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Kemper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Kemper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James L. Kemper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James L. 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James L. Kemper</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_L_Kemper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/James_L_Kemper.jpg/220px-James_L_Kemper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/James_L_Kemper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kemper (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1861–1865)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1874 – January 1, 1878</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Withers" title="Robert E. Withers">Robert E. Withers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wirtz_Thomas" title="Henry Wirtz Thomas">Henry Wirtz Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Gilbert Carlton Walker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Frederick W. M. Holliday</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates">Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 2, 1861 – September 7, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_M._Crutchfield" title="Oscar M. Crutchfield">Oscar M. Crutchfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sheffey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh W. Sheffey">Hugh W. Sheffey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 5, 1853 – September 7, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Morris D. Newman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William O. Fry</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Lawson Kemper</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1823-06-11</span>)</span>June 11, 1823<br /><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison County, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 7, 1895<span style="display:none">(1895-04-07)</span> (aged 71)<br />Walnut Hills, <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange County, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Before 1867, 1873–1895)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Virginia_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Virginia (1867)">Conservative Party of Virginia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–1873)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Cremora "Belle" Conway Cave (m.1855, d.1870)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Kemper" title="Frederick T. Kemper">Frederick T. Kemper</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer, Soldier, Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_(1823%E2%80%931895).png" class="mw-file-description" title="James L. Kemper's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_%281823%E2%80%931895%29.png/128px-Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_%281823%E2%80%931895%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_%281823%E2%80%931895%29.png/192px-Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_%281823%E2%80%931895%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Signature_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_%281823%E2%80%931895%29.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/23px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/35px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/46px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/17px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/26px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/34px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1846–1848 (USA)<br />1861–1865 (CSA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/53px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/70px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">(USV)</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/35px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/53px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/70px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Major General (CSA)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Regiment of Virginia Volunteers (USA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Virginia Infantry">7th Virginia Infantry</a><br />Kemper's Brigade<br />Kemper's Division<br />Virginia Reserve Forces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Battle of Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Lawson Kemper</b> (June 11, 1823 – April 7, 1895) was an American lawyer, a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> general in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">37th Governor of Virginia</a>. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professional <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">general officer</a> in the division that led <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, during which he was severely wounded. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_family_life">Early and family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kemper was born at <i>Mountain Prospect</i> <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison County, Virginia</a>, the son of William and Maria Elizabeth (Allison) Kemper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's family had emigrated from near what became <a href="/wiki/Siegen,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegen, Germany">Siegen, Germany</a>, in the early 18th century. His great-grandfather had been among the miners recruited for Governor Alexander Spotswood's colony at <a href="/wiki/Germanna,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanna, Virginia">Germanna, Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> father had moved to the new town of Madison Court House in the 1790s after his father had died falling from a horse in 1783, leaving his widow to take care of five daughters and a son. By the time young James was born, his paternal grandmother and four aunts also lived at the plantation William Kemper had bought for $5,541.40 in 1800. </p><p>His maternal great-grandfather, Col. John Jasper Stadler, had served on <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s staff as a civil engineer and planned fortifications in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and his grandfather John Stadler Allison served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> but died when his daughter Maria was very young.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although several of his paternal ancestors were involved in the German Reformed Church, William Kemper was an elder in the local Presbyterian church. His mother was devout but also hosted dances and parties that lasted several days. His brother, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Kemper" title="Frederick T. Kemper">Frederick T. Kemper</a>, later founded <a href="/wiki/Kemper_Military_School" title="Kemper Military School">Kemper Military School</a>. </p><p>James Kemper had virtually no military training as a boy. Still, his father and a neighboring planter, Henry Hill of Culpeper, founded Old Field School on the plantation to educate local children, including <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>, who became a lifelong friend. From 1830 to 1840, Kemper boarded during winters at Locust Dale Academy, which had a military corps of cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemper later attended Washington College (now <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>) and also took civil engineering classes at nearby <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>. At Washington College's graduation ceremony in 1842, 19-year-old Kemper gave the commencement address, taking for a topic "The Need of a Public School System in Virginia." Kemper then returned home, where he joined a <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Tee-Total</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance</a>) Society as well as <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">studied law</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_W._Summers" title="George W. Summers">George W. Summers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha County</a> (a former U.S. Representative), after which Washington College awarded him a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> in June 1845. He was admitted to the Virginia bar on October 2, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_early_political_career">Military and early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military and early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Congress had declared war on Mexico in 1846, President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> called for nine regiments of volunteers. Kemper and his friend <a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Birkett D. Fry</a> of Kanawha County traveled to the national capital on December 15, 1846, hoping to secure commissions in the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. After traveling to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> and returning to Washington for more networking, Kemper learned he had been appointed the unit's quartermaster and captain. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, Kemper received favorable reviews and met many future military leaders, but his unit arrived just after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a> and mainly maintained a defensive perimeter in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on August 3, 1848, Kemper returned to <a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">practice law</a> in Madison County and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper</a> Counties. He represented many fellow veterans making land claims, as well as speculated in real estate and helped form the Blue Ridge Turnpike Company (between <a href="/wiki/Gordonsville,_Virginia" title="Gordonsville, Virginia">Gordonsville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_at_pp._16–18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_at_pp._16–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interested in politics, Kemper first campaigned for office in 1850 but lost the contest to become clerk of the Commonwealth's constitutional convention. Promoting himself as <a href="/wiki/Proslavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Proslavery">proslavery</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, and pro-<a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, Kemper defeated Marcus Newman and was elected to represent Madison County in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> in 1853 (the year his father died at age 76).<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_at_pp._16–18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_at_pp._16–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong advocate of state military preparedness, as well as an ally of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a>, Kemper rose to become chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. By 1858, he was serving as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a>. </p><p>In late 1861, Kemper became <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates">Speaker</a>, a position he held until September 1863. Much of his term as Speaker coincided with his service in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the start of the Civil War, Kemper served as a brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Army_of_Virginia" title="Provisional Army of Virginia">Provisional Army of Virginia</a> and then a colonel in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>, becoming head of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Virginia Infantry">7th Virginia Infantry</a>. At <a href="/wiki/First_Bull_Run" class="mw-redirect" title="First Bull Run">First Bull Run</a>, Kemper led the regiment as part of <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s brigade. His regiment was later assigned to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a>'s brigade in <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>'s division of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On May 26, 1862, Hill was promoted to division command, and Kemper, as the ranking colonel, assumed command of the brigade. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Battle of Seven Pines</a>, Kemper's brigade attempted to relieve General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill" title="Daniel Harvey Hill">D.H. Hill</a>'s battered troops but retreated from massed enemy artillery fire and did not engage the U.S. infantry. Nonetheless, Kemper was promoted to brigadier general on June 3. During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>, Kemper's brigade was held in reserve at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gaines's Mill">Battle of Gaines's Mill</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Battle of Glendale</a>, the relatively inexperienced brigade spearheaded Longstreet's attack on the U.S. lines; before this, the only general engagement the brigade had faced took place during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a> almost two months earlier, when they had been under A.P. Hill's command. During the week-long confrontation, Kemper's brigade suffered the fewest losses out of Longstreet's six brigades. Following the Seven Days, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> reorganized the army, and Kemper became a temporary division commander, commanding half of Longstreet's former division. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, Kemper's division took part in Longstreet's surprise attack against the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">U.S. Army</a> left flank, almost destroying Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope's</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>. Following Second Bull Run, the more senior Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones" title="David Rumph Jones">David R. Jones</a> took over command of the division, while Kemper reverted to brigade command. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, Kemper was positioned south of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sharpsburg,_Maryland" title="Sharpsburg, Maryland">Sharpsburg</a>, defending against Major General <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_E._Burnside" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose E. Burnside">Ambrose E. Burnside</a>'s assault in the afternoon of September 17, 1862. He withdrew his brigade in the face of the U.S. advance, exposing the Confederate right flank. The line was saved only by the hasty arrival of A.P. Hill's division from <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>. </p><p>Another army reorganization after Antietam led to Kemper's brigade being placed in a division commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, who had been on medical leave since being wounded at Gaines Mill. The division was held in reserve at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a>, and during the spring of 1863, was on detached duty in the Richmond area. As a result, Kemper also missed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville Campaign</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, Kemper arrived with Pickett's division late on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. His brigade was one of the central assault units in <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, advancing on the right flank of Pickett's line. After crossing Emmitsburg Road, the brigade was hit by flanking fire from two <a href="/wiki/2nd_Vermont_Brigade" title="2nd Vermont Brigade">Vermont regiments</a>, driving it to the left and disrupting the cohesion of the assault. Despite the danger, Kemper rose in his stirrups to urge his men forwards, shouting, "There are the guns, boys, go for them!" </p><p>This act of bravado made Kemper an obvious target, and he was wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and thigh before being captured by U.S. soldiers. However, he was rescued shortly after that by Sgt. Leigh Blanton of the First Virginia Infantry Regiment<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carried back to the Confederate lines on <a href="/wiki/Seminary_Ridge" title="Seminary Ridge">Seminary Ridge</a>. General Lee encountered Kemper being carried on a stretcher and inquired about the seriousness of his wound, which Kemper said he thought was mortal. He requested that Lee "do full justice to this division for its work today."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Confederate Army's retreat from Gettysburg, Kemper was again captured by U.S. forces. He was exchanged (for <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Charles K. Graham</a>) on September 19, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of the war, he was too ill to serve in combat and commanded the Reserve Forces of Virginia instead. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">major general</a> on September 19, 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postbellum_career">Postbellum career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postbellum career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher,_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_James_Lawson_Kemper_by_Flavius_J._Fisher%2C_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Kemper, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1876</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Kemper was paroled in May 1865. Since his previous house had been destroyed in a raid led by U.S. Army officer <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, his mother-in-law purchased a house for the family in <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison County</a>. Kemper then resumed his legal career. However, the bullet that had wounded him at Gettysburg had lodged close to a major artery and could not be removed without risking his life, so he suffered groin pain for the rest of his life. Nonetheless, he tried to attract northern capital to rebuild the devastated local economy. He and former classmate and Confederate general <a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">John D. Imboden</a> also maintained a general legal practice, which included much bankruptcy law. </p><p>Beginning in 1867, Kemper helped found Virginia's Conservative Party, initially to oppose the new state constitution adopted by a convention chaired by <a href="/wiki/John_Curtiss_Underwood" title="John Curtiss Underwood">John Underwood</a> (who allied with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a> faction and opposed allowing former Confederates the vote, among other measures). In 1869 Kemper allied with another former Confederate general turned railroad entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> to elect <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_C._Walker" title="Gilbert C. Walker">Gilbert C. Walker</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediavirginia1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his wife Bella<sup id="cite_ref-civilwarwomenblog1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwarwomenblog1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died in September 1870 of complications from the birth of their seventh child, Kemper's political activities increased. Distraught from the loss, he no longer slept in the house they had shared but in his law office.<sup id="cite_ref-civilwarwomenblog1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwarwomenblog1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemper ran for Congress in the 7th Congressional District (after the redistricting caused by the 1870 census) but lost to incumbent <a href="/wiki/John_T._Harris" title="John T. Harris">John T. Harris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg</a>. </p><p>In the 1873 election for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> ended and former Confederate soldiers regained voting rights, Kemper handily defeated former <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing party">Know-Nothing</a> and fellow ex-Confederate turned Republican <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hughes" title="Robert William Hughes">Robert William Hughes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon</a>, who won only 43.84% of the votes cast. Kemper's supporters included former Confederate Generals <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a> as well as Mahone and noted raider <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Mosby" class="mw-redirect" title="John Singleton Mosby">John Singleton Mosby</a>. However, former Governor and Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> supported Hughes. </p><p>Kemper served as Virginia's Governor from January 1, 1874, to January 1, 1878. He lived frugally, using his son Meade (d. 1886) as his secretary. Kemper trimmed the state budget where possible and, late in his term, advocated taxing alcohol. One major political controversy involved whether to repay the state's war debt. Kemper allied with the Funder Party to pay it off; the <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a> (which Mahone came to lead) opposed him. Gov. Kemper also enforced the civil rights provisions in the new state constitution, despite having opposed it originally. His February 1874 veto of a new law passed by the General Assembly that attempted to transfer control in <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a> from elected officials (including African Americans) to a board of commissioners appointed by a judge was sustained by Virginia's Senate, although the law's proponents hanged him in effigy. General Early also vehemently disagreed with Kemper's 1875 decision to allow a militia unit of African Americans to participate in the dedication of a statue of General <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>. Gov. Kemper also attempted prison reform and built public schools despite budget shortages. His last major public reception, in October 1877, hosted President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, who opened the state fair in Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediavirginia1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One modern historian analogized Kemper's Conservative philosophy (and that of other Virginia <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a>) to that of Gov. <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> of South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As his term of office ended (the state Constitution forbidding his re-election), Kemper (with his six surviving children and various domestic animals) returned to farming and his legal practice. He sold the Madison County home and purchased a house known as Walnut Hills, which overlooked the <a href="/wiki/Rapidan_River" title="Rapidan River">Rapidan River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> and was near the Orange County courthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediavirginia1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, complications from the inoperable bullet worsened, and eventually paralyzed his left side. Kemper died on April 7, 1895, and was buried in the family cemetery. </p><p>Virginia erected a historical marker at Kemper's former home,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has now been restored by the Madison County Historical Society and other organizations, and is available for receptions and other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the Madison Courthouse historic district.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His papers are held by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Kemper (like Mahone) supported the education of African-Americans, some schools for African-Americans founded during his governorship were named after him, including Kemper School No. 4 in the Arlington District of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_County,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria County, Virginia">Alexandria County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, the Kemper Street Industrial Historic District in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a> straddles the former Lynchburg and Durham Railroad, construction of which began in May 1887; the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Southern_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk and Southern Railroad">Norfolk and Southern Railroad</a> acquired the line in 1898, which spurred that district's industrial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Actor <a href="/wiki/Royce_D._Applegate" title="Royce D. Applegate">Royce D. Applegate</a> portrayed Kemper in two films, <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i> (1993) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a></i> (2003). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)">List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Americans_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Americans in the Civil War">German-Americans in the Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1990" class="citation web cs1">Woodward, Harold R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzsSAAAAYAAJ&q=Maria+Elisabeth+(Allison)+Kemper">"For Home and Honor: The Story of Madison County, Virginia, During the War Between the States, 1861-1865"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+Home+and+Honor%3A+The+Story+of+Madison+County%2C+Virginia%2C+During+the+War+Between+the+States%2C+1861-1865&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Harold+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzsSAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMaria%2BElisabeth%2B%28Allison%29%2BKemper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Wayland, <i>Germanna</i> at page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold R. Woodward, Jr., <i>The Confederacy's Forgotten Son</i> (Rockbridge Publishing Company, 1993) at pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward at pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward at pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward at pp. 9–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_at_pp._16–18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_at_pp._16–18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_at_pp._16–18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward at pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, vol. 3, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopediavirginia1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediavirginia1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContributed_by_Ruth_Ann_Coski" class="citation web cs1">Contributed by Ruth Ann Coski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/kemper_james_lawson_1823-1895#start_entry">"Kemper, James Lawson (1823–1895)"</a>. <i>Encyclopediavirginia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Kemper%2C+James+Lawson+%281823%E2%80%931895%29&rft.au=Contributed+by+Ruth+Ann+Coski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2Fkemper_james_lawson_1823-1895%23start_entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwarwomenblog1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civilwarwomenblog1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civilwarwomenblog1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggie_MacLean2009" class="citation web cs1">Maggie MacLean (February 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarwomenblog.com/cremora-belle-cave-kemper/">"Cremora (Belle) Cave Kemper – Civil War Women"</a>. <i>Civilwarwomenblog.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civilwarwomenblog.com&rft.atitle=Cremora+%28Belle%29+Cave+Kemper+%E2%80%93+Civil+War+Women&rft.date=2009-02-28&rft.au=Maggie+MacLean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivilwarwomenblog.com%2Fcremora-belle-cave-kemper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert R. Jones, "James L. Kemper and the Virginia Redeemers Face the Race Question: A Reconsideration." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 1972 38(3): 393–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000411/http://www.markerhistory.com/james-l-kemper-residence-marker-je-3/">"Contact Support"</a>. <i>Markerhistory.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markerhistory.com/james-l-kemper-residence-marker-je-3/">the original</a> on November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Markerhistory.com&rft.atitle=Contact+Support&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markerhistory.com%2Fjames-l-kemper-residence-marker-je-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425145316/http://www.madisonvahistoricalsociety.org/Facilities.html">"Facilities"</a>. <i>Madisonvahistoricalsociety.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madisonvahistoricalsociety.org/Facilities.html">the original</a> on April 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madisonvahistoricalsociety.org&rft.atitle=Facilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madisonvahistoricalsociety.org%2FFacilities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Madison/256-0004_%20Madison_County_Courthouse_Historic_District_1984_Final_Nomination.pdf">"National Register Inventory : Nomination Form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dhr.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhr.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=National+Register+Inventory+%3A+Nomination+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCounties%2FMadison%2F256-0004_%2520Madison_County_Courthouse_Historic_District_1984_Final_Nomination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00718.xml">"A Guide to the James Lawson Kemper Papers, 1804-1951 Kemper, James Lawson, Papers, 1804-1951 24692"</a>. <i>Ead.lib.virginia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ead.lib.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+James+Lawson+Kemper+Papers%2C+1804-1951+Kemper%2C+James+Lawson%2C+Papers%2C+1804-1951+24692&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fead.lib.virginia.edu%2Fvivaxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dlva%2Fvi00718.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arlington Department of Community Planning, Housing and Development Historic Preservation Program, A Guide to the African American Heritage of <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a> (Arlington, 2016) 2d Ed. p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104010050/http://lindseybestebreurtje.org/arlingtonhistory/items/show/37">"Kemper School · Built by the People Themselves"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lindseybestebreurtje.org/arlingtonhistory/items/show/37">the original</a> on November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kemper+School+%C2%B7+Built+by+the+People+Themselves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flindseybestebreurtje.org%2Farlingtonhistory%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Lynchburg/118-5292_Kemper_Street_Industrial_HD_2008_NR_final.pdf">"National Register Inventory : Nomination Form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dhr.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhr.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=National+Register+Inventory+%3A+Nomination+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fregisters%2FCities%2FLynchburg%2F118-5292_Kemper_Street_Industrial_HD_2008_NR_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">David J. Eicher</a>, <i>Civil War High Commands.</i> Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1">978-0-8047-3641-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html"><i>R. E. Lee, A Biography</i></a>. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166632575">166632575</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a>, ed. <i>The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4753-4">978-0-8078-4753-4</a>.</li> <li>Sifakis, Stewart. <i>Who Was Who in the Civil War.</i> New York: Facts On File, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1055-4">978-0-8160-1055-4</a>.</li> <li>Tagg, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022014655/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/"><i>The Generals of Gettysburg</i></a>. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9">1-882810-30-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_J._Warner_(historian)" title="Ezra J. Warner (historian)">Warner, Ezra J.</a> <i>Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.</i> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0823-9">978-0-8071-0823-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hess, Earl J. <i>Pickett's Charge–The Last Attack at Gettysburg</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2648-5">978-0-8078-2648-5</a>.</li> <li>Jamerson, Bruce F. <i>Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776–2007</i>. Richmond: Virginia House of Delegates, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182976627">182976627</a>. Revised version of work by E. Griffith Dodson, first published in 1956.</li> <li>Stewart, George R. <i>Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-59772-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-59772-2">0-395-59772-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffry D.</a> <i>Gettysburg: Day Three</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85914-9">0-684-85914-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Kemper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11006">"James L. Kemper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+L.+Kemper&rft.pub=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fmemorial%2F11006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+L.+Kemper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/lva/vi03130.xml.frame">A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James L. Kemper, 1874–1877</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/">The Library of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Kemper_James_Lawson_1823-1895">"James Lawson Kemper," Encyclopedia Virginia</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Gilbert Carlton Walker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">1873</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Frederick W. M. Holliday</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Gilbert C. Walker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br />1874–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Frederick W. M. Holliday</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_M._Crutchfield" title="Oscar M. Crutchfield">Oscar M. Crutchfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates">Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates</a> </b><br />1861–1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sheffey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh W. Sheffey">Hugh W. Sheffey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Virginia383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governors of Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">Virginia Governor's Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia"><img alt="Colony of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colony of Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company</a><br /> proprietary colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield" title="Edward Maria Wingfield">Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener" title="Matthew Scrivener">Scrivener</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">T. West (De La Warr)</a> <ul><li>Deputies: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">Yeardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Argall</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nathaniel Powell (acting)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">F. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Pott" title="John Pott">Pott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West_(governor)" title="John West (governor)">J. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">Reade</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">Berkeley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jeffreys (colonial governor)">Jeffreys</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)" title="Richard Kemp (governor)">Kemp</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)" title="Richard Bennett (governor)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Digges" title="Edward Digges">Digges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mathews_(colonial_Virginia_governor)" title="Samuel Mathews (colonial Virginia governor)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper" title="Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chicheley" title="Henry Chicheley">Chicheley</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Howard of Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nott" title="Edward Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)" title="Edmund Jenings (governor)">Jenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney">Orkney</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Spotswood</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Drysdale</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">"King" Carter</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Albemarle</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711–1756)" title="Burwell family of Virginia">Burwell</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Dinwiddie</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)" title="William Nelson (governor)">W. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Dunmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/113px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">E. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Randolph" title="Beverley Randolph">B. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">H. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)" title="Robert Brooke (Virginia governor)">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)" title="James Wood (governor)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)" title="Peyton Randolph (governor)">P. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr." title="Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.">T. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">J. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson" title="Wyndham Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)" title="David Campbell (Virginia politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patton" title="John M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfoord" title="John Rutherfoord">Rutherfoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory" title="John Munford Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">J. B. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Joseph Johnson (Virginia politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">Letcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Pierpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Wells" title="Henry H. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">O'Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">J. H. Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertis_Harrison" title="Albertis Harrison">A. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwood_Holton" title="Linwood Holton">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Youngkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Template:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Template talk:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="List of speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates">Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton" title="Edmund Pendleton">Pendleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">Wythe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prentis" title="Joseph Prentis">Prentis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathews_(politician)" title="Thomas Mathews (politician)">Mathews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wise_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Wise (Virginia politician)">Wise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Larkin_Smith_(Virginia_politician)" title="Larkin Smith (Virginia politician)">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Harrison" title="Edmund Harrison">E. Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Holmes_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Holmes (Virginia politician)">Holmes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Johnston_Jr." title="Peter Johnston Jr.">Johnston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanard" title="Robert Stanard">Stanard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Linn_Banks" title="Linn Banks">Banks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentine_W._Southall" title="Valentine W. Southall">Southall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Holleman" title="Joel Holleman">Holleman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentine_W._Southall" title="Valentine W. Southall">Southall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Goode_(politician)" title="William Goode (politician)">Goode</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Strother" title="James F. Strother">Strother</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Hopkins" title="Henry L. Hopkins">H. Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Hopkins" title="George Washington Hopkins">G. Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_M._Crutchfield" title="Oscar M. Crutchfield">Crutchfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kemper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sheffey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh W. Sheffey">Sheffey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Baldwin" title="John Brown Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Turner_Jr." title="Zephaniah Turner Jr.">Turner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Marshall_Hanger" title="J. Marshall Hanger">Hanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Allen_(Virginia_politician)" title="Henry C. Allen (Virginia politician)">Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Lacy" title="Benjamin W. Lacy">Lacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Fowler" title="Isaac C. Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart_(Virginia_politician)" title="Charles E. Stuart (Virginia politician)">Stuart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Cardwell" title="Richard H. Cardwell">R. Cardwell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Ryan" title="John F. Ryan">Ryan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Saunders" title="Edward W. Saunders">Saunders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Ryan" title="John F. Ryan">Ryan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Cardwell" title="William D. Cardwell">W. Cardwell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_Sr." title="Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.">Byrd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Cox" title="Edwin P. Cox">E. Cox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Houston" title="Harry R. Houston">Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Brewer_Jr." title="Richard L. Brewer Jr.">Brewer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ozlin" title="Thomas W. Ozlin">Ozlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Sinclair_Brown" title="J. Sinclair Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashton_Dovell" title="Ashton Dovell">Dovell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._Alvin_Massenburg" title="G. Alvin Massenburg">Massenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._Blackburn_Moore" title="E. Blackburn Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Warren_Cooke" title="John Warren Cooke">Cooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Philpott" title="A. L. Philpott">Philpott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Moss_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Moss (Virginia)">Moss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vance_Wilkins" title="Vance Wilkins">Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Howell" title="William J. Howell">Howell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cox" title="Kirk Cox">K. Cox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Filler-Corn" title="Eileen Filler-Corn">Filler-Corn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Gilbert" title="Todd Gilbert">Gilbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Scott_(Virginia_politician)" title="Don Scott (Virginia politician)">Scott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/85px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/128px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/170px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Category:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_figures6636" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template talk:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_figures6636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br />military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata935" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata935" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000026158747">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/11385713">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/231971/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWPHPHywmrfwbdr9WMT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119169487">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88027488">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rv0z9w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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