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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputed_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Disputed aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_early_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_early_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Possible early attestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_early_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaritic_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaritic_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ugaritic attestations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ugaritic_attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ugaritic attestations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ugaritic_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myths_and_paramythological_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_paramythological_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Myths and paramythological texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_paramythological_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Egyptian reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egyptian_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Egyptian reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associations_with_local_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_with_local_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Associations with local deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_with_local_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_millennium_BCE_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_millennium_BCE_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 First millennium BCE attestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_millennium_BCE_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ugaritic, Canaanite and Egyptian deity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient god. For the dance, see <a href="/wiki/Horon" title="Horon">Horon</a>. For the region, see <a href="/wiki/Hawran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawran">Hawran</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #DECD87;">Hauron</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/220px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/330px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/440px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">An Egyptian statue of Hauron in the form of a falcon protecting the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, depicted as a child. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E23.png?e613a" height="15" title="E23" alt="E23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35" alt="N35" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="35" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200566-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hauron, Haurun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200444-2">[2]</a> or Hawran<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayneStuckey2021125-3">[3]</a> (from Egyptian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A5wrwn%EA%9C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:ḥwrwnꜣ">ḥwrwnꜣ</a>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian god">ancient Egyptian god</a> worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>. He was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a>, with the names in some cases used interchangeably, and his name as a result could be used as a designation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> were familiar with Hauron since the nineteenth century, his origin was initially unknown, and only in the 1930s it was established that he originated outside Egypt. Today it is agreed that he was the Egyptian form of a god worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and further north in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, conventionally referred to as Horon (<a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic language">Ugaritic</a>: 𐎈𐎗𐎐, ḥrn; Ḥôrānu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009315-4">[4]</a> or Ḥōrān<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2013207-5">[5]</a>) in scholarship. In the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a>, Hauron appears as a deity associated with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>. This role is also attested for him in Egypt and in Phoenician sources from the first millennium BCE. The best known text focused on him is <a href="/wiki/Keilalphabetische_Texte_aus_Ugarit" title="Keilalphabetische Texte aus Ugarit">KTU</a> 1.100, often interpreted as a myth, in which the Ugaritic sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a> implores him to help pḥlt, a figure of unknown character troubled by snakes. He is also well attested in incantations. However, his name does not appear in any offering lists from this city, and it is assumed his importance in <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic religion">Ugaritic religion</a> was minor. In the first millennium BCE, Hauron continued to be worshiped in Egypt, but his cult also spread through the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, and he is attested in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> sources from as far west as <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> he is referenced in toponyms such as <a href="/wiki/Bethoron" title="Bethoron">Beth-Horon</a>. The last source to mention him is a Greek second-century BCE inscription from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> referring to his worship in <a href="/wiki/Yavne#Antiquity" title="Yavne">Jamnia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg/220px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg/330px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg/440px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Hauron's name inscribed on a statue.</figcaption></figure> The spellings Hauron<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche20115-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuack2015263-7">[7]</a> and Haurun are both in use in modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptological" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptological">Egyptological</a> publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001107-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200444-2">[2]</a> Primary sources indicate there might have been no single agreed upon <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of the name in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Scribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribal">scribal</a> circles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilyquist199496-9">[9]</a> While the god was known to modern researchers since <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabas" title="François Chabas">François Chabas</a> published a translation of the Harris Magical Papyrus in 1860, only in the 1930s it became possible to establish that he originated outside <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198959-10">[10]</a> While based on the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> is rendered as ḥrn (<a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic language">Ugaritic</a>: 𐎈𐎗𐎐), it should be vocalized as either Ḥôrānu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009315-4">[4]</a> or Ḥōrān, the spelling Horon, which is based on the later <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> form of the name, is commonly employed in scholarship pertaining to the worship of Hauron in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2013207-5">[5]</a> A further spelling found in literature is Hawran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayneStuckey2021125-3">[3]</a> It has been proposed that the name is related the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> ḥwr present in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198962-11">[11]</a> and that it might mean "the deep one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> Similarities to the Arabic word ḥaur, referring to the bottom of a <a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">well</a> or a broad <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depression</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> ḥôr, "cave" or "hole," have been pointed out, though according to Nicolas Wyatt the fact that in <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> is written ḫr rather than ḥr might cast doubts over this <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007162-13">[13]</a> An alternate proposal is that the name is a cognate of Arabic ḥourroun, "<a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007162-13">[13]</a> The early view that it might reflect the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> ḫurri (<a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a>) is no longer considered credible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007162-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg/220px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg/330px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg/440px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2019-11-09_Ramses_II_Horon_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Ramesses II as child together with the falcon-shaped Hauron, 1290-1223 BCE, New Kingdom, Nineteenth Dynasty.</figcaption></figure> The main sources of information about Hauron's character are magical texts from <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arslan_Tash" title="Arslan Tash">Arslan Tash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmouni2008176–177-14">[14]</a> Earliest theories about his character were formed by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, but they have been since deemed "conjectural and speculative."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198959-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a> indicate that he was chiefly associated with <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> and magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011208-15">[15]</a> In a single passage, he is addressed as a ḥbr(m), most likely to be understood as a term referring to a specialist in the field of magic comparable to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> mašmāšu or <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%A1ipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Āšipu">āšipu</a>, translated into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as "spellcaster" by Aicha Rahmouni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmouni2008177-16">[16]</a> The craftsman god <a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a> could be described in a similar way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahmouni2008201–202-17">[17]</a> A further Ugaritic figure whose role has been compared to Hauron's is <a href="/wiki/Shatiqatu" title="Shatiqatu">Shatiqatu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis201414-18">[18]</a> interpreted either as a minor goddess or another type of supernatural being (a "healing genie" or an entity comparable to an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golem</a>) associated with exorcisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis201420-19">[19]</a> The Egyptian Papyrus Harris mentions Hauron in a role similar to that he plays in Ugaritic texts, invoking him to render a <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> harmless with the help of <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> and a third deity, identified as either <a href="/wiki/Arsaphes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsaphes">Arsaphes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a> depending on the translation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> Elsewhere he occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Healing" title="Healing">healing</a> deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200566-1">[1]</a> He was also invoked to protect fields, and in this capacity has been referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Richard H. Wilkinson</a> proposes that Egyptians associated with the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, and considered him a god of herdsmen and other people who wandered through this environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003108-21">[21]</a> Jacobus van Dijk concluded that he was understood as a god of the desert capable of protecting people and livestock from the animals inhabiting it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198963-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hart_(Egyptologist)" title="George Hart (Egyptologist)">George Hart</a> has characterized him as an earth god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200566-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_aspects">Disputed aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputed aspects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/George_Hart_(Egyptologist)" title="George Hart (Egyptologist)">George Hart</a> argued that Hauron's character was ambivalent, and asserted in particular that his association with a "tree of death" in a single text he identifies as "<a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>" designates him as a "god of doom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200566-1">[1]</a> The term ‘ṣ mt, translated as "tree of death"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002188-23">[23]</a> or "deathly tree," is present in the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> text <a href="/wiki/Keilalphabetische_Texte_aus_Ugarit" title="Keilalphabetische Texte aus Ugarit">KTU</a> 1.100 in a description of plants gathered by Hauron, but the passage according to Wilfred G. E. Watson should be understood as a recipe for a cure for <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a> and lists ordinary plants, though he notes the precise identification of individual names remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004134-24">[24]</a> He does not list the "deathly tree" among the terms he considers to be the names of specific plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004134-24">[24]</a> Dennis Pardee argues the passage reflects use of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> in exorcisms and since one of the plants mentioned according to him is the <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, it might indicate that Hauron was believed to travel eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to gather plants typical for this area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002188-23">[23]</a> He additionally suggests this might be a nod to perception of Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic magic</a> as particularly efficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002188-23">[23]</a> Suggestions that KTU 1.100 portrays Hauron in a negative light, presenting him as the "god of black magic, master of evil demons," can also be found elsewhere in literature, but Gregorio del Olmo Lete notes that this view is "surprising" due to his portrayal as an effective helper in this composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201431-25">[25]</a> It is a matter of dispute among researchers if Hauron was also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, with some authors, such as Nicolas Wyatt, voicing support for this assumption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007161-26">[26]</a> while others, for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Krebernik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Krebernik (page does not exist)">Manfred Krebernik</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Krebernik" class="extiw" title="de:Manfred Krebernik">de</a>], do not consider it to be conclusively proven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2013207-5">[5]</a> Wyatt's argument rests on the assumption that the term designating Hauron's dwelling in the Ugaritic texts, mṣd (in KTU 1.100 written as mṣdh, which is possibly a <a href="/wiki/Relative_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative direction">directional</a> form, a <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> one, or both at once) refers to a location in the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007161-26">[26]</a> Similar argument has been by Udo Rüterswörden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> The term mṣd is often translated as either "fortress" or "steppe," though neither possibility is regarded as certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe2014194-27">[27]</a> It also occurs in an Ugaritic ritual text pertaining to a group of deities known as Gaṯarāma (<a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>) or Gaṯarūma (<a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002278-28">[28]</a> which seemingly included the moon god <a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a>, the sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a> and the god <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%AFaru" title="Gaṯaru">Gaṯaru</a>, but the context does not provide any additional hints about its meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002101-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_early_attestations">Possible early attestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Possible early attestations">edit</a>]</div> It has been argued that a <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric name</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, Ḫawranabi, might invoke Hauron, and therefore can be translated as "Hauron is father."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198960-30">[30]</a> While assertions that he appears in multiple names from this city can be found in literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayneStuckey2021125-3">[3]</a> according to Ichiro Nakata's survey of <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a> Mariote theophoric names, only a single person bearing one invoking him is attested in known documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakata1995253-31">[31]</a> The Mariote name has been used as an argument for also reconstructing names of two roughly contemporary <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> kings attested in texts from <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> as theophoric names invoking Hauron, though this remains speculative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198959–60-32">[32]</a> In the past it was believed that the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">d</a>NIN.URTA, found in a total of four passages in the corpus of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, might correspond to Hauron, but this view has been challenged in 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Nadav_Na%27aman" title="Nadav Na'aman">Nadav Na'aman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman1990252–253-33">[33]</a> He points out that his character was not similar to Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, and additionally that he is entirely absent from theophoric names from Ugarit and other late Bronze Age sites, unlike the deity represented by this logogram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman1990253-34">[34]</a> He proposed that it should be understood as a logographic representation of the name of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman1990254-35">[35]</a> This proposal subsequently found support from other researchers, including Peggy L. Day (who extends its scope to dNIN.URTA in documents from <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> as well)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199936-36">[36]</a> and Michael P. Streck (who only considers it applicable to <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2001519-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ugaritic_attestations">Ugaritic attestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ugaritic attestations">edit</a>]</div> It is assumed that Hauron was not a high ranking god in the local pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, and he is entirely absent from offering lists from this city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman1990253-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> He is best attested in <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantations</a> against <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201431-25">[25]</a> One example is <a href="/wiki/Keilalphabetische_Texte_aus_Ugarit" title="Keilalphabetische Texte aus Ugarit">KTU</a> 1.82, in which both the god himself and his nameless servants appear alongside a selection of figures presumed to have negative characters in this context, including <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunnanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnanu">Tunnanu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011208-15">[15]</a> A further text of this type is KTU 1.107, where Horon is paired with <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and alongside him opens a list of deities implored to remove poison, which includes the pairs <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagan (god)">Dagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashtart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtart">Ashtart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a> and Resheph, <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar</a> and Attapar, Ẓiẓẓu-wa-Kāmaṯu, <a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Milku" title="Milku">Milku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a>, the last three listed individually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe2014161–162-38">[38]</a> He is also mentioned in KTU 1.169, presumed to be a compilation of various protective incantations against <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201431-25">[25]</a> In this text, he is asked to expel various malevolent sorcerers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011213-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myths_and_paramythological_texts">Myths and paramythological texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Myths and paramythological texts">edit</a>]</div> Horon is mentioned in the text KTU 1.100,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201432-40">[40]</a> whose genre is disputed, with individual authors classifying it as a "charm against serpents," an <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996338–339-41">[41]</a> or a "paramythological" composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002188-23">[23]</a> He appears in it in association with a figure named ủm pḥl pḥlt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201432-40">[40]</a> or simply pḥlt, whose character - "<a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic deities">divine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> or <a href="/wiki/Equine" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine">equine</a>" - is uncertain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996340-42">[42]</a> and who is not attested in any other Ugaritic texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002172-43">[43]</a> While attempts have been made to identify her as one of the principal goddesses of Ugarit (for example <a href="/wiki/Athirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirat">Athirat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198961-44">[44]</a> by the early 2000s such proposals were no longer regarded as plausible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002172-43">[43]</a> Gregorio del Olmo Lete assumes she should be understood as a distinct goddess, possibly one also associated with a similar sphere of activity as Hauron and thus comparable to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a> or to <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201432–33-45">[45]</a> Dennis Pardee presumes that she should be understood as "an equid whose origins are <a href="/wiki/Cosmological" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological">cosmological</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002172-43">[43]</a> The equine identification is also supported by Wilfred G. E. Watson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2004134-24">[24]</a> and Theodore J. Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis201414-18">[18]</a> Steve A. Wiggins notes that her name might be related to <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> terms pertaining to horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996340-42">[42]</a> The text consists of a series of appeals to various deities, followed by the intervention of Hauron and a marriage proposal he makes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002172-43">[43]</a> While snakes are mentioned by pḥlt, and it agreed that the text pertains to her trouble with these animals, there is no direct reference to a <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a> occurring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996339–340-46">[46]</a> The deity who asks the other members of the Ugaritic pantheon for help on pḥlt's behalf is <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a>, the sun goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996339-47">[47]</a> While pḥlt addresses her as her mother, it is not certain if this statement reflects her actual genealogy or if it simply designates her as an authority figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996340–341-48">[48]</a> The deities invoked are Baal, Dagan, Anat (paired with Ashtart), Yarikh, Resheph, Ashtart (on her own), Ẓiẓẓu-wa-Kāmaṯu, Milku, Kothar-wa-Khasis and the pair Shahar and Shalim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe2014191–194-49">[49]</a> all of them invoked from their cult centers, some of them located close to Ugarit (<a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aqra" title="Jebel Aqra">Mount Saphon</a>), other on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (Bibitta) or <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002173-50">[50]</a> They all prove to be ineffective in this situation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe2014122-51">[51]</a> and it takes the intervention of Horon to solve the problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olmo_LeteRowe201431-25">[25]</a> He uses a variety of plants he gathered, presumably to deal with <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002178-52">[52]</a> It is not certain if the marriage proposal is necessarily aimed at pḥlt, though this view is supported by most translators of this text, with only a minority arguing that its target is instead Shapash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins1996341-53">[53]</a> A curse invoking Hauron appears both in the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a> (KTU 1.2.1.7–8) and in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Keret" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Keret">Epic of Keret</a> (KTU 1.16.6.54–57).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011207-54">[54]</a> Most likely it was a fixed formula which was not composed specifically for these works of literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011216-55">[55]</a> It is similar in both cases, and can be translated as "May Hauron break (...) your head, Ashtart-Name-of-Baal your skull," though the targets are different: in the former case a deity presumed to be Baal curses his adversary, the sea god <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a>, while in the latter the <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">eponymous king</a> curses his son Yassibu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011207-54">[54]</a> It is not known why Ashtart is mentioned alongside Hauron in this context, and the translation of the phrase specifying her relation to Baal, tentatively translated by Theodore J. Lewis and a number of other researchers as "face," is also uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011208-15">[15]</a> In neither of these texts Horon plays any role after being invoked in a curse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011216-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_reception">Egyptian reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Egyptian reception">edit</a>]</div> Horon is one of the best attested deities of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> origin who came to be worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche20112-56">[56]</a> It is presumed that his <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> was introduced from <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, but more detailed reconstruction of its early development is not presently possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200471-57">[57]</a> His earliest cult center was <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200444-2">[2]</a> The exact date of his introduction is not known, though he already appears on a <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> of a certain Mes, possibly to be dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, as well as on foundation tablets from the local <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200447-58">[58]</a> This would indicate that his arrival was contemporary with the introduction of other deities of similar origin, namely <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashtart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtart">Ashtart</a>, into the local pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200470-59">[59]</a> Evidence for both royal and private worship of Hauron is available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200471-57">[57]</a> However, no accounts of clergy dedicated to him or to Hauron (or Hauron-Harmachis) are available, with the exception of an isolate reference to a certain Pay, a grain measurer in his service, which is considered difficult to reconcile with the large number of available sources documenting the daily life of ancient Giza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200473-60">[60]</a> While it is known that he did receive offerings like other deities, further features of his official cult are therefore difficult to ascertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200473-60">[60]</a> The limestone doors of a building from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> located in the proximity of the Great Sphinx refer to the pharaoh as the "beloved of Hauron."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200451-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> dedicated a stela depicting him during a hunt and praising his military accomplishments to Hauron-Harmachis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200451-61">[61]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, the cult of Hauron is attested outside Giza for the first time, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> and possibly also in <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200471-57">[57]</a> A reference to "Hauron of Lebanon" has been identified in the inscription on a sphinx from the Ramesside period from Tell el-Maskhuta too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198962-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations_with_local_deities">Associations with local deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Associations with local deities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG/220px-Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG/330px-Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG/440px-Great_Sphinx_of_Giza_May_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Great Sphinx of Giza.</figcaption></figure> In Egyptian context, Hauron came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200444-2">[2]</a> The modern spelling of this <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">hellenized</a> form of Haremakhet, "Horus-in-the-horizon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200410-62">[62]</a> This god was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>, referred to with his name from the period of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200412-63">[63]</a> The name of Hauron himself could also be used as a designation for this monument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuack2015263-7">[7]</a> While it was initially assumed that only foreigners referred to it by this name, Christiane Zivie-Coche argues that this view should be abandoned, as based on names of individuals mentioned in documents using this designation they were either Egyptian, or at least Egyptianized to such a degree they used Egyptian personal names and titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200472-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Richard H. Wilkinson</a> does consider it possible that it was initiated by workmen from outside Egypt present in the area, but he also proposes that it might be rooted in a hitherto unknown mythological connection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003108-21">[21]</a> According to Zivie-Coche, the scope of the connection between Hauron and Harmachis was unique and it should be considered a distinct phenomenon from the other instances of adoption of northern deities in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200470-59">[59]</a> The names Hauron, Harmachis and Hauron-Harmachis could be used interchangeably to designate the same deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche20115-6">[6]</a> A personal prayer of a certain Kheruef uses the formula "Harmachis in his name of Hauron," and implores the god to grant him a long life, reassuring him that he will "follow [his] <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">ka</a>" (remain faithful).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200472-64">[64]</a> The reasons behind the partial <a href="/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">conflation</a> remain uncertain, as the character of Harmachis shows no apparent similarities to Hauron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200472-64">[64]</a> On amulets from <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a>, Hauron instead appears alongside <a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a>, and according to Jacobus van Dijk seemingly could be identified with him in this area, as evidenced by use of double names Hauron-Shed and Shed-Hauron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198962-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> It was the norm in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">ancient Egyptian art</a> to depict foreign deities in the same manner as native ones, with attributes reflecting their individual character and position in the pantheon rather than their origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche20116-65">[65]</a> Hauron could be depicted either as an armed man<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003108-21">[21]</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200457-66">[66]</a> possibly due to the phonetic similarity of his name to that of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200472-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuack2015264-67">[67]</a> This form has no forerunner in earlier iconography of any deities from the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilyquist199498-68">[68]</a> A famous example from Egypt is a statue which shows the avian Hauron protecting <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, in this case shown as a child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200470-59">[59]</a> It is assumed that he served as one of the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutelary deities">tutelary deities</a> of this pharaoh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001107-8">[8]</a> As Hauron-Harmachis he could also be depicted in various forms: while that of a <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> was typical, a Horus-like falcon form is known too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200455-69">[69]</a> A stela showing the latter form is presently in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200456-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_millennium_BCE_attestations">First millennium BCE attestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First millennium BCE attestations">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BCE">first millennium BCE</a>, the worship of Hauron apparently spread across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> His character in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> sources resembles that described in the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXella198857-71">[71]</a> Only a single Phoenician <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric name</a> invoking him, ‘bdḥwrn, is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> Its bearer is mentioned on a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> of unknown <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> dated to the eighth or seventh century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXella198857-71">[71]</a> A Phoenician amulet from <a href="/wiki/Arslan_Tash" title="Arslan Tash">Arslan Tash</a> mentions Hauron "whose command is perfect and (...) his seven concubines, (...) the eight wives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> However, it has been called into question if this object is authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007211-72">[72]</a> He also appears in a Punic inscription from <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antas" title="Temple of Antas">Antas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> dated to the sixth or fifth century BCE, which mentions that statuettes representing him and the healing god <a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a> could be offered in the local temple of the god Sid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXella198857-71">[71]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Hauron is mentioned in the toponym <a href="/wiki/Bethoron" title="Bethoron">Beth-Horon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן; <a href="/wiki/Joshua_16" title="Joshua 16">Joshua 16</a>:3, 5), "house of Hauron."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayneStuckey2021125-3">[3]</a> The name apparently refers to two separate settlements, both in the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, sometimes referred to as the "upper" and "lower" Beth Horon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> Beth-Horon is also mentioned in a Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasile" title="Tell Qasile">Tell Qasile</a> and in an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographical</a> list from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> It has also been proposed that a connection existed between his name and <a href="/wiki/Horonaim" title="Horonaim">Horonaim</a>, a city located in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999425-12">[12]</a> A further toponym which might at least be cognate with Hauron's name is <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2007161-26">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inventory_Stela_(1872).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png/100px-Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png/150px-Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png/200px-Inventory_Stela_%281872%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="4010" /></a><figcaption>The Inventory Stela.</figcaption></figure> The worship of Hauron continued in Egypt as late as in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Saite period</a>, though his foreign origin was no longer remembered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200489-73">[73]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Inventory_Stela" title="Inventory Stela">Inventory Stela</a>, which despite its age mentions the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Cheops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheops">Cheops</a>, presumably because he was the first pharaoh to build his pyramid in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200490-74">[74]</a> states that a temple dedicated to Haurun was located in the proximity of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>, next to ones dedicated to "<a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, Mistress of the Pyramids" and "<a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, Lord of Rasetau."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivie-Coche200485-75">[75]</a> The last known reference to Hauron is a <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscription from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> from the second century BCE, which refers to a deity named Auronas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXella198857-71">[71]</a> and states that he was worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Jamnia</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> (possibly to be understood as <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a> in this case<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk198960-30">[30]</a>), and that all offerings were viewed as appropriate for him except for <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüterswörden1999426-20">[20]</a> Since this city is located in the historical <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, the presence of Hauron in the local pantheon might indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> at some point incorporated Canaanite deities into their own beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKletterZifferZwickel201088-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Peckham" title="Brian Peckham">Brian Peckham</a> argued that Hauron was introduced into this area by <a href="/wiki/Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeans">Judeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham2014198-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, Egyptian deity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBordreuilPardee2009" class="citation book cs1">Bordreuil, Pierre; Pardee, Dennis (2009). 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Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-716-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-716-2"><bdi>978-1-59333-716-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/171554196">171554196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+of+tree+and+whisper+of+stone+and+other+papers+on+Ugaritian+thought&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171554196&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-716-2&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28386693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXella1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xella, Paolo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25683289">"D'Ugarit à la Phénicie: Sur les traces de Rashap, Horon, Eshmun"</a>. Die Welt des Orients (in French). 19. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 45–64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2547">0043-2547</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25683289">25683289</a>. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Orients&rft.atitle=D%27Ugarit+%C3%A0+la+Ph%C3%A9nicie%3A+Sur+les+traces+de+Rashap%2C+Horon%2C+Eshmun&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=45-64&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25683289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-2547&rft.aulast=Xella&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25683289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivie-Coche2004" class="citation book cs1">Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/zivie-coche_sphinx.pdf">Sphinx: History of a Monument</a> (PDF). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8954-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-8954-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sphinx%3A+History+of+a+Monument&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8954-9&rft.aulast=Zivie-Coche&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fzivie-coche_sphinx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivie-Coche2011" class="citation cs2">Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tr1814c">"Foreign Deities in Egypt"</a>, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology - open version, retrieved 2022-08-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Deities+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology+-+open+version&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zivie-Coche&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7tr1814c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/90px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/135px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/180px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li>B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li>C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li> <li>D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li>F</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Four sons of Horus</a></li> <li>G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li> <li>H</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li>I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li>K</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li>M</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li>N</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li>P</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li>Q</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li>S</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li>T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li>U</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li>W</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/32px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauron&oldid=1253404043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauron&oldid=1253404043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_gods" title="Category:Egyptian gods">Egyptian gods</a></li><li><a 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