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<div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Odoacer</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Odoacer<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌoʊdoʊˈeɪsər/</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OH-doh-AY-sər</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[b]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 433 – 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[c]</a> was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian</a> soldier and statesman from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> who deposed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> child emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> and became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">ruler of Italy</a> (476–493). Odoacer's overthrow of Romulus Augustulus is traditionally understood as marking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">end of the Western Roman Empire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[d]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Odoacer</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">Rex/Dux</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricius</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavia_gens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Later_use" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_(obverse).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/220px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%2528obverse%2529.png/330px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%2528obverse%2529.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%2528obverse%2529.png/440px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%2528obverse%2529.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1192"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"> Coin of Odoacer minted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 477, with Odoacer in profile, depicted with a "barbarian" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moustache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moustache">moustache</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">4 September 476 – 15 March 493</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"> <div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 433<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">15 March 493 (aged about 60) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Kingdom of Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data">Sunigilda</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Thela</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edeko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edeko">Edeko</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Although he held power over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, he also represented himself as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">client</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>. He was referred to not only as a king (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: rex), but also as commander (Latin: dux), or using the Roman honorific <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>, granted by Zeno. Odoacer himself used the title of king in the only surviving official document that emanated from his chancery, and it was also used by the consul <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decius_Marius_Venantius_Basilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decius Marius Venantius Basilius">Basilius</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[e]</a> He had the support of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477–478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arian Christian</a>, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinitarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian">Trinitarian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">state church of the Roman Empire</a>. Before becoming king, Odoacer was a military leader in Italy who led the revolt of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heruli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heruli">Herulian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugian">Rugian</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scirian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scirian">Scirian</a> soldiers that deposed Romulus Augustulus on 4 September AD 476. Eleven-year-old Augustulus had been declared Western Roman Emperor by his father <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a>, the rebellious general of the army in Italy, less than a year before, but had been unable to gain allegiance or recognition beyond central Italy. With the backing of the Roman Senate, Odoacer thenceforth ruled Italy autonomously, paying lip service to the authority of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Nepos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, the previous Western emperor, and Zeno. Upon Nepos's murder in 480, Odoacer invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, to punish the murderers. He executed the conspirators, conquered the region and incorporated it into his domain within two years. When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illus">Illus</a>, master of soldiers of the Eastern Empire, asked for Odoacer's help in 484 in his struggle to depose Zeno, Odoacer invaded Zeno's westernmost provinces. The emperor responded first by inciting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugii">Rugii</a> of present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> to attack Italy. During the winter of 487–488, Odoacer crossed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a> and defeated the Rugii in their own territory. Zeno eventually appointed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrogoth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">Ostrogoth</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>, who had been menacing the Eastern Empire within the Balkans. Theodoric invaded Italy in 489 and by August 490 had captured almost the entire peninsula, forcing Odoacer to take refuge in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. The city surrendered on 5 March 493. Theodoric invited Odoacer to a banquet of reconciliation, where instead of forging an alliance, Theodoric killed Odoacer, and replaced him as king. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins">1 Origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name_etymology">1.1 Name etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Father_and_brother">1.2 Father and brother</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnic_affiliations">1.3 Ethnic affiliations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Before_Italy">2 Before Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leader_of_the_foederati">3 Leader of the foederati</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#King_of_Italy">4 King of Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fall_and_death">5 Fall and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Later_portrayals">6 Later portrayals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">10 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Name_etymology">Name etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The origin of the name Odoacer, which may give indications as to his tribal affiliation, is debated. It is however traditionally derived from the Germanic components *auda (luck, possession, wealth) and *wakra (awake, vigilant, lively). It is not clear from which branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language family</a> it is derived.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2002-9">[4]</a> In favour of this etymology, this form has a cognate in another Germanic language, the titular Eadwacer of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a> (where Old English renders the earlier Germanic sound au- as ea-).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141-10">[5]</a> However, historians <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_L._Reynolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert L. Reynolds">Robert L. Reynolds</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_S._Lopez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert S. Lopez">Robert S. Lopez</a> explored the possibility that the name Odoacer was not Germanic, making several arguments that his ethnic background might lie elsewhere. One of these is that his name, "Odoacer", for which they claimed an etymology in Germanic languages had not been convincingly found, arguing instead that it could be a form of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> "Ot-toghar" ("grass-born" or "fire-born"), or the shorter form "Ot-ghar" ("herder").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11">[6]</a> There is also debate regarding the etymology of Edeco, the apparent name of Odoacer's father. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a> considered it Turkic;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982456%E2%80%93457-12">[7]</a> others such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Heather?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> continue to consider it Germanic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005329-13">[8]</a> The name of Odoacer's apparent brother, Hunulf or Onulf, is generally accepted to be Germanic "Hun wolf".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14">[9]</a> Reynolds and Lopez emphasized that the first part, "hun", although the meaning is uncertain, may refer to the Huns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649-15">[10]</a> Odoacer's son is given two different names in ancient sources, Thelan and Oklan. Reynolds and Lopez compare these to Turkic names: "Thelan resembles the name borne by the khagan of the eastern Turks, Tulan, who reigned from 587 to 600 A.D. Oklan resembles closely the Turkish-Tatar word oghlan, 'youth' ".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649-15">[10]</a> The assumption that the etymology of Odoacer's name can be used to determine his ancestry or language has been criticized by historians and philologists such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Pohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a>, who have pointed out that Germanic-speakers used Hunnic names in this period and region, and vice versa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983324-16">[11]</a> As emphasized by Pohl, the same person could be considered Hunnic or Germanic under different circumstances, especially during the upheavals after Attila's death, and "the ruling class of Attila's empire continued to influence tribal politics even after its collapse".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Father_and_brother">Father and brother</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Father and brother" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In a fragment from a history of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priscus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priscus">Priscus</a>, reproduced in the 7th century by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(chronicler)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Antioch (chronicler)">John of Antioch</a>, Odoacer is described as a man of the Sciri, the son of Edeco ("Idiko"), and brother of Hunulf who killed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armatus">Armatus</a> in the eastern Roman empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644-18">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398%E2%80%9399-19">[14]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Anonymus Valesianus</a> agrees that his father's name was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edeko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edeko">Edeko</a> ("Aediko"), and refers to him leading Sciri and Heruli.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17">[12]</a> Another record of an Edica—apparently the same person—is found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, who identified him as a leader of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciri">Sciri</a> along with a person named Hunuulf (presumably his son), after the fall of Attila. They were defeated by the Ostrogoths at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Bolia">Battle of Bolia</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a> about 469.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005314%E2%80%93317-20">[15]</a> An earlier Edeco ("Edekon") was described by Priscus as a trusted man of Attila, and ambassador to Constantinople. He escorted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priscus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priscus">Priscus</a> and other Imperial dignitaries back to Attila's camp. It is not universally accepted that this Edeco is the father of Odoacer. Priscus once calls him a Scythian, and another time a Hun. It has been argued classifications like "Scythian" or "Hun" from this period could refer to social type and lifestyle rather than an exact ethnic origin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14">[9]</a> Macbain, however, argues that Priscus was careful with such terms, and sees this as evidence that Edeco cannot be the Scirian father of Odoacer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326-21">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnic_affiliations">Ethnic affiliations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ethnic affiliations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Except for the fact that he was not considered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman people">Roman</a>, Odoacer's precise ethnic origins are not known.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[f]</a> His origins probably lie in the multi-ethnic empire of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attila">Attila</a>, a generation earlier, which included several groups referred to in this period as "Gothic peoples"—the same polyethnic complex which dominated the military forces that he is most famous for leading throughout his later life. On that basis, he is likely at least partly of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> descent. Early medieval sources such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> called him a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goths">Goth</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002284-23">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17">[12]</a> Likewise, the 6th century chronicler <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a> called him a "king of the Goths" (Odoacer rex Gothorum).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[g]</a> One of the most important sources for this topic has been the 6th-century writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, who associated him with several of the Gothic peoples who came to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> during the time of Attila's empire, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heruli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>. In several passages, Jordanes also associated Odoacer with the otherwise unknown <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turcilingi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turcilingi">Turcilingi</a>—who may have been a people or perhaps a dynasty. The Turcilingi are not mentioned in any other historical sources apart from those derived from Jordanes and their ethnic affiliations are unclear, but they may have been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goths">Gothic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huns">Hunnic</a>, or even precursors of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuringii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>. While in one passage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Getica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Getica">Getica</a>, Jordanes describes Odoacer as king of the Turcilingi (Torcilingorum rex) with Scirian and Heruli followers,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_%5BXLVI.242%5D-25">[18]</a> in another passage Jordanes mentions Italy being "shaken by the tyranny of the Torcilingi and Rugi" during Odoacer's reign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_%5BLVII.291%5D-26">[19]</a> In his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romana_(Jordanes)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romana (Jordanes)">Romana</a>, the same author defines Odoacer as a descendant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>, or of a person named Rogus (Odoacer genere Rogus), with Turcilingi, Scirian and Heruli followers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[h]</a> The Scirii and Heruls were among those known to contemporaries such as the historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procopius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> as "Gothic peoples".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14">[9]</a> They both appear to have come to the Danubian area from the direction of what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, as do the Goths, Huns, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alans">Alans</a>. The Rugii, who apparently originated on the south Baltic coast, are known from other sources for their post-Attila kingdom on the Danube. These groups fought on the same side as the Scirii in the battle of Bolia in 468, defeating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrogoths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, who were one of the most dominant of the post-Attila groups. It has also been pointed out by Reynolds and Lopez that Attila had an uncle named Rogus and that Jordanes may have been saying Odoacer was his descendant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644-18">[13]</a> After the battle of Bolia, the Scirii, Rugii and Heruli made up a large part of the military force Odoacer came to control in Italy, while the Ostrogoths moved into Eastern Roman territory in the Balkans. The near contemporary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auctorium_Havniense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctorium Havniense">Auctorium Havniense</a> also calls Odoacer a king of Heruli.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17">[12]</a> Many historians, such as medieval scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Frassetto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Frassetto">Michael Frassetto</a>, accept that Odoacer was of Scirian heritage, because of the apparent family links to Edeko and Hunulf.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275-28">[20]</a> On the other hand, scholars are divided about whether Jordanes can be relied upon concerning the "Turcilingi". It has also been proposed that these are an otherwise unknown Turkic speaking people among the Huns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398%E2%80%93101-29">[21]</a> Whether or not this is accepted, there is also an argument that the Turcilingi mentioned by Jordanes were early Thuringians, who established a kingdom by about this time in what is now central Germany, relatively far to the north of the Danubian kingdoms. In favour of this argument, the 10th century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suda">Suda</a> identifies Odoacer's apparent brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onoulphus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onoulphus">Hunulf</a> as a Thuringian on his father's side and Scirian on his mother's side. This fragment was most likely written by the contemporary historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malchus_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malchus (historian)">Malchus</a>, who was a near contemporary and likely to be well-informed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326-21">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/220px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/220px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/330px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/440px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Latin memorial plate from 1521, that mentions Odoacer as Rex Rhutenorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petersfriedhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>, Salzburg) </figcaption> </figure> Much later, a memorial plate from 1521 found in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catacombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombe">catacombe</a> Chapel of St Maximus in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petersfriedhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>—the burial site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Abbey,_Salzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg">St Peter's Abbey</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (Austria)—mentions Odoacer as King of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Rex Rhvtenorvm), who invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> in 477. Due to its very late date of 1521 and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered nothing more than a legend.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[22]</a> In spite of that, the plate has become a popular "source" for several theorists that try to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhuteni_(Celtic_tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhuteni (Celtic tribe)">Ruthenes</a>, and also with later Slavic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493-31">[23]</a> Historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Paul R. Magocsi</a> argues such theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers and nothing more.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550%E2%80%9351-32">[24]</a> Finally, a passage from Eugippius's Life of Saint Severinus indicated that Odoacer was so tall that he had to bend down to pass through the doorway, which historian Bruce Macbain considers another strong argument that he was unlikely to have been a Hun, as ancient sources describe the Huns as shorter than Romans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983327-33">[25]</a> Historians such as Penny MacGeorge and Macbain avow that Odoacer was likely half-Scirian and half-Thuringian.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002286-34">[26]</a> Macbain's sees this as evidence of Odoacer's Germanic heritage arguing that "whatever the Skirians may have been [...] no one doubts that the Thuringians were Germans", and that while the "ancient sources exhibit considerable confusion over Odovacer's tribal affiliation" none of them calls Odoacer a Hun.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983325-35">[27]</a> Historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_Amory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick Amory">Patrick Amory</a> explains that "Odoacer is called a Scirian, a Rugian, a Goth or a Thuringian in sources; his father is called a Hun, his mother a Scirian. Odoacer's father Edeco was associated first with the Huns under Attila, and then with a group called Sciri, an ethnographic name that appears intermittently in fifth-century sources."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory1997282-36">[28]</a> This line of reasoning is also picked up on by historian Erik Jensen, who avows that Odoacer was born to a Gothic mother and that his father Edeco was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201816-37">[29]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Before_Italy">Before Italy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Before Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> There are two recorded incidents involving military leaders with the name Odoacer preserved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History_of_the_Franks" title="Gregory of Tours">History of the Franks</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, using two different spellings and involving two different regions. These involve events which were early enough to be Odoacer before his appearance in Italy. Both were during the lifetime of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Childeric_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Childeric I">Childeric I</a>, king of the Franks, who died about 481.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_%5BII.18%E2%80%9319%5D-38">[30]</a> <ul> <li>In the first mention, a confused or confusing report is given of a number of battles in about 463 fought by Childeric, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aegidius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aegidius">Aegidius</a>, Count Paul, and one "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adovacrius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adovacrius">Adovacrius</a>" (with an "a") who was leading a group of Saxons based at the mouth of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loire">Loire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_%5BII.18%E2%80%9319%5D-38">[30]</a> Though there is no consensus, some historians, such as Reynolds and Lopez, have suggested that this Adovacrius may be the same person as the future king of Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11">[6]</a> Matthias Springer has noted that Odoacer's involvement with northern European Saxons in this period would be consistent with the proposal that he had Thuringian ancestry, pointing out that the term Saxon in this period was probably not a distinct ethnic label.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpringer200452%E2%80%9355-39">[31]</a></li> <li>In a second mention by Gregory of Tours, an Odovacrius (with an "o") made an alliance with the same Childeric, and together they fought the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamanni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, who had been causing problems in Italy. This Odoacer, with his connection to the region north of Italy, and his "o" spelling, is probably the future king of Italy, before he was king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002110-40">[32]</a></li> </ul> Another early recorded event which is more certainly about Odoacer the future king, was shortly before he arrived in Italy. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugippius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugippius">Eugippius</a>, in his Life of Saint Severinus, records how a group of barbarians on their way to Italy stopped to pay their respects to the holy man. Odoacer, at the time "a young man, of tall figure, clad in poor clothes", learned from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severinus_of_Noricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severinus of Noricum">Severinus</a> that he would one day become famous.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263-41">[33]</a> Despite the fact that Odoacer was an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christian and Severinus was Catholic, the latter left a deep impression on him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263-41">[33]</a> When Odoacer took his leave, Severinus made one final comment which proved prophetic: "Go to Italy, go, now covered with mean hides; soon you will make rich gifts to many."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEugippius196564-42">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[i]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/220px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1129"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/220px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/330px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/440px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Romulus Augustus resigns the Crown (from a 19th-century illustration). </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Leader_of_the_foederati">Leader of the foederati</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Leader of the foederati" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> By 470, Odoacer had become an officer in what remained of the Roman Army. Although Jordanes writes of Odoacer as invading Italy "as leader of the Sciri, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heruli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> and allies of various races",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_%5BXLVI.242%5D-25">[18]</a> modern writers describe him as being part of the Roman military establishment, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(chronicler)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Antioch (chronicler)">John of Antioch</a>'s statement that Odoacer was on the side of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ricimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> at the beginning of his battle with the emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthemius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> in 472. Odoacer is said to have "hastened the emperor's downfall", since he switched sides to join with Ricimer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997184-45">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275-28">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[j]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procopius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> describes him as one of the Emperor's bodyguards, only agreeing to this position if placed in charge of them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014251_%5B5.1.6%5D-47">[37]</a> When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a> was in 475 appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magister_militum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> by the Western Roman Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Nepos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, Odoacer became head of the barbarian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foederati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foederati">foederati</a> military forces of Italy. Under the command of Orestes were significant contingents of Germanic peoples made up mostly of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugii">Rugii</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heruli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> tribesmen.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367-48">[38]</a> Before the end of that year Orestes had rebelled and driven Nepos from Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367-48">[38]</a> Orestes then proclaimed his young son Romulus the new emperor as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustus, called "Augustulus"</a> (31 October).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923405-49">[39]</a> At this time, Odoacer was a soldier rising through the ranks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263%E2%80%9364-50">[40]</a> However, Nepos reorganized his court in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salona">Salona</a> in Dalmatia, and received homage and affirmation from the remaining fragments of the Western Empire beyond Italy and, most importantly, from Constantinople, which refused to accept Augustulus, Zeno having branded him and his father as traitors and usurpers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1958190-51">[41]</a> About this time, the foederati, who had been quartered in Italy all of these years, had grown weary of this arrangement. In the words of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._B._Bury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, "They desired to have roof-trees and lands of their own, and they petitioned Orestes to reward them for their services, by granting them lands and settling them permanently in Italy".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923406-52">[42]</a> Orestes refused their petition, and they turned to Odoacer to lead their revolt against Orestes. Orestes was killed at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Placentia,_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a> along with his brother Paulus outside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. The Germanic foederati, the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, then proclaimed Odoacer rex ("king") on 23 August 476.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923406-52">[42]</a> Odoacer then advanced to Ravenna and captured the city, compelling the young emperor Romulus to abdicate on 4 September. According to the Anonymus Valesianus, Odoacer was moved by Romulus's youth and his beauty to not only spare his life but give him a pension of 6,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidus_(coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a> and sent him to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a> to live with his relatives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197019-53">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[k]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/220px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="221"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/220px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/330px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/440px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Odoacer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidus_(coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a> struck in the name of Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, testifying to the formal submission of Odoacer to Zeno </figcaption> </figure> Following Romulus Augustus's deposition, according to the historian Malchus, upon hearing of the accession of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> to the throne, the Senate in Rome sent an embassy to the Eastern Emperor and bestowed upon him the Western imperial insignia. The message was clear: the West no longer required a separate Emperor, for "one monarch sufficed [to rule] the world". In response, Zeno accepted their gifts and this essentially brought to an end any puppet emperors in the West, with Nepos banished and Anthemius dead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923407-55">[44]</a> The Eastern Emperor then conferred upon Odoacer the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patrician</a> and granted him legal authority to govern Italy in the name of Rome, as dux Italiae.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005428%E2%80%93429-56">[45]</a> Zeno also suggested that Odoacer should receive Nepos back as Emperor in the West,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005429-57">[46]</a> "if he truly wished to act with justice."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[l]</a> Although he accepted the title of Patrician and Dux from Zeno, Odoacer did not invite Julius Nepos to return to Rome, and the latter remained in Dalmatia until his death. Odoacer was careful to observe form, however, and made a pretence of acting on Nepos's authority, even issuing coins with both his image and that of Zeno.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018219-59">[47]</a> Following Nepos's murder in 480, who was killed while waiting in Dalmatia,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1995292-60">[48]</a> Zeno became sole Emperor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199846%E2%80%9347-61">[49]</a> Bury, however, disagrees that Odoacer's assumption of power marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> It stands out prominently as an important stage in the process of the dismemberment of the Empire. It belongs to the same catalogue of chronological dates which includes A.D. 418, when Honorius settled the Goths in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitaine</a>, and A.D. 435, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinian_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian</a> ceded African lands to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>. In A.D. 476 the same principle of disintegration was first applied to Italy. The settlement of Odovacar's East Germans, with Zeno's acquiescence, began the process by which Italian soil was to pass into the hands of Ostrogoths and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normans">Normans</a>. And Odovacar's title of king emphasised the significance of the change.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923409-62">[50]</a> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="King_of_Italy">King of Italy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: King of Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="fn org country-name"> Kingdom of Italy </div> <div class="ib-country-names"> Regnum Italiae </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">476–493</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 476"> <noscript> <img alt="Italy in 476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5564" data-file-height="4949"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png" data-alt="Italy in 476" data-width="250" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> Italy in 476 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulgar_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#As_%22Kingdom_of_Odoacer%22" title="King of Italy">Dux</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 476–493 AD </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">Odoacer</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th> <td class="infobox-data"> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Odoacer is proclaimed Rex </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">23 August 476</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> abdicates </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">4 September 476</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric the Great">Theoderic</a> assassinates Odoacer </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">15 March 493</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidus_(coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"> <div id="before-after"></div>Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-class="mw-file-element"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-class="mw-file-element"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In 476, Odoacer was proclaimed rex by his soldiers and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">dux Italiae</a> by emperor Zeno, initiating a new administrative era over Roman lands. Odoacer introduced a few important changes to the administrative system of Italy. According to Jordanes, at the beginning of his reign he "slew Count Bracila at Ravenna that he might inspire a fear of himself among the Romans."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_%5BXLVI.243%5D-63">[51]</a> He took many military actions to strengthen his control over Italy and its neighbouring areas. He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaiseric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> to cede Sicily to him. Noting that "Odovacar seized power in August of 476, Gaiseric died in January 477, and the sea usually became closed to navigation around the beginning of November", F. M. Clover dates this cession to September or October 476.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClover1999237-64">[52]</a> When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Nepos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salona">Salona</a> (9 May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins, and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923410-65">[53]</a> As Bury points out, "It is highly important to observe that Odovacar established his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate, and this body seems to have given him their loyal support throughout his reign, so far as our meagre sources permit us to draw inferences." He regularly nominated members of the Senate to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consul">Consulate</a> and other prestigious offices: "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caecina_Decius_Maximus_Basilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius">Basilius</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caecina_Mavortius_Basilius_Decius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius">Decius</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decius_Marius_Venantius_Basilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decius Marius Venantius Basilius">Venantius</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manlius_Boethius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manlius Boethius">Manlius Boethius</a> held the consulship and were either Prefects of Rome or Praetorian Prefects; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Memmius_Symmachus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus">Symmachus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rufius_Achilius_Sividius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rufius Achilius Sividius">Sividius</a> were consuls and Prefects of Rome; another senator of old family, Cassiodorus, was appointed a minister of finance."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923409-62">[50]</a> A. H. M. Jones also notes that under Odoacer the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> acquired "enhanced prestige and influence" in order to counter any desires for restoration of Imperial rule.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964253-66">[54]</a> As the most tangible example of this renewed prestige, for the first time since the mid-3rd century copper coins were issued with the legend S(enatus) C(onsulto). Jones describes these coins as "fine big copper pieces", which were "a great improvement on the miserable little <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nummus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nummus">nummi</a> hitherto current", and not only were they copied by the Vandals in Africa, but they formed the basis of the currency reform by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius</a> in the Eastern Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964254-67">[55]</a> Although Odoacer was an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianism">Arian Christian</a>, his relations with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian church hierarchy</a> were remarkably good. As G. M. Cook notes in her introduction to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnus_Felix_Ennodius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnus Felix Ennodius">Magnus Felix Ennodius</a>'s Life of Saint Epiphanius, he showed great esteem for Bishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epiphanius of Pavia">Epiphanius</a>: in response to the bishop's petition, Odoacer granted the inhabitants of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liguria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> a five-year immunity from taxes, and again granted his requests for relief from abuses by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praetorian_prefect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn-68">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[m]</a> The biography of Pope <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix III">Felix III</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> openly states that the pontiff's tenure occurred during Odoacer's reign without any complaints about the king being registered.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200141fn-70">[57]</a> In 487/488, Odoacer led his army to victory against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugians">Rugians</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, taking their king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feletheus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feletheus">Feletheus</a> into captivity; when word that Feletheus's son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frideric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frideric">Fredericus</a>, had returned to his people, Odoacer sent his brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onoulphus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onoulphus">Onoulphus</a> with an army back to Noricum against him. Onoulphus found it necessary to evacuate the remaining Romans and resettled them in Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory1997121-71">[58]</a> The remaining Rugians fled and took refuge with the Ostrogoths; the abandoned province was settled by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> by 493.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_the_Deacon200331%E2%80%9333_%5BXIX%5D-72">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Fall_and_death">Fall and death</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fall and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/220px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1981"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/220px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/330px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/440px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An early illustration of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dietrich von Bern">a mythologized Theodoric</a> killing Odoacer in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a>. From the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anonymus_Valesianus_II" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Chronica Theodericiana</a> (1181). </figcaption> </figure> As Odoacer's position improved, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, the Eastern Emperor, increasingly saw him as a rival. Odoacer exchanged messages with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illus">Illus</a>, who had been in open revolt against Zeno since 484.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013100-73">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[n]</a> Switching allegiances, Zeno subsequently sought to destroy Odoacer and then promised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. As both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> and Peter Heather point out, Theodoric had his own reasons to agree to this offer: "Theodoric had enough experience to know (or at least suspect) that Zeno would not, in the long term, tolerate his independent power. When Theodoric rebelled in 485, we are told, he had in mind Zeno's treatment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armatus">Armatus</a>. Armatus defected from Basilicus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. Within a year, Zeno had him assassinated."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996217-75">[61]</a> In 489, Theodoric led the Ostrogoths across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_Alps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> and into Italy. On 28 August, Odoacer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Isonzo_(489)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Isonzo (489)">met him</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isonzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a>, only to be defeated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201350%E2%80%9351-76">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[o]</a> He withdrew to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona">Verona</a>, reaching its outskirts on 27 September, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theodoric followed him and three days later <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(489)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Verona (489)">defeated</a> him again.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201351-79">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[p]</a> While Odoacer took refuge in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Theodoric continued across Italy to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediolanum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>, where the majority of Odoacer's army, including his chief general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tufa_(general)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tufa (general)">Tufa</a>, surrendered to the Ostrogothic king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003337-81">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[q]</a> Theodoric had no reason to doubt Tufa's loyalty and dispatched his new general to Ravenna with a band of elite soldiers. Herwig Wolfram observes, "[b]ut Tufa changed sides, the Gothic elite force entrusted to his command was destroyed, and Theodoric suffered his first serious defeat on Italian soil."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83">[66]</a> Theodoric recoiled by seeking safety in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ticinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>. Odoacer emerged from Ravenna and started to besiege his rival. While both were fully engaged, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> seized the opportunity to plunder and devastated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liguria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Many Romans were taken into captivity and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83">[66]</a> The following summer, the Visigothic king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaric_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a> demonstrated what Wolfram calls "one of the rare displays of Gothic solidarity" and sent military aid to help his kinsman, forcing Odoacer to raise his siege. Theodoric emerged from Ticinum, and on 11 August 490, the armies of the two kings <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Adda_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Adda River">clashed</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adda_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda River">Adda River</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83">[66]</a> Odoacer again was defeated and forced back into Ravenna, where Theodoric <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(490%E2%80%93493)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Ravenna (490–493)">besieged</a> him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84">[67]</a> Ravenna proved to be invulnerable, surrounded by marshes and estuaries and easily supplied by small boats from its hinterlands, as Procopius later pointed out in his History.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252%E2%80%93253_%5B5.1.18%E2%80%9323%5D-85">[68]</a> Further, Tufa remained at large in the strategic valley of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adige">Adige</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trento">Trent</a>, and received unexpected reinforcements when dissent amongst Theodoric's ranks led to sizable desertions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219-86">[69]</a> That same year, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> took their turn to strike while both sides were fully engaged and invaded Sicily.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84">[67]</a> While Theodoric was engaged with them, his ally Fredericus, king of the Rugians, began to oppress the inhabitants of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, whom the latter's forces had been garrisoned to protect. Once Theodoric intervened in person in late August 491, his punitive acts drove Fredericus to desert with his followers to Tufa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[r]</a> By this time, however, Odoacer appeared to have lost all hope of victory. A large-scale sortie he sent out of Ravenna on the night of 9/10 July 491 ended in failure,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188-88">[70]</a> during which his commander-in-chief, Livilia, along with the best of his Herulian soldiers, was killed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89">[71]</a> On 29 August 492, the Goths were about to assemble enough ships at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rimini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> to set up an effective blockade of Ravenna. Despite these decisive losses, the war dragged on until 25 February 493 when John, bishop of Ravenna, was able to negotiate a treaty between Theodoric and Odoacer to occupy Ravenna together and share joint rule. After a three-year siege, Theodoric entered the city on 5 March. Odoacer died ten days later, slain by Theodoric while they shared a meal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923426-90">[72]</a> Theodoric had plotted to have a group of his followers kill him while the two kings were feasting together in the imperial palace of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> "Ad Laurentum" ("At the Laurel Grove"); when this plan went astray, Theodoric drew his sword and struck him on the collarbone. In response to Odoacer's dying question, "Where is God?" Theodoric cried, "This is what you did to my friends." Theodoric was said to have stood over the body of his dead rival and exclaimed, "The man has no bones in his body."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory199769-91">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[s]</a> Not only did Theodoric slay Odoacer, he thereafter had the betrayed king's loyal followers hunted down and killed as well, an event which left him as the master of Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287-93">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[u]</a> Odoacer's wife Sunigilda was stoned to death,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[v]</a> and his brother Onoulphus was killed by archers while seeking refuge in a church. Theodoric exiled Odoacer's son Thela to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, but when he attempted to return to Italy Theodoric had him killed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[w]</a> Despite the tragic ending of his domain, followers, and family, Odoacer left an important legacy, in that, he had laid the foundations of a great kingdom in Italy that benefited Theodoric the Great.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276-98">[75]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Later_portrayals">Later portrayals</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Later portrayals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_High_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hildebrandslied?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hildebrandslied">Hildebrandslied</a> mentions Odoacer (as Otacher) as the person who drove Hildebrand from his home.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410-99">[76]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a>" has been thought to be a legendary retelling of part of Odoacer's story.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373%E2%80%93420-100">[77]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaric_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaiseric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarian_invasions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> Odoacer is called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavia_gens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a>" on a few coins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">[1]</a> The name had become a title by the 5th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-2">[2]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> See the following: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/odoacer">"Odoacer"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E1%25BD%2588%25CE%25B4%25CF%258C%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ὀδόακρος">Ὀδόακρος</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Odóakros<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Gibbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter XXXVI.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716-6">[3]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassiodorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">Papal</a> documents, which come the closest to implying official use of the title, all refer to him as rex. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> at one point refers to him as Gothorum Romanorumque regnator: ruler of the Goths and the Romans. He is called an autokrator (autocrat) and a tyrannos (usurper, tyrant) by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procopius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>' Bellum Gothicum. The only reference to Odoacer as "King of Italy" is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Vitensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Vitensis">Victor Vitensis</a>: Odouacro Italiae regi.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> For more on this, see: Stefan Krautschick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435971">"Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</a>, 35 (1986), pp. 344–371.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s. a. 476.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> See:Jordanes, Romana 344.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Translator of Eugippius' The Life of Saint Severin, Ludwig Bieler, explains in a footnote that "make rich gifts to many" refers to the custom of Germanic war leaders giving lavishly to their followers, because "generosity was one of the virtues which a king was supposed to have."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEugippius196565fn-43">[35]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> Also See: John of Antioch, fragment 209; translated by C. D. Gordon, Age of Attila, p. 122.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> Also see: Anonymus Valesianus, 8.38. Text and English translation of this document is in J.C. Rolfe (trans.), Ammianus Marcellinus (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), vol. 3 pp. 531ff</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> See:Malchus, fragment 10, translated in C. D. Gordon, The Age of Attila, pp. 127–129.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> Cook writes, "One wonders at [Ennodius'] brevity", adding that during "the thirteen years of Odovacar's mastery of Italy ... a period which embraced nearly half the episcopate of Epiphanius–Ennodius devotes but eight sections of the vita (101–107), five of which are taken up with the restoration of the churches." Cook uses Ennodius's brevity as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argumentum_ex_silentio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentum ex silentio">argumentum ex silentio</a> to prove that Odoacer was very supportive of the Church. "Ennodius was a loyal supporter of Theodoric the Great. Any oppression, therefore, on the part of Odovacar would not be passed over in silence." She concludes that Ennodius's silence "may be construed as an unintentional tribute to the moderation and tolerance of the barbarian king".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn-68">[56]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> Also see: John of Antioch, fragment 214; translated by C. D. Gordon, Age of Attila, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> For several years the armies of Odoacer and Theodoric marched back and forth as they vied for control of Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbr%C3%BCck1990289-77">[63]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> See also: Anonymus Valesianus, 11.50f. This follows how Thomas Hodgkins explains this confusing chronology of the Anonymus Valesianus; Italy and her Invaders (Oxford, 1885), vol. 4 p. 214.</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> Also See:Anonymus Valesianus, 11.52.</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> Wolfram suggests that sometime in 492 or 493, Fredericus and Tufa quarrelled and fought a battle, during which both were killed. To this Wolfram adds, that the Rugians "rejoined the Gothic king" (by whom, he means Theodoric).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84">[67]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> John of Antioch, fragment 214a; translated by C. D. Gordon, reports the statement as "There certainly wasn't a bone in this wretched fellow". Age of Attila, pp. 182f. Both the Anonymus Valesianus (11.55) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andreas_Agnellus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreas Agnellus">Andreas Agnellus</a> (Liber pontificalis ecclesiae Ravennatis, ch. 39) places the murder in Ad Laurentum. Herwig Wolfram explains Theodoric's claim of avenging his "friends" as recompense for the death of a Rugian royal couple – "it apparently did not matter that their son was at that very moment in open rebellion against Theodoric."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89">[71]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> See:Anonymus Valesianus 11.56</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> According to one account, "That same day, all of Odoacer's army who could be found anywhere were killed by order of Theodoric, as well as all of his family".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[t]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> However, Wolfram writes that Sunigilda was starved to death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89">[71]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> See: John of Antioch, fragment 214a.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMartindale1980">Martindale 1980</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1988_2-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCameron1988">Cameron 1988</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716_6-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGibbon1998">Gibbon 1998</a>, p. 716.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2002-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichert2002_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReichert2002">Reichert 2002</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141_10-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFVoyles1992">Voyles 1992</a>, p. 141.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645_11-0">a</a> <a 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2002</a>, p. 284.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_%5BXLVI.242%5D_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_%5BXLVI.242%5D_25-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p. 119 [XLVI.242].</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_[LVII.291]-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_%5BLVII.291%5D_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p. 135 [LVII.291].</li> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stift-stpeter.at/de/kloster/index.asp?dat%3DFriedhof-Katakomben">"Friedhof und Katakomben im Stift St. Peter"</a>. www.stift-stpeter.at.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stift-stpeter.at&rft.atitle=Friedhof+und+Katakomben+im+Stift+St.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stift-stpeter.at%2Fde%2Fkloster%2Findex.asp%3Fdat%3DFriedhof-Katakomben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493-31"><a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 282.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252–253_[5.1.18–23]-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252%E2%80%93253_%5B5.1.18%E2%80%9323%5D_85-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFProkopios2014">Prokopios 2014</a>, pp. 252–253 [5.1.18–23].</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>, p. 219.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188_88-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>, p. 188.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 283.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923426-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923426_90-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 426.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory199769-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory199769_91-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAmory1997">Amory 1997</a>, p. 69.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287_93-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p. 287.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276_98-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFrassetto2003">Frassetto 2003</a>, p. 276.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410_99-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFShiels2022">Shiels 2022</a>, p. 410.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373–420-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373%E2%80%93420_100-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFShiels2022">Shiels 2022</a>, pp. 373–420.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmory1997" class="citation book cs1">Amory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-51152-306-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-51152-306-9"><bdi>978-0-51152-306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy%2C+489%E2%80%93554&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-51152-306-9&rft.aulast=Amory&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1970" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Jack F. (1970). Up from Caesar: A Survey of the History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Collapse of Fascism. New York: Doubleday & Co. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806326076">806326076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+from+Caesar%3A+A+Survey+of+the+History+of+Italy+from+the+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+to+the+Collapse+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806326076&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Jack+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1995). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8"><bdi>978-0-19510-233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19510-233-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.B. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/12*.html">History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</a>. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963903029">963903029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963903029&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2F12%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1958" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.B. (1958). History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications Inc. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62206973">62206973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62206973&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastritius2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Castritius, Helmut (2005). "Skiren (Histrorisch)". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 28 (2 ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018207-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018207-1"><bdi>978-3-11-018207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skiren+%28Histrorisch%29&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018207-1&rft.aulast=Castritius&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover1999" class="citation journal cs1">Clover, Frank M. (1999). "A Game of Bluff: The Fate of Sicily after A.D. 476". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 48 (1): 235–244. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436542">4436542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=A+Game+of+Bluff%3A+The+Fate+of+Sicily+after+A.D.+476&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Raymond (2001). Book of the Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-545-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-545-3"><bdi>978-0-85323-545-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+Pontiffs+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-545-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelbrück1990" class="citation book cs1">Delbrück, Hans (1990). 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The Life of Saint Epiphanius. Translated, Edited, and Commentary by Genevieve Marie Cook. Washington DC: Catholic University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883796942">883796942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Epiphanius&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883796942&rft.aulast=Ennodius&rft.aufirst=Magnus+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton2018" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2018). The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10845-631-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10845-631-9"><bdi>978-1-10845-631-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-10845-631-9&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugippius1965" class="citation book cs1">Eugippius (1965). "Commemoratorium Severinus". The Life of Saint Severin. Translated by Ludwig Bieler. Washington DC: Catholic University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422145289">422145289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commemoratorium+Severinus&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Severin&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422145289&rft.au=Eugippius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Barbarian+Europe%3A+Society+in+Transformation&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-263-9&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1998" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1998) [1789]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyvlYUpqe-JMC">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. London: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-499-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-499-3"><bdi>978-1-85326-499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-499-3&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvlYUpqe-JMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold">How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30013-719-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30013-719-4"><bdi>978-0-30013-719-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-30013-719-4&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1998" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1998). 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Translated by Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-295-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-295-3"><bdi>978-0-14044-295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Franks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14044-295-3&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffranks00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2007" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2007). 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The Goths. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-932-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-932-4"><bdi>978-0-63120-932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-63120-932-4&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2005" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (2005). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936851-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936851-8"><bdi>978-0-19-936851-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restoration+of+Rome%3A+Barbarian+Popes+%26+Imperial+Pretenders&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936851-8&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAB7qAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2018" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Erik (2018). Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World. Cambridge; Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-712-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-712-1"><bdi>978-1-62466-712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-712-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1964" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1964). "The Fall of the Western Empire and the Barbarian Kingdoms". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire01jone">The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey</a>. Vol. I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801832845?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0801832845"><bdi>0801832845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Western+Empire+and+the+Barbarian+Kingdoms&rft.btitle=The+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+284%E2%80%93602%3A+A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Administrative+Survey&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0801832845&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterromanempire01jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanes1915" class="citation book cs1">Jordanes (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/gothichistoryofj00jord">The Gothic History of Jordanes</a>. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463056290">463056290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+History+of+Jordanes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463056290&rft.au=Jordanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothichistoryofj00jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. 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Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5"><bdi>978-0-74862-790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium+AD+363+to+565%3A+The+Transformation+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-74862-790-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacbain1983" class="citation journal cs1">Macbain, Bruce (1983). "Odovacer the Hun?". Classical Philology. 78 (1): 323–327. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F366807">10.1086/366807</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/269961">269961</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162185151">162185151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Odovacer+the+Hun%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162185151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F269961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F366807&rft.aulast=Macbain&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ">With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</a>. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6155053467?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-6155053467"><bdi>978-6155053467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=Budapest+and+New+York&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-6155053467&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Martindale, J.R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-II/page/791">"Odoacer"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a>. Vol. 2 (A.D. 395–527). London; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 791–793. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20159-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20159-4"><bdi>0-521-20159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odoacer&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E791-%3C%2Fspan%3E793&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-20159-4&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-II%2Fpage%2F791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGeorge2002" class="citation book cs1">MacGeorge, Penny (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dvw-NAsihhekC">Late Roman Warlords</a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925244-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925244-2"><bdi>978-0-19-925244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Roman+Warlords&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925244-2&rft.aulast=MacGeorge&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw-NAsihhekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_the_Deacon2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul the Deacon (2003). 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Vol. IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570">0363-5570</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2016. 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Anglia: Journal of English Philology. 140 (3–4): 373–420. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1515%252Fang-2022-0056">10.1515/ang-2022-0056</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254294773">254294773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglia%3A+Journal+of+English+Philology&rft.atitle=%27Wulf+and+Eadwacer%27+Reloaded%3A+John+of+Antioch+and+the+Starving+Wife+of+Odoacer&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fang-2022-0056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254294773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F195321%2F1%2F10.1515_ang-2022-0056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotiroff1974" class="citation book cs1">Sotiroff, G. (1974). The Assassination of Justinian's Personality. Lynn Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906162550">906162550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Justinian%27s+Personality&rft.pub=Lynn+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906162550&rft.aulast=Sotiroff&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Springer, Matthias (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3op4DwAAQBAJ">Die Sachsen</a> (in German). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023227-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023227-3"><bdi>978-3-17-023227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sachsen&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-17-023227-3&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3op4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1982" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E.A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/romansbarbarians00thom">Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-08700-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-08700-X"><bdi>0-299-08700-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romans+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Western+Empire&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-299-08700-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansbarbarians00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoyles1992" class="citation book cs1">Voyles, Joseph (1992). Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic Languages. Academic Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X"><bdi>0-12-728270-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Grammar%3A+Pre-%2C+Proto-%2C+and+Post-Germanic+Languages&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-12-728270-X&rft.aulast=Voyles&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5"><bdi>0-520-05259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-05259-5&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6"><bdi>0-520-08511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-520-08511-6&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00greg">A History of Byzantium</a>. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2"><bdi>978-0-63123-513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%3B+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-63123-513-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman Emperor">Western Roman Emperor</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Nepos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman Emperor">Western Roman Emperor</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> 476–493</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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</div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 03:20 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25A6%25E1%258B%25B6%25E1%258B%258B%25E1%258A%25A8%25E1%2588%25AD" title="ኦዶዋከር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦዶዋከር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1" title="أودواكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أودواكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakr" title="Odoakr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odoakr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A2%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1" title="اودوآکر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودوآکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Адаакр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адаакр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D1%2580" title="Одоакър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одоакър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovacer" title="Odovacer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odovacer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CE%25B4%25CF%258C%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Οδόακρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδόακρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakro" title="Odoakro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odoakro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakro" title="Odoakro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odoakro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A2%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1" title="اودوآکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودوآکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo%25C3%25A4ker" title="Odoäker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odoäker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2598%25A4%25EB%258F%2584%25EC%2595%2584%25EC%25BC%2580%25EB%25A5%25B4" title="오도아케르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오도아케르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2595%25D5%25A4%25D5%25B8%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D6%2580" title="Օդոակր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդոակր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2593d%25C3%25B3vakar" title="Ódóvakar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ódóvakar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8" title="אודואקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודואקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2593%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258A%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಓಡೊವೇಸರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಡೊವೇಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="ოდოაკრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდოაკრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakrs" title="Odoakrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odoakrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakras" title="Odoakras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odoakras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Одоакар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одоакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="ოდოაკრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოდოაკრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1" title="اودواكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اودواكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AA%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2582%25B1%25E3%2583%25AB" title="オドアケル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オドアケル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakr" title="Odoakr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odoakr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacru" title="Odoacru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odoacru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacri" title="Odoacri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Odoacri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Одоакар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одоакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="พระเจ้าโอโดเอเซอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าโอโดเอเซอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580" title="Одоакр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1" title="اودویسر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اودویسر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A5%25A5%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%25A1%259E" title="奥多亚塞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥多亚塞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A5%25A7%25E5%25A4%259A%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%25A1%259E" title="奧多亞塞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧多亞塞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 03:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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1528.894 1 -total"," 18.94% 289.576 105 Template:Sfn"," 13.55% 207.113 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 12.89% 197.019 3 Template:Infobox"," 12.86% 196.602 23 Template:Efn"," 10.55% 161.329 37 Template:Cite_book"," 10.01% 153.011 4 Template:Langx"," 9.64% 147.420 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.89% 105.379 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.70% 102.472 1 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.924","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17430084,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmory1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastritius2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClover1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelbrück1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnnodius1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugippius1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrassetto2003\"] = 1,\n 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{\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-7cb9d4cb64-t9ntx","timestamp":"20250217151440","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Odoacer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Odoacer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q103333","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q103333","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-29T19:05:03Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T03:20:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5e\/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png","headline":"5th-century Germanic soldier and monarch"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>