Gen. Phys. (1968 - 1972)</option> <option value="0305-4470">J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. (1975 - 2006)</option> <option value="0301-0015">J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. (1973 - 1974)</option> <option value="1751-8121">J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. (2007 - present)</option> <option value="0953-4075">J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. (1988 - present)</option> <option value="0022-3700">J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. (1968 - 1987)</option> <option value="0022-3719">J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. (1968 - 1988)</option> <option value="2399-6528">J. Phys. Commun. (2017 - present)</option> <option value="0022-3727">J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (1968 - present)</option> <option value="0022-3735">J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. (1968 - 1989)</option> <option value="0305-4608">J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. (1971 - 1988)</option> <option value="0954-3899">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. (1989 - present)</option> <option value="0305-4616">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. (1975 - 1988)</option> <option value="0953-8984">J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (1989 - present)</option> <option value="1742-6596">J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="0952-4746">J. Radiol. Prot. (1988 - present)</option> <option value="0950-7671">J. Sci. Instrum. (1923 - 1967)</option> <option value="1674-4926">J. Semicond. (2009 - present)</option> <option value="0260-2814">J. Soc. Radiol. Prot. (1981 - 1987)</option> <option value="1742-5468">J. Stat. Mech. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="1347-4065">Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1962 - present)</option> <option value="1555-6611">Laser Phys. (2013 - present)</option> <option value="1612-202X">Laser Phys. Lett. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="2053-1591">Mater. Res. Express (2014 - present)</option> <option value="0025-5726">Math. USSR Izv. (1967 - 1992)</option> <option value="0025-5734">Math. USSR Sb. (1967 - 1993)</option> <option value="0957-0233">Meas. Sci. Technol. (1990 - present)</option> <option value="2050-6120">Methods Appl. Fluoresc. (2013 - present)</option> <option value="0026-1394">Metrologia (1965 - present)</option> <option value="0965-0393">Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. (1992 - present)</option> <option value="2399-7532">Multifunct. Mater. (2018 - present)</option> <option value="2399-1984">Nano Futures (2017 - present)</option> <option value="0957-4484">Nanotechnology (1990 - present)</option> <option value="1367-2630">New J. Phys. (1998 - present)</option> <option value="0951-7715">Nonlinearity (1988 - present)</option> <option value="0335-7368">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique (1973 - 1976)</option> <option value="0029-4780">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique Appliquée (1970 - 1972)</option> <option value="0029-5515">Nucl. Fusion (1960 - present)</option> <option value="1538-3873">PASP (1889 - present)</option> <option value="1478-3975">Phys. Biol. (2004 - present)</option> <option value="0031-9112">Phys. Bull. (1950 - 1988)</option> <option value="0031-9120">Phys. Educ. (1966 - present)</option> <option value="0031-9155">Phys. Med. Biol. (1956 - present)</option> <option value="1402-4896">Phys. Scr. (1970 - present)</option> <option value="2058-7058">Phys. World (1988 - present)</option> <option value="1063-7869">Phys.-Usp. (1993 - present)</option> <option value="0305-4624">Physics in Technology (1973 - 1988)</option> <option value="0967-3334">Physiol. Meas. (1993 - present)</option> <option value="0032-1028">Plasma Phys. (1967 - 1983)</option> <option value="0741-3335">Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion (1984 - present)</option> <option value="1009-0630">Plasma Sci. Technol. (1999 - present)</option> <option value="0963-0252">Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (1992 - present)</option> <option value="0959-5309">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1926 - 1948)</option> <option value="0370-1328">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1958 - 1967)</option> <option value="0370-1298">Proc. Phys. Soc. A (1949 - 1957)</option> <option value="0370-1301">Proc. Phys. Soc. B (1949 - 1957)</option> <option value="1478-7814">Proc. Phys. Soc. London (1874 - 1925)</option> <option value="0963-9659">Pure Appl. Opt. (1992 - 1998)</option> <option value="1063-7818">Quantum Electron. (1993 - present)</option> <option value="0954-8998">Quantum Opt. (1989 - 1994)</option> <option value="2058-9565">Quantum Sci. Technol. (2015 - present)</option> <option value="1355-5111">Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1995 - 1998)</option> <option value="0034-4885">Rep. Prog. Phys. (1934 - present)</option> <option value="1674-4527">Res. Astron. Astrophys. (2009 - present)</option> <option value="2515-5172">Res. Notes AAS (2017 - present)</option> <option value="0034-6683">Review of Physics in Technology (1970 - 1972)</option> <option value="1468-4802">Russ. Acad. Sci. Sb. Math. (1993 - 1995)</option> <option value="0036-021X">Russ. Chem. Rev. (1960 - present)</option> <option value="0036-0279">Russ. Math. Surv. (1960 - present)</option> <option value="1468-4810">Russian Acad. Sci. Izv. Math. (1993 - 1995)</option> <option value="1064-5616">Sb. Math. (1995 - present)</option> <option value="1468-6996">Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. (2000 - 2015)</option> <option value="0268-1242">Semicond. Sci. Technol. (1986 - present)</option> <option value="0964-1726">Smart Mater. Struct. (1992 - present)</option> <option value="0049-1748">Sov. J. Quantum Electron. (1971 - 1992)</option> <option value="0038-5670">Sov. Phys. Usp. (1958 - 1992)</option> <option value="0953-2048">Supercond. Sci. Technol. (1988 - present)</option> <option value="2051-672X">Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop. (2013 - present)</option> <option value="1538-3881">The Astronomical Journal (1849 - present)</option> <option value="0004-637X">The Astrophysical Journal (1996 - present)</option> <option value="1538-4357">The Astrophysical Journal Letters (1995 - 2009)</option> <option value="2041-8205">The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2010 - present)</option> <option value="0067-0049">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (1996 - present)</option> <option value="1475-4878">Trans. Opt. Soc. (1899 - 1932)</option> <option value="2053-1613">Transl. Mater. Res. (2014 - present)</option> </select> <label id="label-header-lookup-volume" class="sr-only" for="header-lookup-volume" >Journal volume</label> <input type="text" id="header-lookup-volume" name="CF_VOLUME" class="lookup__text lookup__volume" value="" placeholder="Volume" > <label id="label-header-lookup-issue" class="sr-only" for="header-lookup-issue" >Issue</label> <input type="text" id="header-lookup-issue" name="CF_ISSUE" class="lookup__text lookup__issue" value="" placeholder="Issue" > <label id="label-header-lookup-article" class="sr-only" for="header-lookup-article" >Article or page</label> <input type="text" id="header-lookup-article" name="CF_PAGE" class="lookup__text lookup__article" value="" placeholder="Article or page" > <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default lookup__submit" >Lookup</button> </div> </form> </header> <aside class="header-ukraine"> <div class="wrapper header-ukraine__wrapper"> <a class="header-ukraine__link" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/statement-on-ukraine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <span class="header-ukraine__text">Ukraine: Click here to read <abbr title="Institute of Physics">IOP</abbr> Publishing's statement</span> <i class="fa fa-external-link header-ukraine__icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> </aside> <div class="site-window page-body"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="single-content__row" data-ajax-content="references"> <main id="main" class="site-main single-content__col--content"> <div class="row journal-info"> <h1 class="question-title">Referencing for journal articles</h1> <nav class="journal-header__breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ul class="journal-header__breadcrumb-list"> <li class="journal-header__breadcrumb-item"> <a class="journal-header__breadcrumb-link" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org">Home</a> </li> <li class="journal-header__breadcrumb-item"> <span>References</span> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="journal-info__content single-content__content"> <div class=""> <p>It is vitally important that you fully acknowledge all relevant work. You should also consult the IOP ethical policy for journals for general guidance on compiling your reference list. You can find information on how to structure and format your references in the <a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/style-guide-journal-articles/">style guide for journal articles</a>. Please note it is not necessary to format your references in the ways shown in the guidelines, however we find some authors like to have a style to work to. We will ensure your references adhere to house style during the production process, whatever format you submit them in.</p> <p>A reference should give your reader enough information to locate the article concerned, and you should take particular care to ensure that the information is correct so that links to referenced articles can be made successfully.</p> <p>Please also note the following:</p> <ul> <li>Material that is really a footnote to the text should not be included in the reference list.</li> <li>Copies of cited publications not yet available publicly should be submitted for the benefit of the reviewers.</li> <li>Unpublished results and lectures should be cited for exceptional reasons only.</li> <li>Please reference and link to the original Version of Record (where it was first published) rather than to other versions of an article and/or a link to a repository or third party database.</li> <li>We discourage the referencing of online material hosted at web addresses that have no guarantee of perpetuity. Permanent or persistent web links should be used, as these are intended to remain unchanged for many years into the future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to ‘link rot’. Examples of acceptable links include: <a href="https://www.doi.org/">Digital Object Identifier (DOI)</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">PubMed identifier (PMID)</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">PubMed Central reference number (PMCID)</a>, <a href="http://adswww.harvard.edu/">SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bibliographic Code</a>, and <a href="https://arxiv.org/">arXiv</a> e-print number. If you have any questions regarding what constitutes an acceptable web link then please <a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/instructions-specific-journals/">email the journal</a>.</li> <li>Before submitting your article, please ensure you have conducted a literature search to check for any relevant references you may have missed.</li> </ul> <p>Be sure to check the ‘About the journal’ page for the <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journalList">journal</a> your submitting to see if you need to list page numbers, article titles or a particular reference style in your submission.</p> <h3>Reference labelling systems</h3> <p>There are two main systems for labelling references.</p> <p>In the Vancouver numerical system, references are numbered sequentially through the text. The numbers should be given in square brackets, e.g. [1], [4-7] etc., and one number can be used to refer to several instances of the same reference. The reference list at the end of the article then lists the references in numerical order, not alphabetically.</p> <p>Alternatively, in the Harvard alphabetical system, the name of the author appears in the text together with the year of publication, e.g. (Smith 2001) or Smith (2001) (as appropriate). Where there are only two authors, both names should be given in the text, e.g. (Smith and Jones 2001) or Smith and Jones (2001). However, if there are more than two authors only the first name should appear followed by <em>et al</em>: (Smith <em>et al</em> 2001) or Smith <em>et al</em> (2001). If you refer to different works by one author or group of authors in the same year they should be differentiated by including a, b, etc, after the date (e.g. 2001a). If you refer to different pages of the same article, the page number may be given in the text, e.g. Smith (2001, p 39). The reference list at the end of your article using this system should be in alphabetical order.</p> <p>Please use a single referencing system consistently throughout your article. You may use either of these two systems for your references (unless you are submitting to <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1873-7005">Fluid Dynamics Research</a>, <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0031-9155">Physics in Medicine and Biology</a> or <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0967-3334">Physiological Measurement</a>, which require all references to be written using the Harvard alphabetical style, or <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0029-5515">Nuclear Fusion</a>, which requires all references to be written using the Vancouver numerical system).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="related-content"> <h4 class="lineabove">Related information:</h4> <div class="related-content--blocks"> <div class="content-card content-card--body"> <a class="content-card--title" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/referencing-citation-novelty/">Referencing, citation and novelty</a> </div> <div class="content-card content-card--body"> <a class="content-card--title" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/article-format/">Article format and templates</a> </div> <div class="content-card content-card--body"> <a class="content-card--title" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/structure-and-format-of-your-journal-article/">Article structure</a> </div> <div class="content-card content-card--body"> <a class="content-card--title" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/latex-template/">LaTeX template for journal articles</a> </div> </div> </div> </main> <aside class="single-content__col single-content__sidebar step-navigation--aside"> <h4 id="social-links-title" class="lineabove replica-p" >Share this page:</h4> <ul class="cf social-icons-wrapper"> <li class="share-icon-link"> <a href="mailto:?subject=References&body=It%20is%20vitally%20important%20that%20you%20fully%20acknowledge%20all%20relevant%20work.%20You%20should%20also%20consult%20the%20IOP%20ethical%20policy%20for%20journals%20for%20general%20guidance%20on%20compiling%20your%20reference%20list.%20You%20can%20find%20information%20on%20how%20to%20structure%20and%20format%20your%20references%20in%20the%20style%20guide%20for%20journal%20articles.%20Please%20note%20it%20is%20not%20necessary%20to%20%5B%26hellip%3B%5D%20-%20https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/" title="Contact us by email"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32" class="share-icon-svg"> <title>Contact us by email</title> <path d="M0 0h32v32H0z" class="share-icon-svg-email"></path> <path d="M24.3 8.88a1.2 1.2 0 0 1 1.2 1.2v11.86a1.2 1.2 0 0 1-1.2 1.2H7.7a1.2 1.2 0 0 1-1.2-1.2V10.06a1.2 1.2 0 0 1 1.2-1.18h16.6zm-1.18 2.38H8.88v.84L16 16.3l7.13-4.2v-.85zm-14.24 9.5h14.25v-6.6L16 18.38l-7.12-4.22v6.6z" class="share-icon-svg"></path> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="share-icon-link"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?'https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/'" title="Share on Facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32" class="share-icon-svg"> <title>Share on Facebook</title> <path d="M0 0h32v32H0z" class="share-icon-svg-facebook"></path> <path d="M15.08 26V16h-2.5v-3.44h2.5v-2a6 6 0 0 1 .8-3.32Q16.67 6 19.14 6h2.77v3.44h-1.74A1.27 1.27 0 0 0 19 9.8a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-.2 1v1.72h3.1L21.58 16h-2.74v10h-3.75z" class="share-icon-svg"></path> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="share-icon-link"> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/references/&text=References&via=IOPscience" title="Share on Twitter"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="share-icon-svg" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 32 32"> <title>Share on Twitter</title> <path class="cls-1" d="M25.2,1.5h4.9l-10.7,12.3,12.6,16.7h-9.9l-7.7-10.1-8.9,10.1H.6l11.5-13.1L0,1.5h10.1l7,9.3L25.2,1.5h0ZM23.5,27.6h2.7L8.6,4.3h-2.9l17.8,23.3Z" class="share-icon-svg" style="fill: #000;stroke-width: 0px;"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="share-icon-link"> <a href="https://www.mendeley.com/import/?References" title="Mendeley"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32" class="share-icon-svg"> <title>Mendeley</title> <path d="M0 0h32v32H0z" class="share-icon-svg-mendeley"></path> <path d="M25.9 19.14a2.85 2.85 0 0 1 .1.86 2.64 2.64 0 0 1-.2.8 1.82 1.82 0 0 1-.42.67 2.1 2.1 0 0 1-.64.42 1.65 1.65 0 0 1-1.65-.2 2 2 0 0 1-.88-1.53 2.57 2.57 0 0 1 0-.6 3.24 3.24 0 0 1 .15-.57 3.17 3.17 0 0 0 .14-.37 1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .07-.4 1.58 1.58 0 0 0-.1-.7 1.52 1.52 0 0 0-.4-.53 1.67 1.67 0 0 0-.36-.28 2.94 2.94 0 0 0-.4-.2 3.58 3.58 0 0 0-2.44 0l-.34.18a1.65 1.65 0 0 0-.3.2 1.42 1.42 0 0 0-.47.68 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 0 .83 1.22 1.22 0 0 0 .16.44 2.18 2.18 0 0 1 .2 1.47 2.07 2.07 0 0 1-.77 1.25 1.62 1.62 0 0 1-.56.3 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.62.13h-.48a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-.48-.12 2.2 2.2 0 0 1-.84-.64 2.17 2.17 0 0 1-.42-1 1.7 1.7 0 0 1 0-.7 2.58 2.58 0 0 1 .22-.66 1.8 1.8 0 0 0 .18-.56 1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0-.6 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.15-.37 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.32-.33 2.4 2.4 0 0 0-.42-.3 1.8 1.8 0 0 0-.46-.2 3.8 3.8 0 0 0-1.28-.18 3.3 3.3 0 0 0-1.26.32.84.84 0 0 0-.22.12l-.24.16a1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.53.73 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 0 .93 1.47 1.47 0 0 0 .06.23 1.84 1.84 0 0 0 .1.24 2.33 2.33 0 0 1 .17.9 2.55 2.55 0 0 1-.2.94 1.94 1.94 0 0 1-.74.85 1.7 1.7 0 0 1-1 .26 1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.7-.2 2.45 2.45 0 0 1-.6-.48 1.6 1.6 0 0 1-.33-.56 2.94 2.94 0 0 1-.23-.62 3 3 0 0 1 0-.55 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .1-.54 1.2 1.2 0 0 1 .12-.35 1.37 1.37 0 0 1 .22-.28l.3-.28a2 2 0 0 1 .36-.22 1.82 1.82 0 0 1 .4-.15 1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .44 0 1.27 1.27 0 0 0 .35 0 1.17 1.17 0 0 0 .32-.1.94.94 0 0 0 .38-.28 1.06 1.06 0 0 0 .2-.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 0 .14-.42 3.4 3.4 0 0 0 0-.44v-.24q0-.37-.06-.73t-.1-.7a.12.12 0 0 0 0-.08.12.12 0 0 1 0-.08 2.6 2.6 0 0 1-.18-.9 4.14 4.14 0 0 1 0-.63 4.26 4.26 0 0 1 .1-.63 3.45 3.45 0 0 1 .8-1.35 2.83 2.83 0 0 1 1.3-.74 2.57 2.57 0 0 1 1.7.12 2.9 2.9 0 0 1 1.35 1.15l.12.18.14.18.33.3.32.34a1 1 0 0 0 .27.22 1.2 1.2 0 0 0 .33.13 1.17 1.17 0 0 0 .5 0 1.15 1.15 0 0 0 .46-.22l.23-.2.2-.23.27-.3.26-.3v-.14a3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .88-.92 2.7 2.7 0 0 1 3.2.13A2.93 2.93 0 0 1 23 12.63a4.53 4.53 0 0 1 0 .9 3.67 3.67 0 0 1-.17.86 1.9 1.9 0 0 0-.06.28v.28a5.7 5.7 0 0 0-.08.66 5.8 5.8 0 0 0 0 .66 1.65 1.65 0 0 0 0 .24v.24a1.3 1.3 0 0 0 .33.66 1.13 1.13 0 0 0 .63.3h.38a1.88 1.88 0 0 1 1.07.27 1.66 1.66 0 0 1 .8 1.17zM16 17.68a1.73 1.73 0 0 0 1.44-.68 2.25 2.25 0 0 0 .56-1.43 2.18 2.18 0 0 0-.6-1.5 1.83 1.83 0 0 0-1.4-.63 1.8 1.8 0 0 0-1.4.63 2.16 2.16 0 0 0-.56 1.5A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 14.6 17a1.7 1.7 0 0 0 1.4.68z" class="share-icon-svg"></path> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__top cf"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="iops-footer-logo" id="wd-iops-footer-logo" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/"> <img src="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/img/iops-logo.svg" alt="IOP Science" width="90" height="13" loading="lazy" > </a> <nav aria-label="Links to IOP Science"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu-bar" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1106"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journalList">Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1107"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/bookList/10/1">Books</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1109"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/page/aboutiopscience">About IOPscience</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1110"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/page/contact">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1111"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/developing-countries-access">Developing countries access</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1112"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/openaccess">IOP Publishing open access information</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="footer__bottom"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="footer__logo" id="wd-iopp-footer-logo" href="https://ioppublishing.org"> <img src="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/wp-content/themes/iopservices-v1.1/assets/img/iopp-logo-white.svg" alt="IOP Publishing" width="90" height="13" loading="lazy" > </a> <nav class="footer__legal" aria-label="Further information about IOP Publishing"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-732" class="small menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-732"><a href="http://ioppublishing.org/legal-statements/privacy-policy/">Privacy & cookie policy</a></li> </ul> <span class="footer__copyright cf">This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies.</span> </nav> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>