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Bulgarie — Wikipédia
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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulgarie</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> pays d’Europe du Sud-Est situé dans les Balkans </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>La <b>Bulgarie</b>, en forme longue la <b>république de Bulgarie</b> (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a> : <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">България</span> et <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">Република България</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_bulgare_officiel_de_translitt%C3%A9ration_des_caract%C3%A8res_cyrilliques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système bulgare officiel de translittération des caractères cyrilliques">translittération</a> : <i><span class="lang-bg-latn" lang="bg-latn">Bălgarija</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-bg-latn" lang="bg-latn">Republika Bălgarija</span></i>), est un pays d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie de l'Europe">Europe du Sud-Est</a> situé dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Elle est bordée par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a> à l'est, au sud par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a>, au nord par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a>, à l’ouest par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>. Sa capitale est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:23em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #e3e3e3;"> <div> <p>République de Bulgarie</p> <p><small><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">Република България</span> </small></p> <p><small><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">Republika Bălgarija</span></i> </small></p> </div> </div> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau"><img alt="Drapeau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/110px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/165px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/220px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la Bulgarie">Drapeau de la Bulgarie</a> </small></td> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blason"><img alt="Blason" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/88px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de la Bulgarie">Armoiries de la Bulgarie</a> </small></td> </tr> <tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption class="hidden" style=""> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_devises_nationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des devises nationales">Devise</a></th> <td>en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a> : Съединението прави силата (<i>Syedinenieto pravi silata</i>, « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27union_fait_la_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'union fait la force">L'union fait la force</a> »)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymne_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymne national">Hymne</a></th> <td>en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a> : Мила Родино (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mila_Rodino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mila Rodino">Mila Rodino</a></i>, « Chère Patrie »)<br> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="130" style="width:130px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="Mila_Rodino.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:Mila_Rodino.ogg"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mila_Rodino.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Mila_Rodino.ogg/Mila_Rodino.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская (be)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български (bg)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català (ca)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch (de)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr"><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski (sr)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська (uk)" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 (zh)" data-dir="ltr"> </audio></span> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_nationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête nationale">Fête nationale</a></th> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="03-03" data-sort-value="03-03">3 mars</time></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><small>· Événement commémoré</small></th> <td> <div style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Bulgarie">Indépendance de la Bulgarie</a> vis-à-vis de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> (<time>1878</time>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#e3e3e3; height:1px;"></div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:EU-Bulgaria.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/langfr-220px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/langfr-330px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/langfr-440px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> La république de Bulgarie en Europe (l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> en vert clair). </div> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#e3e3e3; height:1px;"></div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bu-map_FR.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image Bu-map FR.jpg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bu-map_FR.jpg/220px-Bu-map_FR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Bu-map_FR.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="346"></a></span> </div> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Administration </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Forme de l'État</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_parlementaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République parlementaire">République parlementaire</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la république de Bulgarie">Président de la République</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumen_Radev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumen Radev">Roumen Radev</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice-pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice-président de la république de Bulgarie">Vice-présidente de la République</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iliana_Iotova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iliana Iotova">Iliana Iotova</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_ministre_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier ministre de Bulgarie">Premier ministre</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimitar_Glavtchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimitar Glavtchev">Dimitar Glavtchev</a> <small>(intérimaire)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement">Parlement</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (Bulgarie)">Assemblée nationale</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_officielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue officielle">Langues officielles</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">Bulgare</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_capitales_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des capitales du monde">Capitale</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a><p style="font-size:89%;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/42.683/23.317/fr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-zoom="13" data-lat="42.683" data-lon="23.317" data-overlays="["_43507b635f6d4631ba709cd3894b9bb673c2ab70"]">42° 41′ N, 23° 19′ E</a></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Géographie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_villes_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de villes de Bulgarie">Plus grande ville</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Superficie totale</th> <td>110 944 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilom%C3%A8tre_carr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></a><br> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_et_territoires_par_superficie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays et territoires par superficie">classé <abbr class="abbr" title="Cent-deuxième">102<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Superficie en eau</th> <td>0,3 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuseau_horaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuseau horaire">Fuseau horaire</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_universel_coordonn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps universel coordonné">UTC</a> +2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Histoire </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">Entité précédente</th> <td> <ul> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1971%E2%80%931990).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="République populaire de Bulgarie"><img alt="République populaire de Bulgarie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%25281971%25E2%2580%25931990%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%25281971%25E2%2580%25931990%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%25281971%25E2%2580%25931990%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%25281971%25E2%2580%25931990%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire de Bulgarie">République populaire de Bulgarie</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendance_(politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indépendance (politique)">Indépendance</a></th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ottoman empire"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire ottoman"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire ottoman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;">déclarée<br> - reconnue</th> <td>1908 (fondation 681)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Démographie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gentil%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gentilé">Gentilé</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgares">Bulgare</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">Population totale</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2023<sup id="cite_ref-National_Statistical_Institute_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-National_Statistical_Institute-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</span></th> <td>6 838 937 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr><br> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">classé <abbr class="abbr" title="Cent-sixième">106<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité de population">Densité</a></th> <td>62 hab./km<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Économie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB nominal</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 189,533 milliards de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dollar américain">$</a><br> + 11,46 % <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_PIB_nominal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par PIB nominal">78<sup>e</sup></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">(PPA)</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022">2022</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 95,399 milliards <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dollar américain">$</a><br> + 2,64 % <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_PIB_(PPA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par PIB (PPA)">76<sup>e</sup></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB nominal</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut_par_habitant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut par habitant">par hab.</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 16 101,479 <abbr class="abbr" title="dollar"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dollar américain">$</a></abbr><br> + 12,13 %<sup id="cite_ref-Octobre2021_www.imf.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Octobre2021_www.imf.org-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr class="abbr" title="Sixième">6<sup>e</sup></abbr>/30)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">(PPA)</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut_par_habitant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut par habitant">par hab.</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 28 593,084 <abbr class="abbr" title="dollar"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dollar américain">$</a></abbr><br> + 10,33 %<sup id="cite_ref-Octobre2021_www.imf.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Octobre2021_www.imf.org-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taux_de_ch%C3%B4mage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taux de chômage">Taux de chômage</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/10px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/15px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 3,9 % de la pop. active<br> - 2,54 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dette_publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dette publique">Dette publique brute</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><b>Nominale</b><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/10px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/15px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 35,933 milliards de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lev_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lev bulgare">лв</a><br> + 13,58 %<br><b>Relative</b><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/10px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/15px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 23.135 % du PIB<br> - 2,92 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monnaie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monnaie">Monnaie</a></th> <td>nouveau <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lev_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lev bulgare">lev</a><br> (depuis 1999) (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217"><code>BGN</code></a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Développement </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_humain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de développement humain">IDH</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023">2023</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en diminution"><img alt="en diminution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 0,795<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (élevé ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH"><abbr class="abbr" title="Soixante-huitième">68<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH_ajust%C3%A9_selon_les_in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH ajusté selon les inégalités">IDHI</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en diminution"><img alt="en diminution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 0,701<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_IDH_ajust%C3%A9_selon_les_in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par IDH ajusté selon les inégalités"><abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquante-quatrième">54<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_revenus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par égalité de revenus">Coefficient de Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020">2020</a>)</span></th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/10px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/15px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 40,5 %<sup id="cite_ref-Gini_BM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gini_BM-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_d%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_genre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice d'inégalité de genre">Indice d'inégalité de genre</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021">2021</a>)</span></th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/10px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/15px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 0,210<sup id="cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hdr2021-22-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_d%27in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_de_genre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice d'inégalité de genre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquante-deuxième">52<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_performance_environnementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de performance environnementale">Indice de performance <span style="word-wrap:normal;">environnementale</span></a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022">2022</a>)</span></th> <td><span data-sort-value=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="en augmentation"><img alt="en augmentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span> 51,9<sup id="cite_ref-IPE2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IPE2022-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_performance_environnementale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de performance environnementale"><abbr class="abbr" title="Quarante et unième">41<sup>e</sup></abbr></a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#e3e3e3;"> Divers </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-1">Code ISO 3166-1</a></th> <td><code>BGR, BG</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domaine_de_premier_niveau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domaine de premier niveau">Domaine Internet</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.bg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".bg">.bg</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".бг">.бг</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.eu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".eu">.eu</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_indicatifs_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phoniques_internationaux_par_pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par pays">Indicatif téléphonique</a></th> <td>+359</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_codes_internationaux_des_plaques_min%C3%A9ralogiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des codes internationaux des plaques minéralogiques">Code sur plaque minéralogique</a></th> <td>BG</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:9em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation internationale">Organisations internationales</a></th> <td><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Nations unies"><img alt="Drapeau des Nations unies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a> : <time>1955</time><br><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_NATO.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'OTAN"><img alt="Drapeau de l'OTAN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a> : <time>2004</time><br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe_(version_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_2013).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/thumb/4/49/Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe_%28version_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_2013%29.svg/20px-Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe_%28version_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/thumb/4/49/Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%2527Europe_%2528version_r%25C3%25A9vis%25C3%25A9e_2013%2529.svg/30px-Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%2527Europe_%2528version_r%25C3%25A9vis%25C3%25A9e_2013%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/thumb/4/49/Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%2527Europe_%2528version_r%25C3%25A9vis%25C3%25A9e_2013%2529.svg/40px-Logo_du_Conseil_de_l%2527Europe_%2528version_r%25C3%25A9vis%25C3%25A9e_2013%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil de l'Europe">COE</a> : <time>1992</time><br><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l’Union européenne"><img alt="Drapeau de l’Union européenne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">UE</a> : <time>2007</time><br><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:WTO_Logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'OMC"><img alt="Drapeau de l'OMC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/19px-WTO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/29px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/39px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="88"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_du_commerce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale du commerce">OMC</a> : <time>1996</time><br><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/20px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/30px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/40px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">OIF</a> : <time>1993</time></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#e3e3e3;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBulgarie%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>La Bulgarie couvre approximativement la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">antique</a>. Les premiers vestiges de civilisation sur son territoire datent de la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du cuivre">chalcolithique</a> vers 4600 av. J.-C. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slaves">Slaves</a> s'y installent au <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et adoptent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite byzantin">rite grec</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Bulgares">Proto-Bulgares</a> fondent en 680-681 le « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanat_bulgare_du_Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanat bulgare du Danube">khanat bulgare du Danube</a> », l'un des États successeurs de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancienne_Grande_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancienne Grande Bulgarie">Grande Bulgarie</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tengrisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tengrisme">Tengristes</a>, ils adoptent eux aussi le christianisme en 864. Le « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Empire_bulgare_(Histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier Empire bulgare (Histoire)">Premier Empire</a> » ainsi fondé doit son nom aux Proto-Bulgares et sa foi aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">Grecs</a> : sur ces bases, il constitue au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a> la première et plus ancienne civilisation bulgare et fait adopter sa langue aux autres peuples slaves. Grâce à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet cyrillique">écriture cyrillique</a> son influence est renforcée et il est l'un des héritages<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>De 1018 à 1185 le pays devient une partie de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Empire byzantin</a>, mais <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Empire_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Empire bulgare">renaît ensuite de ses cendres</a>, plus étendu encore puisqu'il englobe au <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle les actuelles Bulgarie, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine-Occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine-Occidentale">Macédoine-Occidentale</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> orientale, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valachie_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valachie (région)">Valachie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldavie_(r%C3%A9gion_historique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldavie (région historique)">Moldavie</a> (territoires qui garderont jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle la liturgie et leur langue). Après 1371, ce « Second Empire » se morcelle en plusieurs principautés (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsar">tzarats</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsarat_de_Vidin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsarat de Vidin">Vidin</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsarat_de_Tarnovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsarat de Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Despotat_de_Dobroudja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Despotat de Dobroudja">despotat de Dobroudja</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Valachie">principauté de Valachie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la Macédoine du Nord">principautés slavo-macédoniennes</a>), qui tombent sous la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie_ottomane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie ottomane">domination turque ottomane</a> à la fin du siècle.</p> <p>Après une série de révoltes durant le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, un grand État de Bulgarie est défini au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_San_Stefano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de San Stefano">traité de San Stefano</a> en 1878, mais le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congrès de Berlin">Congrès de Berlin</a> met fin à ce rêve en créant deux petites principautés bulgares qui, malgré les réticences des puissances occidentales, parviennent à s'unir en 1885 en un royaume qui fait reconnaître son indépendance en 1908. Pour tenter de retrouver ses frontières de San Stefano, la Bulgarie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axe_Rome-Berlin-Tokyo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axe Rome-Berlin-Tokyo">s'allie à l'Allemagne</a> durant les deux guerres mondiales. En 1946, elle est intégrée dans le « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a> » qui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">se disloque en 1990</a>. Elle est membre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_du_commerce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale du commerce">Organisation mondiale du commerce</a> depuis 1996, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a> depuis 2004, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> depuis 2007.</p> <p>La Bulgarie est une république <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laïcité">laïque</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement">parlementaire</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démocratie">démocratique</a> affichant un haut <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_humain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice de développement humain">indice de développement humain</a> (0,795).</p> <div class="toc_niveau_2" style=";"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tymologie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Étymologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ographie"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Géographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9servation_de_l'environnement"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Préservation de l'environnement</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9seau_europ%C3%A9en_Natura_2000"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Réseau européen Natura 2000</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Subdivisions"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subdivisions</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climat"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Climat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antiquit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moyen_%C3%82ge"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Moyen Âge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C3%A9riode_ottomane"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Période ottomane</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Restauration_de_l'%C3%89tat_bulgare"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Restauration de l'État bulgare</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sort_des_juifs_bulgares"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sort des juifs bulgares</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tat_communiste"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">État communiste</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89poque_contemporaine"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Époque contemporaine</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politique"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_la_R%C3%A9publique"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Présidence de la République</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Assemblée nationale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89lections"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Élections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arm%C3%A9e"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Armée</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89conomie"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Économie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#PIB_nominal_par_r%C3%A9gion"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">PIB nominal par région</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89nergie_et_industrie"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Énergie et industrie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport_et_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transport et infrastructure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Investissements_%C3%A9trangers_directs"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Investissements étrangers directs</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9mographie"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Démographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Langues"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Langues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religions"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Al%C3%A9visme_bektachisme"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alévisme bektachisme</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89ducation_et_sciences"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Éducation et sciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Culture et société</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9rature"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Littérature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Patrimoine"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Patrimoine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cin%C3%A9ma"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cinéma</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9dias"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Médias</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musique"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Musique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tourisme"><span class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tourisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Curiosit%C3%A9s"><span class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Curiosités</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">9.8</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#F%C3%AAtes_et_jours_f%C3%A9ri%C3%A9s"><span class="tocnumber">9.9</span> <span class="toctext">Fêtes et jours fériés</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Il est possible que la dénomination slavonne блъгаринъ <i>blŭgarinŭ</i> transcrive l'ancien turc <i>bŭlgar</i> (signifiant « agité, énergique, dérangeant »)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La langue turque actuelle la plus proche du proto-bulgare est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tchouvache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tchouvache">tchouvache</a> (<span class="lang-cv" lang="cv">чӑваш</span>). Le nom <i>bŭlgar</i> désignait les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Bulgares">Proto-Bulgares</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuple_cavalier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peuple cavalier">peuple cavalier</a> venu de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe_pontique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steppe pontique">steppe pontique</a> et dont les origines sont, semble-t-il, multiples, en partie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_iraniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues iraniennes">iraniennes</a> avec des composantes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alains">alanes</a>, mais surtout <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuples_turcs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">turques</a> avec des composantes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onoghour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoghour">koutrigoures, outigoures, saragoures</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khazars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khazars">khazares</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petch%C3%A9n%C3%A8gues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petchénègues">petchénègues</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coumans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coumans">coumanes</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie de la Bulgarie">Géographie de la Bulgarie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_points_extr%C3%AAmes_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de points extrêmes de la Bulgarie">Liste de points extrêmes de la Bulgarie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronti%C3%A8res_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frontières de la Bulgarie">Frontières de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>La Bulgarie se trouve dans le Sud-Est de l'Europe, avec 1 808 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de frontières terrestres (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a> 608 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> 494 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> 318 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> 240 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a> 148 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>). La longueur du littoral est de 354 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> et l'altitude s'élève de 0 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> (la côte de la Mer Noire) à 2 925 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> (le mont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moussala_(montagne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moussala (montagne)">Mousala</a>).</p> <p>La principale caractéristique du pays est sa division en bandes de montagnes et de plaines orientées est-ouest. Du nord au sud se succèdent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésie">plateau Danubien</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">massif des Balkans</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Balkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Balkan">Stara planina</a>), la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace du Nord">Thrace du Nord</a>, le massif du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">massif des Rhodopes</a>. La partie est, près de la mer Noire, est constituée de collines qui gagnent progressivement en hauteur en allant vers l'ouest. La partie ouest du pays est constituée uniquement de montagnes.</p> <p>Plus des deux tiers du pays, constitués de plaines, plateaux et collines, se situent à une altitude inférieure à <span class="nowrap">600 mètres</span>. Les plaines (moins de <span class="nowrap">200 mètres</span> d'altitude) représentent 31 % de la surface du pays, les plateaux (entre 200 et <span class="nowrap">600 mètres</span>) 41 % de la surface, les montagnes de faible élévation (entre 600 et 1 000 mètres) 10 %, les montagnes moyennes (entre 1 000 et 1 500 mètres) 10 % et les montagnes élevées (plus de 1 500 mètres) 3 %<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'altitude moyenne de la Bulgarie est de <span class="nowrap">470 mètres</span>.</p> <p>Des montagnes relativement hautes occupent la zone située entre le bassin de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, la plaine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> et la frontière avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> au sud : les monts de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitocha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitocha">Vitocha</a> au sud de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, le massif de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a> plus loin vers le sud et le massif de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> dans le Sud-Ouest de la Bulgarie. Ces montagnes constituent les paysages les plus saisissants de la Bulgarie et de toute la péninsule des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Le massif de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a> culmine au mont Mousala, plus haut sommet des pays <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Une douzaine d'autres sommets dans le même massif culminent à plus de 2 600 mètres. Les plus hautes montagnes se caractérisent par des sommets rocheux et des lacs situés au-dessus de la limite arbustive. Les sommets moins élevés sont couverts de prairies alpestres qui donnent à la chaîne une image de paysage verdoyant. La chaîne de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> est caractérisée par des sommets et des pentes rocheuses. Son plus haut sommet est le mont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikhren_(pic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikhren (pic)">Vihren</a>, la deuxième plus haute montagne de Bulgarie. Plus à l'est se trouve le vaste massif des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>.</p> <p>Trois massifs montagneux : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Balkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Balkan">Grand Balkan</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>, atteignent une altitude moyenne de 2 000 mètres et commandent un réseau de vallées dont la plus connue est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Roses_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallée des Roses (Bulgarie)">vallée des Roses</a>. Les plaines qui s'étendent dans le Nord sont irriguées par les affluents du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> tandis que celle du Sud est le centre du bassin hydrographique de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maritsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>.</p> <p>La Bulgarie a un réseau de 540 rivières, dont la plupart sont plutôt courtes<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a> reçoit environ 4 % de ses eaux des affluents de Bulgarie, tous issus du massif des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, à part l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iskar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iskar">Iskar</a> qui prend sa source dans le massif de Rila et coule vers le nord en passant par la banlieue est de Sofia, puis en longeant un canyon perpendiculaire aux Balkans pour finalement rejoindre le Danube. Le cours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a> le long de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronti%C3%A8re_entre_la_Bulgarie_et_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frontière entre la Bulgarie et la Roumanie">frontière entre la Bulgarie et la Roumanie</a> est large de 1,6 à 2,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr>. La période des hautes eaux se situe en juin. Le fleuve est gelé en moyenne durant <span class="nowrap">40 jours</span> par an<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierres de Belogradtchik."> <noscript> <img alt="Pierres de Belogradtchik." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg/180px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg/180px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg" data-alt="Pierres de Belogradtchik." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg/270px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg/360px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierres_de_Belogradtchik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierres de Belogradtchik">Pierres de Belogradtchik</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Vue des Rhodopes."> <noscript> <img alt="Vue des Rhodopes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg/180px-Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg/180px-Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg" data-alt="Vue des Rhodopes." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg/270px-Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg/360px-Autumn_in_the_Rhodopes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Vue des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kaliakra_Arka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La mer Noire près du cap Kaliakra."> <noscript> <img alt="La mer Noire près du cap Kaliakra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaliakra_Arka.jpg/175px-Kaliakra_Arka.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="449"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaliakra_Arka.jpg/175px-Kaliakra_Arka.jpg" data-alt="La mer Noire près du cap Kaliakra." data-width="175" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaliakra_Arka.jpg/262px-Kaliakra_Arka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaliakra_Arka.jpg/349px-Kaliakra_Arka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La mer Noire près du cap <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaliakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Chipka en hiver."> <noscript> <img alt="Mont Chipka en hiver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG/160px-Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG/160px-Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG" data-alt="Mont Chipka en hiver." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG/240px-Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG/320px-Snow_scene_at_Shipka_Pass_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mont_Chipka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mont Chipka">Mont Chipka</a> en hiver. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Karandila.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama sur la plaine de Thrace et la ville de Sliven d’un promontoire du Grand Balkan."> <noscript> <img alt="Panorama sur la plaine de Thrace et la ville de Sliven d’un promontoire du Grand Balkan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karandila.jpg/150px-Karandila.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1440"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karandila.jpg/150px-Karandila.jpg" data-alt="Panorama sur la plaine de Thrace et la ville de Sliven d’un promontoire du Grand Balkan." data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karandila.jpg/225px-Karandila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karandila.jpg/300px-Karandila.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Panorama sur la plaine de Thrace et la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sliven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> d’un promontoire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Balkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Balkan">Grand Balkan</a>. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Préservation_de_l'environnement"><span id="Pr.C3.A9servation_de_l.27environnement"></span>Préservation de l'environnement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Préservation de l'environnement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aires_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9es_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aires protégées de Bulgarie">Aires protégées de Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le pays a signé et ratifié le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protocole_de_Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protocole de Kyoto">protocole de Kyoto</a>. En 2010, la Bulgarie a atteint son objectif de réduire ses émissions de CO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub> par 30 % en comparaison avec les niveaux de 1990<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Malgré ce progrès, les grandes régions urbaines souffrent de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollution_de_l%27air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollution de l'air">pollution de l'air</a> gravement causée par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usine">usines</a> obsolètes et des centrales électriques à charbon<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'environnement est affecté aussi par l'utilisation de pesticides et la production énorme de métaux lourds à l'époque communiste<sup id="cite_ref-ESI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ESI-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pour améliorer la situation écologique, le pays a initié quelques programmes pour préserver l'environnement<sup id="cite_ref-ESI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ESI-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Plus de 35 % du territoire de la Bulgarie est couvert par des forêts<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Bulgarie est condamnée par la cour de justice européenne en 2017 pour « non-respect systématique et persistant, depuis l’année 2007 jusqu’à l’année 2013 incluse au moins des valeurs limites journalières et annuelles applicables aux concentrations de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particules_en_suspension?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particules en suspension">particules en suspension</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La pollution diminue l'espérance de vie des Bulgares de 2,5 années selon l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_de_la_sant%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale de la santé">Organisation mondiale de la santé</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jour_du_d%C3%A9passement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jour du dépassement">jour du dépassement</a> (date de l’année, calculée par l'ONG américaine Global Footprint Network, à partir de laquelle l’humanité est supposée avoir consommé l’ensemble des ressources que la planète est capable de régénérer en un an) de la Bulgarie<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> est le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-22" data-sort-value="2019-06-22">22 juin</time> (pour l'année 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">[Pas dans la source]</a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Réseau_européen_Natura_2000"><span id="R.C3.A9seau_europ.C3.A9en_Natura_2000"></span>Réseau européen Natura 2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Réseau européen Natura 2000" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Natura_2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réseau Natura 2000">réseau Natura 2000</a> rassemble des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habitat_(%C3%A9cologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habitat (écologie)">sites naturels</a> ou semi-naturels de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> ayant une grande valeur patrimoniale, par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faune_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faune (biologie)">faune</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flore">flore</a> exceptionnelles qu'ils contiennent.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg/220px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="1642"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg/220px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg/330px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg/440px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Carte topographique de la Bulgarie. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En décembre 2018, la Bulgarie comptait 339 sites dont<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li>119 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zone_de_protection_sp%C3%A9ciale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zone de protection spéciale">zones de protection spéciale (ZPS) pour les oiseaux</a> sur une superficie de 25 776 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr> ;</li> <li>233 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zone_sp%C3%A9ciale_de_conservation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zone spéciale de conservation">zones spéciales de conservation (ZSC)</a> (dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Site_d%27importance_communautaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Site d'importance communautaire">pSIC, SIC</a>) pour les habitats et les espèces sur une superficie de 35 740 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr> ;</li> <li>la superficie totale est de 41 048 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>, ce qui représente 34,5 % de la surface terrestre et marine du territoire de la Bulgarie<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administration_territoriale_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administration territoriale de la Bulgarie">Administration territoriale de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png/220px-Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="361"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png/220px-Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png/330px-Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png/440px-Oblasti_de_Bulgarie_depuis_1999.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Les 28 oblasti de la Bulgarie. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Depuis 1999, la Bulgarie est subdivisée en 28 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oblast_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oblast (Bulgarie)">oblasti</a> (en bulgare : <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">област</span> = <i>oblast</i>, au singulier, et <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">области</span> = <i>oblasti</i>, au pluriel). Ce terme peut être traduit, au choix, par « région », « district » ou « province ».</p> <p>Chacune des 28 régions porte le nom de la ville qui en est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef-lieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef-lieu">chef-lieu</a>, et où siège un « gouverneur régional » (en bulgare <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">областен управител</span> = oblasten oupravitel), dont le rôle est plus ou moins comparable à celui d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_de_d%C3%A9partement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet de département">préfet de département</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf. nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. Les gouverneurs régionaux sont nommés par le Conseil des ministres national, prévoyant un État fortement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centralisation_(histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralisation (histoire)">centralisé</a><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf. nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. Les municipalités sont dirigées par des maires, qui sont élus pour quatre ans, et par les conseils municipaux, qui sont élus au suffrage direct des organes législatifs. Les juridictions subnationales sont fortement dépendantes du gouvernement central pour le financement<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En dehors de cet échelon régional existe un échelon local, celui des « communes » (en bulgare : <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">община</span> – <i>obchtina</i> – au singulier, <span class="lang-bg" lang="bg">общини</span> – <i>obchtini</i> – au pluriel), au sein desquelles chaque ville et village conserve une personnalité propre, même si une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intercommunalit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intercommunalité">intercommunalité</a> semble avoir existé dès le milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Climat">Climat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Climat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/25px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/25px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/38px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/50px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <b>Cette section <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></b><small> (avril 2023)</small>. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> Pour l'améliorer, ajoutez <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Identifier_des_sources_fiables?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Identifier des sources fiables">des références de qualité et vérifiables</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">comment faire ?</a>) ou le modèle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle:Référence nécessaire">{{Référence nécessaire}}</a> sur les passages nécessitant une source. </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Le climat de la Bulgarie est de type <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_continental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat continental">continental</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat méditerranéen">méditerranéen</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_pontique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat pontique">climat pontique</a>). À l'ouest et au nord du pays, le climat est nettement continental, caractérisé par des hivers froids et des étés chauds aux températures comprises entre <span title="26,6 °F ou 270,2 K">−3 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et <span title="42,8 °F ou 279,2 K">6 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiver">hiver</a> et <span title="59 °F ou 288,2 K">15 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> à <span title="80,6 °F ou 300,2 K">27 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Été">été</a>. Sur la côte de la mer Noire au sud-est du pays se fait sentir l'influence du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat méditerranéen">climat méditerranéen</a>, les températures restent positives, entre <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et <span title="46,4 °F ou 281,2 K">8 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> à <span title="50 °F ou 283,2 K">10 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> l'hiver et <span title="62,6 °F ou 290,2 K">17 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> à <span title="86 °F ou 303,2 K">30 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> l'été. Le centre du pays est sujet à un climat de transition entre l'est et le sud (doux), l'ouest et le nord (plus froid). L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ensoleillement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ensoleillement">ensoleillement</a> est élevé, surtout dans le sud et sur la côte au printemps, en été et jusqu'au début de l'automne. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluie">pluie</a> est fréquente en automne mais rare l'été, hormis quelques orages nocturnes. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige">neige</a> est fréquente, surtout dans l'intérieur du pays et sur les massifs.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la Bulgarie">Histoire de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antiquité"><span id="Antiquit.C3.A9"></span>Antiquité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Antiquité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg/220px-Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="661"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg/220px-Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg/330px-Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg/440px-Magura-cave-pictographs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_pari%C3%A9tal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art pariétal">Peintures rupestres</a> datant de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89pipal%C3%A9olithique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épipaléolithique">Épipaléolithique</a>, dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grotte_de_Magoura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grotte de Magoura">grotte de Magoura</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ve_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ve millénaire av. J.-C.">4600 avant l'ère chrétienne</a>, une civilisation agricole se développe autour des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liman">limans</a> voisins de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a>, autour de l'actuelle ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Varna</a>. Cette <i>culture de Varna</i>, datant de la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du cuivre">chalcolithique</a>, connaît un développement culturel et technologique sans précédent pour l'époque avec d'admirables <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poterie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poterie">poteries</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idole">idoles</a> en os et en pierre, des outils de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a> et une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9cropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nécropole">nécropole</a> contenant les objets d'or, découverte en 1972 (la plupart des pièces sont en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrum">électrum</a>, alliage naturel d'or et d'argent pouvant contenir entre 15 et 40 % d'argent)<sup id="cite_ref-higham_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-higham-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La ville actuelle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solnitsata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a> (« saline ») est une des plus anciennes salines d'Europe.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/170px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/170px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/255px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/340px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Une couronne <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_des_Odryses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume des Odryses">odrysienne</a> d'or, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27histoire_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musée national d'histoire (Bulgarie)">Musée national d'histoire de Bulgarie</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Entre 4 600 et 4 200 ans avant notre ère, l'orfèvrerie avait débuté sur les rives de la mer Noire dans ce qui est aujourd'hui l'Est de la Bulgarie et de la Roumanie. Les plus riches tombes renferment des diadèmes et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sceptre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sceptre">sceptres</a> en or, des haches et des pointes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Javelot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Javelot">javelot</a> à fort taux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a>, des parures raffinées, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la céramique">céramiques</a> finement décorées. L'étude des quelque <span class="nowrap">300 sépultures</span> de la nécropole de Varna démontre, à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du cuivre">âge du cuivre</a>, l'existence d'une société fortement hiérarchisée<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_(7432772486).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/220px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/220px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/330px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/440px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_romain_de_Plovdiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre romain de Plovdiv">Architecture romaine</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plovdiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Pendant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> doit son nom aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thraces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thraces">Thraces</a>, peuple de langue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_pal%C3%A9o-balkaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues paléo-balkaniques">paléo-balkanique</a>, donc <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">indo-européenne</a>, qui occupait cette région. Leur existence est évoquée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hom%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homère">Homère</a> dans l'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iliade">Iliade</a></i>, au chant X. Ils auraient occupé, pendant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>, le territoire de l'actuelle Bulgarie. Ils pratiquaient l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orphisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orphisme">orphisme</a> et d'autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_%C3%A0_myst%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte à mystères">cultes à mystères</a>. Ceux du littoral ainsi que l'élite étaient <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hell%C3%A9nisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellénisme">hellénisés</a> comme en témoigne l'antique cité d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Odessos, aujourd'hui Varna</a>, fondée autour de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0569" data-sort-value="U-0569">570 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonisation_grecque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonisation grecque">colons</a> venus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milet">Milet</a>.</p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thraces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thraces">Thraces</a> se répartissent en diverses tribus, jusqu'à ce que le roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Térès Ier">Térès</a> les réunisse, vers 500 avant notre ère, en un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_des_Odryses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume des Odryses">royaume des Odryses</a> qui atteint son apogée sous le règne des rois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitalc%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitalcès">Sitalcès</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotys_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotys Ier">Cotys <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> (383-359 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>). Ce royaume est envahi et annexé par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Mac%C3%A9doine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Macédoine">Macédoine</a> de <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippe_II_(roi_de_Mac%C3%A9doine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippe II (roi de Macédoine)"><span class="nowrap">Philippe <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span>, le père d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_le_Grand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre le Grand">Alexandre</a>, puis s'émancipe et connaît un renouveau sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seuth%C3%A8s_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seuthès III">Seuthès III</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/341_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="341 av. J.-C.">-341</a>. En 46 de notre ère, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> est définitivement intégrée dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a> qui, petit à petit, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thraco-Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thraco-Romains">romanise</a> les populations au nord d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_Jire%C4%8Dek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne Jireček">ligne nommée Jirecek</a> (du nom de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstantin_Jirecek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstantin Jirecek">historien tchèque</a> du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle qui l'identifia), tandis qu'au sud de cette ligne, les Thraces étaient hellénisés.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Moyen_Âge"><span id="Moyen_.C3.82ge"></span>Moyen Âge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Moyen Âge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>À partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle arrivent, le plus souvent pacifiquement, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slaves">Slaves</a> qui s'installent parmi les populations thraces romanisées ou hellénisées. Les Slaves deviennent progressivement majoritaires et s'organisent en petits duchés, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sklavinies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sklavinies">Sklavinies</a>. La plupart adoptent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme oriental">christianisme</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite byzantin">rite grec</a>. À partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle arrivent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Bulgares">Proto-Bulgares</a>, une confédération <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tengrisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tengrisme">tengriste</a> de peuples et tribus de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe_pontique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steppe pontique">steppe pontique</a> et du bassin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Don_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Don (fleuve)">Don</a> (où se trouvait la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancienne_Grande_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancienne Grande Bulgarie">Grande Bulgarie originelle</a>, dont certains sont (proches des actuels <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tchouvache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tchouvache">Tchouvaches</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oural">Oural</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucase">Caucase</a>), d'autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_iraniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues iraniennes">iranophones</a> (proches des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alains">Alains</a>, et des actuels <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oss%C3%A8tes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ossètes">Ossètes</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucase">Caucase</a>).Les bulgares finiront par être assimilés au sein d'une population très majoritairement slave dont ils adoptent la langue et, en 864, la religion, mais à laquelle ils donnent le nom de Bulgares. La carte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Génétique">génétique</a> montre clairement l'origine européenne de la plupart des Bulgares actuels. De cette osmose naît une civilisation originale à laquelle l'on doit, entre autres, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_glagolitique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet glagolitique">glagolithique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet cyrillique">cyrillique</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Balkans_925AD.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Balkans_925AD.png/220px-Balkans_925AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="407"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Balkans_925AD.png/220px-Balkans_925AD.png" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Balkans_925AD.png/330px-Balkans_925AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Balkans_925AD.png/440px-Balkans_925AD.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La Bulgarie sous le règne de Siméon. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, les Bulgares du Don se séparent en deux fractions : l'une remonte vers le nord, et fonde la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie_de_la_Volga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarie de la Volga">Bulgarie</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volga">Volga</a> (ultérieurement convertie à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a>, et assimilée par les Tatars) ; l'autre moitié, menée par le khan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asparoukh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asparoukh">Asparoukh</a>, migre vers l'ouest, et fonde en 681 la « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Empire_bulgare_(Histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier Empire bulgare (Histoire)">Bulgarie du Danube</a> », un vaste état qui s'étendait sur les territoires des actuelles Bulgarie, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> orientale, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Hongrie_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Hongrie orientale">Hongrie orientale</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldavie">Moldavie</a>. Selon des thèses récentes et bien fondées, telle que celle de l'académicien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bojidar_Dimitrov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bojidar Dimitrov">Bojidar Dimitrov</a>, ce <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Empire_bulgare_(Histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier Empire bulgare (Histoire)">premier État bulgare</a> était la continuation directe de l'État de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koubrat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koubrat">Koubrat le Grand</a>, le père d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asparoukh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asparoukh">Asparoukh</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dont l'empire s'étendait aussi sur l'actuelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</p> <p>La Bulgarie danubienne va accroître sa puissance avec chacun des monarques qui vont se succéder. Leur capitale sera <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pliska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>, de 681 à 893. En 717 le khan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tervel_(khan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tervel (khan)">Tervel</a> a été surnommé par ses contemporains « le Sauveur de l'Europe<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> », après avoir, avec l'armée bulgare, protégé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Byzance</a> des assauts arabes. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroum">Kroum</a> (803-814)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> institue le premier code de lois bulgare dont on ait connaissance, ce pourrait être un premier exemple en Europe de politique sociale étatique, assurant aux mendiants des subsides, et aux pauvres la protection de l'État, ainsi qu'à tous les Bulgares. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/864?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="864">864</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Ier_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Ier de Bulgarie">Boris Ier de Bulgarie</a> abolit le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tengrisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tengrisme">tengrisme</a>, et embrasse la foi chrétienne orthodoxe. Il fait adopter le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieux-slave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vieux-slave">slavon</a> alias le vieux bulgare comme langue usuelle et officielle. En restant dans l'influence de Byzance, transmise par Constantin <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrille_et_M%C3%A9thode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrille et Méthode">Cyrille et Méthode</a>, les Slaves et Bulgares ont pu évoluer vers une culture d'expression slave<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui a d'ailleurs été aussi celle des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_danubiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés danubiennes">principautés danubiennes</a> jusqu'à l'époque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phanariotes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phanariotes">phanariote</a>, au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khan">khanat</a>, devenu par conversion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsar">tzarat</a> de Bulgarie, devient rapidement une dangereuse menace pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Empire byzantin</a>. Il atteint son apogée culturel et sa plus grande extension territoriale sous <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Ier_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siméon Ier de Bulgarie"><span class="nowrap">Siméon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span>, fils de <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Ier_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Ier de Bulgarie"><span class="nowrap">Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span>, le « Charlemagne bulgare ». En 893, ce dernier crée sa nouvelle capitale : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preslav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>. En 913, il sera reconnu par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> comme « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsar">tsar</a> » (un titre nouveau, déformation de « César », emprunté aux anciens empereurs romains, car avant cette époque, les monarques bulgares se titraient encore comme <i>khans</i>), et en 926 par le Pape de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Son royaume atteint une extension considérable : de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Adriatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Adriatique">mer Adriatique</a> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a>, et du nord de la Roumanie actuelle à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessalie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thessalie">Thessalie</a>. Dans ce royaume multi-ethnique cohabitent des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">Grecs</a> le long des côtes et dans les villes, organisés en « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%A9phale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Képhale">céphalies</a> (κεφαλίες, кефалии), des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slaves">Slaves</a> majoritaires au long des rivières internes, organisés en « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sklavinies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sklavinies">sklavinies</a> » (Σκλαβινίαι, Склавинии), des Albanais (dans l'ouest) et des Thraces latinisés connus dans l'histoire sous le nom de « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valaques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valaques">Roumains</a> » autour des principaux massifs montagneux, des lacs macédoniens et au nord du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a>, organisés en « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valachie">valachies</a> » (Βλαχίες, Влахии)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les fastes de la cour bulgare et de l'Église contrastent alors avec le sort misérable des paysans, sous régime <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9odalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Féodalisme">féodal</a>. Les nombreuses guerres, le poids des impôts et le mécontentement populaire affaiblissent le premier empire bulgare. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, en 969, l'empereur byzantin <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basile_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basile II">Basile II</a> (surnommé « Bulgaroctone » : le « Tueur de Bulgares »), allié à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus%27_de_Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rus' de Kiev">Rus' de Kiev</a>, attaque la Bulgarie. En 971, il prend <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preslav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>, la capitale, et en 1018 il met fin au premier Tzarat, en réincorporant les anciens territoires de la Bulgarie dans l'Empire romain d'Orient. En 1180, la révolte des Bulgares et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valaques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valaques">Valaques</a>, menée par les frères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_IV_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre IV de Bulgarie">Petar</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Asen_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Asen Ier">Assen</a>, va aboutir au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Empire_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Empire bulgare">Second Empire Bulgare</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg/170px-Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg/170px-Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg/255px-Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg/340px-Asens_Fortress_TB_7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La forteresse d'Assen, un avant-poste de la Bulgarie contre l'Empire Latin pendant le règne d'Ivan Assen <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Durant le règne de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaloyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaloyan">Jean Kaloyan</a> (1197-1207, dit « Joanisse, roi de Blaquie et de Bougrie » par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Villehardouin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffroi de Villehardouin">Geoffroi de Villehardouin</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatrième croisade">Quatrième croisade</a> détruit la puissance byzantine en 1204 : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> devient le siège d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_latin_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire latin de Constantinople">Empire latin d'orient</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baudouin_VI_de_Hainaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baudouin VI de Hainaut">Baudouin VI de Hainaut</a> qui avait été proclamé empereur à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> tente de conquérir le royaume, mais Kalojan l'écrasa et le fit prisonnier à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edirne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edirne">Andrinople</a> en avril 1205. La rançon n'étant pas payée, Baudouin mourut en captivité. Kalojan mourut assassiné en 1207 par un mercenaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coumans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coumans">couman</a> alors qu'il assiégeait <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessalonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thessalonique">Thessalonique</a> tombée entre les mains des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crois%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croisé">Croisés</a>.</p> <p>Plus tard, sous le règne de Ivan Assen <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> (1218-1241), le royaume parvint à son apogée. Les arts et la culture connaissent un grand essor, comme en témoignent, entre autres, les fresques du monastère de Boiana près de Sofia, de nombreuses églises, ainsi que le palais de Tarnovo sur la colline de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forteresse_Tsarevets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forteresse Tsarevets">Tsarevets</a>. À cette époque le royaume possédait l'accès à trois mers : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_%C3%89g%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Égée">mer Égée</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Adriatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Adriatique">mer Adriatique</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sur le plan économique, Ivan Asen <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> encouragea le commerce, accorda des privilèges à la république de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dubrovnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> (vers 1230) et frappa monnaie en or et en bronze.</p> <p>Ivan Assen <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> mourut en 1241. Une conjuration de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boyard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boyard">boyards</a> assassina son fils mineur ainsi que son frère Mihail Assen. En 1242, les raids <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasion_mongole_de_l%27Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invasion mongole de l'Europe">tatars et mongols</a> frappèrent durement le royaume des Assénides, au retour de leur grande invasion en Occident, et obligent cet État à payer tribut à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horde_d%27or?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horde d'or">Horde d'or</a> dirigée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dj%C3%B6tchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djötchi">Djötchi</a>. La dynastie des Assénides régnera encore une quarantaine d'années, avant d'être remplacée par la dynastie des Terter.</p> <p>Bien qu'affaibli par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tatars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tatars">domination tatare</a>, le royaume connaîtra une dernière période brillante sous le long règne (1331-1371) de tsar <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Aleksandre_Asen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Aleksandre Asen">Ivan Aleksandre Asen</a>. La première période de son règne (1331-1364) est une réussite avec la reconquête des territoires qui avaient été perdus en Thrace, le long de la mer Noire et dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>. La seconde période (1365-1371) est marquée par les défaites contre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_VI_de_Savoie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amédée VI de Savoie">Amédée VI de Savoie</a> qui se dirige vers la Mer Noire (1366-1367), contre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Hongrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Hongrie">Royaume de Hongrie</a> qui envahit la région de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> (1365-1369). Le royaume est partagé entre les fils d'Ivan Alexandre, l'un ayant le royaume de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, l'autre le royaume de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tărnovo</a>, alors que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Despotat_de_Dobroudja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Despotat de Dobroudja">despotat de Dobroudja</a> était devenu indépendant au fil du règne d'Ivan Alexandre. Trop faibles pour opposer une résistance réelle, les deux royaumes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a> (1393) et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> (1396) allaient tomber l'un après l'autre sous la domination de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Période_ottomane"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_ottomane"></span>Période ottomane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Période ottomane" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG/250px-Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="741"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG/250px-Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG" data-width="250" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG/375px-Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG/500px-Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Varna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Varna">Bataille de Varna</a> en 1444 était la culmination de la dernière Croisade contre la conquête ottomane de Bulgarie. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Bulgarie est entièrement conquise en 1396. La position géographique de la Bulgarie, l'importance relative de sa population ainsi que le peu d'intérêt que lui portaient les puissances occidentales en ont fait une province de l'Empire ottoman pendant près de cinq siècles, de 1396 à 1878. La Bulgarie, annexée à l'Empire ottoman, n'est alors qu'une province administrée par les sultans de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> sous la tutelle religieuse du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople">patriarcat de Constantinople</a>. Le pays perd son indépendance mais aussi son nom et sa capitale : les Ottomans n'emploient que le mot <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roum%C3%A9lie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumélie">Roumélie</a></i> pour désigner l'ensemble de leurs possessions balkaniques (en turc <i>Rumeli</i> signifiait « pays des [Gréco]orthodoxes », le terme <span class="citation">« Romiós »</span> (> <i>gr.</i> Ρωμιός > <i>gr. class.</i>Ῥωμαῖος) étant devenu progressivement depuis la survie de l'Empire Romain exclusivement en Orient (celui dont la capitale était transférée de Rome à Byzance /renommé Constantinople, /=Istanbul <i>de nos jours</i>/) l'ethnonyme de tous les sujets de l'Empire et l'administration ottomane ne distinguait pas la population que sur le principe confessionnel, c'est-à-dire les Bulgares étaient égalés aux Grecs et les autres nationalités chrétiennes orthodoxes d'Orient<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). Un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9odalit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Féodalité">système féodal</a> strict y fut établi, afin de contrôler de près cette région proche de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> et donc stratégiquement essentielle. Les Bulgares n'étaient pas juridiquement égaux avec les musulmans ottomans et devaient payer des impôts beaucoup plus élevés (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhimmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhimmi">dhimmitude</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosqu%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosquée">Mosquées</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minaret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minaret">minarets</a> se multiplient au fil de la colonisation ottomane et de l'islamisation d'une partie des Slaves (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomaks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomaks">Pomaques</a>). Sur les côtes, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">Grecs</a> demeurent à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nessebar_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nessebar (ville)">Nessebar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obzor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obzor">Obzor</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Varna</a>.</p> <p>Quelques églises sont rasées<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et c'est autour de la religion chrétienne, dans les montagnes, que la résistance<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> s'organise, le plus souvent grâce aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastère">monastères</a> qui vivaient repliés sur eux-mêmes pour éviter les représailles, mais qui entretenaient le culte de la nation bulgare. La période ottomane permet aussi l'accès à l'indépendance de l'Église Bulgare. Échappant à la tutelle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople">Patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople</a>, dominé par les Grecs, les religieux orthodoxes bulgares instaurent l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exarchat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exarchat">exarchat</a> Bulgare en 1870 avec le consentement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sublime_Porte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> et sous les pressions russes.</p> <p>Vers la deuxième moitié du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, avec le développement de l'économie et le commerce et le déclin de la force militaire turco-ottomane, une nouvelle génération de Bulgares surgit. Les plus éminents personnages de cette véritable Renaissance tardive <span class="citation">« à la bulgare »</span> sont le moine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%AFssii_de_Hilendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Païssii de Hilendar">Païssii de Hilendar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Petar_Beron&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Petar Beron (page inexistante)">Petar Beron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolyo_Ficheto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolyo Ficheto">Kolyo Ficheto</a> (le plus grand architecte de l'époque), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgi_Sava_Rakovski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Sava Rakovski">Georgi Rakovski</a>, le poète <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khristo_Botev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khristo Botev">Khristo Botev</a> (tué en 1876), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgi_Benkovski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgi Benkovski">Georgi Benkovski</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liuben_Karavelov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Liuben Karavelov (page inexistante)">Liuben Karavelov</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Stambolov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stefan Stambolov">Stefan Stambolov</a>. Isolés dans leurs montagnes, les monastères deviennent de vrais foyers de résistance contre les Ottomans. De nombreux nationalistes y trouveront refuge. Parmi eux, le plus célèbre des héros révolutionnaires, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasil_Levski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasil Levski">Vasil Levski</a>, sera pendu à Sofia.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="715"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_de_Batak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre de Batak">Massacre de Bulgares</a> dans la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batak_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batak (Bulgarie)">Batak</a> par des troupes irrégulières de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> en 1876 au début de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_bulgare_d%27avril_1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876">insurrection d’avril</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La domination ottomane ne prend effectivement fin qu'à la suite de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_bulgare_d%27avril_1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876">insurrection d'avril 1876</a>, qui entraîne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1877-1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878">guerre russo-turque de 1877</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_San_Stefano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de San Stefano">traité de San Stefano</a> du <time class="nowrap" datetime="1878-03-03" data-sort-value="1878-03-03">3 mars 1878</time>, par lequel la Bulgarie acquiert une indépendance relative en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Bulgarie">principauté autonome</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Restauration_de_l'État_bulgare"><span id="Restauration_de_l.27.C3.89tat_bulgare"></span>Restauration de l'État bulgare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Restauration de l'État bulgare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Bulgarie">Royaume de Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>La création de ce grand État slave dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> et le renforcement de l’influence russe dans la région provoquent le bouleversement des intérêts politico-stratégiques des Grandes Puissances. Aussi, devant leurs protestations, le tsar <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_II_(empereur_de_Russie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre II (empereur de Russie)">Alexandre <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> accepte la réunion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congrès de Berlin">Congrès de Berlin</a> en 1878. Ce dernier se clôt par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Berlin_(1878)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Berlin (1878)">Traité de Berlin</a> qui supprime la Bulgarie ethnique du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_San_Stefano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de San Stefano">traité de San Stefano</a> qui faisait suite au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1877-1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878">conflit russo-ottoman</a>, et divise en deux la nouvelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Bulgarie">principauté bulgare</a>. Ces nouvelles frontières refusent aux Bulgares l'unité réclamée par les nationalistes. Plusieurs conflits régionaux démarrent.</p> <p>En 1879, la Bulgarie se dote de la « Constitution de Tarnovo » instaurant une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchie_constitutionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchie constitutionnelle">monarchie constitutionnelle</a> où le souverain (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kn%C3%A8ze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knèze">Knèze</a>) possède certaines prérogatives d'intervention définies dans la constitution. Le pouvoir législatif relève de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (Bulgarie)">Assemblée nationale</a>. Le même jour le prince germanophone <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Ier_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Ier de Bulgarie">Alexandre de Battenberg</a> (1879-1886) est élu chef de la principauté par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée constituante">Assemblée constituante</a>. Mais le prince entre rapidement en conflit avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ralisme_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libéralisme politique">libéraux</a> alors au pouvoir et parvient grâce à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État">coup d'État</a>, en 1881, à suspendre la constitution et à s’octroyer les pleins pouvoirs. En 1883, le prince rétablit le régime constitutionnel. En septembre 1885, un soulèvement permet aux Bulgares d’unir enfin la principauté de Bulgarie et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roum%C3%A9lie_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumélie orientale">Roumélie orientale</a> en un seul État. Un mois plus tard, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_serbo-bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre serbo-bulgare">Serbie tente vainement d’envahir la Bulgarie</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_(1908).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/170px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/170px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/255px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/340px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La proclamation de l’indépendance bulgare et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_bosniaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise bosniaque">Crise bosniaque</a> : la Bulgarie tirée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Ier_(roi_des_Bulgares)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Ier (roi des Bulgares)">roi Ferdinand</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (qui se couronne tsar des Bulgares en 1908) et la Bosnie tirée par l’empereur d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche-Hongrie">Autriche-Hongrie</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François-Joseph Ier">François-Joseph</a> se séparent de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> alors que le sultan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> regarde furieux, se demandant ce qu’il va lui rester. </figcaption> </figure> <p>À partir de 1903, le prince <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Ier_(roi_des_Bulgares)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Ier (roi des Bulgares)">Ferdinand de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha</a> (1887-1918) fait valoir ses prérogatives constitutionnelles en ayant lui-même le dernier mot lorsqu'il s'agit de désigner des premiers ministres. Cela conduit certains à parler d'un régime princier censé personnel. Continuant de se moderniser, la Bulgarie devient même une puissance militaire dans la région des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, appelée « la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusse">Prusse</a> des Balkans »<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Néanmoins, ce n’est qu’en 1908 que le prince proclame l’indépendance de la Bulgarie, profitant de la prise du pouvoir par le parti <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeunes-Turcs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeunes-Turcs">Jeunes-Turcs</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Il s'octroie le titre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsar">tsar</a>.</p> <p>Le pays est profondément impliqué en 1912 et 1913 dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_balkaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres balkaniques">guerres balkaniques</a>, série de conflits avec ses voisins. Pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_balkanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première guerre balkanique">première guerre balkanique</a>, la Bulgarie conduit la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_balkanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue balkanique">Ligue balkanique</a> contre l'Empire ottoman et a vaincu, mais une querelle relative au contrôle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine (région)">Macédoine</a> provoque une seconde guerre entre les pays de la Ligue. La Bulgarie, attaquée simultanément par ses voisins, a perdu face aux armées de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a>. Cette perte a conduit à une « catastrophe nationale », avec la perte de territoires et une crise économique.</p> <p>Pendant les deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre mondiale">guerres mondiales</a>, la Bulgarie se retrouve dans le camp des perdants. La perte de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a> provoque <i>la seconde catastrophe nationale</i> et dénote l'échec des efforts pour réunir tous les Bulgares dans un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat-nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État-nation">État-nation</a>. Une période d'instabilité politique a suivi. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_bulgare_de_1923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État bulgare de 1923">coup d'État du 9 juin 1923</a> supprime l'ancien gouvernement agrarien et installe un régime <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fascisme">pro-fasciste</a> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Tsankov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Tsankov">Alexandre Tsankov</a>. En septembre la même année, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_du_23_septembre_1923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection du 23 septembre 1923">insurrection ouvrière</a> visant à renverser le gouvernement de Tsankov a échoué.</p> <p>Pendant l'entre-deux guerres et en prenant exemple sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troisième Reich">Allemagne nazie</a>, le tsar <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris III"><span class="nowrap">Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a></span> contourne une à une les clauses du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Neuilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Neuilly">Traité de Neuilly</a>, de façon indirecte tout d'abord, puis ouvertement à partir des années 1930. C'est ainsi qu'il parvient à fonder à nouveau une armée de l'air dès 1935. Dans le même temps, il soumet la Bulgarie à un régime fortement autoritaire. En 1935, le tsar Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> installe une dictature personnelle pour éviter la crise politique<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Bulgarie continuera néanmoins à renforcer son armée à la fin des années 1930. Le 7 septembre 1940, l'Allemagne aide la Bulgarie à se faire restituer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dobroudja_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dobroudja du Sud">Dobroudja du Sud</a> par la Roumanie (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accords_de_Craiova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accords de Craiova">traité de Craiova</a>). Cette aide allemande avait comme but certain de voir la Bulgarie se ranger du côté des pays de l'Axe, ce qui fut fait le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1941-03-01" data-sort-value="1941-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 1941</time> lorsque le tsar Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> signa le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_tripartite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte tripartite">pacte tripartite</a>. La Bulgarie entra en guerre aux côtés de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> contre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yougoslavie">Yougoslavie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Grèce">opération Maritsa</a>), ce qui lui permit de récupérer également la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine (région)">Macédoine</a> et le débouché sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_%C3%89g%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Égée">mer Égée</a>. À la suite du décès du tsar Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1943-08-28" data-sort-value="1943-08-28">28 août 1943</time>, les alliés tentèrent de faire pression sur le jeu des alliances bulgares en bombardant directement la Bulgarie. Malgré une position de neutralité préservée durant toute la guerre vis-à-vis de l'Union soviétique, l'Armée rouge approche de la frontière bulgare puis déclare la guerre à la Bulgarie le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-09-05" data-sort-value="1944-09-05">5 septembre 1944</time>. C'est la « guerre d'un jour », car le lendemain, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1944_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'État de 1944 en Bulgarie">une insurrection</a> menée par la coalition du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_patriotique_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Front patriotique (Bulgarie)">Front de la Patrie</a> (communistes bulgares et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zveno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zveno">Zveno</a>) renverse le gouvernement et instaure un régime favorable à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sort_des_juifs_bulgares">Sort des juifs bulgares</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sort des juifs bulgares" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/170px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/170px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/255px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/340px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Monument en l’honneur de la nation bulgare et du sauvetage des juifs bulgares qui se trouve à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaffa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1943-03" data-sort-value="1943-03">mars 1943</time>, un vaste mouvement d'opinion, en Bulgarie et des figures comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimitar_Pechev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimitar Pechev">Dimitar Pechev</a> convainquent le tsar Boris <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> de refuser de livrer les juifs nationaux aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazisme">nazis</a> malgré la présence de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wehrmacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> sur le sol de son allié. Seuls les 11 343 <abbr class="abbr" title="juifs grecs"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaniotes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romaniotes">juifs grecs</a></abbr> (des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation de la Grèce pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale">territoires de l'Égée pris à la Grèce</a>) et 8 000 juifs bulgares sont sacrifiés<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; le reste de la communauté juive de Bulgarie vivant à l'intérieur des frontières définies par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Neuilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Neuilly">traité de Neuilly</a> échappe à la déportation<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les juifs de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine (région)">Macédoine</a>, territoires « libérés par l’armée bulgare » en 1941, sont déportés en 1943<sup id="cite_ref-JTM1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JTM1-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="État_communiste"><span id=".C3.89tat_communiste"></span>État communiste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : État communiste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, la Bulgarie entre dans la sphère d'influence de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> (avec l'entrée de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée rouge">armée rouge</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-09-08" data-sort-value="1944-09-08">8 septembre 1944</time>) et devient elle-même en 1946 une « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_populaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démocratie populaire">démocratie populaire</a> » incluse dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">gouvernée de manière dictatoriale</a> : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire de Bulgarie">république populaire de Bulgarie</a>.</p> <p>Dans les premières années du régime stalinien, l’agriculture est collectivisée et une campagne d’industrialisation massive est lancée. La Bulgarie adopte une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_planifi%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie planifiée">économie planifiée</a>, similaire à celle des autres États communistes d'Europe de l'Est. De 1950 à 1956 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valko_Tchervenkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valko Tchervenkov">Valko Tchervenkov</a> démantèle les derniers vestiges de l'activité économique privée. En 1947, lorsque la collectivisation a commencé, la Bulgarie était un État essentiellement agraire, avec environ 80 % de sa population vivant dans des zones rurales. La vie dans les campagnes est radicalement modifiée : électricité, asphaltage des routes, petits ateliers pour le travail féminin, santé, éducation<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les méthodes de gouvernement de Valko Tchervenkov sont également inspirées de celles de Staline : celui-ci effectue des purges politiques, impose un culte de la personnalité et applique une censure stricte et une politique isolationniste (les relations avec les États-Unis sont provisoirement rompues en 1950)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, avec la mort de Staline en 1953 et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9stalinisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déstalinisation">déstalinisation</a>, Tchervenkov est écarté du pouvoir, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Todor_Jivkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Todor Jivkov">Todor Jivkov</a> devient premier secrétaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste bulgare">parti communiste bulgare</a> (PCB) en 1954, puis président en 1962. L'ambitieux programme industriel de Tchervenkov est revu à la baisse, l'agriculture redevient prioritaire et les coupons de rationnement disparaissent. S'ouvre alors une ère de plus de trente-cinq ans de domination d'un seul homme qui ne sera chassé du pouvoir qu'en 1989, à l'âge de <span class="nowrap">78 ans</span><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais le régime autocratique de Jivkov est aussi une ère de stabilité politique et économique sans équivalent dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au milieu des années 1950, le niveau de vie avait dépassé celui d'avant-guerre : les salaires réels ont augmenté de 75 %, la consommation alimentaire a nettement augmenté, les installations médicales et les médecins sont devenus accessibles à l'ensemble de la population et, en 1957, les travailleurs des fermes collectives bénéficièrent du premier système de retraite et de protection sociale agricole d'Europe de l'Est<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les années 1980, un certain nombre de problèmes politiques (vieillissement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenklatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>), économiques (inflation due à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_souterraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie souterraine">économie parallèle</a>) et sociales (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Processus_de_r%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Processus de régénération">question turque</a>) déstabilisent le régime<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>L'URSS a une telle confiance dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire de Bulgarie">régime communiste bulgare</a>, qu'à l'exception des deux petites <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_de_Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte de Varsovie">stations d'écoute et de surveillance aérienne et navale</a> des caps <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaliakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maslen_nos&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Maslen nos (page inexistante)">Maslen nos</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslen_nos" class="extiw" title="en:Maslen nos"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Maslen nos »">(en)</span></a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée rouge">Armée rouge</a> n'entretient aucune troupe sur le sol de la Bulgarie, tout en lui livrant son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9trole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pétrole">pétrole</a> à des tarifs préférentiels en échange de produits agricoles et de l'industrie légère. Les relations avec Moscou sont tellement proches qu'il fut envisagé jusque vers la fin des années 1960 que la Bulgarie devienne la seizième <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République socialiste soviétique">république soviétique</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Au début de l'année 1989, dans certaines régions à forte population d'origine turque, de graves affrontements ont eu lieu et ont fait des victimes, à la suite desquels le président du conseil d'État bulgare, Todor Jivkov, s'est adressé à la population pour encourager les Turcs bulgares à s'installer en Turquie<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Peu après son discours, la frontière avec la Turquie a été ouverte le 29 mai 1989 exclusivement pour les Turcs et les musulmans du pays et plus de 360 000 personnes ont quitté la Bulgarie communiste pour la Turquie entre le 30 mai 1989 et le 22 août 1989<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> La Turquie a finalement fermé la frontière pour empêcher une nouvelle immigration de Turcs bulgares. Face aux difficultés d'installation en Turquie, 40 000 Turcs et Musulmans sont retournés en Bulgarie dans les trois premiers mois suivant leur arrivée. Ce processus s'est poursuivi et, à la fin de 1990, environ 150 000 personnes étaient rentrées en Bulgarie<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Le pays s'oriente vers la technologie de pointe, secteur qui représente 14 % de son PIB entre 1985 et 1990. Ses usines produisent des processeurs, des disques durs, des lecteurs de disquettes et des robots industriels<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les premières remises en question de l'économie « socialiste » planifiée en Bulgarie et de son alignement sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> apparurent bien avant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestro%C3%AFka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestroïka">perestroïka</a> : en 1984, la décision des Russes d'appliquer les tarifs internationaux à leur pétrole, conjuguée à une forte sécheresse qui eut pour résultat de faire baisser le niveau des cours d'eau alimentant les barrages hydroélectriques, suscitent un fort mécontentement. Mais c'est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écologie">situation écologique</a> désastreuse<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> du pays qui déclenche les premières protestations ouvertes et la formation de groupes dissidents comme le <i>club pour le soutien de la perestroïka et de la glasnost</i> puis, en 1989, <i>Podkrepa</i> et <i>Ekoglasnost</i>. Les mouvements de protestation entraînent la chute de Jivkov le 10 novembre 1989<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ainsi que l'unification de tous les groupes dissidents et libéraux au sein du SDS (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des forces démocratiques (Bulgarie)">Union des forces démocratiques</a>) alors qu'un grand enthousiasme s'empare du pays. La domination du parti communiste s'achève en 1990, quand ont lieu les premières élections multipartites.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La Bulgarie a signé le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Lisbonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Lisbonne">Traité de Lisbonne</a> en 2007. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Époque_contemporaine"><span id=".C3.89poque_contemporaine"></span>Époque contemporaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Époque contemporaine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adh%C3%A9sion_de_la_Bulgarie_%C3%A0_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhésion de la Bulgarie à l'Union européenne">Adhésion de la Bulgarie à l'Union européenne</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_protests_-_17_July_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manifestations_de_2020-2021_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manifestations de 2020-2021 en Bulgarie">Manifestation le 17 juillet 2020</a> devant l’annexe de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (Bulgarie)">Assemblée nationale</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">chute des régimes communistes en Europe</a> et l’ouverture du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rideau_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rideau de fer">rideau de fer</a>, l’intégration de la Bulgarie au monde démocratique a été plus longue que pour d’autres pays du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_de_Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte de Varsovie">pacte de Varsovie</a>. L’instauration d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement">régime parlementaire</a> fort par la nouvelle constitution a eu pour effet une forte instabilité gouvernementale : sept gouvernements se sont succédé en sept ans entre 1991 et 1997. Une coalition de droite, dominée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des forces démocratiques (Bulgarie)">SDS</a>, arriva au pouvoir en 1997. Ces années de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-communisme">transition</a> ont apporté l’expérience de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alternance_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alternance politique">alternance politique</a> mais surtout l’enracinement croissant de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État de droit">État de droit</a>, malgré des lacunes importantes, essentiellement dues à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corruption">corruption</a> et à la puissance économique des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mafia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mafia">mafias</a> héritées du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">régime communiste</a>, dans lequel leur efficacité était supérieure à celle des services de l’État et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_souterraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie souterraine">s’y substituait</a>.</p> <p>En décembre 2000, la levée de l’obligation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visa_(document)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visa (document)">visa</a> pour les Bulgares souhaitant voyager dans les pays de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> a représenté un premier pas concret vers son intégration. La crise du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, au cours de laquelle la Bulgarie a joué un grand rôle dans l’accueil et le transit des troupes de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a>, a marqué un tournant dans les relations politiques entre les alliés occidentaux et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, même si l’opinion bulgare était spontanément portée à une certaine solidarité avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbes</a>, eux aussi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_slaves_m%C3%A9ridionales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues slaves méridionales">slaves</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a>.</p> <p>La stabilisation économique et politique du pays est désormais possible. La Bulgarie a rejoint l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a> en 2004 et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a> en janvier 2007, mais en septembre 2012 elle renonce à son projet d’entrer dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zone_euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zone euro">zone euro</a>.</p> <p>Le 8 décembre 2022, les ministres européens de l'Intérieur approuvent l'adhésion de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croatie">Croatie</a> à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espace_Schengen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espace Schengen">espace Schengen</a> et rejettent les demandes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a> et de la Bulgarie, l’Autriche ayant mis son veto à cet élargissement<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a> avaient émis des réserves sur la Bulgarie, mettant en cause la corruption dans ce pays. L'Autriche, qui fait face à un afflux de demandeurs d'asile, est opposée à la levée des contrôles aux frontières avec la Roumanie et de la Bulgarie, estimant qu'elle accentuerait la hausse des arrivées de migrants<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politique">Politique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Politique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"> <table style="border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Président de la République Roumen Radev."> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/114px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1388"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/114px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="114" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/171px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/228px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blank2x3.svg/114px-Blank2x3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="3"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blank2x3.svg/114px-Blank2x3.svg.png" data-width="114" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blank2x3.svg/171px-Blank2x3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blank2x3.svg/228px-Blank2x3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la république de Bulgarie">Président de la République</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumen_Radev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumen Radev">Roumen Radev</a>. </div></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_ministre_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier ministre de Bulgarie">Premier ministre</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimitar_Glavtchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimitar Glavtchev">Dimitar Glavtchev</a>. </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politique en Bulgarie">Politique en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>La Constitution date de juillet 1991.</p> <p>Elle instaure une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République">république</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multipartisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multipartisme">multipartite</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_parlementaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régime parlementaire">régime parlementaire</a>, où le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la république de Bulgarie">président de la république de Bulgarie</a> est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'État">chef d'État</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_ministre_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier ministre de Bulgarie">Premier ministre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_du_gouvernement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef du gouvernement">chef du gouvernement</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pouvoir_ex%C3%A9cutif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pouvoir exécutif">pouvoir exécutif</a> est exercé par le gouvernement tandis que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pouvoir_l%C3%A9gislatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pouvoir législatif">pouvoir législatif</a> est partagé entre le gouvernement et l'Assemblée nationale. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pouvoir_judiciaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pouvoir judiciaire">pouvoir judiciaire</a> est indépendant des deux premiers.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Présidence_de_la_République"><span id="Pr.C3.A9sidence_de_la_R.C3.A9publique"></span>Présidence de la République</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Présidence de la République" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la république de Bulgarie">Président de la république de Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le président de la république de Bulgarie est élu au suffrage direct pour un mandat de cinq ans, renouvelable une fois. Il est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'État">chef de l'État</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_en_chef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant en chef">commandant en chef</a> des forces armées. Il est également à la tête du Conseil consultatif pour la sécurité nationale. Il peut s'opposer en premier ressort à la promulgation d'une loi. Pour contourner ce veto, le parlement vote à nouveau le texte. Il nomme le Premier ministre.</p> <p>L'actuel président de la République est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumen_Radev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumen Radev">Roumen Radev</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le président de la république de Bulgarie est assisté dans ses fonctions par un vice-président de la République élu simultanément sur le même bulletin que lui.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Assemblée_nationale"><span id="Assembl.C3.A9e_nationale"></span>Assemblée nationale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Assemblée nationale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sofia_winter_(National_Assembly)_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5593" data-file-height="3729"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Sofia_winter_%28National_Assembly%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (Bulgarie)">Parlement bulgare</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pouvoir_l%C3%A9gislatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pouvoir législatif">pouvoir législatif</a> en Bulgarie est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monocam%C3%A9risme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monocamérisme">monocaméral</a>, il ne comprend donc qu'une seule chambre, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (Bulgarie)">Assemblée nationale</a> (<i>Narodno Sabranie</i>), constituée de <span class="nowrap">240 députés</span> élus au suffrage universel direct pour une durée de quatre ans. Les électeurs votent pour un candidat ainsi que pour un parti politique ou pour une liste de coalition dans chacune des vingt-huit divisions administratives du pays. Un parti ou une coalition doit obtenir au minimum 4 % des suffrages pour obtenir des députés. Le Parlement vote les lois et le budget, prend les décisions relatives à : l'organisation des élections présidentielles ; la nomination et de la révocation du Premier ministre et des autres membres du gouvernement ; la déclaration de guerre, au déploiement de troupes armées hors de la Bulgarie ; la ratification des accords et des traités internationaux.</p> <p>La Constitution institue également une Cour constitutionnelle chargée de contrôler la constitutionnalité des lois ainsi que celle des traités internationaux. Elle peut être saisie par le président de la République, le Premier ministre, l'Assemblée nationale et par la Cour suprême de cassation et par la cour suprême administrative (il n'y a pas de recours direct des citoyens devant la Cour constitutionnelle).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Élections"><span id=".C3.89lections"></span>Élections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Élections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png/220px-BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png/220px-BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png/330px-BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png/440px-BG_Parliamentary_2009_pie_EN.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Résultats des élections parlementaires de 2009. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Lors des élections législatives du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-06-25" data-sort-value="2005-06-25">25 juin 2005</time>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_socialiste_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti socialiste bulgare">Parti socialiste bulgare</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Stanichev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergueï Stanichev">Sergueï Stanichev</a> est arrivé en tête des suffrages avec 30 % des voix devant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_national_pour_la_stabilit%C3%A9_et_le_progr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement national pour la stabilité et le progrès">Mouvement national Siméon <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> du Premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siméon II">Simeon Sakskoburggotski</a> (l'ex-roi Siméon II), le parti de la minorité turque (le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_des_droits_et_des_libert%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement des droits et des libertés">Mouvement des droits et des libertés</a>) et le parti nationaliste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_nationale_Attaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union nationale Attaque">Ataka</a> (Attaque)<sup id="cite_ref-législatives2005_74-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-l%C3%A9gislatives2005-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-08-16" data-sort-value="2005-08-16">16 août 2005</time>, après une première tentative avortée de formation de coalition, le nouveau gouvernement proposé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Stanichev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergueï Stanichev">Sergueï Stanichev</a> est accepté par le Parlement par <span class="nowrap">169 voix</span> pour et <span class="nowrap">67 contre</span>. C'est un gouvernement de coalition avec les deux partis arrivés en deuxième et troisième positions aux élections législatives deux mois auparavant, dirigés respectivement par Simeon Sakskoburggotski et par Ahmed Dogan.</p> <p>Le dimanche <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-05-20" data-sort-value="2007-05-20">20 mai 2007</time>, les Bulgares ont élu les dix-huit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9put%C3%A9_europ%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Député européen">députés européens</a> pour la première fois au suffrage universel direct. La participation a été très faible (28,6 %), manifestant le désintérêt des Bulgares pour les affaires européennes. De plus, discrédité par de nombreuses affaires de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_socialiste_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti socialiste bulgare">Parti socialiste bulgare</a> est en net recul : le nouveau parti de centre-droit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citoyens_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement_europ%C3%A9en_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citoyens pour le développement européen de la Bulgarie">Citoyens pour le développement européen de la Bulgarie</a> (GERB), dirigé par le maire de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bo%C3%AFko_Borissov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boïko Borissov">Boïko Borissov</a>, arrive ainsi en tête avec 21,69 % des voix, et obtient cinq sièges. Ont également obtenus cinq sièges : le Parti socialiste bulgare (21,41 %) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_des_droits_et_des_libert%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement des droits et des libertés">Mouvement des droits et des libertés</a> des turcophones (20,26 %). Le parti nationaliste Ataka se voit attribuer deux sièges (14,22 % des voix) tandis que le dernier siège revient au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_national_pour_la_stabilit%C3%A9_et_le_progr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement national pour la stabilité et le progrès">Mouvement national pour la stabilité et le progrès</a> (6,26 %), parti centriste héritier du Mouvement national Simeon <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-07-05" data-sort-value="2009-07-05">5 juillet 2009</time>, le GERB, nouveau parti politique se réclamant de droite, gagne les élections législatives avec une majorité relative de 39,71 % des suffrages et Boïko Borissov devient Premier ministre le 27 juillet.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Icône d'horloge obsolète." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg/17px-OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg/17px-OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg.png" data-alt="Icône d'horloge obsolète." data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg/26px-OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg/34px-OOjs_UI_icon_clock-warning.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> <b>Cette section doit être <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Articles_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9rifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Articles à vérifier">actualisée</a>.</b> <br> Des passages de cette section sont obsolètes ou annoncent des événements désormais passés. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Bulgarie">Améliorez-la</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussion:Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussion:Bulgarie">discutez-en</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Armée"><span id="Arm.C3.A9e"></span>Armée</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Armée" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forces armées bulgares">Forces armées bulgares</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/220px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="760"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/220px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/330px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/440px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Trois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikoyan-Gourevitch_MiG-29?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-29">MiG-29</a> bulgares, 2011. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée">armée</a> bulgare (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a> : Българска армия, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcription_et_translitt%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcription et translittération">translittération</a> internationale <i>Bălgarska armija</i>) a engagé une réforme en profondeur en 1997 afin d'atteindre les standards de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a> à laquelle la Bulgarie a adhéré en avril 2004.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG/220px-SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1573"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG/220px-SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG/330px-SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG/440px-SF_-_dismounted_patrol.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Soldats de la <abbr class="abbr" title="Soixante-huitième">68<sup>e</sup></abbr> brigade en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, janvier 2011. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budgets_de_la_d%C3%A9fense_dans_le_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budgets de la défense dans le monde">budget de la Défense</a> bulgare s'élevait en 2005 à <span class="nowrap">979 millions</span> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lev_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lev bulgare">leva</a> soit <span class="nowrap">502 millions</span> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euros</a> ; en 2003 il était de 1,08 milliard de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dollar américain">dollars américains</a> (1,9 % du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_national_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit national brut">produit national brut</a>) ; en 2008 1 339 millions de dollars ; en 2010 <span class="nowrap">602 millions</span> de dollars (1,44 %)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ses effectifs qui s'élevaient en 1988 à 152 000 hommes alors que le pays était membre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_de_Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte de Varsovie">pacte de Varsovie</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> sont descendus à 45 000 hommes en 2005 et devraient atteindre 27 000 militaires en 2011<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Bulgarie a décidé d’abolir le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conscription?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conscription">service militaire</a> obligatoire (dont la durée était de six à neuf mois) à partir du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-01-01" data-sort-value="2008-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2008</time>. En juin 2011, plus de <span class="nowrap">930 soldats</span> bulgares sont déployés dans d'autres pays.</p> <p>Après une réduction du matériel obsolète entre 2000 et 2008, l'Armée de Terre exploite actuellement <span class="nowrap">160 chars</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T-72?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T-72">T-72</a> et <span class="nowrap">378 véhicules</span> blindés lourds ; <span class="nowrap">192 pièces</span> d'artillerie de plus de 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> de calibre<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les forces aériennes ont <span class="nowrap">14 bombardiers</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soukho%C3%AF_Su-25?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soukhoï Su-25">Su-25</a>, <span class="nowrap">30 chasseurs</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikoyan-Gourevitch_MiG-21?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-21">MiG-21</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikoyan-Gourevitch_MiG-29?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-29">MiG-29</a> et <span class="nowrap">73 autres avions</span> et hélicoptères<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Bulgarie possède aussi des systèmes de missiles précis comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S-300?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S-300">S-300</a><sup id="cite_ref-balkananalysis_81-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-balkananalysis-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OTR-21 Tochka">SS-21</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Économie"><span id=".C3.89conomie"></span>Économie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Économie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie de la Bulgarie">Économie de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_of_development_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Évolution du PIB réel par habitant de Bulgarie. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg/220px-Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="686"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg/220px-Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg/330px-Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg/440px-Sunny-Beach-BDimitrov.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slantchev_Briag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slantchev Briag">Slantchev Briag</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Bulgarie possède une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_march%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie de marché">économie de marché</a> libérale, qui est intégrée à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie de l'Union européenne">Économie de l'Union européenne</a> depuis 2007. La monnaie nationale est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lev_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lev bulgare">lev bulgare</a>, qui est lié à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a> au taux de 1,95583 pour un euro. La Bulgarie est un pays industrialisé et la plupart de l'économie est dans le secteur privé.</p> <p>Le pays a connu une grave crise économique en 1996-1997 et est passé sous la tutelle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">Fonds monétaire international</a> qui lui a imposé de sévères restrictions et de nombreuses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privatisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privatisation">privatisations</a>.</p> <p>Les principales sources de revenus et de croissances économiques sont le secteur de l'énergie, l'exploitation minière, l'industrie légère et le tourisme. Selon l'Institut national de statistique (INS) de Bulgarie, le PIB en 2009 était de 43,5 milliards de dollars (environ <span class="nowrap">90 milliards</span> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">PPA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2010 le montant des exportations était de 19,3 milliards de dollars<sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dont les principaux produits étaient l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acier">acier</a>, les machineries, les combustibles raffinés et les textiles.</p> <p>Durant la décennie 2000, le pays a connu une croissance économique importante dans l'optique de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proc%C3%A9dure_d%27adh%C3%A9sion_de_la_Bulgarie_%C3%A0_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procédure d'adhésion de la Bulgarie à l'Union européenne">son adhésion à l'Union européenne</a>. De 2004 à 2008, la croissance du produit intérieur brut était de 6 % en moyenne. Le chômage est tombé de 18 % (2003) à 9,1 % (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La main-d'œuvre est estimée à <span class="nowrap">3,8 millions</span> de personnes<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. 2008 a été marquée par une forte croissance (6,5 % du PIB) et de grands projets énergétiques comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazoduc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazoduc">gazoduc</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Stream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Stream">South Stream</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrale_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrale nucléaire">centrale nucléaire</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9n%C3%A9_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béléné (ville)">Belene</a>. Mais l'année est également marquée par la sanction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission européenne">Bruxelles</a> contre l'utilisation frauduleuse des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_europ%C3%A9en_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_r%C3%A9gional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds européen de développement régional">fonds d'aide européens</a> et par les premières conséquences sur l'économie réelle de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_financi%C3%A8re_mondiale_de_2007-2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise financière mondiale de 2007-2008">crise financière internationale</a>, l'éclatement de la bulle immobilière se traduisant par une chute des investissements directs étrangers de 25 % en huit mois<sup id="cite_ref-LeMonde_86-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LeMonde-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2024, la Bulgarie est classée en <abbr class="abbr" title="Trente-huitième">38<sup>e</sup></abbr> position pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indice_mondial_de_l%27innovation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indice mondial de l'innovation">indice mondial de l'innovation</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Bulgarie reste encore à ce jour le pays le plus pauvre de l'UE<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="PIB_nominal_par_région"><span id="PIB_nominal_par_r.C3.A9gion"></span>PIB nominal par région</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : PIB nominal par région" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La Bulgarie fait état de six régions de planification, selon la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenclature_des_unit%C3%A9s_territoriales_statistiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques">nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques</a>.</p> <table class="wikitable centre"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Rang</th> <th scope="col">Régions</th> <th scope="col">PIB en euros</th> <th scope="col">PIB en dollars</th> <th scope="col">PIB équivalent</th> <th scope="col">% du PIB moyen de l’UE<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>87<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr style="background:#ada"> <th scope="row">1</th> <td>Région du Sud-Ouest</td> <td>22 800</td> <td>26 716</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Espagne"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Spain.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Espagne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">Espagne</a></span></td> <td>78 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3</th> <td>Région du Sud-Est</td> <td>12 500</td> <td>14 647</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Lituanie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Lituanie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Lituanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Lituanie" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituanie">Lituanie</a></span></td> <td>43 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2</th> <td>Région du Nord-Est</td> <td>11 400</td> <td>13 358</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Panama"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Panama.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Panama"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/20px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/20px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Panama" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/30px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/40px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panama">Panama</a></span></td> <td>39 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4</th> <td>Région du Sud central</td> <td>9 900</td> <td>11 600</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Costa Rica"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Costa Rica"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/20px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/20px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Costa Rica" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costa_Rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></span></td> <td>34 %</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5</th> <td>Région du Nord central</td> <td>9 800</td> <td>11 483</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Costa Rica"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Costa Rica"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/20px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/20px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Costa Rica" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costa_Rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></span></td> <td>34 %</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#eaa"> <th scope="row">6</th> <td>Région du Nord-Ouest</td> <td>8 600</td> <td>10 077</td> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Maldives"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Maldives.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Maldives"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/20px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/20px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des Maldives" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/30px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/40px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maldives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></span></td> <td>29 %</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Énergie_et_industrie"><span id=".C3.89nergie_et_industrie"></span>Énergie et industrie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Énergie et industrie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg/240px-Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg/240px-Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg/360px-Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg/480px-Kavarna_wind_farms.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Éoliennes en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dobroudja_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dobroudja du Sud">Dobroudja du Sud</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Même si elle manque de ressources stratégiques comme le gaz naturel et le pétrole, la Bulgarie possède un réseau énergétique puissant qui joue un rôle important dans la région et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>89<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La source principale d'électricité est l'énergie nucléaire. La seule centrale nucléaire du pays — <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrale_nucl%C3%A9aire_de_Kozlodouy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrale nucléaire de Kozlodouy">Kozlodouy</a> — satisfait 34 % des besoins énergétiques du pays<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une deuxième centrale avec deux réacteurs de mille mégawatts est en cours de construction <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet_de_centrale_nucl%C3%A9aire_de_B%C3%A9l%C3%A9n%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projet de centrale nucléaire de Béléné">près de Béléné</a>. La construction de deux réacteurs supplémentaires à Kozlodouï est également envisagée. Après 2005 le pays a aussi concentré ses efforts sur les projets d'énergies renouvelables, en particulier des parcs éoliens<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Bulgarie a actuellement l'un des marchés à plus forte croissance de l'énergie éolienne dans le monde<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>92<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les autres sources d'électricité sont <span class="nowrap">64 centrales</span> hydroélectriques et plusieurs vastes centrales thermiques<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Malgré l'énorme ralentissement économique après la chute du communisme, la Bulgarie possède encore une capacité industrielle considérable. Le pays est un producteur à grande échelle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charbon">charbon</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tabac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tabac">tabac</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>94<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (classé respectivement seconde, quatrième, sixième et troisième dans l'Union européenne). Le pays produit également <span class="nowrap">0,7 million</span> de tonnes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acier">acier</a> brute par an<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La production de métaux et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alliage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alliage">alliages</a> a lieu dans quelques grands complexes miniers et métallurgiques, comme Elatsite (42 000 millions de tonnes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuivre">cuivre</a> par an<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), Stomana (1 400 000 millions de tonnes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer">fer</a> et acier par an<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>97<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) et KTsM (65 000 tonnes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb">plomb</a> et 80 000 tonnes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">zinc</a> par an<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). L'industrie lourde inclut aussi le raffinement des carburants, la production et la réparation de wagons, d'automobiles (à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lovetch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lovetch">Lovetch</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>99<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), de matériel de communication, de matériel électronique<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>100<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et de matériel militaire.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transport_et_infrastructure">Transport et infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Transport et infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport en Bulgarie">Transport en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line,_14_February_2012.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg/240px-Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg/240px-Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg/360px-Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg/480px-Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Un autorail <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> des <i>Chemins de fer bulgares de l'État</i> (BDJ). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Située dans le carrefour entre l'Europe et l'Orient, la Bulgarie possède une position stratégique. Le réseau routier a 40 231 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de longueur, dont une partie considérable est en mauvais état.</p> <p>Le réseau ferroviaire est bien développé, cependant les lignes les moins fréquentées disposent de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Train?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Train">trains</a> plutôt vétustes<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>101<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La ligne <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plovdiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> est la mieux desservie du pays. Il n'existe pas de trains à grande vitesse en Bulgarie, mais la première ligne de ce type est prévue d'être complète en 2017<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>102<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le programme de modernisation à un coût de 580 000 000 euros est en progression<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>103<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_de_Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métro de Sofia">métro de Sofia</a> est le seul système de transport urbain souterrain en Bulgarie. Le métro est prolongé pour 39 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> avec <span class="nowrap">34 stations</span> en très bon état<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>104<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans le début des années 2000, la Bulgarie avait 37 300 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de routes, dont presque toutes ont été asphaltées, mais près de la moitié (18 000 kilomètres) est tombé dans le plus mauvais classement international pour les routes asphaltées<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>105<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le réseau routier en 2011 est constitué de 40 321 kilomètres de routes, dont 644 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> sont de terre, 39 169 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> sont bitumées et 418 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> sont des autoroutes. La stratégie nationale de développement de l'infrastructure intégrée envisage la construction de <span class="nowrap">720 kilomètres</span> de nouvelles autoroutes jusqu'à 2015.</p> <p>La Bulgarie était le premier pays de l'Europe de l'Est avec une industrie des technologies de l'information<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>106<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le réseau de communication comprend une gamme complète de services téléphoniques et Internet à la disposition de la majorité de la population. Le nombre total de lignes téléphoniques fixes s'élève à 2,164 millions<sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et le nombre de téléphones cellulaires en usage est estimé à plus de 10,6 millions<sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Bulgarie a connu une augmentation rapide du nombre d'utilisateurs d'Internet — de 430 000 en 2000 à <span class="nowrap">3,4 millions</span> (48 % de la population) en 2010<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>107<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> —.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Investissements_étrangers_directs"><span id="Investissements_.C3.A9trangers_directs"></span>Investissements étrangers directs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Investissements étrangers directs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>À partir de la fin des années 1990, les investissements de l'Occident et la Russie ont largement contribué à la récupération de la crise économique de 1996-1997, mais le taux d'investissement est resté inférieur à celui d'autres pays d'Europe orientale<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS_110-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LCCS-110"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>108<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2003, les principales sources nationales de l'investissement étranger direct, étaient, par ordre d'importance, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a>, la Grèce, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">Italie</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a>.</p> <p>Un certain nombre d'entreprises étrangères ont investi dans l'engrais chimique et les industries agro-alimentaires<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS_110-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LCCS-110"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>108<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les années 2000, la Chine a investi dans l'industrie électronique bulgare. Certains accords de coopération ont été signés entre les deux pays pour la fabrication de composants de véhicules. En 2012, le constructeur chinois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Wall_Motors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Wall Motors">Great Wall Motors</a> inaugure, via la société <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litex_Motors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litex Motors">Litex Motors</a>, sa première usine d'assemblage en Europe, Eurocopter, ceci conformément à un protocole bilatéral impliquant une variété de machines, logiciels et autres produits industriels.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Démographie"><span id="D.C3.A9mographie"></span>Démographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Démographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démographie de la Bulgarie">Démographie de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:397px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width:395px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bulgarian_photographers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bulgarian_photographers.jpg/190px-Bulgarian_photographers.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bulgarian_photographers.jpg/190px-Bulgarian_photographers.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bulgarian_photographers.jpg/285px-Bulgarian_photographers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bulgarian_photographers.jpg/380px-Bulgarian_photographers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Abiturienti.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Abiturienti.jpg/200px-Abiturienti.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Abiturienti.jpg/200px-Abiturienti.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Abiturienti.jpg/300px-Abiturienti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Abiturienti.jpg/400px-Abiturienti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Gauche</i> : hommes bulgares en 1926.<br><i>Droite</i> : deux jeunes filles bulgares à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bal_de_promo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bal de promo">bal de finissants</a>. </div> </div> </div> <p><br> Avec une population de 7 364 570 en 2011<sup id="cite_ref-НСИ_население_111-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>109<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la Bulgarie est le <abbr class="abbr" title="Seizième">16<sup>e</sup></abbr> pays le plus peuplé dans l'Union européenne. La majorité d'entre eux (environ 83 %) sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgares">bulgares</a>, et les autres grands groupes ethniques sont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turcs_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turcs (peuple)">Turcs</a> (environ 9 %) et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roms_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roms de Bulgarie">Roms</a> (environ 5 %). Le taux d'urbanisation est de 73 %<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_112-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2011-112"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>110<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La plus grande ville est la capitale Sofia avec ses 1 270 000 habitants<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_112-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Census2011-112"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>110<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui représentent 17 % de la population totale du pays. Les autres grandes villes sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plovdiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> (338 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-grao.bg_113-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-grao.bg-113"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>111<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Varna</a> (335 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourgas">Bourgas</a> (202 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr>) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouss%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roussé">Roussé</a> (150 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant"><abbr class="abbr" title="habitants">hab.</abbr></abbr>).</p> <p>Selon une étude publiée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a> à l'été 2007, la Bulgarie se classe à la <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> place mondiale par le taux de croissance des personnes âgées, à la <abbr class="abbr" title="Septième">7<sup>e</sup></abbr> place par la part de la population âgée de <span class="nowrap">60 ans</span> ou plus (22,9 %, contre 11 % en moyenne dans le monde) et à la <abbr class="abbr" title="Neuvième">9<sup>e</sup></abbr> place par l'âge moyen de ses habitants (<span class="nowrap">44,4 ans</span> contre 28 en moyenne dans le monde). Aujourd'hui le pays se trouve en une crise démographique grave, avec un des plus bas <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taux_de_natalit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taux de natalité">taux de natalité</a> dans le monde (9,32/1 000 habitants, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deux cent quatrième">204<sup>e</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) et un des plus hauts <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taux_de_mortalit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taux de mortalité">taux de mortalité</a> (14,32/1 000 habitants, <abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> dans le monde<sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). L'écart résultant donne à la Bulgarie le plus faible taux de croissance démographique de toute nation souveraine dans le monde (-0,78 %)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ceci souligne la crise démographique que connaît le pays depuis le milieu des années 1980 et qui s'est accélérée après la chute du régime communiste en 1989. Cette situation s'explique par plusieurs facteurs :</p> <ul> <li>la faiblesse du niveau de vie et l'insécurité socio-économique n'incitent pas à faire des enfants ;</li> <li>le souhait de consacrer le maximum de moyens à l'éducation des enfants afin qu'ils puissent faire des études longues et de niveau élevé ;</li> <li>l'arrivée à l'âge de la retraite de la génération du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baby-boom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baby-boom">baby-boom</a> ;</li> <li>le départ vers l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe de l'Ouest">Europe occidentale</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a> de nombreux jeunes, surtout parmi ceux qui ont fait des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enseignement_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enseignement supérieur">études supérieures</a> si bien que la population a considérablement chuté depuis 1989 ;</li> <li>un des taux d'avortement les plus élevés au monde (75 pour 1 000 naissances) malgré l'usage très largement répandu de moyens de contraception modernes.</li> </ul> <p>Le vieillissement de la population a, d'ores et déjà, des conséquences négatives sur la situation économique et sociale : hausse des pensions de retraite, hausse des dépenses médicales, baisse de la consommation, de l'épargne et de l'investissement, baisse des recettes du régime de sécurité sociale et, par voie de conséquence, déficits croissants du système de protection sociale auxquels la croissance économique en recul ne pourra pas remédier. Selon les experts, cette tendance ne pourra s'inverser, en Bulgarie (comme dans les autres pays européens), ni à court, ni à moyen terme.</p> <p>La population de la Bulgarie a chuté de 11 % entre 2011 et 2021<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>112<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Langues">Langues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Langues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues en Bulgarie">Langues en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>La langue officielle de la Bulgarie est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a>, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues slaves">langue slave</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_slaves_m%C3%A9ridionales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues slaves méridionales">méridionale</a> appartenant à la famille des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a>. Il est également parlé dans les pays voisins, tels que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (dans la région du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boudjak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boudjak">Boudjak</a>), la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgares_de_Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgares de Moldavie">Moldavie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgares_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgares de Roumanie">Roumanie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démographie de la Grèce">Grèce</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a>, et aussi dans la périphérie est de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbie">Serbie</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dialecte_Torlakian&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dialecte Torlakian (page inexistante)">dialecte Torlakian</a>).</p> <p>Le bulgare s'écrit avec l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet cyrillique">alphabet cyrillique</a> avec quelques différences par rapport au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russe">russe</a>. Il ne comporte en effet que 30 lettres et les prononciations peuvent ne pas être identiques. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9donien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédonien">macédonien</a> est fermement considéré en Bulgarie comme un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parler">parler</a> bulgare, bien que revendiqué comme une langue à part entière par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédoine du Nord">Macédoine du Nord</a>. Cela a parfois provoqué des problèmes entre les deux pays lors de l'écriture de documents officiels communs.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/330px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/440px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Procession de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%AAtre_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prêtre orthodoxe">prêtres</a> et de fidèles orthodoxes, lors d'une fête de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Orthodoxie" title="Théophanie">Théophanie</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabrovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion en Bulgarie">Religion en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Selon le recensement de 2011, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe bulgare">orthodoxes bulgares</a> représentaient 59,4 % de la population et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam en Bulgarie">les musulmans</a> 7,9 %, et les autres chrétiens 0,9 %, majoritairement affiliés à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia_83-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_grecque-catholique_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église grecque-catholique bulgare">Église grecque-catholique bulgare</a> compte 10 000 fidèles (2005). Il existe une petite communauté juive d'environ 5 000 personnes en Bulgarie<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>113<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon l'Eurobaromètre spécial <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Social values, science and technology</span></i> en 2005, 40 % des Bulgares croyaient en un dieu, et autant en des forces vitales ou spirituelles, alors que 13 % ne croyaient en rien de tel<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>114<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Alévisme_bektachisme"><span id="Al.C3.A9visme_bektachisme"></span>Alévisme bektachisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Alévisme bektachisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <div style="position:relative; display:table; margin-top:0.8em;"> <div class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom:0;;color:var(--color-base, #202122);background:var(--background-color-base, #fff)"> Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al%C3%A9visme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alévisme">alévis</a> représentent 13 % de la population turcophone du pays, selon les chiffres officiels. <p>Selon une enquête réalisée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_M%C3%A9likoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irène Mélikoff">Irène Mélikoff</a> en 1985, le nombre d'alévis en Bulgarie est d'environ 90 000 à 100 000. Le recensement du 4 décembre 1992 dénombre 83 537 habitants qui se définissent comme alévis.</p> <p>Ce chiffre est certainement sous-estimé dans la mesure où les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bektachi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bektachi">bektachi</a> de Bulgarie ne se définissent pas en tant qu'alévis, se dissimulant vis-à-vis du sunnisme majoritaire comme le font les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qizilbash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qizilbash">qizilbash</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a>.</p> <p>La population alévie est concentrée dans les provinces de Razgrad, Ruse, Silistra et Sliven.</p> </div> <div class="need_ref_tag" style="position:absolute; top:-0.6em; left:1em; padding:0 0.5em; font-size:80%; line-height:1em;;color:var(--color-base, #202122);background:var(--background-color-base, #fff)"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf. nécessaire]</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Éducation_et_sciences"><span id=".C3.89ducation_et_sciences"></span>Éducation et sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Éducation et sciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>La politique d'éducation en Bulgarie est supervisée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27%C3%A9ducation_et_des_sciences_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministère de l'éducation et des sciences de la Bulgarie">Ministère de l'éducation et des sciences</a>. À partir de 6 ou 7 ans, l'inscription à l’école élémentaire est obligatoire. L'État assure l'éducation gratuite dans ses écoles, sauf pour les établissements d'enseignement supérieur, les collèges et les universités. Le programme se concentre sur les huit principaux domaines disciplinaires : langue et littérature bulgares, langues étrangères, mathématiques, technologies de l'information, sciences humaines et sociales, sciences naturelles et écologie, musique et art, éducation physique et sportive<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS-Education_117-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LCCS-Education-117"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>115<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon les estimations du gouvernement de 2003, le taux d'alphabétisation est de 98,6 %, environ le même pour les deux sexes. La Bulgarie a toujours eu des hauts standards d'éducation<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS-Education_117-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LCCS-Education-117"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>115<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les études primaires durent <span class="nowrap">8 ans</span> et se divisent en huit niveaux (<i>classes</i>) pour chaque année. Les études secondaires s'effectuent aux lycées et les <i>technicum</i>. La formation aux premières dure quatre ans, et ils peuvent faire partie d'une <i>école des études moyennes</i> qui unit l'éducation primaire et secondaire, ou ils peuvent être des <i>lycées élites</i>, orientés principalement vers les études d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue">langue</a>, ou des sciences. Par exemple, il existe des lycées de langue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Français">française</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglaise</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand">allemande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagnol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagnol">espagnole</a> et même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonais">japonaise</a>, et aussi des lycées de mathématiques et d'économique. Les <i>technicum</i> sont des écoles plus spécialisées, orientées vers les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technologie">technologies</a>. La formation à celles-ci dure aussi <span class="nowrap">4 ans</span><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>116<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg/220px-Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1399"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg/220px-Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg/330px-Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg/440px-Nusha-Livingston-2003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Une lycéenne bulgare et un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchot_%C3%A0_jugulaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchot à jugulaire">manchot à jugulaire</a> sur l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Livingston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île Livingston">Île Livingston</a>. Le pays a construit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_antarctique_Saint-Cl%C3%A9ment-d%27Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Base antarctique Saint-Clément-d'Ohrid">une base sur l’île</a> en 1988. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'éducation supérieure s'effectue dans les universités. Il existe plus de 40 universités en Bulgarie, qui peuvent être générales (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Saint-Cl%C3%A9ment-d%27Ohrid_de_Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université Saint-Clément-d'Ohrid de Sofia">université Saint-Clément-d'Ohrid de Sofia</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Veliko_Tarnovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Veliko Tarnovo">université de Veliko Tarnovo</a>) ou spécialisées (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_des_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Académie nationale des arts">Académie nationale des arts</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_militaire_Georgi-Rakovski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Académie militaire Georgi-Rakovski (page inexistante)">Académie militaire Georgi-Rakovski</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Rakovski_Military_Academy" class="extiw" title="en:Georgi Rakovski Military Academy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Georgi Rakovski Military Academy »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_technique_de_Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université technique de Sofia">Université technique de Sofia</a>). L'échelle d'évaluation individuelle, même dans les universités, les écoles primaires et les lycées, est de 2 (faible) à 6 (excellent).</p> <p>L’Académie bulgare des sciences (ABS) est une organisation publique autonome consacrée à la recherche scientifique. Créée en 1869, elle a un budget annuel de <span class="nowrap">60 millions</span> de leva, ou <span class="nowrap">30 millions</span> d'euros<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>117<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et regroupe plus de 70 départements et instituts scientifiques, parmi lesquels l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Institut_de_recherches_spatiales_et_Soleil-Terre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Institut de recherches spatiales et Soleil-Terre (page inexistante)">Institut de recherches spatiales et Soleil-Terre</a> (IRSST), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Observatoire_astronomique_national_de_Ro%C5%BEen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Observatoire astronomique national de Rožen (page inexistante)">Observatoire astronomique national de Rožen</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Institut_de_math%C3%A9matique_et_d%E2%80%99informatique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Institut de mathématique et d’informatique (page inexistante)">Institut de mathématique et d’informatique</a> (IMI). L’IRSST dirige le programme spatial de Bulgarie, et dans les années 1970 et 1980 préparait des instruments de recherche cosmique et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronaute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronaute">cosmonautes</a> bulgares. Le premier bulgare à voyager dans l’espace est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Ivanov_(cosmonaute)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaute) (page inexistante)">Georgi Ivanov</a>, qui effectue sa mission en 1979 à bord de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soyouz_33?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soyouz 33">Soyouz 33</a>. En 1981, la Bulgarie envoie dans l’espace son premier satellite artificiel, <i>Balgariya-1300</i>, qui est encore en service et fait des recherches sur les régions polaires de la Terre. Il participe au programme d’exploration polaire de l’ABS, qui inclut également <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_antarctique_Saint-Cl%C3%A9ment-d%27Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Base antarctique Saint-Clément-d'Ohrid">une base antarctique</a>, située sur les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Shetland_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Îles Shetland du Sud">îles Shetland du Sud</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culture_et_société"><span id="Culture_et_soci.C3.A9t.C3.A9"></span>Culture et société</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culture et société" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture de la Bulgarie">Culture de la Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg/220px-The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg/220px-The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg/330px-The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg/440px-The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Floating_Piers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Floating Piers">The Floating Piers</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christo_et_Jeanne-Claude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christo et Jeanne-Claude">Christo et Jeanne-Claude</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La culture bulgare est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syncr%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syncrétisme">syncrétisme</a> d'influences successivement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thraces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thraces">thraces</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">grecques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtes">celtiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanisation_(histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanisation (histoire)">romaines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slaves">slaves</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Bulgares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Bulgares">proto-Bulgares</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">ottomanes</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>118<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pendant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a>, la Bulgarie était le noyau culturel des peuples slaves<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>119<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> avec des réalisations culturelles notables, par exemple l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet cyrillique">alphabet cyrillique</a> et les compositions musicales complexes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Coucouz%C3%A8le?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Coucouzèle">Joan Cucuzel</a>. Entre 1396 et 1878, la Bulgarie était une partie de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ocratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théocratie">théocratie</a> islamique, que les ottomans avaient installée, a persécuté la culture bulgare médiévale et cherché à isoler les Bulgares des courants progressistes de l'Europe<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>120<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littérature"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Littérature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littérature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature bulgare">Littérature bulgare</a>. </div> </div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:259px;"> <table style="border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Tzvetan Todorov"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg/131px-Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="2730"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 131px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg/131px-Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="131" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg/197px-Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg/262px-Tzvetan_Todorov-Strasbourg_2011_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Elias_Canetti_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Tzvetan Todorov"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elias_Canetti_2.jpg/120px-Elias_Canetti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="2591"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elias_Canetti_2.jpg/120px-Elias_Canetti_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="120" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elias_Canetti_2.jpg/180px-Elias_Canetti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elias_Canetti_2.jpg/240px-Elias_Canetti_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a> </div></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elias_Canetti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a>. </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <p>Pendant le Moyen Âge la Bulgarie a exercé une influence significative sur l'Europe de l'Est, particulièrement les peuples slaves. La Bulgarie possédait certains des meilleurs instituts en Europe, notamment les écoles littéraires d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preslav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>, où l'alphabet cyrillique a été développé, et l'école artistique de Tarnovo<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>121<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après la conquête ottomane de Bulgarie à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, ces instituts cessent d'exister.</p> <p>La <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance bulgare">Renaissance bulgare</a></i> est une période d'essor culturel, qui commence avec l'écriture d'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Istoriya_Slavyanobolgarskaya&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya (page inexistante)">Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>122<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%AFssii_de_Hilendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Païssii de Hilendar">Païsius de Hilendar</a> en 1762, sous l'influence des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8cle_des_Lumi%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siècle des Lumières">Lumières</a>. La « Renaissance bulgare » est principalement associée avec la progression de la conscience nationale et l'émergence d'un nationalisme romantique, qui donne lieu au rétablissement de l'indépendance du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe bulgare">Patriarcat de Bulgarie</a> en 1870, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_bulgare_d%27avril_1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876">insurrection d'avril</a> en 1876 et la restauration de l'État bulgare en 1878.</p> <p>Les années 1880 à 1945 se distinguent par la prospérité de la littérature. La modernisation du pays et le besoin de compenser les siècles sans liberté sous la théocratie musulmane incitent à une adoption des courants littéraires d'Europe, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbolisme (art)">symbolisme</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peyo_Yavorov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peyo Yavorov">Peyo Yavorov</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pencho_Slaveykov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pencho Slaveykov">Pencho Slaveykov</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Atanas_Dalchev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Atanas Dalchev (page inexistante)">Atanas Dalchev</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanas_Dalchev" class="extiw" title="en:Atanas Dalchev"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Atanas Dalchev »">(en)</span></a>), l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expressionnisme">expressionnisme</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geo_Milev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geo Milev">Geo Milev</a>) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_(litt%C3%A9rature)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réalisme (littérature)">réalisme</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yordan_Yovkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yordan Yovkov">Yordan Yovkov</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yordan_Raditchkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yordan Raditchkov">Yordan Raditchkov</a>). Après 1945, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_socialiste_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réalisme socialiste soviétique">réalisme socialiste soviétique</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science-fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> sont devenus les genres dominants dans la littérature.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khristo_Botev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khristo Botev">Khristo Botev</a> est considéré comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9ros_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héros national">héros national</a> et l'anniversaire de sa mort est célébré chaque année.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Vazov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Vazov">Ivan Vazov</a> est considéré comme le plus grand poète bulgare, célébré non seulement dans son pays ou dans la région, mais dans toute l’Europe.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elias_Canetti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a>, écrivain britannique, juif d'origine bulgare, recevra le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_litt%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix Nobel de littérature">prix Nobel de littérature</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-litenc_125-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-litenc-125"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>123<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Patrimoine">Patrimoine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Patrimoine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Bulgarie">Liste du patrimoine mondial en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Une grande quantité de sites archéologiques de toutes les époques est disséminée dans tout le pays. La Bulgarie a le plus grand nombre de sites archéologiques découverts en Europe après l'Italie et la Grèce<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>124<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et beaucoup d'entre eux sont d'origine thrace. Un objet historique d'importance majeure est le plus ancien trésor d'or dans le monde, datant de 5000 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, provenant du site de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9cropole_de_Varna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nécropole de Varna">nécropole de Varna</a><sup id="cite_ref-higham_27-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-higham-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>125<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Il y a aussi neuf sites du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrimoine mondial">patrimoine mondial</a> de l'UNESCO : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavalier_de_Madara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavalier de Madara">Cavalier de Madara</a>, les tombeaux thraces dans Svechtari et Kazanlak, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_Boyana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de Boyana">église de Boyana</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_de_Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastère de Rila">monastère de Rila</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_rupestres_d%27Ivanovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Églises rupestres d'Ivanovo">églises rupestres d'Ivanovo</a>, Parc national de Pirin, Sreburna réserve naturelle et l'ancienne ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nessebar_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nessebar (ville)">Nessebar</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cinéma"><span id="Cin.C3.A9ma"></span>Cinéma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Cinéma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinéma bulgare">Cinéma bulgare</a>. </div> </div> <p>Dans le domaine du cinéma, la Bulgarie est notée pour ses films artistiques dont certains tels que <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midi_torride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midi torride">Midi torride</a></i> (1965) et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Plays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Plays">Eastern Plays</a></i> (2009) ont été projetés au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival_de_Cannes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Festival de Cannes">Festival de Cannes</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Médias"><span id="M.C3.A9dias"></span>Médias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Médias" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les médias en Bulgarie ont une tradition d'objectivité. La presse n'a pas de restrictions légales et la publication des médias imprimés est complètement libre<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_128-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-landscape-128"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>126<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La plupart des journaux quotidiens sont en un format hybride, qui contient des éléments à la fois de presse de qualité et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Format_tablo%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Format tabloïd">tabloïds</a><sup id="cite_ref-landscape_128-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-landscape-128"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>126<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les médias électroniques sont les plus populaires dans le pays, mais à cause du manque de législation spécifique, ils sont sensibles à un certain nombre de tendances négatives, telles que la dégradation générale des produits médiatiques, l'autocensure et des pressions politiques ou économiques<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>127<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les médias Internet gagnent en popularité à cause de la teneur en large éventail d'opinions et de points de vue disponibles, l'absence de censure et des contenus diversifiés<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>128<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musique">Musique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg/220px-Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg/220px-Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg/330px-Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg/440px-Kristian_Kostov_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_2017_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_54.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie_au_Concours_Eurovision_de_la_chanson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson">Bulgarie au Concours Eurovision</a> de la chanson 2017. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Bulgarie a une grande tradition de chant choral. L'instrument national bulgare est la cornemuse « gaida », ainsi que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_longitudinale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flûte longitudinale">flûte longitudinale</a> en trois parties de « kaval ». Dans la plupart des régions du pays, le Gaïa Thracien (Djura Gaida) est joué, principalement pour la danse, tandis que dans les Rhodopes, le Kaba Gaïa aigu est utilisé pour accompagner les ballades pour la plupart des bals. Figurent parmi les compositeurs bulgares <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dobri_Khristov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dobri Khristov">Dobri Khristov</a> (1875-1941) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petko_Staynov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petko Staynov">Petko Staynov</a> (1896–1977).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tourisme">Tourisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Tourisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourisme_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourisme en Bulgarie">Tourisme en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Chaque année, la Bulgarie accueille 8,9 millions de touristes, principalement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a>, d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scandinavie">Scandinavie</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>129<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les types de tourisme principaux sont le tourisme de masse, de culture et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vin">vin</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>130<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Depuis 1995, le tourisme balnéaire s'est fortement développé le long de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a>, notamment à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slantchev_Briag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slantchev Briag">Slantchev Briag</a>, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albena">Albena</a> ou aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sables_d%27or?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sables d'or">Sables d'or</a> (Zlatni Pyasatsi), près de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Varna</a>. Certains sites historiques sont également d'intérêt : on citera notamment <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, dont la citadelle est parfois l'objet d'un spectacle son et lumière retraçant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la Bulgarie">histoire de la Bulgarie</a> à travers les siècles, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_de_Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastère de Rila">monastère de Rila</a>. Les principales stations de ski de Bulgarie sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bansko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bansko">Bansko</a> (massif du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirin">Pirin</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borovets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borovets">Borovets</a> (massif du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a>) qui est la station historique de Bulgarie et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pamporovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pamporovo">Pamporovo</a> située dans les monts <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhodopes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>, non loin de la frontière avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>. Elles attirent aussi leur lot de touristes étrangers (anglais, russes) et nationaux.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Curiosités"><span id="Curiosit.C3.A9s"></span>Curiosités</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Curiosités" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouzloudja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouzloudja">Bouzloudja</a>. </div> </div> <p>Bouzloudja est un lieu-dit de Bulgarie, situé à quelques kilomètres au sud de Gabrovo, à proximité du mémorial de Chipka. Bouzloudja est aussi et surtout connu pour l'ancienne salle de congrès communiste, aujourd'hui abandonnée, à la forme particulière, celle d'un OVNI. Bien que le bâtiment ne se visite pas, de nombreux curieux y pénètrent pour admirer les fresques en forme de mosaïque ou l'ancien auditorium aujourd'hui délabré.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La cathédrale Alexandre-Nevski de Sofia, un des symboles du pays."> <noscript> <img alt="La cathédrale Alexandre-Nevski de Sofia, un des symboles du pays." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/284px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="1986"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/284px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg" data-alt="La cathédrale Alexandre-Nevski de Sofia, un des symboles du pays." data-width="190" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/425px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg/567px-AlexanderNevskyCathedral-Sofia-6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Alexandre-Nevski_de_Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale Saint-Alexandre-Nevski de Sofia">cathédrale Alexandre-Nevski de Sofia</a>, un des symboles du pays. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Rila_Monastery,_August_2013.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Le monastère de Rila est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1983."> <noscript> <img alt="Le monastère de Rila est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1983." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/270px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2460"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/270px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg" data-alt="Le monastère de Rila est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1983." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/405px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/540px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_de_Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastère de Rila">monastère de Rila</a> est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27%C3%A9ducation,_la_science_et_la_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture">UNESCO</a> depuis 1983. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La galerie nationale d'art étranger à Sofia."> <noscript> <img alt="La galerie nationale d'art étranger à Sofia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg/240px-National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg/240px-National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg" data-alt="La galerie nationale d'art étranger à Sofia." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg/360px-National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg/480px-National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_Eola.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La galerie nationale d'art étranger à Sofia. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sofia_winter_(Sofia_Synagogue)_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La synagogue de Sofia."> <noscript> <img alt="La synagogue de Sofia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="3510"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="La synagogue de Sofia." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-Sofia_winter_%28Sofia_Synagogue%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synagogue_de_Sofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synagogue de Sofia">synagogue de Sofia</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La forteresse de Belogradtchik."> <noscript> <img alt="La forteresse de Belogradtchik." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg/271px-Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2856"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg/271px-Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg" data-alt="La forteresse de Belogradtchik." data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg/406px-Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg/541px-Belogradchik_fortress_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forteresse_de_Belogradtchik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forteresse de Belogradtchik">forteresse de Belogradtchik</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Melnikview1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Melnik, la capitale du vin bulgare."> <noscript> <img alt="Melnik, la capitale du vin bulgare." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melnikview1.jpg/240px-Melnikview1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melnikview1.jpg/240px-Melnikview1.jpg" data-alt="Melnik, la capitale du vin bulgare." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melnikview1.jpg/360px-Melnikview1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melnikview1.jpg/480px-Melnikview1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melnik_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melnik (Bulgarie)">Melnik</a>, la capitale du vin bulgare. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Le sommet Dessilitsa (bg)."> <noscript> <img alt="Le sommet Dessilitsa (bg)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg/270px-Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg/270px-Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg" data-alt="Le sommet Dessilitsa (bg)." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg/405px-Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg/540px-Desilica_IMG_5028.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Le sommet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dessilitsa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dessilitsa (page inexistante)">Dessilitsa</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D1%258A%25D1%2585)" class="extiw" title="bg:Дисилица (връх)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en bulgare : « Дисилица (връх) »">(bg)</span></a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_(2).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolata (en), une plage et réserve naturelle."> <noscript> <img alt="Bolata (en), une plage et réserve naturelle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/240px-Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/240px-Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="Bolata (en), une plage et réserve naturelle." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/360px-Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/480px-Bolata_Beach-_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bolata&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bolata (page inexistante)">Bolata</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolata" class="extiw" title="en:Bolata"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Bolata »">(en)</span></a>, une plage et réserve naturelle. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dzhendema.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La réserve naturelle Djendema (en)."> <noscript> <img alt="La réserve naturelle Djendema (en)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dzhendema.jpg/271px-Dzhendema.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dzhendema.jpg/271px-Dzhendema.jpg" data-alt="La réserve naturelle Djendema (en)." data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dzhendema.jpg/406px-Dzhendema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dzhendema.jpg/541px-Dzhendema.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La réserve naturelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Djendema&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Djendema (page inexistante)">Djendema</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhendema" class="extiw" title="en:Dzhendema"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dzhendema »">(en)</span></a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sunset_-_panoramio_(324).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Danube au coucher du soleil près de Lom."> <noscript> <img alt="Le Danube au coucher du soleil près de Lom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg/240px-Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg/240px-Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg" data-alt="Le Danube au coucher du soleil près de Lom." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg/360px-Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg/480px-Sunset_-_panoramio_%28324%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Le Danube au coucher du soleil près de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lom_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lom (Bulgarie)">Lom</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:HijaBelMeken2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Belmeken, un chalet en Rila."> <noscript> <img alt="Belmeken, un chalet en Rila." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HijaBelMeken2.jpg/240px-HijaBelMeken2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HijaBelMeken2.jpg/240px-HijaBelMeken2.jpg" data-alt="Belmeken, un chalet en Rila." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HijaBelMeken2.jpg/360px-HijaBelMeken2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HijaBelMeken2.jpg/480px-HijaBelMeken2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Belmeken, un chalet en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rila">Rila</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La réserve Kamchiya (en)."> <noscript> <img alt="La réserve Kamchiya (en)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/270px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/270px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" data-alt="La réserve Kamchiya (en)." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/405px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/540px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La réserve <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kamchiya_(r%C3%A9serve)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kamchiya (réserve) (page inexistante)">Kamchiya</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchia_(biosphere_reserve)" class="extiw" title="en:Kamchia (biosphere reserve)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Kamchia (biosphere reserve) »">(en)</span></a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="« Les Yeux » à la grotte Prohodna."> <noscript> <img alt="« Les Yeux » à la grotte Prohodna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg/271px-Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg/271px-Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg" data-alt="« Les Yeux » à la grotte Prohodna." data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg/406px-Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg/541px-Prohodna_cave_Eyes_TottoBG.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> « Les Yeux » à la grotte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prohodna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prohodna">Prohodna</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bosque_de_Piedra,_provincia_de_Varna,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_73.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Pobiti Kamani."> <noscript> <img alt="Pobiti Kamani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg/399px-Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="3924"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 266px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg/399px-Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg" data-alt="Pobiti Kamani." data-width="266" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg/598px-Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg/798px-Bosque_de_Piedra%2C_provincia_de_Varna%2C_Bulgaria%2C_2016-05-27%2C_DD_73.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pobiti_Kamani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pobiti Kamani">Pobiti Kamani</a>. </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:229px;"> <table style="border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Maria_grozdeva.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Grozdeva."> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_grozdeva.jpg/110px-Maria_grozdeva.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="4146"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_grozdeva.jpg/110px-Maria_grozdeva.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_grozdeva.jpg/165px-Maria_grozdeva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maria_grozdeva.jpg/220px-Maria_grozdeva.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dimitrov_WM16_(67)_(28385960076).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Grozdeva."> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg/111px-Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="2009"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 111px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg/111px-Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="111" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg/167px-Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg/222px-Dimitrov_WM16_%2867%29_%2828385960076%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maria_Grozdeva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maria Grozdeva">Maria Grozdeva</a>. </div></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"></td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grigor Dimitrov">Grigor Dimitrov</a>. </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport en Bulgarie">Sport en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les sports les plus populaires en Bulgarie sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volley-ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volley-ball">volley-ball</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Football">football</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athl%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athlétisme">athlétisme</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxe">boxe</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gymnastique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gymnastique">gymnastique</a>.</p> <ul> <li>Football : sport le plus populaire en Bulgarie, il fut introduit en 1893-1894 par des professeurs de gymnastique invités dans le pays qui organisèrent le premier match national dans le collège de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varna_(Bulgarie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varna (Bulgarie)">Varna</a> en 1894. À la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_football_1994?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de football 1994">Coupe du monde 1994</a>, les Bulgares se classèrent <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>131<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Volley-ball : en 2012, la Bulgarie a organisé la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_mondiale_de_volley-ball_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue mondiale de volley-ball 2012">ligue mondiale de volley-ball</a> à Sofia. En 2015, la Bulgarie et l'Italie ont organisé conjointement le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Championnat_d%27Europe_masculin_de_volley-ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Championnat d'Europe masculin de volley-ball">Championnat d'Europe masculin de volley-ball</a>.</li> <li>Tennis : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grigor Dimitrov">Grigor Dimitrov</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsvetana_Pironkova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsvetana Pironkova">Tsvetana Pironkova</a> sont deux joueurs classés parmi les meilleurs au monde.</li> <li>Lutte : certains lutteurs bulgares embrassent une carrière au Japon dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumo">sumo</a>, tel Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov (Katsunori Kotoôshû).</li> <li>Rallye : en 2010, la Bulgarie accueille pour la première fois une manche du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Championnat_du_monde_des_rallyes_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Championnat du monde des rallyes 2010">championnat du monde des rallyes</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rallye_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rallye de Bulgarie">rallye de Bulgarie</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>132<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Formule 1 : un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Prix_automobile_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Prix automobile de Bulgarie">Grand Prix de Formule 1 de Bulgarie</a> devait voir le jour en 2011 ou 2012 mais les organisateurs abandonnent le projet en 2009 à cause de difficultés financières<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>133<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fêtes_et_jours_fériés"><span id="F.C3.AAtes_et_jours_f.C3.A9ri.C3.A9s"></span>Fêtes et jours fériés</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Fêtes et jours fériés" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bgnr.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/220px-Bgnr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="569"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/220px-Bgnr.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/330px-Bgnr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/440px-Bgnr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Danse traditionnelle des hommes en Bulgarie réalisée pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89piphanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épiphanie">Épiphanie</a>, dans l'eau glacée. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kukeri_E8.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/220px-Kukeri_E8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="2720"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/220px-Kukeri_E8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/330px-Kukeri_E8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/440px-Kukeri_E8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kukeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lessitchovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lessitchovo">Lesichovo</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg/220px-Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1175"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg/220px-Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg/330px-Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg/440px-Liberation_Day_fireworks_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Fête nationale de la Libération. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_et_jours_f%C3%A9ri%C3%A9s_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fêtes et jours fériés en Bulgarie">Fêtes et jours fériés en Bulgarie</a>. </div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Fêtes et jours fériés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Date</th> <th scope="col">Nom français</th> <th scope="col">Nom local</th> <th scope="col">Remarques</th> </tr> <tr> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="01-01" data-sort-value="01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier</time></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jour_de_l%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jour de l'an">Jour de l'An</a></td> <td><i>Nova Godina</i></td> <td>On mange un feuilleté au fromage et l'on formule un vœu pour la nouvelle année : bonheur, santé, amour, argent, etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 janvier</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89piphanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épiphanie">Épiphanie</a></td> <td><i>Yordanovden</i></td> <td>Apparition du Christ ; on jette dans l'eau glacée des lacs et des rivières de chaque ville et village une croix orthodoxe en métal, et plusieurs jeunes hommes y plongent pour l'attraper.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14 février</td> <td></td> <td><i>Trifon Zarezan</i></td> <td>Fête de la vigne, des vignerons et du vin ; elle tient des fêtes anciennes célébrant le dieu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">thrace</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>. La fête est également célébrée le 14 février (le 14 février du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a> correspondant au <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_julien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier julien">calendrier julien</a>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="03-01" data-sort-value="03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars</time></td> <td></td> <td><i>Baba Marta</i></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_du_1er_mars_en_Europe_du_Sud-Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête du 1er mars en Europe du Sud-Est">Martenitsa</a>, tradition célébrant l'approche du Printemps.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 mars</td> <td>Fête nationale de la Libération</td> <td><i>Natsionalen Praznik</i></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_San_Stefano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de San Stefano">Traité de San Stefano</a>, 1878, marquant la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1877-1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878">Guerre russo-turque</a> et la libération de la Bulgarie.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 mars</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annonciation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annonciation">Annonciation</a></td> <td><i>Blagovechtenie</i></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>samedi de la première semaine du Grand <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Car%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carême">Carême</a></td> <td>Fête du cheval</td> <td><i>Todorovden</i></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>une semaine avant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A2ques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pâques">Pâques</a></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimanche_des_Rameaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimanche des Rameaux">Rameaux</a></td> <td><i>Lazarovden</i></td> <td>Le samedi avant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semaine_sainte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semaine sainte">Semaine sainte</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Fête des fleurs</td> <td><i>Tsvetnitsa</i></td> <td>Le dimanche avant la Semaine sainte ; on décore les portes d'entrée de rameaux de saule pleureur.</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A2ques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pâques">Pâques orthodoxe</a></td> <td><i>Velikden</i></td> <td>On peint des œufs durs et l'on se chamaille en tâchant de conserver son œuf entier.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 mai</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sant_Jordi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sant Jordi">Saint Georges</a></td> <td><i>Gergiovden</i></td> <td>Fête nationale, mais aussi fête de l'armée bulgare, fête des bergers, et des Georges bien sûr.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24 mai</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrille_et_M%C3%A9thode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrille et Méthode">Saint Cyrille et Saint Méthode</a></td> <td><i>Sveti Kiril i Metodi</i></td> <td>Journée de l'écriture cyrillique, de l'éducation et de la culture bulgare.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 septembre">6 septembre</a></td> <td>Union de la Bulgarie</td> <td><i>Saedinenieto na Balgaria</i></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>22 septembre</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jour_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jour de l'Indépendance de Bulgarie">Déclaration d'indépendance</a></td> <td><i>Obyavyavane na Nezavisimostta na Balgaria</i></td> <td>Fête nationale</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24 décembre</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_de_No%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réveillon de Noël">Réveillon de Noël</a></td> <td><i>Badni Vetcher</i></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 décembre</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noël">Noël</a></td> <td><i>Koleda</i></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%258A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F?uselang%3Dfr">La Bulgarie</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bulgarie" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> <li class="wikinews"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Page:Bulgarie" class="extiw" title="n:Page:Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikinews</span></span></li> <li class="wikivoyage"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bulgarie" class="extiw" title="voy:Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikivoyage</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Runciman1930"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_Runciman1930"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Steven <span class="nom_auteur">Runciman</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A History of the First Bulgarian Empire</cite>, Londres, G. Bell & Sons, <time>1930</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.questia.com/library/book/a-history-of-the-first-bulgarian-empire-by-steven-runciman.jsp">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+First+Bulgarian+Empire&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></li> <li><i>Revue internationale d'histoire militaire. <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 60</i>, CIHM, 1984, 324 pages. (Recueil thématique sur l'histoire militaire bulgare, 1876-1955)</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="CastellanVrinat-Nikolov2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_CastellanMarie_Vrinat-Nikolov2008">Georges Castellan et Marie Vrinat-Nikolov, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la Bulgarie. Au Pays des Roses</cite>, Brest, Armeline, <time>2008</time>, 351 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-910878-32-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-910878-32-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-910878-32-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Bulgarie.+Au+Pays+des+Roses&rft.place=Brest&rft.pub=Armeline&rft.aulast=Castellan&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Marie+Vrinat-Nikolov&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=351&rft.isbn=978-2-910878-32-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie de l'Europe">Géographie de l'Europe</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manifestations_de_2020-2021_en_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manifestations de 2020-2021 en Bulgarie">Manifestations de 2020-2021 en Bulgarie</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="site_officiel" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="wd_p856"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.government.bg/">Site officiel</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219?uselang%3Dfr%23P856" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" 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</span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://beta.parliament.uk/people/uwksoo7L">Parlement du Royaume-Uni</a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à la santé<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 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<ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/bulgarien"><i>Brockhaus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//Bulgarien/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F003350.php"><i>Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bulgaria_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/"><i>Dizionario di Storia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id%3D36709"><i>Encyclopédie de l'Ukraine moderne</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0012774.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID%3D10026"><i>Hrvatska Enciklopedija</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;4169016"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%25C3%25A5ng/bulgarien"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://snl.no/Bulgaria"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/bulgarie/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aut.nkp.cz/ge128857">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://urn.bn.pt/nca/unimarc-authorities/txt?id%3D309378">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-032254">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.president.bg/">Site de la présidence</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.parliament.bg/">Assemblée nationale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bulgariatravel.org/fr/Site_officiel_du_tourisme">Site officiel du tourisme</a></li> <li>Étienne de Poncins, ambassadeur de France, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.diploweb.com/De-la-Bulgarie-et-de-quelques.html"><i>De la Bulgarie</i></a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.eu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".eu">.eu</a>, partagé avec les autres pays de l’Union européenne.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jour_du_d%C3%A9passement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jour du dépassement">jour du dépassement</a>, calculé par pays, est le jour où le dépassement mondial se produirait si toute la population mondiale consommait comme la population du pays en question.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-National_Statistical_Institute-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-National_Statistical_Institute_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/2977/population-statistical-regions-age-place-residence-and-sex"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">POPULATION BY STATISTICAL REGIONS, AGE , PLACE OF RESIDENCE AND SEX AS OF 31.12.2021</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">nsi.bg</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-07-05" data-sort-value="2023-07-05">5 juillet 2023</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">PIB nominal, d'après le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">FMI</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">parité de pouvoir d'achat</a>, d'après le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">FMI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report">[1]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Octobre2021_www.imf.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Octobre2021_www.imf.org_4-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Octobre2021_www.imf.org_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">parité de pouvoir d'achat</a>, d'après le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">Fonds monétaire international</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report">[2]</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-hdr2021-22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hdr2021-22_5-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022"><cite class="italique">Rapport sur le développement humain 2021/2022 : Temps incertains, vies bouleversées : façonner notre avenir dans un monde en mutation</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programme_des_Nations_unies_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programme des Nations unies pour le développement">Programme des Nations unies pour le développement</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-09" data-sort-value="2022-09">septembre 2022</time>, 337 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-1-126452-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-1-126452-4"><span class="nowrap">978-92-1-126452-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+humain+2021%2F2022&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Programme+des+Nations+unies+pour+le+d%C3%A9veloppement&rft.stitle=Temps+incertains%2C+vies+boulevers%C3%A9es+%3A+fa%C3%A7onner+notre+avenir+dans+un+monde+en+mutation&rft.date=2022-09&rft.tpages=337&rft.isbn=978-92-1-126452-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gini_BM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gini_BM_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?most_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Gini index</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque mondiale">Banque mondiale</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-04-24" data-sort-value="2023-04-24">24 avril 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-IPE2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IPE2022_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WolfEmersonEstyde_Sherbinin2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_J._WolfJohn_W._EmersonDaniel_C._EstyAlex_de_Sherbinin2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Martin J. Wolf, John W. Emerson, Daniel C. Esty, Alex de Sherbinin, Zachary A. Wendling <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">2022 Environmental Performance Index</cite>, New Haven, Connecticut, États-Unis, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, <time>2022</time>, 192 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2022report06062022.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2022+Environmental+Performance+Index&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%2C+%C3%89tats-Unis&rft.pub=Yale+Center+for+Environmental+Law+%26+Policy&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=John+W.+Emerson&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Esty&rft.au=Alex+de+Sherbinin&rft.au=Zachary+A.+Wendling&rft.date=2022&rft.tpages=192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Iaroslav Lebedynsky</a>, <i>Les peuples nomades de la steppe des origines aux invasions mongoles <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> – <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></span></i>, Errance, Paris 2003).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Iaroslav Lebedynsky</a>, <i>Op. cit.</i>, Errance, Paris 2003).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BowersockBrownGrabar1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Glen_Warren_BowersockPeter_BrownOleg_Grabar1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Glen Warren <span class="nom_auteur">Bowersock</span>, Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Brown</span> et Oleg <span class="nom_auteur">Grabar</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</cite>, Harvard University Press, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-674-51173-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-674-51173-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-674-51173-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dc788wWR_bLwC%26pg%3DPA354%26dq%3DBULGARs%2BTURKIC%2BEThnonym%2Brevolt%2Bmix%26hl%3Dbg%26ei%3Dg6m6TPoOjZg6tfvtnQ0%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CCoQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 354<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen+Warren&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=354&rft.isbn=978-0-674-51173-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0072)"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Topography</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0072)">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0072)">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0072)">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0072)">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Library of Congress</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.com/topics/danube-river"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Danube River</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.history.com/topics/danube-river">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.history.com/topics/danube-river">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.history.com/topics/danube-river">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.history.com/topics/danube-river">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">history.com</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Donchev2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._Donchev2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> D. <span class="nom_auteur">Donchev</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="bg">Geography of Bulgaria</cite>, Sofia, ciela, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-954-64-9717-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-954-64-9717-8"><span class="nowrap">978-954-64-9717-8</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 68<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Bulgaria&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=ciela&rft.aulast=Donchev&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=68&rft.isbn=978-954-64-9717-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0073)"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Drainage</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0073)">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0073)">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0073)">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0073)">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Library of Congress</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id%3D106682">Bulgaria Achieves Kyoto Protocol Targets - IWR Report</a>, 11 août 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id%3D117439">Bulgaria's Sofia, Plovdiv Suffer Worst Air Pollution in Europe</a>, novinite.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06-23" data-sort-value="2010-06-23">23 juin 2010</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ESI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ESI_18-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ESI_18-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang%3Den%26id%3D379">Bulgaria's quest to meet the environmental acquis</a>, European Stability Initiative, 10 décembre 2008</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">United Nations</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName%3DBulgaria%23Environment">Bulgaria - Environmental Summary</a>, UNData.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017">« <cite style="font-style:normal">La Bulgarie, premier Etat membre de l’UE à être condamné pour sa mauvaise qualité de l’air</cite> », <i>Le Monde</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-06" data-sort-value="2017-04-06">6 avril 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2017/04/06/la-bulgarie-condamnee-pour-sa-pietre-qualite-de-l-air_5106795_3244.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-04" data-sort-value="2019-05-04">4 mai 2019</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Bulgarie%2C+premier+Etat+membre+de+l%E2%80%99UE+%C3%A0+%C3%AAtre+condamn%C3%A9+pour+sa+mauvaise+qualit%C3%A9+de+l%E2%80%99air&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.date=2017-04-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.euronews.com/2019/12/13/la-pollution-a-sofia-en-bulgarie-un-enjeu-sanitaire">Bulgarie La pollution à Sofia, un enjeu sanitaire</a>, <i>Euronews</i>, 13/12/2019</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mouchon2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frédéric_Mouchon2019">Frédéric Mouchon, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Jour du dépassement : quelles solutions pour la planète ?</cite> », <i>Le Parisien</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-10" data-sort-value="2019-05-10">10 mai 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.leparisien.fr/environnement/jour-du-depassement-quelles-solutions-pour-la-planete-10-05-2019-8069085.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-11" data-sort-value="2019-05-11">11 mai 2019</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jour+du+d%C3%A9passement+%3A+quelles+solutions+pour+la+plan%C3%A8te+%3F&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.aulast=Mouchon&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.date=2019-05-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-image" title="Image au format JPEG, PNG, GIF...">[image]</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/natura-2000-birds-and-habitat-directives-9/bulgaria/Natura2000_End2017_Bulgaria.eps.75dpi.png/download">Carte des sites Natura 2000 (SIC, ZSC + ZPS) de la Bulgarie, décembre 2017 (haute définition)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/natura-2000-birds-and-habitat-directives-9/bulgaria">Source</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/natura-2000-barometer"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Natura 2000 Barometer</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">European Environment Agency</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-12-21" data-sort-value="2018-12-21">21 décembre 2018</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bulgaria Country Study, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Library of Congress</a>. Provincial and Local government, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 17.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-higham-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-higham_27-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-higham_27-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tom Higham, John Chapman, Vladimir Slavchev, Bisserka Gaydarska, Noah Honch, Yordan Yordanov, Branimira Dimitrova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.articlearchives.com/reports-reviews-sections/chronologies/545649-1.html">New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria)</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-09-01" data-sort-value="2007-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2007</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.digsys.bg/books/cultural_heritage/thracian/thracian-intro.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Thracian tomb in Kazanluk</cite></a> », Digsys.bg <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-02" data-sort-value="2009-01-02">2 janvier 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/dossiers/geologie-or-magie-alchimistes-686/page/5/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les premiers ors du monde : du mythe de Jason et la Toison d'or au roi Midas</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futura_(portail_web)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futura (portail web)">Futura</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-18" data-sort-value="2019-07-18">18 juillet 2019</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Vladislav Popović, <i>La descente des Koutrigours, des Slaves et des Avars vers la mer Égée : le témoignage de l'archéologie</i>, in <i>Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</i>, vol. 12, 1978, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">596-648</span> sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1978_num_122_3_13511">[3]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Runciman, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 26.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C. de Boor (ed), <i>Theophanis chronographia</i>, vol. 1. Leipzig: Teubner, 1883 (repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 397, 25–30 (AM 6209)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Runciman, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 52.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Georgius Monachus continuants, <i>Chronicon</i>, <i>Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinorum</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, 1828—97</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Denis Zakythinos, <i>Byzance : état national grec ou multi-national ?</i>, éd. EKT, Athenes 1981, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 35.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Denis Deletant, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>Slavonic letters in Moldova, Wallachia & Transylvania from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries</i> (« Lettres slavones en Moldavie, Valachie et Transylvanie, du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle »), Editura Enciclopedică, Bucarest 1991.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Raymond Detrez, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria</i>, 2-nd ed. 2006 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780810849013?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780810849013"><span class="nowrap">9780810849013</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Éric Limousin, <i>Le Monde byzantin du milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle à 1204 : économie et société</i>, ed. Bréal 2007 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782749506326?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782749506326"><span class="nowrap">9782749506326</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Arnold Toynbee, Nevil Forbes et al., <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>The Balkans : a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey</i>, ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1916, 407 p.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C'est ce qu'affirment unanimes les sources byzantines (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_C%C3%A9dr%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Cédrène">Georges Cédrène</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anne_Comn%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anne Comnène">Anne Comnène</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nic%C3%A9tas_Choniat%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicétas Choniatès">Nicétas Choniatès</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Skylitz%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Skylitzès">Jean Skylitzès</a>) : ces révoltes sont menées successivement par Drãgaș, par Niculitsã Delfinu (Δραγγάς et Νικουλιτζάς Δέλφινου dans ces sources) puis, en 1185, par trois frères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valaques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valaques">valaques</a> : Asan, Ioanitsã Caloian et Petru Deleanu (Επανάσταση του Πέτρου Δελεάνου dans ces sources, Assen, Ivan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaloyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaloyan">Ivan Kaloyan</a> ou Jean Kalojan et Petar Delyan dans l'historiographie bulgare moderne) : cf. John V.A. Fine Jr., <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>The Late Medieval Balkans</i>, Ann Arbor publ., 1987.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Villehardouin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffroi de Villehardouin">Geoffroi de Villehardouin</a>, chapitres 78 et 79 ; de son côté, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_de_Clari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert de Clari">Robert de Clari</a> nomme Ioniţă Caloian : « Jehans di Blakis » tandis que Guillaume de Rubriquis en 1253 nomme le pays : « Valaquie d'Assène ».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Settipani2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_Settipani2006"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Settipani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Settipani">Christian Settipani</a>, <cite class="italique">Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Paris, de Boccard, <time>2006</time>, 634 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small>[<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Continuit%C3%A9_des_%C3%A9lites_%C3%A0_Byzance_durant_les_si%C3%A8cles_obscurs_(Christian_Settipani)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Référence:Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs (Christian Settipani)">détail des éditions</a>]</small> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7018-0226-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7018-0226-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7018-0226-8</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 282<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuit%C3%A9+des+%C3%A9lites+%C3%A0+Byzance+durant+les+si%C3%A8cles+obscurs.+Les+princes+caucasiens+et+l%27Empire+du+VIe%26%2332%3Bau%26%2332%3BIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=de+Boccard&rft.aulast=Settipani&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=282&rft.tpages=634&rft.isbn=978-2-7018-0226-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Γεώργιος1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Μπαμπινιώτης_Γεώργιος1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : grec moderne">(el)</abbr> Μπαμπινιώτης Γεώργιος, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="el">Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής γλώσσας</cite>, Αθήνα Athènes, Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας, <time>1998</time>, 2064 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/960-86-1900-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/960-86-1900-9"><span class="nowrap">960-86-1900-9</span></a>)</small>, pages 1576-1577<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.place=%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1+Ath%C3%A8nes&rft.pub=%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF+%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.aulast=%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=pages+1576-1577&rft.tpages=2064&rft.isbn=960-86-1900-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Crampton, R.J. <i>Bulgaria 1878–1918</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 2. East European Monographs, 1983. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-88033-029-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-88033-029-5"><span class="nowrap">0-88033-029-5</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon l'expression consacrée, à cette période les églises ne devaient pas dépasser la hauteur d'« <i>un Turc sur son cheval</i> »</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">La légende des combattants de la liberté, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ha%C3%AFdouk_(brigand)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haïdouk (brigand)">haïdouks</a>, est encore louée dans les chansons populaires bulgares</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_(1908).jpg"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Fichier:Le Petit Journal Balkan Crisis (1908).jpg</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-12-20" data-sort-value="2022-12-20">20 décembre 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dillon1920"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emile_Joseph_Dillon1920"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Emile Joseph <span class="nom_auteur">Dillon</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Inside Story of the Peace Conference</cite>, New York, Harper, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-02" data-sort-value="1920-02">février 1920</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1920) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/4/7/14477/14477-h/14477-h.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « XV »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inside+Story+of+the+Peace+Conference&rft.atitle=XV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Emile+Joseph&rft.date=1920-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span> <blockquote> <p>« The territorial changes which the Prussia of the Balkans was condemned to undergo are neither very considerable nor unjust. »</p> </blockquote></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr>Балабанов, А. <i>И аз на тоя свят. Спомени от разни времена.</i> С., 1983, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 72, 361</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0048)">Crises of the 1930s</a>. <i>In 1935, however, Tsar Boris III became an active political force in Bulgaria for the first time. Disillusioned by the results of the 1934 coup, Boris took action to regain his power, which the new regime had also curtailed. Boris used military and civilian factions alarmed by the new authoritarianism to maneuver the Zveno group out of power and declare a royal dictatorship.</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/fr/programme-des-activites/colloques/la-shoah-en-europe-du-sud-est-les-juifs-en-bulgarie-et-dans-les-terres-sous-administration-bulgare-1941-1944"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Mémorial de la Shoah.</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/fr/programme-des-activites/colloques/la-shoah-en-europe-du-sud-est-les-juifs-en-bulgarie-et-dans-les-terres-sous-administration-bulgare-1941-1944">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/fr/programme-des-activites/colloques/la-shoah-en-europe-du-sud-est-les-juifs-en-bulgarie-et-dans-les-terres-sous-administration-bulgare-1941-1944">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/fr/programme-des-activites/colloques/la-shoah-en-europe-du-sud-est-les-juifs-en-bulgarie-et-dans-les-terres-sous-administration-bulgare-1941-1944">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/fr/programme-des-activites/colloques/la-shoah-en-europe-du-sud-est-les-juifs-en-bulgarie-et-dans-les-terres-sous-administration-bulgare-1941-1944">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_Shoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémorial de la Shoah">Mémorial de la Shoah</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-18" data-sort-value="2019-07-18">18 juillet 2019</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/auteurs/article_pop.asp?no%3D2474%26no_artiste%3D1235">Olivier Maurel, <i>Comment la communauté juive de Bulgarie fut sauvée du génocide</i>, L'Harmattan, Paris 2005.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-JTM1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JTM1_53-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charguéraud2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc-André_Charguéraud2012">Marc-André Charguéraud, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sefarad.org/la-bulgarie-a-sauve-tous-ses-juifs"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La Bulgarie a sauvé tous ses Juifs ! 1940-1944 Une réalité ou une idée reçue ?</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-01-02" data-sort-value="2012-01-02">2 janvier 2012</time></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lory2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lory2004">Bernard Lory, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le tour de Bulgarie</cite> », <i>Outre-Terre</i>, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-terre1-2004-2-page-301.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+tour+de+Bulgarie&rft.jtitle=Outre-Terre&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0110)">Postwar Economic Policy</a>, Library of Congress.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0056)">The Dimitrov Constitution</a>, Library of Congress</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sofiaecho.com/2003/04/03/634206_todor-zhivkov-the-longest-serving-authoritarian">Todor Zhivkov - The longest serving authoritarian</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Sofia_Echo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Sofia Echo (page inexistante)">The Sofia Echo</a></i>, 3 avril 2003</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0063)">Bulgarie - L'ère Jivkov</a>, Library of Congress, 1992</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1890.html">Domestic Policy and Its Results</a>, Library of Congress</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0102)">Chapter 3. The Economy</a>, Library of Congress.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1992">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bulgaria/bg_appen.html%23table12"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Average Annual Growth Rate of Net Material Product by Five-Year Plan, 1949-88</cite></a> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Library of Congress Country Studies (page inexistante)">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, <time>1992</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-09-24" data-sort-value="2012-09-24">24 septembre 2012</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lory2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lory2004">Bernard Lory, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le tour de Bulgarie</cite> », <i>Outre-Terre</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 7, <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">301-317</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-terre1-2004-2-page-301.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+tour+de+Bulgarie&rft.jtitle=Outre-Terre&rft.issue=7&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=301-317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Welle_(www.dw.com)"><span class="ouvrage" id="Deutsche_Welle_(www.dw.com)"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais britannique">(en-GB)</abbr> Deutsche <span class="nom_auteur">Welle (www.dw.com)</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dw.com/en/recalling-the-fate-of-bulgarias-turkish-minority/a-18149416"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-gb">Recalling the fate of Bulgaria's Turkish minority | DW | 24.12.2014</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">DW.COM</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-04-18" data-sort-value="2021-04-18">18 avril 2021</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Haberman1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clyde_Haberman1989">Clyde Haberman, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/15/world/flow-of-turks-leaving-bulgaria-swells-to-hundreds-of-thousands.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Flow of Turks Leaving Bulgaria Swells to Hundreds of Thousands</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">The New York Times</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-08-15" data-sort-value="1989-08-15">15 août 1989</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-12" data-sort-value="2020-06-12">12 juin 2020</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tomasz_Kamusella&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tomasz Kamusella (page inexistante)">Tomasz Kamusella</a>. 2018. <i>Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgoten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria</i> (Ser: Routledge Studies in Modern European History). London: Routledge, 328pp. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781138480520?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781138480520"><span class="nowrap">9781138480520</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marginalia.bg/aktsent/zashto-balgarskite-turtsi-se-zavrashtat-v-nachaloto-na-90-te-godini-na-hh-v"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Защо българските турци се завръщат в началото на 90-те години на ХХ в.</cite></a> »</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aeon.co/essays/how-communist-bulgaria-became-a-leader-in-tech-and-sci-fi"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">How communist Bulgaria became a leader in tech and sci-fi | Aeon Essays</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Aeon</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-04-26" data-sort-value="2018-04-26">26 avril 2018</time></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Une importante pollution au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlore">chlore</a> dans la région de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouss%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roussé">Ruse</a>, et provenant d'une usine roumaine située à Georgiu, fut à l'origine de manifestations organisées par les mouvements écologistes</span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le lendemain de la chute du mur de Berlin</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/schengen-feu-vert-a-l-entree-de-la-croatie-rejet-des-demandes-de-la-roumanie-et-de-la-bulgarie-20221208">Schengen : feu vert à l'entrée de la Croatie, rejet des demandes de la Roumanie et de la Bulgarie</a>, lefigaro.fr, 8 décembre 2022</span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/croatie-bulgarie-et-roumanie-vont-ils-integrer-l-espace-schengen-verdict-ce-jeudi-13296164.php">Espace Schengen : la Bulgarie, la Roumanie et la Croatie attendent le feu vert, ou non</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sud_Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sud Ouest">Sud Ouest</a></i>, 8 décembre 2022</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/elargissement-de-schengen-verdict-attendu-pour-croatie-bulgarie-et-roumanie-20221208">Élargissement de Schengen: verdict attendu ce jeudi pour la Croatie, la Bulgarie et la Roumanie</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Figaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 8 décembre 2022</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edery2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_Edery2016">Patrick Edery, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Après Trump, Poutine s’offre un nouvel ami : « Radev le général rouge »</cite> », <i>La Croix</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11-15" data-sort-value="2016-11-15">15 novembre 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.la-croix.com/Debats/Forum-et-debats/Apres-Trump-Poutine-soffre-nouvel-Radev-general-rouge-Patrick-Edery-2016-11-15-1200803231">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apr%C3%A8s+Trump%2C+Poutine+s%E2%80%99offre+un+nouvel+ami%E2%80%89%3A+%C2%AB+Radev+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+rouge+%C2%BB&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.aulast=Edery&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.date=2016-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-législatives2005-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-l%C3%A9gislatives2005_74-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ragaru2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nadège_Ragaru2005">Nadège Ragaru, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/sept05/artnr.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Bulgarie : des élections législatives indécises</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">ceri-sciencespo.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-10" data-sort-value="2005-10">octobre 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-29" data-sort-value="2010-12-29">29 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euractiv.com/fr/elections/faible-participation-elections-europeennes-bulgares/article-163863">« Faible participation aux élections européennes bulgares »</a>, Euractiv.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-05-21" data-sort-value="2007-05-21">21 mai 2007</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> Ministère de la Défense de Bulgarie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mod.bg/bg/doc/drugi/20100806_Analiz_Budget.pdf">Budget du ministère de la Défense</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%2Bbg0216)">Bulgaria - Military Personnel</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.politika.bg/article?id%3D18334">Свиват армията на 27 000 щика</a>, politika.bg, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-08-06" data-sort-value="2010-08-06">6 août 2010</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid%3D3061%26sectionid%3D2%26id%3D0000404"><cite style="font-style:normal;">София остана без танкове</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">segabg.com</span>, Sega, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-18" data-sort-value="2008-08-18">18 août 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-29" data-sort-value="2010-12-29">29 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/bulgaria/index.php">Order of Battle - Bulgaria</a>, MilAvia Press</span></li> <li id="cite_note-balkananalysis-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-balkananalysis_81-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.balkanalysis.com/?p%3D612"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Balkananalysis.com - "Balkan Defense Overview: Developments and Prospects"</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">balkanalysis.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-05" data-sort-value="2008-09-05">5 septembre 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr%3D42%26a1%3D2191%26a2%3D2192%26a3%3D2193%23cont">Gross Domestic Product - production approach</a>, National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-cia-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-3">d</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-4">e</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-5">f</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_83-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bulgaria"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Europe :: Bulgaria — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">cia.gov</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-03" data-sort-value="2020-02-03">3 février 2020</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.indexmundi.com/bulgaria/unemployment_rate.html">Bulgaria - unemployment rates</a>, Indexmundi.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr%3D42%26a1%3D2202%26a2%3D2203%26a3%3D2204%23cont">Employed persons- Total of economy - Table data</a>, National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-LeMonde-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LeMonde_86-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Bilan du Monde 2009. La situation économique internationale.</i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, hors série.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2024">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/fr/web/global-innovation-index/2024/index"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Indice mondial de l’innovation 2024 : Quelles sont les économies les plus innovantes en 2024?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_de_la_propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle">Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle</a></span>, <time>2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-11-15" data-sort-value="2024-11-15">15 novembre 2024</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <cite style="font-style:normal">La Bulgarie, pays le plus pauvre et le plus pollué d'Europe</cite> », <i>Sciences et Avenir</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-02-23" data-sort-value="2014-02-23">23 février 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/la-bulgarie-pays-le-plus-pauvre-et-le-plus-pollue-d-europe_13260">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-05-23" data-sort-value="2017-05-23">23 mai 2017</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Bulgarie%2C+pays+le+plus+pauvre+et+le+plus+pollu%C3%A9+d%27Europe&rft.jtitle=Sciences+et+Avenir&rft.date=2014-02-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eurostat"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00006%26plugin%3D1"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant in % of the EU-27 average), by NUTS 2 regions</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00006%26plugin%3D1">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00006%26plugin%3D1">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00006%26plugin%3D1">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00006%26plugin%3D1">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eurostat"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00005%26plugin%3D1"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant), by NUTS 2 regions</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00005%26plugin%3D1">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00005%26plugin%3D1">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00005%26plugin%3D1">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtgs00005%26plugin%3D1">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/weekly01.asp?id%3D4141">Energy Hub</a>, 13.10.2008, Oxford Business Group.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kznpp.org/index.php?lang%3Dbg%26p%3Dabout_aec%26p1%3Dcompany_profile">За централата.</a> "АЕЦ Козлодуй" ЕАД.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/mix/mix_bg_en.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">EU Energy factsheet about Bulgaria</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission européenne">Commission européenne</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-08-26" data-sort-value="2010-08-26">26 aout 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id%3D60%26no_cache%3D1%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D1681%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D1%26cHash%3D1c51ae8e8c">Bulgaria set for massive growth in wind power</a>, European Wind Energy Association, 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf">Bulgaria Country Profile</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Country Studies, 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27alimentation_et_l%27agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture">FAO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html;jsessionid%3DD12AE3755A99D2CFACE0D25461B6A51C?lang%3Den%26item%3D826%26year%3D2005">Tobacco production country rank</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:96d7a585-e6b2-4d63-b943-4cd9ab621a91/World%252520Steel%252520in%252520Figures%2525202019.pdf">[4]</a>, World Steel Association, WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2019</span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geotechmin.com/bg/elacite-med/">Елаците-Мед АД</a>, Geotechmin group</span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fidget.bg//NewsView.aspx?neoid%3D15%26langid%3D1%26catid%3D21%26code%3Dnews">Cтомана индъстри въвежда в експлоатация нов цех за производство на прокатни изделия</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kcm2000.bg/companies/kcm_ad/">KTsM AD</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://paper.standartnews.com/en/article.php?d%3D2010-10-26%26article%3D34534">Lovech's Automobile Factory Launches Production in February 2011</a>, Standart, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-10-26" data-sort-value="2010-10-26">26 octobre 2010</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/27/05%2520Electronic%2520Indusry%2520Factsheet%25202010.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">Bulgaria: Electronics Industry Factsheet</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/27/05%2520Electronic%2520Indusry%2520Factsheet%25202010.pdf">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/27/05%2520Electronic%2520Indusry%2520Factsheet%25202010.pdf">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/27/05%2520Electronic%2520Indusry%2520Factsheet%25202010.pdf">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/27/05%2520Electronic%2520Indusry%2520Factsheet%25202010.pdf">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid%3D142327">Железниците почват да возят с автобуси</a>, mediapool.bg, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-11" data-sort-value="2008-08-11">11 août 2008</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.investor.bg/?cat%3D5%26id%3D71617">Железопътната линия Видин-София ще бъде модернизирана до 2017 г.</a>, investor.bg, 13.11.2008</span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://parliament.europe.bg/htmls/page.php?id%3D14017%26category%3D5">Българската жп мрежа се модернизира с 580 млн.евро европейски средства</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-04-24" data-sort-value="2008-04-24">24 avril 2008</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/sof/sofia.htm">Sofia Metro</a>, urbanrail.com</span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Library of Congress</a>, Bulgaria Country Study, <i>Transportation and Telecommunications</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 14.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Library of Congress</a>, Bulgaria Country Study, <i>Transportation and Telecommunications</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/bg.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Bulgaria Internet Usage Stats and Market Report</cite></a> », Internetworldstats.com <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-08-26" data-sort-value="2010-08-26">26 aout 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-LCCS-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LCCS_110-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LCCS_110-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Bulgaria Country Study, Library of Congress. Foreign Investment, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 13.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-НСИ_население-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_111-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : bulgare">(bg)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2%3D36%26sp2%3D37%26SSPP2%3D39"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Население по области към 01.03.2001 и 01.02.2011 година</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2%3D36%26sp2%3D37%26SSPP2%3D39">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2%3D36%26sp2%3D37%26SSPP2%3D39">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2%3D36%26sp2%3D37%26SSPP2%3D39">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2%3D36%26sp2%3D37%26SSPP2%3D39">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>, Национален статистически институт. Посетен на 05.04.2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2011_112-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Census2011_112-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011pr.pdf">[5]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-grao.bg-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-grao.bg_113-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://grao.bg/tna/tab02.txt">Таблица на населението към 15.03.2011 г. за град Пловдив</a>, посетен на 6.04.2011 г.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Bulgarie : plus fort déclin démographique depuis la chute du communisme</cite> », <i>Ouest France</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-06" data-sort-value="2022-01-06">6 janvier 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ouest-france.fr/europe/bulgarie/bulgarie-plus-fort-declin-demographique-depuis-la-chute-du-communisme-b5304d26-6f12-11ec-8e7f-5b5ae213c522">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgarie+%3A+plus+fort+d%C3%A9clin+d%C3%A9mographique+depuis+la+chute+du+communisme&rft.jtitle=Ouest+France&rft.date=2022-01-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jta.org/news/article/2010/03/25/1011356/jewish-school-in-bulgaria-vandalized"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Jewish school in Bulgaria vandalized</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">jta.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-08-08" data-sort-value="2010-08-08">8 août 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commission_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commission européenne">Commission européenne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">Eurobaromètre <i>Social values, science and technology</i></a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, juin 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-LCCS-Education-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LCCS-Education_117-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LCCS-Education_117-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Education and Literacy</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euroeducation.net/prof/bulgaco.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Higher education system in Bulgaria</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">euroeducation.net</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-18" data-sort-value="2019-07-18">18 juillet 2019</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid%3D170815%26srcpos%3D14">И БАН недоволна от предвидения й бюджет</a>, mediapool.bg, 5.10.2010</span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/12/gold-rush/williams-text">Bulgaria's Gold Rush</a>, <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>, décembre 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">http://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://euroguidance.hrdc.bg/files/public/Publications/BG_in_EU.pdf">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jireček1876"><span class="ouvrage" id="Konstantin_Josef_Jireček1876"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Konstantin Josef <span class="nom_auteur">Jireček</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Geschichte der Bulgaren</cite>, G. Olms, <time>1876</time>, 586 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3-487-06408-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3-487-06408-1"><span class="nowrap">3-487-06408-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Bulgaren&rft.pub=G.+Olms&rft.aulast=Jire%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+Josef&rft.date=1876&rft.tpages=586&rft.isbn=3-487-06408-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">A. Graba, <i>La peinture religieuse en Bulgarie</i>, Paris, 1928, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 95.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daskalov2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rumen_Daskalov2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Rumen <span class="nom_auteur">Daskalov</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Making of a Nation in the Balkans : Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival</cite>, Budapest, Central European University Press, <time>2004</time>, 286 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-963-92-4183-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-963-92-4183-1"><span class="nowrap">978-963-92-4183-1</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/2004000869">2004000869</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHYOFBT1F7JEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">7–8</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Nation+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.stitle=Historiography+of+the+Bulgarian+Revival&rft.aulast=Daskalov&rft.aufirst=Rumen&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=7%E2%80%938&rft.tpages=286&rft.isbn=978-963-92-4183-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-litenc-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-litenc_125-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lorenz2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dagmar_C._G._Lorenz2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Dagmar C. G. <span class="nom_auteur">Lorenz</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Elias Canetti</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Literary Encyclopedia</span></i>, The Literary Dictionary Company Limited, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-04-17" data-sort-value="2004-04-17">17 avril 2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1747-678X">1747-678X</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D725">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-10-13" data-sort-value="2009-10-13">13 octobre 2009</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elias+Canetti&rft.jtitle=Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Dagmar+C.+G.&rft.date=2004-04-17&rft.issn=1747-678X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABulgarie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id%3D128889">Bulgaria's Treasure Hunters and the Lost Rome</a>, novinite.com, 2 juin 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.digsys.bg/books/cultural_heritage/thracian/thracian-intro.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Thracian tomb in Kazanluk</cite></a> », Digsys.bg <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-02" data-sort-value="2009-01-02">2 janvier 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-landscape-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-landscape_128-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-landscape_128-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bulgaria/">Media Landscape - Bulgaria</a>, European Journalism Centre</span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publications/publications/financial-crisis-media-20091201/bulgaria-20091201.pdf">Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media, Bulgaria Country Report</a>, Open Society Institute, décembre 2009, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 2.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publications/publications/financial-crisis-media-20091201/bulgaria-20091201.pdf">Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media, Bulgaria Country Report</a>, Open Society Institute, décembre 2009, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.businesstravel.fr/201012146788/newsflashes/newsflash/la-bulgarie-nouvelle-aire-de-ski-des-balkans.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">La Bulgarie: nouvelle aire de ski des Balkans</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.businesstravel.fr/201012146788/newsflashes/newsflash/la-bulgarie-nouvelle-aire-de-ski-des-balkans.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.businesstravel.fr/201012146788/newsflashes/newsflash/la-bulgarie-nouvelle-aire-de-ski-des-balkans.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.businesstravel.fr/201012146788/newsflashes/newsflash/la-bulgarie-nouvelle-aire-de-ski-des-balkans.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.businesstravel.fr/201012146788/newsflashes/newsflash/la-bulgarie-nouvelle-aire-de-ski-des-balkans.html">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">businesstravel.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-14" data-sort-value="2010-12-14">14 décembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-29" data-sort-value="2010-12-29">29 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id%3D128956">Bulgaria Forecasts 10% Growth in Foreign Tourists' Number</a>, Novinite.com, 4 juin 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/CM1994.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Coupe du monde 1994</cite></a> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a></i></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lequipe.fr/Formule1/breves2010/20100707_115815_loeb-prudent.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Loeb prudent</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lequipe.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-07-07" data-sort-value="2010-07-07">7 juillet 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-29" data-sort-value="2010-12-29">29 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sport24.com/auto-moto/formule-1/fil-info/la-bulgarie-jette-l-eponge-313464/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La Bulgarie jette l’éponge</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">sport24.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-11-14" data-sort-value="2009-11-14">14 novembre 2009</time></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Bulgarie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/37px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 37px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/37px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="37" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/55px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/74px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Bulgarie">Portail de la Bulgarie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’Union européenne"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/50px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/66px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Union européenne">Portail de l’Union européenne</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langue_fran%C3%A7aise_et_francophonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la langue française et de la francophonie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/24px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="414"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/24px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/36px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg/48px-Emblem_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langue_fran%C3%A7aise_et_francophonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Langue française et francophonie">Portail de la langue française et de la francophonie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des Balkans"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Balkan_EU.svg/23px-Balkan_EU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="3405"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Balkan_EU.svg/23px-Balkan_EU.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="23" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Balkan_EU.svg/35px-Balkan_EU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Balkan_EU.svg/47px-Balkan_EU.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Balkans">Portail des Balkans</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:OTAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’OTAN"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/29px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/29px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="29" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/44px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/59px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:OTAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:OTAN">Portail de l’OTAN</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’Europe"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cartography_of_Europe.svg/24px-Cartography_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="351"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cartography_of_Europe.svg/24px-Cartography_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cartography_of_Europe.svg/36px-Cartography_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cartography_of_Europe.svg/48px-Cartography_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Europe">Portail de l’Europe</a></span> </span></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c59558b9d‐j4pgw Cached time: 20241129101743 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.825 seconds Real time usage: 2.163 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 19487/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 514985/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 122775/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 20/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 141790/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.878/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17365457/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 10/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1646.886 1 -total 34.98% 576.097 1 Modèle:Liens 12.65% 208.344 2 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.083 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBulgarie%26oldid%3D220301364">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&oldid=220301364</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bulgarie&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Vega" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731632386"> <span>Dernière modification le 15 novembre 2024, à 01:59</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0" title="Болгариа – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Болгариа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Булгарие – adyguéen" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Булгарие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyguéen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bulgarye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25A1%25E1%2588%258D%25E1%258C%258B%25E1%2588%25AA%25E1%258B%25AB" title="ቡልጋሪያ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡልጋሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulgaraland" title="Pulgaraland – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pulgaraland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buligaria" title="Buligaria – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Buligaria" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बल्गारिया – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بلغاريا – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2592%25DC%2598%25DC%25A0%25DC%2593%25DC%2590%25DC%25AA%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بلغاريا – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بلجاريا – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلجاريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Булгъар – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Булгъар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गारिया – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkariya" title="Bulkariya – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bulkariya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolqar%25C4%25B1stan" title="Bolqarıstan – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bolqarıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="بولغاریستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولغاریستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buigarien" title="Buigarien – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buigarien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Bulgarėjė – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bulgarėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Балгарыя – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балгарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Баўгарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баўгарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%258A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="България – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="България" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – bichelamar" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bichelamar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ဗူဂေးရီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗူဂေးရီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="বুলগেরিয়া – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুলগেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2594%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A1%25E0%25BC%258D" title="པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="বুলগেরিয়া – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বুলগেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A0ria" title="Bulgària – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bulgària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%258A%25E1%258E%25B5%25E1%258E%25A8%25E1%258E%25B5%25E1%258E%25A0" title="ᏊᎵᎨᎵᎠ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏊᎵᎨᎵᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="بولگاریا – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بولگاریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%25C4%259Faristan" title="Bulğaristan – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bulğaristan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharsko" title="Bulharsko – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25B9%25C5%2582gari%25C3%25B4" title="Bùłgariô – kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bùłgariô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BB%25D1%258A%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2597%25EA%2599%2597" title="Блъгарїꙗ – slavon d’église" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Блъгарїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavon d’église" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwlgaria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recommandé"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%25C4%259Far%25C4%25B1stan" title="Bulğarıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bulğarıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulga%25C5%2595ska" title="Bulgaŕska – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bulgaŕska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2584%25DE%25A6%25DE%258D%25DE%25B0%25DE%258E%25DE%25AD%25DE%2583%25DE%25A8%25DE%2587%25DE%25A7" title="ބަލްގޭރިއާ – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަލްގޭރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – éwé" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="éwé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Βουλγαρία – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25AE" title="Bulgarî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bulgarî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgario" title="Bulgario – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bulgario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaaria" title="Bulgaaria – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bulgaaria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="بلغارستان – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلغارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – peul" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="peul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaaria" title="Bulgaaria – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bulgaaria" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaarien" title="Bulgaarien – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bulgaarien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhulg%25C3%25A1ir" title="An Bhulgáir – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhulgáir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E" title="保加利亞 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgari" title="Bilgari – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bilgari" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A0iria" title="Bulgàiria – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bulgàiria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vug%25C3%25A1ria" title="Vugária – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vugária" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बल्गेरिया – konkani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B1%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B2%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25BE%25F0%2590%258C%25B0" title="𐌱𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 – gotique" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AC%25E0%25AA%25B2%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%2597%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25AF%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="બલ્ગેરિયા – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બલ્ગેરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vulgeyr" title="Yn Vulgeyr – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vulgeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeriya" title="Bulgeriya – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bulgeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulukalia" title="Pulukalia – hawaïen" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pulukalia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="בולגריה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בולגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गारिया – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%25C5%2582harska" title="Bołharska – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bołharska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgari" title="Bilgari – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bilgari" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A1ria" title="Bulgária – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B2%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Բուլղարիա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուլղարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Պուլկարիա – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պուլկարիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BAlgar%25C3%25ADa" title="Búlgaría – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búlgaría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2596%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25AC%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25A2" title="ブルガリア – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルガリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgieria" title="Bulgieria – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bulgieria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bylgAri,as" title="bylgAri,as – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bylgAri,as" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="ბულგარეთი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბულგარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgariya" title="Bolgariya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bolgariya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D" title="Балгариэ – kabarde" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Балгариэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puligari" title="Puligari – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Puligari" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buli%25CC%25B1gariya" title="Buli̱gariya – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Buli̱gariya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocyugo" title="Bocyugo – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bocyugo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%258A%25E1%259E%25BB%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25A0%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B8" title="ប៊ុលហ្ការី – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៊ុលហ្ការី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B6%2588%25EA%25B0%2580%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%2595%2584" title="불가리아 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불가리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D3%25A7%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Бӧлгария – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Бӧлгария" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bulgaristan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25AEa" title="Bulgarîa – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bulgarîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BClgaria" title="Bülgaria – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bülgaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%25B9%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B5" title="ປະເທດບູນກາລີ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບູນກາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarija" title="Bulgarija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bulgarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareja" title="Bulgareja – latgalien" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Bulgareja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C4%2581rija" title="Bulgārija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bulgārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – madurais" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgaria" title="Bolgaria – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bolgaria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Болгарий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Болгарий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruk%25C4%2581ria" title="Purukāria – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Purukāria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Бугарија – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бугарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B5%25BE%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AF" title="ബൾഗേറിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൾഗേറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Болгар – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Болгар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2595%25EA%25AF%259C%25EA%25AF%2592%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%258C%25EA%25AF%25A5" title="ꯕꯜꯒꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯜꯒꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बल्गेरिया – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarija" title="Bulgarija – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bulgarija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A1ria" title="Bulgária – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Болгария Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Болгария Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="بلغارستون – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلغارستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dits%25CA%25BCoz%25C3%25AD_Da%25CA%25BCalzhishii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Ditsʼozí Daʼalzhishii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ditsʼozí Daʼalzhishii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolguarii" title="Bolguarii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bolguarii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeeriyaa" title="Bulgeeriyaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bulgeeriyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Болгари – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2586" title="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – pennsilfaanisch" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pennsilfaanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – allemand palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="allemand palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गारिया – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeriya" title="Bulgeriya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bulgeriya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%25C5%2582garia" title="Bułgaria – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bułgaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25ACa" title="Bulgarìa – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="بلغاریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلغاریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Βουλγαρία – pontique" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βουλγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="بلغاریا – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلغاریا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A1ria" title="Bulgária – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulqarya" title="Pulqarya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulqarya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – roundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="roundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurgaria" title="Vurgaria – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vurgaria" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Болгарія – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Болгарія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugariya" title="Bulugariya – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bulugariya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="बुल्गारिया – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25B5%25E1%25B1%25A9%25E1%25B1%259E%25E1%25B1%259C%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25AD%25E1%25B1%259F" title="ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25ACa" title="Bulgarìa – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="بلگاريا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بلگاريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A1ria" title="Bulgária – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugar%25C3%25AFi" title="Bulugarïi – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Bulugarïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%25C9%25A3arya" title="Bulɣarya – chleuh" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulɣarya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="chleuh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းပူႇၵႃႇရီႇယႃႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူႇၵႃႇရီႇယႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B6%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%259A%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="බල්ගේරියාව – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බල්ගේරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharsko" title="Bulharsko – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="بلغاریہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بلغاریہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarija" title="Bolgarija – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bolgarija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bultalia" title="Bultalia – samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Bultalia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurugariya" title="Bhurugariya – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhurugariya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaariya" title="Bulgaariya – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bulgaariya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullgaria" title="Bullgaria – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bullgaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Бугарска – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бугарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarikondre" title="Bulgarikondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bulgarikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhulgariya" title="IBhulgariya – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhulgariya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – sotho du Sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho du Sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%25C5%2582garyjo" title="Bułgaryjo – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bułgaryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25BE" title="பல்காரியா – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்காரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%2587%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25BE" title="బల్గేరియా – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బల్గేరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%25C3%25A1ria" title="Bulgária – tétoum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tétoum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D2%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Булғористон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Булғористон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="ประเทศบัลแกเรีย – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบัลแกเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgari%25C3%25BDa" title="Bolgariýa – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bolgariýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgaristan" title="Bolgaristan – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bolgaristan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulukalia" title="Pulukalia – tongien" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pulukalia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgeria" title="Balgeria – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Balgeria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgaristan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Болгария – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%2587%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="بۇلغارىيە – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇلغارىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Болгарія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болгарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="بلغاریہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلغاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgariya" title="Bolgariya – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolgariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25ACa" title="Bulgarìa – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarii" title="Bolgarii – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bolgarii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareye" title="Bulgareye – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bulgareye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%25C3%25A4n" title="Bulgarän – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bulgarän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareye" title="Bulgareye – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bulgareye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaari" title="Bulgaari – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bulgaari" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A" title="保加利亚 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保加利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBulgariya" title="IBulgariya – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBulgariya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="ბულგარეთი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბულგარეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2592%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="בולגאריע – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בולגאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25B9lg%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25AD%25C3%25A0" title="Bùlgáríà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bùlgáríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharije" title="Bulharije – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bulharije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B4%25B1%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%2596%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B4%25B0" title="ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A" title="保加利亚 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E" title="保加利亞 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D%25E5%258A%25A0%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E" title="保加利亞 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBulgariya" title="IBulgariya – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBulgariya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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