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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Type</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Type-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Type subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communicating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Communicating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communicating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noncommunicating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noncommunicating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Noncommunicating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noncommunicating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_hydrocephalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_hydrocephalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>External hydrocephalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_hydrocephalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunt_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunt_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Shunt complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunt_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Awareness campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptional_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptional_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Exceptional case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptional_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrocephalus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3" title="استسقاء الرأس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استسقاء الرأس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosefal" title="Hidrosefal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrosefal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гідрацэфалія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гідрацэфалія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་པ་ཆུ་བསགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་པ་ཆུ་བསགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocef%C3%A0lia" title="Hidrocefàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrocefàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υδροκέφαλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροκέφαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocefalia" title="Hidrocefalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrocefalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocefalo" title="Hidrocefalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrocefalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrozefalia" title="Hidrozefalia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrozefalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیدروسفالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروسفالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroc%C3%A9phalie" title="Hydrocéphalie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrocéphalie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidriceifealas" title="Hidriceifealas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidriceifealas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%91%90%EC%A6%9D" title="수두증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수두증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հիդրոցեֆալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոցեֆալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8)" title="जलशीर्ष (हाइड्रोसेफ़लस) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलशीर्ष (हाइड्रोसेफ़लस)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosefalus" title="Hidrosefalus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrosefalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrocefalo" title="Idrocefalo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrocefalo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הידרוצפלוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרוצפלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಜಲಮಸ್ತಿಷ್ಕ ರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಮಸ್ತಿಷ್ಕ ರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიდროცეფალია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიდროცეფალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ہائیڈروسیفلس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہائیڈروسیفلس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидроцефалия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидроцефалия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидроцефалия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гидроцефалия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocefalus" title="Hydrocefalus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydrocefalus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%A0%AD%E7%97%87" title="水頭症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水頭症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8" title="ହାଇଡ୍ରୋସେଫାଲସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାଇଡ୍ରୋସେଫାଲସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_istisqosi" title="Bosh istisqosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh istisqosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodog%C5%82owie" title="Wodogłowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodogłowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrocephalus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хидроцефалија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хидроцефалија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosefalus" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abnormal increase in cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydranencephaly" title="Hydranencephaly">Hydranencephaly</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical condition. For the creature in American folklore, see <a href="/wiki/Melon_heads" title="Melon heads">Melon heads</a>. For the trilobite, see <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus_(trilobite)" title="Hydrocephalus (trilobite)">Hydrocephalus (trilobite)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hydrocephalus</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Water on the brain<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hydrocephalus_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hydrocephalus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Hydrocephalus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hydrocephalus as seen on a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> of the brain. The black areas in the middle of the brain (the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_ventricles" title="Lateral ventricles">lateral ventricles</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Ventriculomegaly" title="Ventriculomegaly">abnormally large</a> and filled with fluid.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Babies</b>: rapid head growth, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, sleepiness, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Older people</b>: <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double vision">double vision</a>, poor balance, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, personality changes, <a href="/wiki/Mental_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental impairment">mental impairment</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tube defects">Neural tube defects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumors">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, brain bleed during birth, <a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">intraventricular hemorrhage</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgery<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Variable, often normal life<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies throughout the world, from 1 per 256 live births to 1 per 9,000, depending on access to prenatal health care, prenatal tests, and abortion<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stev2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stev2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hydrocephalus</b> is a condition in which an accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) occurs within the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This typically causes increased <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">pressure inside the skull</a>. Older people may have <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double vision">double vision</a>, poor balance, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, personality changes, or <a href="/wiki/Mental_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental impairment">mental impairment</a>. In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, sleepiness, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parinaud%27s_syndrome" title="Parinaud's syndrome">downward pointing of the eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrocephalus can occur due to <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> or be acquired later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated birth defects include <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tube defects">neural tube defects</a> and those that result in <a href="/wiki/Aqueductal_stenosis" title="Aqueductal stenosis">aqueductal stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other causes include <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumors">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">intraventricular hemorrhage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage" title="Subarachnoid hemorrhage">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a>. The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, <i>ex vacuo</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">normal pressure</a>. Diagnosis is typically made by physical examination and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a <a href="/wiki/Shunt_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt system">shunt system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A procedure called a <a href="/wiki/Third_ventriculostomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Third ventriculostomy">third ventriculostomy</a> is an option in some people.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, or obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may require replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcomes are variable, but many people with shunts live normal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without treatment, permanent disability or death may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About one to two per 1,000 newborns have hydrocephalus.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stev2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stev2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> may be higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Ab2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ab2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people, with rates increasing with age.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Description of hydrocephalus by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> dates back more than 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ab2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ab2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>hydrocephalus</i> is from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕδωρ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hydōr</i></span>, meaning 'water' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">κεφαλή</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kephalē</i></span>, meaning 'head'.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus_CDC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hydrocephalus_CDC.png/400px-Hydrocephalus_CDC.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hydrocephalus_CDC.png/600px-Hydrocephalus_CDC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hydrocephalus_CDC.png/800px-Hydrocephalus_CDC.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Illustration showing different effects of hydrocephalus on the brain and cranium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gould_Pyle_94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gould_Pyle_94.jpg/220px-Gould_Pyle_94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gould_Pyle_94.jpg/330px-Gould_Pyle_94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gould_Pyle_94.jpg/440px-Gould_Pyle_94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Adult showing cranial deformity from pediatric hydrocephalus</figcaption></figure> <p>The clinical presentation of hydrocephalus varies with <a href="/wiki/Chronicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicity">chronicity</a>. Acute dilatation of the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricular system</a> is more likely to manifest with the nonspecific signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). By contrast, chronic dilatation (especially in the elderly population) may have a more insidious onset presenting, for instance, with <a href="/wiki/Hakim%27s_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim's triad">Hakim's triad</a> (Adams' triad).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symptoms of increased ICP may include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">papilledema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">sleepiness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. With increased levels of CSF, there have been cases of hearing loss due to CSF creating pressure on the auditory pathways or disrupting the communication of inner ear fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevated ICP of different etiologies have been linked to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Transient SNHL has been reported after the loss of CSF with shunt surgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing loss is a rare but well-known sequela of procedures resulting in CSF loss.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevated ICP may result in <a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">uncal or tonsillar herniation</a>, with resulting life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a> compression.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hakim's triad of <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a> instability, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> is a relatively typical manifestation of the distinct entity normal-pressure hydrocephalus. <a href="/wiki/Focal_neurological_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal neurological deficit">Focal neurological deficits</a> may also occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">abducens nerve</a> palsy and vertical <a href="/wiki/Gaze_palsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaze palsy">gaze palsy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parinaud_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinaud syndrome">Parinaud syndrome</a> due to compression of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrigeminal_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrigeminal plate">quadrigeminal plate</a>, where the neural centers coordinating the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_eye_movement" title="Conjugate eye movement">conjugated vertical eye movement</a> are located). The symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage, the person's age, and how much <a href="/wiki/Brain_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tissue">brain tissue</a> has been damaged by the swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In infants with hydrocephalus, CSF builds up in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the <a href="/wiki/Fontanelle" title="Fontanelle">fontanelle</a> (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Eyes that appear to gaze downward</li> <li>Irritability</li> <li>Seizures</li> <li>Separated sutures</li> <li>Sleepiness</li> <li>Vomiting</li></ul> <p>Symptoms that may occur in older children can include:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry</li> <li>Changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think</li> <li>Changes in facial appearance and eye spacing (craniofacial disproportion)</li> <li>Crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements</li> <li>Difficulty feeding</li> <li>Excessive sleepiness</li> <li>Headaches</li> <li>Irritability, poor temper control</li> <li>Loss of bladder control (<a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>)</li> <li>Loss of coordination and trouble walking</li> <li>Muscle spasticity (<a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasm</a>)</li> <li>Slow growth (child 0–5 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li>Slow or restricted movement</li> <li>Vomiting<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because hydrocephalus can injure the brain, thought and behavior may be adversely affected. <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disabilities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">short-term memory loss</a>, are common among those with hydrocephalus, who tend to score better on verbal IQ than on performance IQ, which is thought to reflect the distribution of nerve damage to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocephalus that is present from birth can cause long-term complications with speech and language. Children can have issues such as nonverbal learning disorder, difficulty understanding complex and abstract concepts, difficulty retrieving stored information, and spatial/perceptual disorders. Children with hydrocephalus are often known in having the difficulty in understanding the concepts within conversation and tend to use words they know or have heard.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the severity of hydrocephalus can differ considerably between individuals, and some are of average or above-average intelligence. Someone with hydrocephalus may have coordination and visual problems, or clumsiness. They may reach puberty earlier than the average child (this is called <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a>). About one in four develops <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congenital">Congenital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congenital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus_with_sunset_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hydrocephalus_with_sunset_eyes.jpg/220px-Hydrocephalus_with_sunset_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hydrocephalus_with_sunset_eyes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A one-year-old girl with hydrocephalus showing "sunset eyes", before shunt surgery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg/220px-Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg/330px-Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg/440px-Kleeblattschadel_Syndrome_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Hydrocephalus in a child with kleeblattschadel</figcaption></figure> <p>Congenital hydrocephalus is present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus developed hydrocephalus <i><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a></i> during <a href="/wiki/Fetal_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal development">fetal development</a>. The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Fluid accumulates in the upper ventricles, causing hydrocephalus.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other causes of congenital hydrocephalus include <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural-tube</a> defects, <a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_cyst" title="Arachnoid cyst">arachnoid cysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandy%E2%80%93Walker_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandy–Walker syndrome">Dandy–Walker syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arnold%E2%80%93Chiari_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold–Chiari malformation">Arnold–Chiari malformation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial bone">cranial bones</a> fuse by the end of the third year of life. For head enlargement to occur, hydrocephalus must occur before then. The causes are usually genetic, but can also be acquired and usually occur within the first few months of life, which include intraventricular matrix hemorrhages in <a href="/wiki/Premature_infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature infants">premature infants</a>, infections, type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocephalus can also occur with <a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">craniosynostosis</a>, being a constant feature of <a href="/wiki/Kleeblattschaedel" title="Kleeblattschaedel">kleeblattschadel</a> and frequently seen in syndomic cases (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Crouzon_syndrome" title="Crouzon syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocephalus has also been seen in cases of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_syphilis" title="Congenital syphilis">congenital syphilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In newborns and toddlers with hydrocephalus, the head circumference is enlarged rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet firmly joined, bulging, firm <a href="/wiki/Anterior_fontanelle" title="Anterior fontanelle">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_fontanelle" title="Posterior fontanelle">posterior fontanelles</a> may be present even when the person is in an upright position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The infant exhibits fretfulness, poor feeding, and frequent vomiting. As the hydrocephalus progresses, <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> sets in, and infants show lack of interest in their surroundings. Later on, their upper eyelids become retracted and their eyes are turned downwards ("sunset eyes") (due to hydrocephalic pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_tegmentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalic tegmentum">mesencephalic tegmentum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> of upward gaze). Movements become weak and the arms may become <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremulous</a>. Papilledema is absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they eventually may be bedridden.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 80–90% of fetuses or newborn infants with <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>—often associated with <a href="/wiki/Meningocele" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningocele">meningocele</a> or <a href="/wiki/Myelomeningocele" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelomeningocele">myelomeningocele</a>—develop hydrocephalus.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquired">Acquired</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acquired"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS <a href="/wiki/Infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Infections">infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumors">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">head trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">intracranial hemorrhage</a> (subarachnoid or intraparenchymal), and is usually painful.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type">Type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause of hydrocephalus is not known with certainty and is probably multifactorial. It may be caused by impaired CSF flow, reabsorption, or excessive CSF production.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Obstruction to CSF flow hinders its free passage through the ventricular system and <a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Subarachnoid space">subarachnoid space</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">cerebral aqueduct</a> or obstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventricular foramina (neural anatomy)">interventricular foramina</a> secondary to <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> or <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> malformations) and can cause increases in ICP.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hydrocephalus can also be caused by overproduction of CSF (relative obstruction) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">choroid plexus papilloma</a>, villous <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AdunkaBuchman2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdunkaBuchman2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20367337_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20367337-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bilateral <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureteric</a> obstruction is a rare, but reported, cause of hydrocephalus.</li></ul> <p>Hydrocephalus can be classified into communicating and noncommunicating (obstructive). Both forms can be either congenital or acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communicating">Communicating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communicating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communicating hydrocephalus, also known as nonobstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any obstruction of CSF flow between the ventricles and subarachnoid space. This may be due to functional impairment of the <a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_villi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnoid villi">arachnoidal granulations</a> (also called arachnoid granulations or <a href="/wiki/Pacchioni%27s_granulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacchioni's granulations">Pacchioni's granulations</a>), which are located along the <a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">superior sagittal sinus</a>, and is the site of CSF reabsorption back into the venous system. Various neurologic conditions may result in communicating hydrocephalus, including subarachnoid/intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, and congenital absence of arachnoid villi. Scarring and fibrosis of the subarachnoid space following infectious, inflammatory, or hemorrhagic events can also prevent reabsorption of CSF, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg/150px-Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg/225px-Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg/299px-Hydrocephalus_cranial_deformity_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3399" /></a><figcaption>An adult with congenital hydrocephalus in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noncommunicating">Noncommunicating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Noncommunicating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, or obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by an obstruction to the flow of CSF.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventricular foramina (neural anatomy)">Foramen of Monro</a> obstruction may lead to dilation of one, or if large enough (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Colloid_cyst" title="Colloid cyst">colloid cyst</a>), both lateral ventricles.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">aqueduct of Sylvius</a>, normally narrow, may be obstructed by a number of genetic or acquired lesions (e.g., atresia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ependymitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ependymitis (page does not exist)">ependymitis</a>, hemorrhage, or tumor) and lead to dilation of both lateral ventricles, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">Fourth ventricle</a> obstruction leads to dilatation of the aqueduct, as well as the lateral and third ventricles (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chiari_malformation" title="Chiari malformation">Chiari malformation</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Foramina_of_Luschka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foramina of Luschka">foramina of Luschka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Median_aperture" title="Median aperture">foramen of Magendie</a> may be obstructed due to congenital malformation (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dandy%E2%80%93Walker_malformation" title="Dandy–Walker malformation">Dandy–Walker malformation</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrainAtrophy(exvacuo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png/220px-BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png/330px-BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png/440px-BrainAtrophy%28exvacuo%29.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Hydrocephalus <i>ex vacuo</i> from vascular dementia as seen on MRI</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a> (NPH) is a particular form of chronic communicating hydrocephalus, characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, with only intermittently elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Characteristic triad of symptoms are; dementia, apraxic gait and urinary incontinence. The diagnosis of NPH can be established only with the help of continuous intraventricular pressure recordings (over 24 hours or even longer), since more often than not instant measurements yield normal pressure values. Dynamic compliance studies may be also helpful. Altered compliance (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elastic#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:elastic">elasticity</a>) of the ventricular walls, as well as increased <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the cerebrospinal fluid, may play a role in the pathogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hydrocephalus ex vacuo</i> also refers to an enlargement of cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid spaces, and is usually due to brain <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> (as it occurs in <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementias</a>), post-<a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injuries</a>, and even in some psychiatric disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to hydrocephalus, this is a compensatory enlargement of the CSF-spaces in response to brain <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a> loss; it is not the result of increased CSF pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg/260px-Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg/390px-Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Intracerebral_hemorrhage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">intracerebral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">intraventricular hemorrhage</a> with hydrocephalus shown on CT scan<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav07_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav07-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl/220px-3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl/330px-3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl/440px-3DPX-003132_Cast_of_Lateral_ventricles_in_Hydrocephaly_NevitDilmen.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>3D cast of lateral ventricles in hydrocephalus</figcaption></figure> <p>Hydrocephalus is usually due to blockage of CSF outflow in the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space over the brain. In a person without hydrocephalus, CSF continuously circulates through the brain, its ventricles and the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and is continuously drained away into the circulatory system. Alternatively, the condition may result from an overproduction of the CSF, from a congenital malformation blocking normal drainage of the fluid, or from complications of head injuries or infections.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compression of the brain by the accumulating fluid eventually may cause neurological symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">convulsions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>. These signs occur sooner in adults, whose skulls are no longer able to expand to accommodate the increasing fluid volume within. Fetuses, infants, and young children with hydrocephalus typically have an abnormally large head, excluding the face, because the pressure of the fluid causes the individual skull bones—which have yet to fuse—to bulge outward at their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juncture_points&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juncture points (page does not exist)">juncture points</a>. Another <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">medical sign</a>, in infants, is a characteristic fixed downward gaze with whites of the eyes showing above the iris, as though the infant were trying to examine its own lower eyelids.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elevated ICP may cause compression of the brain, leading to brain damage and other complications. A complication often overlooked is the possibility of hearing loss due to ICP. The mechanism of ICP on hearing loss is presumed that the transmission of CSF pressure to and from the Perilymphatic space through a patent cochlear aqueduct.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cochlear aqueduct connects the Perilymphatic space of the inner ear with the subarachnoid space of the posterior cranial fossa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A loss of CSF pressure can induce Perilymphatic loss or endolymphatic hydrops resembling the clinical presentation of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a> associated hearing loss in the low frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSF can accumulate within the ventricles, this condition is called internal hydrocephalus and may result in increased CSF pressure. The production of CSF continues, even when the passages that normally allow it to exit the brain are blocked. Consequently, fluid builds inside the brain, causing pressure that dilates the ventricles and compresses the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a>. Compression of the nervous tissue usually results in <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreversible brain damage">irreversible brain damage</a>. If the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> bones are not completely <a href="/wiki/Ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified">ossified</a> when the hydrocephalus occurs, the pressure may also severely enlarge the head. The <a href="/wiki/Aqueductal_stenosis" title="Aqueductal stenosis">cerebral aqueduct</a> may be blocked at the time of <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a> or may become blocked later in life because of a tumor growing in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedures">Procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_(19042957419).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg/260px-Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg/390px-Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg/520px-Khidmat_Masy_Hydrocephalus_%2819042957419%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Baby recovering from shunt surgery</figcaption></figure> <p>Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical, creating a way for the excess fluid to drain away. In the short term, an <a href="/wiki/External_ventricular_drain" title="External ventricular drain">external ventricular drain</a> (EVD), also known as an extraventricular drain or ventriculostomy, provides relief. In the long term, some people will need any of various types of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">cerebral shunt</a>. It involves the placement of a ventricular <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> (a tube made of <a href="/wiki/Silastic" title="Silastic">silastic</a>) into the cerebral ventricles to bypass the flow obstruction/malfunctioning arachnoidal granulations and drain the excess fluid into other body cavities, from where it can be resorbed. Most shunts drain the fluid into the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneal cavity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">ventriculoperitoneal shunt</a>), but alternative sites include the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">ventriculoatrial shunt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleural cavity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">ventriculopleural shunt</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gallbladder</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the non-invasive diagnostic medical device: <a href="/wiki/ShuntCheck" title="ShuntCheck">ShuntCheck</a></div> <p>A shunt system can also be placed in the lumbar space of the spine and have the CSF redirected to the peritoneal cavity (<a href="/wiki/Lumbar-peritoneal_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar-peritoneal shunt">lumbar-peritoneal shunt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20508332_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20508332-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus in selected people is the <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_third_ventriculostomy" title="Endoscopic third ventriculostomy">endoscopic third ventriculostomy</a> (ETV), whereby a surgically created opening in the floor of the third ventricle allows the CSF to flow directly to the <a href="/wiki/Basal_cisterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cisterns">basal cisterns</a>, thereby shortcutting any obstruction, as in aqueductal stenosis. This may or may not be appropriate based on individual anatomy. For infants, ETV is sometimes combined with choroid plexus cauterization, which reduces the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced by the brain. The technique, known as ETV/CPC, was pioneered in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> by neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Warf" title="Benjamin Warf">Benjamin Warf</a> and is now in use in several U.S. hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocephalus can be successfully treated by placing a drainage tube (shunt) between the brain ventricles and abdominal cavity. Some risk exists of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> being introduced into the brain through these shunts, as they must be replaced as the person grows.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_hydrocephalus">External hydrocephalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External hydrocephalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External hydrocephalus is a condition generally seen in infants which involves enlarged fluid spaces or subarachnoid spaces around the outside of the brain. This condition is generally <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">benign</a>, and resolves spontaneously by two years of age<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore usually does not require insertion of a shunt. Imaging studies and a good medical history can help to differentiate external hydrocephalus from <a href="/wiki/Subdural_hematoma" title="Subdural hematoma">subdural hemorrhages</a> or symptomatic chronic extra-axial fluid collections which are accompanied by vomiting, headaches, and seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shunt_complications">Shunt complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shunt complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of possible complications include shunt malfunction, shunt failure, and shunt infection, along with infection of the shunt tract following surgery (the most common reason for shunt failure is infection of the shunt tract). Although a shunt generally works well, it may stop working if it disconnects, becomes blocked (clogged) or infected, or it is outgrown. If this happens, the CSF begins to accumulate again and a number of physical symptoms develop (headaches, nausea, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">photophobia</a>/light sensitivity), some extremely serious, such as <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>. The shunt failure rate is also relatively high (of the 40,000 surgeries performed annually to treat hydrocephalus, only 30% are a person's first surgery) and people not uncommonly have multiple shunt revisions within their lifetimes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another complication can occur when CSF drains more rapidly than it is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus" title="Choroid plexus">choroid plexus</a>, causing symptoms of listlessness, severe headaches, irritability, light sensitivity, auditory <a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">hyperesthesia</a> (sound sensitivity), hearing loss,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nausea, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraines">migraines</a>, seizures, a change in personality, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a> in the arms or legs, <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">double vision</a> to appear when the person is vertical. If the person lies down, the symptoms usually vanish quickly. A <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> may or may not show any change in ventricle size, particularly if the person has a history of slit-like ventricles. Difficulty in diagnosing over-drainage can make treatment of this complication particularly frustrating for people and their families. Resistance to traditional <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> pharmacological therapy may also be a sign of shunt overdrainage or failure.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt there have been cases of a decrease in post-surgery hearing. It is presumed that the cochlea aqueduct is responsible for the decrease in hearing thresholds. The cochlea aqueduct has been considered as a probable channel where CSF pressure can be transmitted. Therefore, the reduced CSF pressure could cause a decrease in Perilymphatic pressure and cause secondary endolymphatic hydrops.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the increased hearing loss, there have also been findings of resolved hearing loss after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, where there is a release of CSF pressure on the auditory pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diagnosis of CSF buildup is complex and requires specialist expertise. Diagnosis of the particular complication usually depends on when the symptoms appear, that is, whether symptoms occur when the person is upright or in a prone position, with the head at roughly the same level as the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standardized protocols for inserting cerebral shunts have been shown to reduce shunt infections.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is tentative evidence that preventative antibiotics may decrease the risk of shunt infections.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hydrocephalus disease burden are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a> while North America has the fewest number of cases. A systematic review in 2019 estimated that there are 180,000 childhood hydrocephalus cases from the African continent per year, followed by 90,000 cases from Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Latin America also has a high prevalence of hydrocephalus. However, data on hydrocephalus disease burden in adults are lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29701543_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29701543-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg/220px-Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg/330px-Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg/440px-Vimont_Traite_de_Phrenologie_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a hydrocephalic child (1800s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the pre-historic area, there were various paintings or artifacts depicting children or adults with <a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">macrocephaly</a> (large head) or clinical findings of hydrocephalus.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinalli_2019_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinalli_2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest scientific description of hydrocephalus was written by the ancient Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, who coined the word 'hydrocephalus' from the Greek ὕδωρ, hydōr meaning 'water' and κεφαλή, kephalē meaning 'head'.<sup id="cite_ref-Aschoff_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more accurate description was later given by the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Roman</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> in the second century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Aschoff_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first clinical description of an operative procedure for hydrocephalus appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></i> (1,000 AD) by the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">Arab</a> surgeon <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a>, who described the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in hydrocephalic children.<sup id="cite_ref-Aschoff_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described it in his chapter on <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgical</a> disease, describing infantile hydrocephalus as being caused by mechanical compression. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Aschoff_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The skull of a newborn baby is often full of liquid, either because the matron has compressed it excessively or for other, unknown reasons. The volume of the skull then increases daily, so that the bones of the skull fail to close. In this case, we must open the middle of the skull in three places, make the liquid flow out, then close the wound and tighten the skull with a bandage.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Preserved corpse of a newborn with an enlarged head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg/200px-Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg/300px-Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg/400px-Hydrocephalus-baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Historical specimen of an infant with severe hydrocephalus, probably untreated</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1881, a few years after the landmark study of <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Retzius</a> and Key, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wernicke" title="Carl Wernicke">Carl Wernicke</a> pioneered sterile ventricular puncture and external drainage of CSF for the treatment of hydrocephalus.<sup id="cite_ref-Aschoff_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained an intractable condition until the 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_shunt" title="Cerebral shunt">cerebral shunt</a> and other neurosurgical treatment modalities were developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>hydrocephalus</i> is from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕδωρ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hydōr</i></span> meaning 'water' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">κεφαλή</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kephalē</i></span> meaning 'head'.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names for hydrocephalus include "water on the brain", a historical name, and "water baby syndrome".<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awareness_campaign">Awareness campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awareness campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg/150px-Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg/225px-Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg/300px-Hydrocephalus_ribbon_two_tone_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Hydrocephalus <a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">awareness ribbon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>September was designated National Hydrocephalus Awareness Month in July 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-resolution/373">H.Res. 373</a>. The resolution campaign is due in part to the advocacy work of the Pediatric Hydrocephalus Foundation. Prior to July 2009, no awareness month for this condition had been designated. Many hydrocephalus organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/One_Small_Voice_Foundation" title="One Small Voice Foundation">One Small Voice Foundation</a>, promote awareness and fundraising activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptional_case">Exceptional case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exceptional case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One case of hydrocephalus was a man whose brain shrank to a thin sheet of tissue, due to a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in his skull. As a child, the man had a shunt, but it was removed when he was 14. In July 2007, at age 44, he went to a hospital due to mild weakness in his left leg. When doctors learned of the man's medical history, they performed a CT and MRI scan, and were astonished to see "massive enlargement" of the lateral ventricles in the skull. Dr. Lionel Feuillet of Hôpital de la Timone in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> said, "The images were most unusual... the brain was virtually absent."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intelligence tests showed the person had an IQ of 75, considered "<a href="/wiki/Borderline_intellectual_functioning" title="Borderline intellectual functioning">Borderline intellectual functioning</a>", just above what would be officially classified as intellectually disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The person was a married father of two children, and worked as a civil servant, leading an at least superficially normal life, despite having enlarged ventricles with a decreased volume of brain tissue. "What I find amazing to this day is how the brain can deal with something which you think should not be compatible with life", commented Dr. Max Muenke, a pediatric brain-defect specialist at the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a>. "If something happens very slowly over quite some time, maybe over decades, the different parts of the brain take up functions that would normally be done by the part that is pushed to the side."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist_Health_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist_Health-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17658396_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17658396-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ice hockey player <a href="/wiki/Colby_Cave" title="Colby Cave">Colby Cave</a> had acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to a colloid cyst.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a>, born with the condition, wrote about it in his semi-autobiographical junior fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Absolutely_True_Diary_of_a_Part-Time_Indian" title="The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian">The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">Prince William, Duke of Gloucester</a> (1689–1700), probably contracted <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> at birth, which resulted in this condition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a> (1793–1875) became emperor in 1835 despite various health issues including hydrocephalus and epilepsy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/American_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="American folklore">American folklore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> of Ohio, Michigan, and Connecticut, an urban legend exists about the <a href="/wiki/Melon_heads" title="Melon heads">melon heads</a>, the inbred descendants of families of people born with hydrocephaly.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masato_Kudo" title="Masato Kudo">Masato Kudo</a>, a professional soccer player, died of hydrocephalus on October 21, 2022.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm">"Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>NINDS</i>. April 5, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727231854/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NINDS&rft.atitle=Hydrocephalus+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninds.nih.gov%2Fdisorders%2Fhydrocephalus%2Fdetail_hydrocephalus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hydrocephalus">"Hydrocephalus"</a>. <i>Collins</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins&rft.atitle=Hydrocephalus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhydrocephalus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stev2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stev2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stev2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonBenitz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David K. Stevenson (page does not exist)">Stevenson DK</a>, Benitz WE (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&pg=PA117"><i>Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521806916" title="Special:BookSources/9780521806916"><bdi>9780521806916</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221212406/https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetal+and+Neonatal+Brain+Injury%3A+Mechanisms%2C+Management+and+the+Risks+of+Practice&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521806916&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=DK&rft.au=Benitz%2C+WE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRuekFAj_tIAC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahleKulkarniLimbrickWarf2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD, Warf BC (February 2016). "Hydrocephalus in children". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>387</b> (10020): 788–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2815%2960694-8">10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60694-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26256071">26256071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27947722">27947722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Hydrocephalus+in+children&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=10020&rft.pages=788-799&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27947722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26256071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2815%2960694-8&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=KT&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+AV&rft.au=Limbrick%2C+DD&rft.au=Warf%2C+BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ab2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ab2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ab2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenbogenAbdulraufSekhar2012" class="citation book cs1">Ellenbogen RG, Abdulrauf SI, Sekhar LN (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vMtRtuz5mnwC&pg=PA105"><i>Principles of Neurological Surgery</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0701-4"><bdi>978-1-4377-0701-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neurological+Surgery&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-0701-4&rft.aulast=Ellenbogen&rft.aufirst=RG&rft.au=Abdulrauf%2C+SI&rft.au=Sekhar%2C+LN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvMtRtuz5mnwC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2016" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA621"><i>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323448383" title="Special:BookSources/9780323448383"><bdi>9780323448383</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221201502/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA621">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+Clinical+Advisor+2017%3A+5+Books+in+1&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780323448383&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=FF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRhCDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dor2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dor2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dor2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dorland's electronic medical dictionary</i> (29th ed.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurosurgery.+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=A+standardized+protocol+to+reduce+cerebrospinal+fluid+shunt+infection%3A+the+Hydrocephalus+Clinical+Research+Network+Quality+Improvement+Initiative&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3153415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21721884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2F2011.4.PEDS10551&rft.aulast=Kestle&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Riva-Cambrin%2C+J&rft.au=Wellons%2C+JC&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+AV&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+WE&rft.au=Walker%2C+ML&rft.au=Oakes%2C+WJ&rft.au=Drake%2C+JM&rft.au=Luerssen%2C+TG&rft.au=Simon%2C+TD&rft.au=Holubkov%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3153415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548496">6548496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31163089">31163089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Route+of+antibiotic+prophylaxis+for+prevention+of+cerebrospinal+fluid-shunt+infection&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD012902&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6548496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31163089&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD012902.pub2&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Boogaarts%2C+HD&rft.au=van+Lindert%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6548496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29701543-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29701543_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewanRattaniMekaryGlancz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R, Glancz LJ, Yunusa I, Baticulon RE, Fieggen G, Wellons JC, Park KB, Warf BC (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2017.10.JNS17439">"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurosurgery</i>. <b>130</b> (4): 1065–1079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2017.10.JNS17439">10.3171/2017.10.JNS17439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29701543">29701543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13859207">13859207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Global+hydrocephalus+epidemiology+and+incidence%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1065-1079&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13859207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29701543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2F2017.10.JNS17439&rft.aulast=Dewan&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Rattani%2C+A&rft.au=Mekary%2C+R&rft.au=Glancz%2C+LJ&rft.au=Yunusa%2C+I&rft.au=Baticulon%2C+RE&rft.au=Fieggen%2C+G&rft.au=Wellons%2C+JC&rft.au=Park%2C+KB&rft.au=Warf%2C+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3171%252F2017.10.JNS17439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cinalli_2019-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cinalli_2019_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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In Cinalli, Giuseppe; Özek, M. Memet; Sainte-Rose, Christian (eds.). <i>Pediatric Hydrocephalus</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27250-4">10.1007/978-3-319-27250-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27248-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27248-1"><bdi>978-3-319-27248-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128359318">128359318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Hydrocephalus+and+Its+Surgical+Treatment&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Hydrocephalus&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128359318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-27250-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-27248-1&rft.aulast=Cinalli&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-27250-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aschoff-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aschoff_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aschoff_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aschoff_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aschoff_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aschoff_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschoffKremerHashemiKunze1999" class="citation journal cs1">Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S (October 1999). "The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment". <i>Neurosurgical Review</i>. <b>22</b> (2–3): 67–93, discussion 94–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs101430050035">10.1007/s101430050035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547004">10547004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10077885">10077885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgical+Review&rft.atitle=The+scientific+history+of+hydrocephalus+and+its+treatment&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=67-93%2C+discussion+94-5&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10077885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10547004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs101430050035&rft.aulast=Aschoff&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kremer%2C+P&rft.au=Hashemi%2C+B&rft.au=Kunze%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅhrén2009" class="citation book cs1">Åhrén E (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9KsNAWbcMcC&q=hydrocephalus+%22water+baby%22&pg=PA53"><i>Death, Modernity, and the Body: Sweden 1870-1940</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rochester Press">University of Rochester Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580463126" title="Special:BookSources/9781580463126"><bdi>9781580463126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Body%3A+Sweden+1870-1940&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781580463126&rft.aulast=%C3%85hr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9KsNAWbcMcC%26q%3Dhydrocephalus%2B%2522water%2Bbaby%2522%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916054402/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290610,00.html">"Man with Almost No Brain Has Led Normal Life"</a>. Fox News. 2007-07-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290610,00.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+with+Almost+No+Brain+Has+Led+Normal+Life&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C290610%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span> Also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712092909/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html">"Man with tiny brain shocks doctors"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 2007-07-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html">the original</a> on 2015-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Man+with+tiny+brain+shocks+doctors&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002639/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070722203858.htm">"Tiny Brain, Normal Life"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. 2007-07-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070722203858.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Tiny+Brain%2C+Normal+Life&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F07%2F070722203858.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltopuroAhonenKaartinenSeppälä2014" class="citation journal cs1">Peltopuro M, Ahonen T, Kaartinen J, Seppälä H, Närhi V (December 2014). "Borderline intellectual functioning: a systematic literature review". <i>Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities</i>. <b>52</b> (6): 419–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1352%2F1934-9556-52.6.419">10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25409130">25409130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+and+Developmental+Disabilities&rft.atitle=Borderline+intellectual+functioning%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=419-443&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1352%2F1934-9556-52.6.419&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25409130&rft.aulast=Peltopuro&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ahonen%2C+T&rft.au=Kaartinen%2C+J&rft.au=Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4%2C+H&rft.au=N%C3%A4rhi%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNouwensLucasSmuldersEmbregts2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nouwens PJ, Lucas R, Smulders NB, Embregts PJ, van Nieuwenhuizen C (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512980">"Identifying classes of persons with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning: a latent class analysis"</a>. <i>BMC Psychiatry</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12888-017-1426-8">10.1186/s12888-017-1426-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512980">5512980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716016">28716016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Identifying+classes+of+persons+with+mild+intellectual+disability+or+borderline+intellectual+functioning%3A+a+latent+class+analysis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5512980%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28716016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12888-017-1426-8&rft.aulast=Nouwens&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Lucas%2C+R&rft.au=Smulders%2C+NB&rft.au=Embregts%2C+PJ&rft.au=van+Nieuwenhuizen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5512980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828013153/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070719.wbrain0719/BNStory/Science/home">"Man Lives Normal Life Despite Having Abnormal Brain"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. July 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070719.wbrain0719/BNStory/Science/home">the original</a> on August 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Man+Lives+Normal+Life+Despite+Having+Abnormal+Brain&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20070719.wbrain0719%2FBNStory%2FScience%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Scientist_Health-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Scientist_Health_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html">"Man with tiny brain shocks doctors"</a>. <i>New Scientist and Reuters</i>. 20 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726110907/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist+and+Reuters&rft.atitle=Man+with+tiny+brain+shocks+doctors&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17658396-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17658396_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuilletDufourPelletier2007" class="citation journal cs1">Feuillet L, Dufour H, Pelletier J (July 2007). "Brain of a white-collar worker". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>370</b> (9583): 262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2961127-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61127-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17658396">17658396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7382008">7382008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Brain+of+a+white-collar+worker&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=9583&rft.pages=262&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7382008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17658396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2961127-1&rft.aulast=Feuillet&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Dufour%2C+H&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/edmonton-oilers-colby-cave-1.5529808">"Oilers forward Colby Cave dies after suffering brain bleed"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. April 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Oilers+forward+Colby+Cave+dies+after+suffering+brain+bleed&rft.date=2020-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Fhockey%2Fnhl%2Fedmonton-oilers-colby-cave-1.5529808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/books/11435616.html">"Man of many tribes"</a>. Star Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520004510/http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/books/11435616.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+of+many+tribes&rft.pub=Star+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F11435616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset, p. 116<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrocephalus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejns.org/toc/pedsup/14/Suppl">Guidelines for pediatric hydrocephalus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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· ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193003" class="extiw" title="d:Q193003">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G91">G91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q03">Q03</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=331.3">331.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=331.4">331.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=741.0">741.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=742.3">742.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/236600">236600</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006849">D006849</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6123.htm">6123</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001571.htm">001571</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/neuro/161-overview">neuro/161</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Template talk:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">Congenital</a> malformations and deformations of <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">Neural tube defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">Anencephaly</a> <ul><li>Acephaly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrania" title="Acrania">Acrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acalvaria" title="Acalvaria">Acalvaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iniencephaly" title="Iniencephaly">Iniencephaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalocele" title="Encephalocele">Encephalocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiari_malformation" title="Chiari malformation">Chiari malformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">Microcephaly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Congenital hydrocephalus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dandy%E2%80%93Walker_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandy–Walker syndrome">Dandy–Walker syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>other reduction deformities</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holoprosencephaly" title="Holoprosencephaly">Holoprosencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissencephaly" title="Lissencephaly">Lissencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlissencephaly" title="Microlissencephaly">Microlissencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachygyria" title="Pachygyria">Pachygyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydranencephaly" title="Hydranencephaly">Hydranencephaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenesis_of_the_corpus_callosum" title="Agenesis of the corpus callosum">Agenesis of the corpus callosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septo-optic_dysplasia" title="Septo-optic dysplasia">Septo-optic dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalencephaly" title="Megalencephaly">Megalencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimegalencephaly" title="Hemimegalencephaly">Hemimegalencephaly</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_cyst" title="Central nervous system cyst">CNS cyst</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porencephaly" title="Porencephaly">Porencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizencephaly" title="Schizencephaly">Schizencephaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymicrogyria" title="Polymicrogyria">Polymicrogyria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_frontoparietal_polymicrogyria" title="Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria">Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">Neural tube defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">Spina bifida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachischisis" title="Rachischisis">Rachischisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currarino_syndrome" title="Currarino syndrome">Currarino syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastomatomyelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastomatomyelia">Diastomatomyelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringomyelia" title="Syringomyelia">Syringomyelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193003#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064743-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hydrocephalus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85063378">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hydrocéphalie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119713022">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hydrocéphalie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119713022">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568721">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hydrocefalus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph327627&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hidrocefālija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000337327&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533630805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&oldid=1254914433">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrocephalus&oldid=1254914433</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congenital_disorders_of_nervous_system" title="Category:Congenital disorders of nervous system">Congenital disorders of nervous 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