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http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>米国/アラバマ州：新移民法の下「生きる術がない」 | Human Rights Watch</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <script type="text/javascript">var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime()</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20130512233558im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/themes/hrw/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/ja/news/2011/12/14-0"/> <meta name="keywords" content="Discrimination and Abuse of Discretion,Unfair Immigration Policies,United States,US Domestic Policy,Immigration and the Treatment of Non-Citizens"/> <meta name="copyright" content="Human Rights Watch"/> <meta name="description" content="（ワシントンDC）－アラバマ州の新移民法は、不法移民とその家族（米国国籍を持つ子どもを含む）の基本的人権を否定する法律であり、移住者たちから生活の最低必需品や法の下の平等な保護を奪う可能性がある、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは本日発表の報告書内で述べた。"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130512233558cs_/http://www.hrw.org/modules/search/search.css?J"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130512233558cs_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css_6c83f747c843d88cab2c29d54662b761_0.css"/>   <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20130512233558js_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js_a0facbb2f662de846459c37900f3f845_0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Human Rights Watch - News" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/ja/rss/news"> </head> <body class="hrw not-front not-logged-in page-node node-type-news one-sidebar sidebar-right i18n-ja node-page 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class="node-subtitle">移住者の生活を「全面攻撃」する法律　即時撤廃を</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">2011年12月14日</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2F14-0&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%2F%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8B%E3%80%8C%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E8%A1%93%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%80%8D&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2F14-0" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a 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<div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2011_USA_Alabamaimmigration.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>An unauthorized immigrant who has lived in the US for 12 years sits with her US citizen grandson in her Mexican restaurant in Alabama.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2011_USA_Alabamaimmigration.JPG"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2011_USA_Alabamaimmigration.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>An unauthorized immigrant who has lived in the US for 12 years sits with her US citizen grandson in her Mexican restaurant in Alabama.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2011 Grace Meng/Human Rights Watch</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">Related Materials: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/12/14/no-way-live">No Way to Live</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">12月, 2011</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-link field-field-news-link"> <div class="field-label">More Coverage: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/14/us/alabama-immigration-report/index.html">CNN: HRW Critcizes Alabama Law</a> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/12/alabama_immigration_law_has_de.html">Birmingham News: Law Has Denied Some Basic Human Rights, Report Says</a> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/dec/14/human-rights-watch-alabama-constitution">The Guardian: HRW Accuses Alabama of Violating Constitution</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 話を聞いた不法移民やその家族の多くは、アラバマ州に深い愛着を抱いている。この移民法の影響を明らかに受けているのは不法移民の子どもたちだ。我々は、教え子の抱える不安感について語る際に涙をこらえていた女性教師や、教区の信者の75％を失った牧師、人種以外には理由が考えられない状況で州兵から職務質問されたラテンアメリカ系永住者などにも出会った。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> グレース・メング、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの米国プログラム調査員であり本報告書執筆者 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p align="left">（ワシントンDC）－アラバマ州の新移民法は、不法移民とその家族（米国国籍を持つ子どもを含む）の基本的人権を否定する法律であり、移住者たちから生活の最低必需品や法の下の平等な保護を奪う可能性がある、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは本日発表の報告書内で述べた。</p> <p align="left">報告書<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233558/http://hrw.org/reports/2011/12/12/no-way-live"><u>「『生きる術がない』：アラバマ州の新移民法</u></a>」（全53ページ）は、一般的に「HB 56」の名で知られるビーソン=ハモン・アラバマ州納税者保護法が、不法移民とその家族、そして同州に広がる移民コミュニティに及ぼす影響について調査し、取りまとめている。本報告書は、同法の下で人権侵害や差別にあったと訴える米国籍者や永住者をはじめとする、アラバマ州民57人の直接的な体験談などに基づく。</p> <p align="left">議会での討論の際、「HB 56法」起草者の1人は、同法が「移民生活のあらゆる面を攻撃することを意図する」ものであると明言。同法はアラバマ州からの不法移民追放を狙うばかりで、移住者の多くが同州で長い間生活してきたことや、米国国民である家族や仕事、地元地域での生活を通して同州と深く強い繋がりがあることを、完全に無視している。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの米国プログラム調査員であり本報告書執筆者でもあるグレース・メングは、「話を聞いた不法移民やその家族の多くは、アラバマ州に深い愛着を抱いている」と指摘。「この移民法の影響を明らかに受けているのは不法移民の子どもたちだ。我々は、教え子の抱える不安感について語る際に涙をこらえていた女性教師や、教区の信者の75％を失った牧師、人種以外には理由が考えられない状況で州兵から職務質問されたラテンアメリカ系永住者などにも出会った。」</p> <p align="left">不法移民とその家族の多くが同州を去り、残った人びとは生活がますます困難になっていると感じている。ビーソン=ハモン法の下で不法移民は、アラバマ州との「商取引」を禁じられている。それを試みるとC級重罪（フェロニー）を犯したことになり、1〜10年の拘禁および1万5,000ドル以下の罰金を科される可能性がある。結果として、州や自治体の機関は、不法移民に対して水道などの公共設備の契約をしないと宣言したほか、自治体が所有する移動家屋での居住の禁止、個人経営ビジネスの営業許可更新の禁止などを宣言するに至っている。</p> <p align="left">犯罪の被害を受けても、怖くて警察に行けない人が増えたという報告もあった。給料不払いの被害者のなかには、アラバマ州裁判所に訴えて契約を強制する権利を新法が不法移民に認めていないため、給料を回収できないと考える人もいた。また、不法移民は、いかに軽微な犯罪でも保釈が許されない。</p> <p align="left">新法は、不法移民の他にも、米国国民のなかのマイノリティや永住権保持者を差別することを事実上許している。ある不法移民の若者は、警察に職務質問された末に運転免許証不携帯で逮捕された際、繰り返し「お前には何の権利もない」と言われた、と当時の様子を振り返った。ある大手ストアの従業員は永住権を持つ女性に、米国籍を持っていないから処方箋を出せないと言ったという。ある米国籍の母親は、米国生まれで米国籍を持つ娘がある日、同級生に「メキシコに帰れ」と言われ、学校から泣きながら帰ってきたと訴えていた。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチはまた、新法がアラバマ州の子どもに及ぼしている非常に多くの危害について調査し、取りまとめている。学校に生徒の在留上の地位を確認するよう義務づける規定は、連邦裁判所により一時的に差し止められているものの、多くの家族が子どもに学校を辞めさせ、アラバマ州を去った。残った人びとも怯えながら不安に苛まれている。ある母親の話では、同州生まれの娘がもはや自分の居場所はないと感じ、「あの人たち、私たちなんかいらないのよ。どうしてここにいるの？」と聞いてくるという。何組かの両親は、運転中に職務質問に遭うのを避けるため、病院に行かないという苦渋の決断をしたと訴えていた。その内の1人は娘が喘息の発作を起こした時でさえも、怖くて病院に連れて行くことができなかったと話していた。</p> <p align="left">また、アラバマ州の新法は、州経済とそのイメージにも悪影響を及ぼし始めている。農民は農場労働者不足を訴え、移民コミュニティに依存していた商売は経営難に陥り、外国企業が投資の再検討を始めている。</p> <p align="left">すべての国は自国領土内への移民の入国を規制し、不法入国した個人を国外追放すると共に、在留許可を持たない個人に対し出入国管理法を執行する権限を持っている。しかし一方で国際法は、すべての人が人間であることだけを理由に基本的人権を有すると定めている。このアラバマ新法が子どもの権利を侵害するのはもちろん、多数のマイノリティ米国籍者や永住者の権利をも侵害する可能性があるという事実が、さらにこの法律に対する懸念を増大させている。</p> <p align="left">本報告書発表の際、アラバマ州のルーサー・ストレンジ司法長官は、州議会議員に同法規定のいくつかを修正するか、撤廃するよう勧告した。長官はまた、公共設備と住居施設へのアクセスに関して同法の影響を制限すべく、州機関に指導の書簡も発している。同法修正もしくは撤廃を支持する州議会議員がいる一方で、いかなる弱体化にも反対する議員もいる。アラバマ州裁判所や連邦裁判所では、引き続き同法規定の一部に関して、合憲性を問う訴訟が続いている。その一方で、同法執行にまつわる不確定要素ゆえに、不法移民とその家族の不安が続いている。</p> <p align="left">全国的規模の移住者の権利団体や地元の団体が、12月17日に州都モンゴメリーにおいて、新法の全面廃止を求める抗議集会を合同で計画している。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの聞き取り調査に応じた不法移民のほとんどが、米国に少なくとも10年は暮らしており、その子どもたちの多くは米国国籍を持っている。この数字は全国の状況を反映しており、最新の調査では不法移民の3分の2近くが少なくとも10年間米国に滞在しており、半数近くが未成年者の親であることが明らかになった。アラバマ州で起きている事態は、不法移民を狙った強制的法執行ばかりに中心をおく措置が、米国国民や永住者の権利までも危うくし、こうした人びとに依存するコミュニティや経済に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があることを示している。</p> <p align="left">前出の米国プログラム調査員メングは、「アラバマ州で移住者たちが自らの人間性を強く主張し、『合法だろうが違法だろうが、私は人間だ』と主張するのを、いく度となく耳にした。アラバマ州は全州民の人間性と基本的人権を認め、直ちにビーソン=ハモン法を廃止すべきだ」と指摘する。 </p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a href="/web/20130512233558/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/13/usalabama-no-way-live-under-immigrant-law" title="US/Alabama: ‘No Way to Live’ Under Immigrant Law" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a 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