CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html data-n-head-ssr lang="en" data-n-head="%7B%22lang%22:%7B%22ssr%22:%22en%22%7D%7D"> <head> <title>Frontiers | Author guidelines</title><meta data-n-head="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="msapplication-TileColor" content="003bde"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="msapplication-config" content="/favicons/browserconfig.xml"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="theme-color" content="003bde"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="charset" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="mobile-web-app-capable" name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="apple-mobile-web-app-title" name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Frontiers | Research Publisher"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:type" name="og:type" property="og:type" content="website"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="description" property="description" name="description" content="How should authors submitting to Frontiers format their articles ? Find on this page the Author guidelines explaining everything you need to know"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:title" property="og:title" name="title" content="Frontiers | Author guidelines"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:description" property="og:description" name="description" content="How should authors submitting to Frontiers format their articles ? Find on this page the Author guidelines explaining everything you need to know"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="keywords" name="keywords" content="frontiers author guidelines,frontiers submission guidelines,frontiers template,frontiers article types,frontiers for authors"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:image" property="og:image" name="image" content="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/736B937B-CCA4-4440-B731C5C595C623EA/WebsiteWebP_XL-shutterstock_1895343883.webp"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:site_name" property="og:site_name" name="site_name" content="Frontiers"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="twitter:card" property="twitter:card" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="robots" name="robots" content="index, follow"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="mask-icon" href="/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#003bde"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="manifest" href="/_nuxt/manifest.e33bfb31.json" data-hid="manifest"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="canonical" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/40d8906.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/7e659e8.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/2c4cc51.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/ef340e6.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/880c676.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/b8c10cd.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/6c48b7e.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/4bbf574.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/03c7ed1.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/bb7c640.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/7a7bb6c.js" as="script"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/2c4cc51.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/880c676.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/4bbf574.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/bb7c640.css"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/guidelines/author-guidelines/state.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/guidelines/author-guidelines/payload.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/manifest.js" as="script"> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1841006843"> </head> <body> <button class="BypassBlock__firstEl"></button> <a href="#main-content" class="BypassBlock__wrapper"> <span class="BypassBlock__button">Skip to main content</span> </a>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://tag-manager.frontiersin.org/ns.html?id=GTM-PQWSNCJ&gtm_auth=0HxnYwqN2wpANrd769hTJg&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><div id="__layout"><div class="AboutLayout"><header><h1 class="acc-hidden">Navigation</h1> <nav class="Ibar"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Top bar navigation</h1> <div class="Ibar__main"><div class="Ibar__wrapper"><button aria-label="Open Menu" data-event="iBar-btn-openMenu" class="Ibar__burger"></button> <div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div>  <div parent-data-event="iBar" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="about/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBar-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div> <a href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search" class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search"><span>Search</span></a>    <div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__menu"><div class="Ibar__menu__header"><div class="Ibar__logo"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Menu" data-event="iBarMenu-btn-closeMenu" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__menu__wrapper"> <div parent-data-event="iBarMenu" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="about/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a>    <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBarMenu-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a></div></div> </nav></header> <div id="main-content"><div class="About About--withMenu"><main class="About__main"><section class="About__wrapper"><div class="Renderer"><h1>Author guidelines</h1><div id="writing-and-formatting" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>Writing and formatting</h2> </div><div id="title" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Title</h3> </div><p>The title should be concise, omitting terms that are implicit and, where possible, be a statement of the main result or conclusion presented in the manuscript. Abbreviations should be avoided within the title.</p><p>Witty and creative titles are welcome, but only if relevant and within measure. Consider if a title meant to be thought-provoking might be misinterpreted as offensive or alarming. In extreme cases, the editorial office may veto a title and propose an alternative.<br><br>Authors should avoid:</p><ul><li><p>titles that are a mere question without giving the answer</p></li><li><p>unambitious titles, for example starting with 'Towards,' 'A description of,' 'A characterization of' or 'Preliminary study on'</p></li><li><p>vague titles, for example starting with 'Role of', 'Link between', or 'Effect of' that do not specify the role, link, or effect</p></li><li><p>including terms that are out of place, for example the taxonomic affiliation apart from species name.</p></li></ul><div id="abstract" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Abstract</h3> </div><p>As a primary goal, the abstract should make the general significance and conceptual advance of the work clearly accessible to a broad readership. The abstract should be no longer than a single paragraph and should be structured, for example, according to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD" data-event="richText-a-imradFormat">IMRAD format</a>. For the specific structure of the abstract, authors should follow the requirements of the article type or journal to which they're submitting. Minimize the use of abbreviations and do not cite references, figures or tables.<br><br>For clinical trial articles, please include the unique identifier and the URL of the publicly accessible website on which the trial is registered.</p><div id="manuscript-length" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Manuscript length</h3> </div><p>We encourage you to closely follow the article word count lengths given in the 'Article types' page of the journals. The manuscript length includes only the main body of the text, footnotes, and all citations within it, and excludes the abstract, section titles, figure and table captions, funding statement, acknowledgments, and references in the bibliography. Please indicate the number of words and the number of figures and tables included in your manuscript on the first page.</p><div id="sections" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Sections</h3> </div><p>The manuscript is organized by headings and subheadings. The section headings should be those appropriate for your field and the research itself. You may insert up to 5 heading levels into your manuscript (i.e.,: 3.2.2.1.2 Heading Title).</p><p>For Original Research articles, it is recommended to organize your manuscript in the following sections or their equivalents for your field.</p><p><strong>Introduction</strong><br><strong></strong>Succinct, with no subheadings.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods</strong><br><strong></strong>This section may be divided by subheadings and should contain sufficient detail so that when read in conjunction with cited references, all procedures can be repeated. For experiments reporting results on animal or human subject research, an ethics approval statement should be included in this section (for further information, see the 'Bioethics' section of our <a href="/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" data-event="richText-a-policiesAndPublicationEthics">policies and publication ethics</a>.)</p><p><strong>Results</strong><br><strong></strong>This section may be divided by subheadings. Footnotes should not be used and must be transferred to the main text.</p><p><strong>Discussion</strong><br><strong></strong>This section may be divided by subheadings. Discussions should cover the key findings of the study: discuss any prior research related to the subject to place the novelty of the discovery in the appropriate context, discuss the potential shortcomings and limitations on their interpretations, discuss their integration into the current understanding of the problem and how this advances the current views, speculate on the future direction of the research, and freely postulate theories that could be tested in the future.</p><p>For further information, please check the descriptions defined in the journal's 'Article types' page, in the 'For authors' menu on every journal page.</p><div id="language-editing" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Language editing</h3> </div><p>Frontiers requires manuscripts submitted to meet international English language standards to be considered for publication.</p><p>For authors who would like their manuscript to receive language editing or proofreading to improve the clarity of the manuscript and help highlight their research, we recommend the language-editing services provided by the following external partners.</p><p>Note that sending your manuscript for language editing does not imply or guarantee that it will be accepted for publication by a Frontiers journal. Editorial decisions on the scientific content of a manuscript are independent of whether it has received language editing or proofreading by these partner services or other services.</p><p><strong>Editage</strong><br><strong></strong>We recommend the language-editing service provided by our external partner Editage. These services may be particularly useful for researchers for whom English is not the primary language. They can help to improve the grammar, syntax, and flow of your manuscript prior to submission. Frontiers' authors will receive a 10% discount by visiting the following link: <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="editage.com/frontiers" href="https://editage.com/frontiers/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_editageCom/frontiers" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>editage.com/frontiers</span></a></span>.</p><p><strong>The Charlesworth Group</strong><br>We recommend the Charlesworth Group's author services, who has a long-standing track record in language editing and proofreading. This is a third-party service for which Frontiers' authors will receive a 10% discount by visiting the following link: <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="www.cwauthors.com/frontiers" href="https://www.cwauthors.com/frontiers/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_wwwCwauthorsCom/fronti" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>www.cwauthors.com/frontiers</span></a></span>.</p><p>Frontiers推荐您使用在英语语言编辑和校对领域具有悠久历史和良好口碑的查尔斯沃思作者服务。此项服务由第三方为您提供，Frontiers中国作者通过此链接提交稿件时可获得10％的特别优惠: <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="www.cwauthors.com.cn/frontiers" href="https://www.cwauthors.com.cn/frontiers/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_wwwCwauthorsComCn/fron" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>www.cwauthors.com.cn/frontiers</span></a></span>.</p><div id="language-style" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Language style</h3> </div><p>The default language style at Frontiers is American English. If you prefer your article to be formatted in British English, please specify this on the first page of your manuscript. For any questions regarding style, we recommend authors to consult the <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Chicago Manual of Style" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_chicagoManualOfStyle" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Chicago Manual of Style</span></a></span>.</p><div id="inclusive-language" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Inclusive language guidelines</h3> </div><p>Frontiers is an inclusive publisher and we ask that all submissions are in line with our inclusive language policy. When preparing your manuscript for submission, take a mindful approach towards personal biases and a concerted effort to limit their influence. Authors should remove any suggestion or implication of superiority or inferiority of one person over another based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, religion, or socio-economic class. We ask authors to use inclusive language practices and awareness of diversity, equity, and inclusion into their research and keep it at the forefront during the composition of their findings.</p><p>External guidance that may be useful is available at C4DISC’s <a href="https://c4disc.pubpub.org/guidelines-on-inclusive-language-and-images-in-scholarly-communication" data-event="richText-a-guidelinesOnInclusiveLanguage"><u>Guidelines on Inclusive Language and Images in Scholarly Communication</u></a>.</p><p>Furthermore, when drafting your work, please take into account the following considerations  </p><p>  In general, seek to avoid   </p><ul><li><p>language that could be deemed insulting, profane, or derogatory.   </p></li><li><p>descriptors that identify personal attributes such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, or health conditions, where they are not critically relevant to the discussion.   </p></li><li><p>any form of language that suggests a particular culture or group as the default or standard.   </p></li></ul><p>  And where feasible:   </p><ul><li><p>proactively ask individuals or groups how they would prefer to be referenced.    </p></li><li><p>adhere to the SAGER guidelines for reference to sex and gender in research.  </p></li></ul><p>Remember, the language we use can influence perceptions, evoke emotions, and shape perspectives. Let’s work together to nurture an inclusive, respectful, and empowering discourse in science.   </p><div class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Guidelines for artificial intelligence and related technologies</h3> </div><p>These guidelines cover acceptable uses of generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (ChatGPT, Jasper) and text-to-image generators (DALL-E 2, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion) in the writing or editing of manuscripts submitted to Frontiers.</p><h4>Use of AI to create written or visual content</h4><p>Authors should not list a generative AI technology as a co-author or author of any submitted manuscript. Generative AI technologies cannot be held accountable for all aspects of a manuscript and consequently do not meet the criteria required for authorship.</p><p>If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, this use must follow all Frontiers guidelines and policies. Specifically, the author is responsible for checking the factual accuracy of any content created by the generative AI technology. This includes, but is not limited to, any quotes, citations or references. Figures produced by or edited using a generative AI technology must be checked to ensure they accurately reflect the data presented in the manuscript. Authors must also check that any written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology is free from plagiarism.</p><p>If the author of a submitted manuscript has used written or visual content produced by or edited using a generative AI technology, such use must be acknowledged in the acknowledgements section of the manuscript and the methods section if applicable. This explanation must list the name, version, model, and source of the generative AI technology.<br>We encourage authors to upload all input prompts provided to a generative AI technology and outputs received from a generative AI technology in the supplementary files for the manuscript.</p><p>The entire document should be single-spaced and must contain page and line numbers in order to facilitate the review process. The manuscript should be written using either Word or LaTeX. See above for templates. </p><div id="nomenclature" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Abbreviations and nomenclatures</h3> </div><p>The use of abbreviations should be kept to a minimum. Non-standard abbreviations should be avoided unless they appear at least four times, and must be defined upon first use in the main text. Consider also giving a list of non-standard abbreviations at the end, immediately before the acknowledgments.</p><p>Equations should be inserted in editable format from the equation editor.</p><p>Italicize gene symbols and use the approved gene nomenclature where it is available. For human genes, please refer to the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (<span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="HGNC" href="https://www.genenames.org/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_hgnc" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>HGNC</span></a></span>). New symbols for human genes should be submitted to the HGNC <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="here" href="https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/request" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_here" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>here</span></a></span>. Common alternative gene aliases may also be reported, but should not be used alone in place of the HGNC symbol. Nomenclature committees for other species are listed <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="here" href="https://www.genenames.org/help/faq/#!/#tocAnchor-1-1-8" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_here" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>here</span></a></span>. Protein products are not italicized.</p><p>We encourage the use of Standard International Units in all manuscripts.</p><p>Chemical compounds and biomolecules should be referred to using systematic nomenclature, preferably using the recommendations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).</p><p>Astronomical objects should be referred to using the nomenclature given by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) provided <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="here" href="http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Dic/how.html" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_here" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>here</span></a></span>.</p><p>Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) for ZOOBANK registered names or nomenclatural acts should be listed in the manuscript before the keywords. An LSID is represented as a uniform resource name (URN) with the following format: urn:lsid:<Authority>:<Namespace>:<ObjectID>[:<Version>]</p><p>For more information on LSIDs please see the 'Code' section of our <a href="/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" data-event="richText-a-policiesAndPublicationEthics">policies and publication ethics</a>.</p><div id="seo" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Enhancing search engine optimization (SEO)</h3> </div><p>There are a few simple ways to maximize your article's discoverability and search results. </p><ul><li><p>Include a few of your article's keywords in the title of the article</p></li><li><p>Do not use long article titles</p></li><li><p>Pick 5-8 keywords using a mix of generic and more specific terms on the article subject(s)</p></li><li><p>Use the maximum amount of keywords in the first two sentences of the abstract</p></li><li><p>Use some of the keywords in level 1 headings</p></li></ul><div id="references" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>References</h2> </div><h4><strong>Preparing and formatting references</strong></h4><p>Submissions to Frontiers must be grounded in relevant and up to date peer-reviewed, academic research, and this should be reflected in the accompanying reference lists.</p><p>Authors are welcome to use online referencing tools in preparation of their manuscript. Some useful resources include <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="RefMe" href="https://www.citethisforme.com/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_refMe" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>RefMe</span></a></span>, <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Zotero" href="https://www.zotero.org/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_zotero" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Zotero</span></a></span>, and <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Mendeley" href="https://www.mendeley.com/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_mendeley" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Mendeley</span></a></span>.</p><ul><li><p>The citation of non-academic and non-peer-reviewed sources (e.g. blog posts, website content), as well as anonymous sources or commercial websites should be avoided or kept to a minimum</p></li><li><p>Authors should avoid citing content that is not directly relevant to the scope of the article and the journal</p></li><li><p>Reference lists should reflect the current status of knowledge in the field, avoid bias, and not include a high proportion of citations to the same authors or sources, school of thought, etc.</p></li><li><p>The length of the reference list should be appropriate depending on the article type, covering the relevant literature through sufficient referencing</p></li><li><p>Authors should ensure that references are accurate, that all links are accessible, and that the citations/references adhere to the reference styles outlined below</p></li></ul><p><br>Frontiers' journals use one of two reference styles, either Harvard (author-date) or Vancouver (numbered). These formats should be adhered to for the in-text citations and the reference lists. Please check our <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="help center" href="https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org/s/article/What-reference-style-does-each-journal-use" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_helpCenter" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>help center</span></a></span> to find the correct style for the journal to which you're submitting.</p><ul><li><p>All citations of published works in the text, figures, or tables must be in the reference list and vice-versa.</p></li><li><p>The names of the first six authors followed by et al. and the DOI (when available) should be provided.</p></li><li><p>Given names of authors should be abbreviated to initials (e.g. Smith, J., Lewis, C.S., etc.).</p></li><li><p>The reference list should only include articles that are published or accepted.</p></li><li><p>Unpublished data, submitted manuscripts, or personal communications should be cited within the text only, for article types that allow such inclusions. Where additional details are available, these will be included as footnotes.</p></li><li><p>For accepted but unpublished works use 'in press' instead of page numbers.</p></li><li><p>Data sets that have been deposited to an online repository should be included in the reference list. Include the version and unique identifier when available.</p></li><li><p>Personal communications should be documented by a letter of permission.</p></li><li><p>Website URLs should be included as footnotes.</p></li><li><p>Any inclusion of verbatim text must be contained in quotation marks and should clearly reference the original source.</p></li><li><p>Preprints can be cited provided that a DOI or archive URL is available, and the citation clearly mentions that the contribution is a preprint. If a peer-reviewed journal publication for the same preprint exists, the official journal publication is the preferred source. See the preprints section for each reference style below for more information.</p></li></ul><div id="harvard-reference-style" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>Harvard reference style (author-date)</h2> </div><p>Reference examples for Frontiers’ journals using the Harvard referencing system can be found below. For examples of other sources, and for general questions regarding the Harvard reference style, please refer to the <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Chicago Manual of Style" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_chicagoManualOfStyle" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Chicago Manual of Style</span></a></span>.</p><ul><li><p>References should include the full last name and first name initials of the first six authors, followed by et al. and the year of publication in brackets.</p></li><li><p>Alphabetical order is followed for the reference list.</p></li></ul><div class="Table Renderer__entry--Block"><div class="Table__overlay"></div> <div class="Table__wrapperWithTitle"><div class="Table__title"><span>Reference guidelines - Harvard</span> <button aria-label="Toggle fullscreen view" data-event="table-btn_fullScreen-toggleView" class="Table__icon Table__icon--fullScreen"></button></div> <div class="Table__wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th> Source </th><th> Reference list entry </th><th> In-text citation </th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><div>Article in a print journal</div></td><td><div>Sondheimer, N., and Lindquist, S. (2000). Rnq1: an epigenetic modifier of protein function in yeast. Mol. Cell. 5, 163-172.</div></td><td><div>(Sondheimer and Lindquist, 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Article in an online journal </div></td><td><div>Tahimic, C.G.T., Wang, Y., Bikle, D.D. (2013). Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front. Endocrinol. 4:6. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00006</div></td><td><div>(Tahimic et al., 2013)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Article or chapter in a book</div></td><td><div>Sorenson, P. W., and Caprio, J. C. (1998). “Chemoreception,” in The Physiology of Fishes, ed. D. H. Evans (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 375-405.</div></td><td><div>(Sorenson and Caprio, 1998)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Book</div></td><td><div>Cowan, W. M., Jessell, T. M., and Zipursky, S. L. (1997). Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development. New York: Oxford University Press.</div></td><td><div>(Cowan et al., 1997)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Abstract</div></td><td><div>Hendricks, J., Applebaum, R., and Kunkel, S. (2010). A world apart? Bridging the gap between theory and applied social gerontology. Gerontologist 50, 284-293. Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology database. (Accession No. 50360869)</div></td><td><div>(Hendricks et al., 2010)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Website</div></td><td><div>World Health Organization. (2018). E. coli. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli [Accessed March 15, 2018].</div></td><td><div>(World Health Organisation, 2018)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Patent</div></td><td><div>Marshall, S. P. (2000). Method and apparatus for eye tracking and monitoring pupil dilation to evaluate cognitive activity. U.S. Patent No 6,090,051. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.</div></td><td><div>(Marshall, 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Data</div></td><td><div>Perdiguero P, Venturas M, Cervera MT, Gil L, Collada C. Data from: Massive sequencing of Ulms minor's transcriptome provides new molecular tools for a genus under the constant threat of Dutch elm disease. Dryad Digital Repository. (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ps837</div></td><td><div>(Perdiguero et al., 2015)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Theses and dissertations</div></td><td><div>Smith, J. (2008) Post-structuralist discourse relative to phenomological pursuits in the deconstructivist arena. [dissertation/master's thesis]. [Chicago (IL)]: University of Chicago</div></td><td><div>(Smith, 2008)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Preprint</div></td><td><div>Smith, J. (2008). Title of the document. Preprint repository name [Preprint]. Available at: https://persistent-url (Accessed March 15, 2018).</div></td><td><div>(Smith, 2008)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>One author</div></td><td><div>Hesse-Biber, S. (2010). Qualitative Approaches to Mixed Methods Practice. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410364611</div></td><td><div>(Hesse-Biber, 2010)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Two authors</div></td><td><div>Duvail, S., Hamerlynck, O. (2007) The Rufiji River flood: plague or blessing?. Int. J. Biometeorol. 52, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0105-8</div></td><td><div>(Duvail and Hamerlynck, 2007)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>More than two authors</div></td><td><div>Leemhuis C, Thonfeld F, Näschen K, Steinbach S, Muro J, Strauch A, López A, Daconto G, Games I, Diekkrüger B. (2017) Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania. Sustainability. 9(9):1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091513</div></td><td><div>(Leemhuis et al., 2017)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Same author(s); same year</div></td><td><div>Huang, X-G. (2016a). Electromagnetic fields and anomalous transports in heavy-ion collisions—a pedagogical review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79 076302. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/076302 Huang, X-G. (2016b). Simulating Chiral Magnetic and Separation Effects with Spin-Orbit Coupled Atomic Gases. Scientific Reports. 6:20601. doi: 10.1038/srep20601</div></td><td><div>(Huang, 2016a, 2016b)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Same author(s); different years</div></td><td><div>Sedrakian, A. (2007). The physics of dense hadronic matter and compact stars. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 58(1):168-246. doi: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2006.02.002 Sedrakian, A. (2016). Axion cooling of neutron stars. Phys. Rev. D 93:065044. doi. 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.065044</div></td><td><div>(Sedrakian, 2007, 2016)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Same first author; different author list</div></td><td><div>Quimque, M. T., Notarte, K. I., Letada, A., Fernandez, R. A., and Pilapil, D. Y. 4th., Pueblos, K.R., Agbay, J.C., Dahse, H.M., Wenzel-Storjohann, A., Tasdemir, D., Khan, A., Wei, D.Q., Gose Macabeo, A.P. (2021a). Potential Cancer- and Alzheimer’s Disease-Targeting Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors fromUvaria alba: Insights from In Vitro and Consensus Virtual Screening. ACS Omega. 6, 8403–8417. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00137 Quimque, M. T. J., Notarte, K. I. R., Fernandez, R. A. T.,Mendoza,M. A. O., Liman, R. A. D., Lim, J. A. K., et al. (2021b). Virtual screening-driven drug discovery of SARSCoV2 enzyme inhibitors targeting viral attachment, replication, post-translational modification and host immunity evasion infection mechanisms. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 39, 4316–4333. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1776639</div></td><td><div>(Quimque et al., 2021a; Quimque et al., 2021b)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Different authors; same surname</div></td><td><div>Khan, S. M., Khan, M., Alouffi, A., Almutairi, M. M., Numan, M., Ullah, S., et al. (2023). Phylogenetic position of Haemaphysalis kashmirensis and Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, with Notes on Rickettsia spp. Genes. 14, 360. doi: 10.3390/genes14020360 Khan, Z., Shehla, S., Alouffi, A., Kashif Obaid, M., Zeb Khan, A., Almutairi, M. M., et al. (2022). Molecular survey and genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale in ticks collected from livestock hosts in Pakistan. Animals. 12, 1708. doi: 10.3390/ani12131708</div></td><td><div>(Khan Z. et al., 2022; Khan S. M. et al., 2023)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Publishing in a Humanities and Social Sciences journal</div></td><td><div>Farrell, H. (2012). The Consequences of the Internet for Politics. Annual Review Political Science. 15, 35-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815</div></td><td><div>(Farrell, 2012, p. 40)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Personal communications</div></td><td><div> </div></td><td><div>“We thank L. Li (personal communication, December, 2018) for noting this ambiguity.”</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>  <div class="Table__spacer"></div></div><h3>Vancouver reference style (numbered)</h3><p>Reference examples for Frontiers’ journals using the Vancouver referencing system can be found below. For more examples of citing other documents and general questions regarding the Vancouver reference style, please refer to <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Citing Medicine" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_citingMedicine" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Citing Medicine</span></a></span>.</p><ul><li><p>In-text citations in the Vancouver reference style should be numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text and identified by Arabic numerals in parenthesis.</p></li><li><p>Use square brackets for physics and mathematics articles.</p></li><li><p>The abbreviation ‘Ref’ should not be used, e.g.: [e.g., (1)] should NOT read [e.g. Ref. (1)].</p></li><li><p>Style for comparing a citation should follow the number format, e.g. [cf. (1)]. The same applies when using ‘see’, e.g. [see (46)].</p></li><li><p>References should be numbered and listed chronologically, according to the order they appear in the text.</p></li></ul><div class="Table Renderer__entry--Block"><div class="Table__overlay"></div> <div class="Table__wrapperWithTitle"><div class="Table__title"><span>Reference guidelines - Vancouver</span> <button aria-label="Toggle fullscreen view" data-event="table-btn_fullScreen-toggleView" class="Table__icon Table__icon--fullScreen"></button></div> <div class="Table__wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th> Source </th><th> Reference list entry </th><th> In-text citation </th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><div>Article in a print journal</div></td><td><div>1. Sondheimer N, Lindquist S. Rnq1: an epigenetic modifier of protein function in yeast. Mol Cell. (2000) 5:163-172. </div></td><td><div>(1)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Article in an online journal </div></td><td><div>2. Tahimic CGT, Wang Y, Bikle DD. Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front Endocrinol. (2013) 4:6. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00006</div></td><td><div>(2)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Article or chapter in a book</div></td><td><div>3. Sorenson PW, Caprio JC. "Chemoreception". In: Evans DH, editor. The Physiology of Fishes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1998). p. 375-405.</div></td><td><div>(3)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Book</div></td><td><div>4. Cowan WM, Jessell TM, Zipursky SL. Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development. New York: Oxford University Press. (1997). p. 345.</div></td><td><div>(4)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Abstract</div></td><td><div>5. Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, editor. Genetic Programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3–5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer. (2002). p. 182–91.</div></td><td><div>(5)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Website</div></td><td><div>6. World Health Organization. E. coli. (2018).https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli[Accessed March 15, 2018].</div></td><td><div>(6)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Patent</div></td><td><div>7. Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible Endoscopic Grasping and Cutting Device and Positioning Tool Assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. (2002).</div></td><td><div>(7)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Data</div></td><td><div>8. Perdiguero P, Venturas M, Cervera MT, Gil L, Collada C. Data from: Massive sequencing of Ulms minor's transcriptome provides new molecular tools for a genus under the constant threat of Dutch elm disease. Dryad Digital Repository. (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ps837</div></td><td><div>(8)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Theses and dissertations</div></td><td><div>9. Smith J. (2008) Post-structuralist discourse relative to phenomenological pursuits in the deconstructivist arena [dissertation/master's thesis]. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago. (2008).</div></td><td><div>(9)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Preprint</div></td><td><div>10. Kingma DP, Ba J. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv [preprint]. (2014). Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980 (Accessed June 20, 2014).</div></td><td><div>(10)</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Unpublished reference</div></td><td><div> </div></td><td><div>“We thank L. Li (personal communication, December, 2018) for noting this ambiguity.”</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Named citation – One author</div></td><td><div>20. Hesse-Biber S. Qualitative Approaches to Mixed Methods Practice. Qualitative Inquiry. (2010) 16(6): 455-468. doi: 10.1177/1077800410364611</div></td><td><div>“Hesse-Biber (20) found…”</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Named citation – Two authors</div></td><td><div>43. Duvail S, Hamerlynck O. The Rufiji River flood: plague or blessing?. Int J Biometeorol. (2007) 52:33–42. doi: 10.1007/s00484-007-0105-8</div></td><td><div>“… as stated by Duvail and Hamerlynck (43).”</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Named citation – Multiple authors</div></td><td><div>44. Leemhuis C, Thonfeld F, Näschen K, Steinbach S, Muro J, Strauch A, et al. Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania. Sustainability. (2017) 9(9):1513. doi: 10.3390/su9091513</div></td><td><div>“In research conducted by Leemhuis et al. (44)...”</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Multiple citations</div></td><td><div>8. Yuan S, Yao X, Yang H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Sun J, et al. Research note: genetic diversity of duck circoviruses circulating in partial areas of Guangdong province, southern China. Poult Sci. (2022) 101:102032. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102032 … 29. Liu H, Li LX, Sun WC, Shi N, Sun XT, Jin NY, et al. Molecular survey of duck circovirus infection in poultry in southern and southwestern China during 2018 and 2019. BMC Vet Res. (2020) 16:80. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02301-x 30. Zhang X, Jiang S, Wu J, Zhao Q, Sun Y, Kong Y, et al. An investigation of duck circovirus and co-infection in Cherry Valley ducks in Shandong Province, China. Vet Microbiol. (2009) 133:252–6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.005</div></td><td><div>“… reported in these regions (8, 29, 30), are…”</div></td></tr><tr><td><div>Publishing in physics or mathematics</div></td><td><div>1. Lee YT, Vardi A, Tordjman M. A hybrid self-aligned MIS-MESFET architecture for improved diamond-based transistors. Appl Phys Lett (2020) 117:202101. doi:10.1063/5.0023662</div></td><td><div>“…including transistors [1]…”</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>  <div class="Table__spacer"></div></div><h3><strong>Citation of retracted articles</strong> </h3><p>Authors are responsible for ensuring the integrity of the references they cite, including verifying whether any article they intend to cite has been retracted. Citing retracted articles can undermine the credibility of your manuscript and should only occur where it is essential for the context of your discussion. </p><h4><strong>Guidelines for citing retracted articles:</strong> </h4><ol><li><p><strong>Verification:</strong> Authors are responsible for checking the status of all cited works before submission. Lists of retracted articles can often be found in databases such as PubMed and the Retraction Watch database. Authors can check the version of the record which is expected to include a visible notice of retraction. </p></li><li><p><strong>Disclosure:</strong> If it is necessary to cite a retracted article, authors must clearly indicate the retraction status in the reference list. </p></li><li><p><strong>Justification:</strong> Authors are encouraged to discuss the reasons for citing the retracted article in the manuscript, explaining its relevance and the implications of its retracted status on the discussion. </p></li></ol><p>Adhering to these guidelines is considered best practice as it helps maintain the scientific integrity of the published literature and ensures that all references within the manuscript contribute validly to the scholarly discourse. Ensuring the accuracy and transparency of citations protects authors from inadvertently perpetuating misinformation and supports the overall trustworthiness of research publications. </p><div id="acknowledgements" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Acknowledgements</h3> </div><p>This is a short text to acknowledge the contributions of specific colleagues, institutions, or agencies that aided the efforts of the authors. Should the content of the manuscript have previously appeared online, such as in a thesis or preprint, this should be mentioned here, in addition to listing the source within the reference list.</p><p>Acknowledgements are designed to recognize individuals directly involved in the research. We request that authors avoid personal expressions of gratitude toward figures or entities unrelated or indirectly related to the production of the manuscript. While such acknowledgements are understood to be significant to the authors, they are considered indirectly involved in the research unless they pertain to specific research activities. It remains the responsibility of the authors to ensure that these guidelines are adhered to in the final publication.<br></p><div id="templates" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Templates</h3> </div><p>If working with Word please use our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/Design/zip/Frontiers_Word_Templates.zip" data-event="richText-a-wordTemplates">Word templates</a>. If you wish to submit your article as LaTeX, we recommend our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/design/zip/Frontiers_LaTeX_Templates.zip" data-event="richText-a-laTeXTemplates">LaTeX templates</a>.<br><br>For LaTeX files, please ensure all relevant manuscript files are uploaded: .tex file, PDF, and .bib file (if the bibliography is not already included in the .tex file).</p><p>During the <a href="/about/peer-review" data-event="richText-a-interactiveReview">interactive review</a>, authors are encouraged to upload versions using track changes. Editors and reviewers can only download the PDF file of the submitted manuscript.</p><p></p><div id="figure-and-table-guidelines" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>Figures, tables, and images</h2> </div><div id="cc-by-license" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Figures, tables, and images: rights and permissions</h3> </div><p>All figures, tables, and images will be published under a Creative Commons <span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="CC-BY license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_ccByLicense" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>CC-BY license</span></a></span>, and permission must be obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including re-published/adapted/modified/partial figures and images from the internet). It is the responsibility of the authors to acquire the licenses, follow any citation instructions requested by third-party rights holders, and cover any supplementary charges.</p><p>For additional information, please see the 'Image manipulation' section of our <a href="/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" data-event="richText-a-policiesAndPublicationEthics">policies and publication ethics</a>.</p><div id="figure-requirements-and-style-guidelines" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Figures and images: style guidelines</h3> </div><p>We require figures to be submitted individually, in the same order as they are referred to in the manuscript; the figures will then be automatically embedded at the end of the submitted manuscript. Ensure that each figure is mentioned in the text and in numerical order.</p><p>For figures with more than one panel, panels should be clearly indicated using labels (A), (B), (C), (D), etc. However, do not embed the part labels over any part of the image. These labels will be replaced during typesetting according to Frontiers' journal style. For graphs, there must be a self-explanatory label (including units) along each axis.</p><p>For LaTeX files, figures should be included in the provided PDF. In case of acceptance, our production office might require high-resolution files of the figures included in the manuscript in EPS, JPEG or TIF/TIFF format.</p><p>To upload more than one figure at a time, save the figures (labeled in order of appearance in the manuscript) in a zip file and upload them as 'Supplementary material presentation.'</p><p>Please note that figures not in accordance with the guidelines will cause substantial delay during the production process.</p><h4>Captions</h4><p>Captions should be preceded by the appropriate label, for example 'Figure 1.' Figure captions should be placed at the end of the manuscript. Figure panels are referred to by bold capital letters in brackets: (A), (B), (C), (D), etc.</p><h4>Image size and resolution requirements</h4><p>Figures should be prepared with the PDF layout in mind. Individual figures should not be longer than one page and with a width that corresponds to one column (85 mm) or two columns (180 mm).</p><p>All images must have a resolution of 300 dpi at final size. Check the resolution of your figure by enlarging it to 150%. If the image appears blurry, jagged, or has a stair-stepped effect, the resolution is too low.</p><p>The text should be legible and of high quality. The smallest visible text should be no less than eight points in height when viewed at actual size.</p><p>Solid lines should not be broken up. Any lines in the graphic should be no smaller than two points wide.</p><p>Please note that saving a figure directly as an image file (JPEG, TIF) can greatly affect the resolution of your image. To avoid this, one option is to export the file as PDF, then convert into TIFF or EPS using a graphics software.</p><h4>Format and color image mode</h4><p>The following formats are accepted: TIF/TIFF (.tif/.tiff), JPEG (.jpg), and EPS (.eps) (upon acceptance). Images must be submitted in the color mode RGB.</p><h4>Images of chemical structures</h4><p>Chemical structures should be prepared using ChemDraw or a similar program. If working with ChemDraw please use our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/zip/FrontChemTemplate.zip" data-event="richText-a-chemDrawTemplate">ChemDraw template</a>. If working with another program please follow the guidelines below.</p><ul><li><p>Drawing settings: chain angle, 120° bond spacing, 18% width; fixed length, 14.4 pt; bold width, 2.0 pt; line width, 0.6 pt; margin width, 1.6 pt; hash spacing, 2.5 pt. Scale 100% Atom Label settings: font, Arial; size, 8 pt</p></li><li><p>Assign all chemical compounds a bold, Arabic numeral in the order in which the compounds are presented in the manuscript text.</p></li></ul><div id="table-requirements-and-style-guidelines" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Table requirements and style guidelines</h3> </div><p>Tables should be inserted at the end of the manuscript in an editable format. If you use a word processor, build your table in Word. If you use a LaTeX processor, build your table in LaTeX. An empty line should be left before and after the table.</p><p>Table captions must be placed immediately before the table. Captions should be preceded by the appropriate label, for example 'Table 1.' Please use only a single paragraph for the caption.</p><p>Ensure that each table is mentioned in the text and in numerical order.</p><p>Large tables covering several pages cannot be included in the final PDF for formatting reasons. These tables will be published as supplementary material.</p><p>Tables which are not according to the above guidelines will cause substantial delay during the production process.</p><p>During production, tables will be formatted according to Frontiers' house style. Here is an example of a formatted table.</p><figure class="FrontiersImage ImageComponent Renderer__entry--Block"><picture class="FrontiersImage"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/E6DE684E-A024-49B5-9DF2EC0F69F11FE6/webimage-74B838A2-EE15-43F4-83974EC028D5C070.png" alt="" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> </figure><div id="accessibility" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Accessibility</h3> </div><p>We encourage authors to make the figures and visual elements of their articles accessible for the visually impaired. Effective use of color can help people with low visual acuity, or color blindness, understand all the content of an article.</p><p>These guidelines are easy to implement and are in accordance with the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (<span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="WCAG 2.1" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_wcag21" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>WCAG 2.1</span></a></span>), the standard for web accessibility best practices.</p><p><strong>Ensure sufficient contrast between text and its background</strong><br><strong></strong>People who have low visual acuity or color blindness could find it difficult to read text with low contrast background color. Try using colors that provide maximum contrast.</p><p>WC3 recommends the following contrast ratio levels:</p><ul><li><p>Level AA, contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1</p></li><li><p>Level AAA, contrast ratio of at least 7:1</p></li></ul><figure class="FrontiersImage ImageComponent Renderer__entry--Block"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/D88EF3AA-0186-420B-B7DAF9F0832190B3/289E535E-DFED-4E17-9978F74DFEBAF279/WebsiteWebP_XL-Part%208.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/D88EF3AA-0186-420B-B7DAF9F0832190B3/webimage-3537E95A-AA10-4B77-9A40985D7C037B8E.png" alt="" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> </figure><p>You can verify the contrast ratio of your palette with these online ratio checkers:</p><ul><li><p><span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="WebAIM" href="https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_webAim" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>WebAIM</span></a></span></p></li><li><p><span class="Link__wrapper Renderer__entry--InLine"><a aria-label="Color Safe" href="http://colorsafe.co/" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_colorSafe" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--small"><span>Color Safe</span></a></span></p></li></ul><p><strong>Avoid using red or green indicators</strong><br><strong></strong>More than 99% of color-blind people have a red-green color vision deficiency.</p><p><strong>Avoid using only color to communicate information</strong><br><strong></strong>Elements with complex information like charts and graphs can be hard to read when only color is used to distinguish the data. Try to use other visual aspects to communicate information, such as shape, labels, and size. Incorporating patterns into the shape fills also make differences clearer; for an example please see below:<br></p><figure class="FrontiersImage ImageComponent Renderer__entry--Block"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BEF17C-2029-4C47-A259A41AB969EE7A/F14446F5-DF16-419C-8932AEF1FA5D9134/WebsiteWebP_XL-Part%205.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BEF17C-2029-4C47-A259A41AB969EE7A/webimage-D81030D0-F9E1-433A-B54D2CA359A934F8.png" alt="" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> </figure><div id="supplementary-material" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>Supplementary material</h2> </div><h3>Selecting supplementary material </h3><p>Data that are not of primary importance to the text, or which cannot be included in the article because they are too large or the current format does not permit it (such as videos, raw data traces, and PowerPoint presentations), can be uploaded as supplementary material during the submission procedure and will be displayed along with the published article. All supplementary files are deposited to figshare for permanent storage and receive a DOI.</p><p>Supplementary material is not typeset, so please ensure that all information is clearly presented without tracked changes/highlighted text/line numbers, and the appropriate caption is included in the file. To avoid discrepancies between the published article and the supplementary material, please do not add the title, author list, affiliations or correspondence in the supplementary files.</p><h3>File type requirements</h3><p>The supplementary material can be uploaded as:</p><ul><li><p>data sheet (Word, Excel, CSV, CDX, FASTA, PDF or Zip files)</p></li><li><p>presentation (PowerPoint, PDF or Zip files)</p></li><li><p>image (CDX, EPS, JPEG, PDF, PNG or TIF/TIFF),</p></li><li><p>table (Word, Excel, CSV or PDF)</p></li><li><p>audio (MP3, WAV or WMA)</p></li><li><p>video (AVI, DIVX, FLV, MOV, MP4, MPEG, MPG or WMV).</p></li></ul><p><br>Technical requirements for supplementary images:</p><ul><li><p>300 DPIs</p></li><li><p>RGB color mode.</p></li></ul><p>For supplementary material templates (LaTeX and Word), see our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/design/zip/Frontiers_Supplementary_Material.zip" data-event="richText-a-supplementaryMaterialTemplate">supplementary material templates</a>.<br></p><div id="submitting-information" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>Submitting information</h2> </div><div id="where-to-submit" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Choosing where to submit</h3> </div><p><strong>Open access and copyright</strong> </p><p>All Frontiers' articles from July 2012 onwards are published with open access under the Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" data-event="richText-a-ccByLicense"><u>CC-BY license</u></a> (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). This means that the author(s) retains copyright, but the content is free to download, distribute, and adapt for commercial or non-commercial purposes, given appropriate attribution to the original article. </p><p>Upon submission, the author(s) grants Frontiers a license to publish, including to display, store, copy, and reuse the content. The CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license enables anyone to use the publication freely, given appropriate attribution to the author(s) and citing Frontiers as the original publisher. The CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license does not apply to third-party materials that display a copyright notice to prohibit copying. Unless the third-party content is also subject to a CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license, or an equally permissive license, the author(s) must comply with any third-party copyright notices. </p><p><strong>Registration with Frontiers</strong> </p><p>Corresponding and all submitting authors must <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/register" data-event="richText-a-register"><u>register</u></a> with Frontiers before submitting an article. You must be logged in to your personal Frontiers account to submit an article. </p><p>For any co-author who would like their name on the article abstract page and PDF to be linked to a Frontiers profile on the <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/" data-event="richText-a-loopNetwork"><u>Loop network</u></a>, please <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/register" data-event="richText-a-register"><u>register</u></a> before the final publication of the paper. </p><div id="article-type" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Article type</h3> </div><p>We require authors to select the appropriate article type for their manuscript and to comply with the article type descriptions defined in the journal's 'Article types' page, which can be found under the 'About journal' menu in 'For authors' on every Frontiers journal page. Please pay close attention to the word count limits.</p><div id="keywords" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Keywords</h3> </div><p>All article types require a minimum of five and a maximum of eight keywords.</p><div id="cross-mark-policy" class="Heading Heading--h2 Renderer__entry--Block"><h2>CrossMark policy</h2> </div><p>CrossMark is a multi-publisher initiative to provide a standard way for readers to locate the current version of a piece of content. By applying the CrossMark logo Frontiers is committed to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur. </p><p>Clicking on the CrossMark logo will tell you the current status of a document and may also give you additional publication record information about the document.</p><p>For Corrigenda, General Commentaries, and Editorials, the title of your manuscript should have the following format.</p><ul><li><p>'Corrigendum: [Title of original article]'</p></li><li><p>General Commentaries:<br> 'Commentary: [Title of original article]'<br> 'Response: Commentary: [Title of original article]'</p></li><li><p>'Editorial: [Title of Research Topic]'</p></li></ul><div id="authors-and-affiliations" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Authors and affiliations</h3> </div><p>All names are listed together and separated by commas. Provide exact and correct author names as these will be indexed in official archives. Affiliations should be keyed to the author's name with superscript numbers and be listed as follows:</p><ul><li><p>Laboratory, Institute, Department, Organization, City, State abbreviation (only for United States, Canada, and Australia), and Country (without detailed address information such as city zip codes or street names).</p></li></ul><p>Example: Max Maximus1<br>1 Department of Excellence, International University of Science, New York, NY, United States.</p><h4>Correspondence</h4><p>The corresponding author(s) should be marked with an asterisk in the author list. Provide the exact contact email address of the corresponding author(s) in a separate section.<br><br>Example: Max Maximus*<br>maximus@iuscience.edu<br><br>If any authors wish to include a change of address, list the present address(es) below the correspondence details using a unique superscript symbol keyed to the author(s) in the author list.</p><h4>Equal contributions</h4><p>The authors who have contributed equally should be marked with a symbol (†) in the author list of the doc/latex and pdf files of the manuscript uploaded at submission.</p><p>Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Equal contribution: </strong>These authors contributed equally to this work</p></li><li><p><strong>First authorship:</strong> These authors share first authorship</p></li><li><p><strong>Senior authorship: </strong>These authors share senior authorship</p></li><li><p><strong>Last authorship:</strong> These authors share last authorship</p></li><li><p><strong>Equal contribution and first authorship:</strong> These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship</p></li><li><p><strong>Equal contribution and senior authorship:</strong> These authors contributed equally to this work and share senior authorship</p></li><li><p><strong>Equal contribution and last authorship:</strong> These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship</p></li></ul><p><br>Example: Max Maximus 1†, John Smith2† and Barbara Smith1<br>†These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship</p><div id="consortium-group-and-collaborative-authors" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Consortium/group and collaborative authors</h3> </div><p>Consortium/group authorship should be listed in the manuscript with the other author(s).</p><p>In cases where authorship is retained by the consortium/group, the consortium/group should be listed as an author separated by a comma or 'and'. The consortium/group name will appear in the author list, in the citation, and in the copyright. If provided, the consortium/group members will be listed in a separate section at the end of the article.</p><p>For the collaborators of the consortium/group to be indexed in PubMed, they do not have to be inserted in the Frontiers submission system individually. However, in the manuscript itself, provide a section with the name of the consortium/group as the heading followed by the list of collaborators, so they can be tagged accordingly and indexed properly.</p><p>Example: John Smith, Barbara Smith and The Collaborative Working Group.<br><br>In cases where work is presented by the author(s) on behalf of a consortium/group, it should be included in the author list separated with the wording 'for' or 'on behalf of.' The consortium/group will not retain authorship and will only appear in the author list.</p><p>Example: John Smith and Barbara Smith on behalf of The Collaborative Working Group.</p><p>These guidelines cover acceptable uses of generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (ChatGPT, Jasper) and text-to-image generators (DALL-E 2, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion) in the writing or editing of manuscripts submitted to Frontiers.</p><p></p><div id="contribution-to-the-field-statement" class="Heading Heading--h3 Renderer__entry--Block"><h3>Scope statement</h3> </div><p>When you submit your manuscript, you will be required to summarize in 200 words your manuscript's scope and its relevance to the journal and/or specialty section you're submitting to. The aim is to convey to editors and reviewers how the contents of your manuscript fit within the selected journal's scope.<br><br>This statement will not be published with your article if it is accepted for publication. The information will be used during the initial validation and review processes to assess whether the manuscript is a suitable fit for the chosen journal and specialty.<br><br>We encourage you to consider carefully where to submit your manuscript, as submissions to an unsuitable journal or specialty will result in delays and increase the likelihood of manuscript rejection.</p><p>If you are submitting to a Research Topic, please also clarify how your submission is suited to the specific topic.</p><p></p><p><br><br></p></div></section></main> <aside class="About__aside"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Aside</h1> <div class="About__navSticker"><div class="NavMenu"><div class="NavMenu__overlay"></div> <nav class="NavMenu__nav NavMenu__nav--singleFirstLevel"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Side menu navigation</h1> <div class="NavMenu__group NavMenu__group--accordion"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="navItem-a-authorGuidelines" class="NavMenu__anchor NavMenu__anchor--accordion"><button aria-label="Toggle menu" data-event="navItem-group-btn_toggle" class="NavMenu__group__expand"></button> <div class="NavMenu__anchor__text"> Author guidelines </div></a> <div class="NavMenu__suboptions"><div class="NavMenu__item"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines#writing-and-formatting" target="_self" data-event="navItem-a-writingAndFormatting" class="NavMenu__anchor NavMenu__anchor--item"> <div class="NavMenu__anchor__text"> Writing and formatting </div></a> </div><div class="NavMenu__item"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines#figure-and-table-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="navItem-a-preparingFigures,Tables,AndIma" class="NavMenu__anchor NavMenu__anchor--item"> <div class="NavMenu__anchor__text"> Preparing figures, tables, and images </div></a> </div><div class="NavMenu__item"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines#supplementary-material" target="_self" data-event="navItem-a-preparingSupplementaryMaterial" class="NavMenu__anchor NavMenu__anchor--item"> <div class="NavMenu__anchor__text"> Preparing supplementary material </div></a> </div><div class="NavMenu__item"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines#references" target="_self" data-event="navItem-a-references" class="NavMenu__anchor NavMenu__anchor--item"> <div class="NavMenu__anchor__text"> References </div></a> </div></div></div></nav> <div class="NavMenu__dismiss"><button type="" aria-label="Close menu" data-event="navMenu-btn-closeMenu" class="Button Button--iconButton Button--blue40 Button--small Button--icon Button--close"><span></span></button></div> <button data-event="navMenu-breadcrumb-btn_openMenu" class="NavMenu__breadCrumbsWay"><ul><li>Menu</li></ul></button></div></div></aside></div> <div class="FloatingBanner"><div class="FloatingBanner__wrapper"><div class="FloatingBanner__message"><h3 class="FloatingBanner__title">Eligible for fee support?</h3> <p class="FloatingBanner__text">If your institution is partnered with us you can benefit from full or partial support for <strong>article processing charges (APCs)</strong> on manuscripts you submit.</p></div> <span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers' Open Access agreements" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/partners" target="_self" data-event="floatingBanner-a-learnMore" class="Link Link--flatButton Link--maincolor Link--large Link--flatButton Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right"><span>Learn more</span></a></span> <button aria-label="Close banner" data-event="floatingBanner-button-close" class="FloatingBanner__close"></button></div></div></div> <footer class="Footer"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Footer</h1> <div class="Footer__wrapper"><div class="Footer__sections"><ul class="Accordion"><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Guidelines</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_authorGuidelines">Author guidelines</a></li><li><a href="/guidelines/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_editorGuidelines">Editor guidelines</a></li><li><a href="/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_policiesAndPublicationE">Policies and publication ethics</a></li><li><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_feePolicy">Fee policy</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Explore</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="/articles" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_articles">Articles</a></li><li><a href="/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_researchTopics">Research Topics </a></li><li><a href="/journals" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_journals">Journals</a></li><li><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_howWePublish">How we publish</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Outreach</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForum">Frontiers Forum </a></li><li><a href="https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPolicyLabs">Frontiers Policy Labs </a></li><li><a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForYoungMinds">Frontiers for Young Minds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPlanetPrize">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Connect</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_helpCenter">Help center</a></li><li><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/settings/email-preferences?a=publishers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_emailsAndAlerts">Emails and alerts </a></li><li><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_contactUs">Contact us </a></li><li><a href="/submission/submit" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_submit">Submit</a></li><li><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_careerOpportunities">Career opportunities</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="Footer__socialLinks"><div class="Footer__socialLinks__title">Follow us</div> <span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-facebook-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--facebook Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-twitter-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--twitter Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-linkedIn-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--linkedin Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/frontiersin_" target="_blank" data-event="footer-instagram-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--instagram Link--right"><span></span></a></span></div></div> <div class="Footer__copyright"><div><span>© 2024 Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved</span></div> <div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy policy</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank">Terms and conditions</a></div></div></div></footer> <div class="SnackbarWrapper"><ul class="SnackbarContainer"></ul></div></div></div></div><script defer src="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/guidelines/author-guidelines/state.js"></script><script src="/_nuxt/40d8906.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/6c48b7e.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/03c7ed1.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/7a7bb6c.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/7e659e8.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/ef340e6.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/b8c10cd.js" defer></script> </body> </html>