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Shibata</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Atsuhiro Shibata"> <meta name="keywords" content="Atsuhiro Shibata"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Atsuhiro Shibata"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Atsuhiro Shibata</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 2: Condensation and Solidification Experiments on Liquid Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sou%20Watanabe">Sou Watanabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromichi%20Ogi"> Hiromichi Ogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsuhiro%20Shibata"> Atsuhiro Shibata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazunori%20Nomura"> Kazunori Nomura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a part of STRAD project conducted by JAEA, condensation of radioactive liquid waste containing various chemical compounds using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter was examined for efficient and safety treatment of the liquid wastes accumulated inside hot laboratories. NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> ion in the feed solution was successfully concentrated, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> ion involved in the effluents became lower than target value; 100 ppm. Solidification of simulated aqueous and organic liquid wastes was also tested. Those liquids were successfully solidified by adding cement or coagulants. Nevertheless, optimization in materials for confinement of chemicals is required for long time storage of the final solidified wastes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condensation" title="condensation">condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactive%20liquid%20waste" title=" radioactive liquid waste"> radioactive liquid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solidification" title=" solidification"> solidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STRAD%20project" title=" STRAD project"> STRAD project</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104557/waste-management-in-a-hot-laboratory-of-japan-atomic-energy-agency-2-condensation-and-solidification-experiments-on-liquid-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 3: Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Solid Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaumi%20Nakahara">Masaumi Nakahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sou%20Watanabe"> Sou Watanabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromichi%20Ogi"> Hiromichi Ogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsuhiro%20Shibata"> Atsuhiro Shibata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazunori%20Nomura"> Kazunori Nomura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, three types of experimental research, advanced reactor fuel reprocessing, radioactive waste disposal, and nuclear fuel cycle technology, have been carried out at the Chemical Processing Facility. The facility has generated high level radioactive liquid and solid wastes in hot cells. The high level radioactive solid waste is divided into three main categories, a flammable waste, a non-flammable waste, and a solid reagent waste. A plastic product is categorized into the flammable waste and molten with a heating mantle. The non-flammable waste is cut with a band saw machine for reducing the volume. Among the solid reagent waste, a used adsorbent after the experiments is heated, and an extractant is decomposed for its stabilization. All high level radioactive solid wastes in the hot cells are packed in a high level radioactive solid waste can. The high level radioactive solid waste can is transported to the 2nd High Active Solid Waste Storage in the Tokai Reprocessing Plant in the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20level%20radioactive%20solid%20waste" title="high level radioactive solid waste">high level radioactive solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20reactor%20fuel%20reprocessing" title=" advanced reactor fuel reprocessing"> advanced reactor fuel reprocessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactive%20waste%20disposal" title=" radioactive waste disposal"> radioactive waste disposal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel%20cycle%20technology" title=" nuclear fuel cycle technology"> nuclear fuel cycle technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104543/waste-management-in-a-hot-laboratory-of-japan-atomic-energy-agency-3-volume-reduction-and-stabilization-of-solid-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 1: Overview and Activities in Chemical Processing Facility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazunori%20Nomura">Kazunori Nomura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromichi%20Ogi"> Hiromichi Ogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaumi%20Nakahara"> Masaumi Nakahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sou%20Watanabe"> Sou Watanabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsuhiro%20Shibata"> Atsuhiro Shibata </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chemical Processing Facility of Japan Atomic Energy Agency is a basic research field for advanced back-end technology developments with using actual high-level radioactive materials such as irradiated fuels from the fast reactor, high-level liquid waste from reprocessing plant. In the nature of a research facility, various kinds of chemical reagents have been offered for fundamental tests. Most of them were treated properly and stored in the liquid waste vessel equipped in the facility, but some were not treated and remained at the experimental space as a kind of legacy waste. It is required to treat the waste in safety. On the other hand, we formulated the Medium- and Long-Term Management Plan of Japan Atomic Energy Agency Facilities. This comprehensive plan considers Chemical Processing Facility as one of the facilities to be decommissioned. Even if the plan is executed, treatment of the “legacy” waste beforehand must be a necessary step for decommissioning operation. Under this circumstance, we launched a collaborative research project called the STRAD project, which stands for Systematic Treatment of Radioactive liquid waste for Decommissioning, in order to develop the treatment processes for wastes of the nuclear research facility. In this project, decomposition methods of chemicals causing a troublesome phenomenon such as corrosion and explosion have been developed and there is a prospect of their decomposition in the facility by simple method. And solidification of aqueous or organic liquid wastes after the decomposition has been studied by adding cement or coagulants. Furthermore, we treated experimental tools of various materials with making an effort to stabilize and to compact them before the package into the waste container. It is expected to decrease the number of transportation of the solid waste and widen the operation space. Some achievements of these studies will be shown in this paper. The project is expected to contribute beneficial waste management outcome that can be shared world widely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20processing%20facility" title="chemical processing facility">chemical processing facility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medium-%20and%20long-term%20management%20plan%20of%20JAEA%20facilities" title=" medium- and long-term management plan of JAEA facilities"> medium- and long-term management plan of JAEA facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STRAD%20project" title=" STRAD project"> STRAD project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment%20of%20radioactive%20waste" title=" treatment of radioactive waste"> treatment of radioactive waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104402/waste-management-in-a-hot-laboratory-of-japan-atomic-energy-agency-1-overview-and-activities-in-chemical-processing-facility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104402.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Developing a Roadmap by Integrating of Environmental Indicators with the Nitrogen Footprint in an Agriculture Region, Hualien, Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Chien%20Su">Ming-Chien Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Zih%20Chen"> Yi-Zih Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nien-Hsin%20Kao"> Nien-Hsin Kao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hideaki%20Shibata"> Hideaki Shibata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major component of the atmosphere is nitrogen, yet atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use. Human activities have produced different types of nitrogen related compounds such as nitrogen oxides from combustion, nitrogen fertilizers from farming, and the nitrogen compounds from waste and wastewater, all of which have impacted the environment. Many studies have indicated the N-footprint is dominated by food, followed by housing, transportation, and goods and services sectors. To solve the impact issues from agricultural land, nitrogen cycle research is one of the key solutions. The study site is located in Hualien County, Taiwan, a major rice and food production area of Taiwan. Importantly, environmentally friendly farming has been promoted for years, and an environmental indicator system has been established by previous authors based on the concept of resilience capacity index (RCI) and environmental performance index (EPI). Nitrogen management is required for food production, as excess N causes environmental pollution. Therefore it is very important to develop a roadmap of the nitrogen footprint, and to integrate it with environmental indicators. The key focus of the study thus addresses (1) understanding the environmental impact caused by the nitrogen cycle of food products and (2) uncovering the trend of the N-footprint of agricultural products in Hualien, Taiwan. The N-footprint model was applied, which included both crops and energy consumption in the area. All data were adapted from government statistics databases and crosschecked for consistency before modeling. The actions involved with agricultural production were evaluated and analyzed for nitrogen loss to the environment, as well as measuring the impacts to humans and the environment. The results showed that rice makes up the largest share of agricultural production by weight, at 80%. The dominant meat production is pork (52%) and poultry (40%); fish and seafood were at similar levels to pork production. The average per capita food consumption in Taiwan is 2643.38 kcal capita−1 d−1, primarily from rice (430.58 kcal), meats (184.93 kcal) and wheat (ca. 356.44 kcal). The average protein uptake is 87.34 g capita−1 d−1, and 51% is mainly from meat, milk, and eggs. The preliminary results showed that the nitrogen footprint of food production is 34 kg N per capita per year, congruent with the results of Shibata et al. (2014) for Japan. These results provide a better understanding of the nitrogen demand and loss in the environment, and the roadmap can furthermore support the establishment of nitrogen policy and strategy. Additionally, the results serve to develop a roadmap of the nitrogen cycle of an environmentally friendly farming area, thus illuminating the nitrogen demand and loss of such areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture%20productions" title="agriculture productions">agriculture productions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20consumption" title=" energy consumption"> energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20indicator" title=" environmental indicator"> environmental indicator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20footprint" title=" nitrogen footprint"> nitrogen footprint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29044/developing-a-roadmap-by-integrating-of-environmental-indicators-with-the-nitrogen-footprint-in-an-agriculture-region-hualien-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Health Promotion Programs for Fifteen Years Decreased Loneliness and Increased Happiness for Elementary School Children in Yuzawa Town, Japan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeo%20Shibata">Takeo Shibata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arihito%20Endo"> Arihito Endo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chika%20Hiraga"> Chika Hiraga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akemi%20Kunimatsu"> Akemi Kunimatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoko%20Shimizu"> Yoko Shimizu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: A health promotion program, Yuzawa family health plan, was initiated in 2002. It has been held for fifteen years. Yuzawa Town is famous with hot springs and ski resorts. We evaluated the changes in mental status in elementary school children. Methods: questionnaires survey had been held every five years. 196 questionnaires were corrected (94 boys and 102 girls). Changes for their anxieties, loneliness, confiding, problem-solving, risk breaching, communications, happiness, and life satisfaction were evaluated by chi-square test. Results: The rate of loneliness and life dissatisfactions decreased. The rates of happiness, confiding in grandparents, and risk breaching, increased. Especially, happiness rates increased for boys, loneliness rate decreased for girls, confiding in grandparents and risk breaching rate increased for girls. Conclusion: Our health promotion programs could increase mental health status in elementary school children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20promotion" title="health promotion">health promotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20status" title=" mental status"> mental status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elementary%20school" title=" elementary school"> elementary school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loneliness" title=" loneliness"> loneliness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=happiness" title=" happiness"> happiness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106488/health-promotion-programs-for-fifteen-years-decreased-loneliness-and-increased-happiness-for-elementary-school-children-in-yuzawa-town-japan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Preparation and Properties of Self-Healing Polyurethanes Utilizing the Host-Guest Interaction between Cyclodextrin and Adamantane Moieties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaito%20Sugane">Kaito Sugane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitsuhiro%20Shibata"> Mitsuhiro Shibata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-healing polymers have attracted attention because their physical damage and cracks can be effectively repaired, thereby extending the lifetime of the materials. Self-healing polymers using host-guest interaction have the advantage that they are quickly repaired under mild temperature conditions when compared with self-healing polymer using dynamic covalent bonds such as Diels-Alder (DA)/retro-DA and disulfide metathesis reactions. Especially, it is known that hydrogels utilizing the host-guest interaction between cyclodextrin and various guest molecules are repeatedly self-repaired at room temperature. However, most of the works deal with hydrogels, and little attention has been paid for thermosetting resins as polyurethane, epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins. In this study, polyetherurethane networks (PUN-CD-Ads) incorporating cyclodextrin and adamantane moieties were prepared by the crosslinking reactions of β-cyclodextrin (CD), 1-adamantanol (AdOH), glycerol ethoxylate (GCE) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and thermal, mechanical and self-healing properties of the polymer network films were investigated. Our attention was focused on the influences of molar ratio of CD/AdOH, GCE/CD and OH/NCO on the properties. The FT-IR, and gel fraction analysis revealed that the urethanization reaction smoothly progress to form polyurethane networks. When two cut pieces of the films were contacted at the cross-section at room temperature for 30 seconds, the two pieces adhered to produce a self-healed film. Especially, the PUN-CD-Ad prepared at GCE/CD = 5/1, CD/AdOH = 1/1, and OH/NCO = 1/1 film exhibited the highest healing efficiency for tensile strength. Most of the PUN-CD-Ads were successfully self-healed at room temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host-guest%20interaction" title="host-guest interaction">host-guest interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20polymer" title=" network polymer"> network polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurethane" title=" polyurethane"> polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-healing" title=" self-healing "> self-healing </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126291/preparation-and-properties-of-self-healing-polyurethanes-utilizing-the-host-guest-interaction-between-cyclodextrin-and-adamantane-moieties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Analyzing Habits of Brushing Teeth in Yuzawa Town, Japan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeo%20Shibata">Takeo Shibata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arihito%20Endo"> Arihito Endo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akemi%20Kunimatsu"> Akemi Kunimatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chika%20Hiraga"> Chika Hiraga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoko%20Shimizu"> Yoko Shimizu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Yuzawa Town, located in the Niigata prefecture of Japan, is famous for its hot springs. A health promotion program, Yuzawa family health plan, was initiated in 2002. It has been held for fifteen years. We evaluated the profiles of brushing teeth in adults. Subjects: 368 questionnaires were corrected from people who live in Yuzawa town. The range of age was between nineteen and sixty-four years old. Methods: Mann-Whitney’s U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to evaluate significant differences in frequencies of brushing teeth per a day. Chi-square test and the adjusted residuals were used to evaluate when they brush their teeth. Results: Women showed greater frequencies of brushing teeth per a day than men. No difference was shown by age. Construction workers showed fewer frequencies of brushing teeth. Specialized technicians, clerical workers, and housewives showed greater frequencies. People who know Yuzawa family health plan, take a regular life, or take a breakfast every day showed greater frequencies. People who think not healthy, don’t care a balance of foods, don’t take yearly health check-up, or smoke showed fewer frequencies. After breakfast, women and specialized technicians showed greater frequencies, and construction workers and self-employed workers showed fewer frequencies. After lunch, clerical workers and specialized technicians showed greater frequencies. There was no significant difference at after waking up, after dinner, and before going to bed. Construction workers showed a lower rate of having a marital partner and having information of health. Conclusion: Gender and occupational differences were shown in frequencies of brushing teeth per a day. A promotion of teeth brushing for male, especially construction workers and self-employed workers, is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20promotion" title="health promotion">health promotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuzawa%20family%20health%20plan" title=" Yuzawa family health plan"> Yuzawa family health plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brushing%20teeth" title=" brushing teeth"> brushing teeth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20difference" title=" occupational difference"> occupational difference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88090/analyzing-habits-of-brushing-teeth-in-yuzawa-town-japan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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