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(PDF) The spread of iron metallurgy and its socio-economic role in Central and Southern Italy during the Final Bronze and the Early Iron Ages
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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43020478%2FThe_spread_of_iron_metallurgy_and_its_socio_economic_role_in_Central_and_Southern_Italy_during_the_Final_Bronze_and_the_Early_Iron_Ages%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":63283918,"identifier":"Attachment_63283918","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":43020478,"created_at":"2020-05-12T05:20:05.091-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-12T08:42:44.870-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"This research investigates the impact of iron metallurgy on socio-economic transformations in Central and Southern Italy during the Final Bronze and Early Iron Ages. It examines the arrival of Eastern Mediterranean migrants, their interactions with indigenous populations, and the subsequent demographic growth and social complexity. The introduction of iron tools is emphasized as a crucial factor in enhancing production efficiency, elite power, and the expansion of urban centers, while also acknowledging the regional variability in the adoption of this technology.","publication_date":"2020,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The spread of iron metallurgy and its socio-economic role in Central and Southern Italy during the Final Bronze and the Early Iron Ages","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3313373,1699354]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":63283918,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The spread of iron metallurgy and its socio-economic role in Central and Southern Italy during the Final Bronze and the Early Iron Ages”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/63283918/mini_magick20200512-3568-csfoym.png?1589286213" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The spread of iron metallurgy and its socio-economic role in Central and Southern Italy during the Final Bronze and the Early Iron Ages</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3313373" href="https://unina.academia.edu/MarcoPacciarelli"><img alt="Profile image of Marco Pacciarelli" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Marco Pacciarelli</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1699354" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/FrancescoQuondam"><img alt="Profile image of Francesco Quondam" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1699354/11043680/12323935/s65_francesco.quondam.jpg" />Francesco Quondam</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">30 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 43020478; 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It examines the arrival of Eastern Mediterranean migrants, their interactions with indigenous populations, and the subsequent demographic growth and social complexity. The introduction of iron tools is emphasized as a crucial factor in enhancing production efficiency, elite power, and the expansion of urban centers, while also acknowledging the regional variability in the adoption of this technology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":63283918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43020478/The_spread_of_iron_metallurgy_and_its_socio_economic_role_in_Central_and_Southern_Italy_during_the_Final_Bronze_and_the_Early_Iron_Ages"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":63283918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43020478/The_spread_of_iron_metallurgy_and_its_socio_economic_role_in_Central_and_Southern_Italy_during_the_Final_Bronze_and_the_Early_Iron_Ages"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Our point of departure will be the sequence of events that took place during the months and years just before, during, and immediately after the Thera eruption. The available archaeological evidence permits us to explore the response of the local and regional communities, the logistics that were mobilised, and the political decisions adopted in light of these events. From this local and regional scenario we will move on to discuss the changes occurring in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East during the 16th century BC. At least four different socio-economic and political scenarios can be sketched, showing that the responses of Bronze Age societies were highly variable. At that point, we can ask how different political structures existing at the time reacted or were affected by the ecological and/or social dynamics. Basically, our itinerary concludes that the Thera eruption did not cause a severe climatic or environmental change, but touched the ideological realm particularly of those socio-political entities which were more dependent on complex ideological superstructures in order to legitimate extreme economic exploitation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Change and Continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600 BC","attachmentId":40842409,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19783058/Change_and_Continuity_in_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_around_1600_BC","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19783058/Change_and_Continuity_in_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_around_1600_BC"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="43403821" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43403821/The_origins_of_the_first_ferrous_knives_on_the_Iberian_Peninsula_and_in_Southern_France_a_typological_viewpoint_9th_7th_centuries_BC_">The origins of the first ferrous knives on the Iberian Peninsula and in Southern France : a typological viewpoint (9th-7th centuries BC)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3516378" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/AnneLaureGrevey">Anne-Laure Grevey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1198991" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/EricGAILLEDRAT">Eric GAILLEDRAT</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In : BELARTE (M. C.) éd., ROVIRA (M. C.) éd., SANMARTI (J.) éd. – Iron Metallurgy and the Formation of Complex Societies in the Western Mediterranean (1st Millennium BC), p. 115-124, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The origins of the first ferrous knives on the Iberian Peninsula and in Southern France : a typological viewpoint (9th-7th centuries BC)","attachmentId":65142543,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43403821/The_origins_of_the_first_ferrous_knives_on_the_Iberian_Peninsula_and_in_Southern_France_a_typological_viewpoint_9th_7th_centuries_BC_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43403821/The_origins_of_the_first_ferrous_knives_on_the_Iberian_Peninsula_and_in_Southern_France_a_typological_viewpoint_9th_7th_centuries_BC_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="183857" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/183857/Iron_Age_societies_against_the_state_An_account_on_the_emergence_of_the_Iron_Age_in_the_NW_Iberian_Peninsula">Iron Age societies against the state. An account on the emergence of the Iron Age in the NW Iberian Peninsula</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33491" href="https://csic.academia.edu/CesarParceroOubi%C3%B1a">Cesar Parcero-Oubiña</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In X.L. Armada Pita y T. Moore (eds.). Atlantic Europe in the first millennium BC: crossing the divide. Oxford: OUP, 285-301. 2011.</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Iron Age is a privileged context throughout western Europe to explore one of the key issues in the development of social complexity: the emergence and/or consolidation of highly complex social formations. While those processes follow different rhythms and forms in different areas, some common trends have been outlined since quite a while ago. For a long time, approaches have been based upon a rather linear evolutionary perspective, where the development of complex social and political structures was what had to be expected. This paper will focus on the development of a proposal to understand Later Prehistory and Iron Age from the basis of P. Clastres’ “societies against the state” model. While it is rather obvious that those communities can not be labeled as “primitive”, the idea of a regular social resistance to complexity can prove to be fruitful when applied to changing and often ambiguous records. A good arena to explore that question can be found in the not-so-classical Iron Age record of peripheral areas, as NW Iberian Peninsula.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Iron Age societies against the state. An account on the emergence of the Iron Age in the NW Iberian Peninsula","attachmentId":280878,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/183857/Iron_Age_societies_against_the_state_An_account_on_the_emergence_of_the_Iron_Age_in_the_NW_Iberian_Peninsula","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/183857/Iron_Age_societies_against_the_state_An_account_on_the_emergence_of_the_Iron_Age_in_the_NW_Iberian_Peninsula"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="113655944" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113655944/Early_Iron_Age_Mediterranean_Discussion_and_Debate">Early Iron Age Mediterranean: Discussion and Debate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="836171" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/AntonisKotsonas">Antonis Kotsonas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite the conventional association with sophisticated metallurgical technologies, the Iron Age has long fallen between the two academic poles of prehistoric and classical archaeology. The more recent invention of a self-consciously ambivalent terminology of 'proto-historic' and 'proto-urban' features represents an attempt by mostly European archaeologists to give the Iron Age socioeconomic substance in its own right, while at the same time also underscoring the ambiguity of the period. Moreover, as the Iron Age has since become synonymous with notions of state formation and urbanization, its deep evolutionist roots have only become more evident. The turn towards connectivity, networks and migration of the past two decades has yet again begun to shift archaeological understanding of the Iron Age, bringing out, at least in the Mediterranean, long-standing colonial associations and emphasizing both (supra)regional connections and local interactions. The publication of two monographs that offer a coherent Mediterranean-wide perspective on the Iron Age, and that explicitly engage with the region's colonial histories and that otherwise share multiple themes and places-namely Tamar Hodos's The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age (Hodos 2020a) and Carolina López-Ruiz's Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean (2021)-thus offers a rare opportunity for highlighting these shifting interests and emerging intellectual trends (Figure 1). Hodos explores the interactions between the Mediterranean's populations and communities during the first half of the first millennium bc. This era is the successor to the Aegean-Levantine Bronze Age and precursor to what is recognized</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Early Iron Age Mediterranean: Discussion and Debate","attachmentId":110560281,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113655944/Early_Iron_Age_Mediterranean_Discussion_and_Debate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113655944/Early_Iron_Age_Mediterranean_Discussion_and_Debate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="819810" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/819810/NIjboer_A_J_2011_Italy_its_interconnections_and_cultural_shifts_during_the_Iron_Age_In_Atti_XVII_Congresso_Internazionale_di_Archeologia_Classica_Incontri_tra_Culture_nel_Mondo_Mediterraneo_Antico">NIjboer, A.J. 2011; Italy, its interconnections and cultural shifts during the Iron Age. In: Atti XVII Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Classica; Incontri tra Culture nel Mondo Mediterraneo Antico.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26109" href="https://rug.academia.edu/AlbertNijboer">Albert Nijboer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper will briefly introduce the session “Long-distance contacts and Acculturation in central Italy from 1000 to 700 BC” that was organised for the XVII International Congress on Classical Archaeology in Rome, September 22-26, 2008. The other contributions to this session discuss contacts with various regions to the North, West and East of Italy but do not introduce the pan-Adriatic koinè and therefore the article will open with a brief review of data for exchange between East Italy and the regions on the opposite side of the Adriatic. Evidence for these contacts increased during the 8th century BC as is demonstrated by excavations at sites such as Verucchio in the province of Emilia Romagna. Some elite tombs from this site can act as an example of developments that are also traced in other Italian regions, meaning the selection and gradual spread of Levantine artefacts and symbols of power within a Late Villanovan context during the 8th century BC. Subsequently the article focuses on the internal network of Iron Age centres crossing from South to North Italy by examining the mounting deposition of amber and iron in tombs. The spread of iron and its technology is reconstructed as emerging during the 10th century BC, being locally worked in the whole Peninsula during the 9th century BC and more widely employed during the following 8th century BC. The general adoption of iron during the 9th century BC in Italy is reconstructed as a regional process on account of typical artefact types produced at some key sites. The cultural shift referred to, emerges from 850-800 BC onwards, when the elite of Italy became buried with a growing number of artefact types that refer to the Levant and the Eastern Mediterranean. The Orientalising idiom of the artefacts and symbols of power supplemented and replaced those of Villanovan origin with their link to central Europe, north of the Alps. This cultural redirection was not just restricted to goods but also affected architecture, burial customs and religion. There were direct, personal contacts with people from the Near East since not only the form of the artefacts is mimicked but also their function. The Orientalising phenomenon came to shape several aspects of society in central Italy and was important for the rise of City States/Early States, which were formed on the sound foundations of stratified Iron Age/Villanovan centres. This cultural shift is presented here as one of longue durée, lasting at least 75 to 100 years. Thus distinctions and preferences of the select few triggered the hybridization process that resulted in the archaeological characteristics of the subsequent Orientalising period (ca. 725-580 BC) documenting centralisation and urbanisation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NIjboer, A.J. 2011; Italy, its interconnections and cultural shifts during the Iron Age. In: Atti XVII Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Classica; Incontri tra Culture nel Mondo Mediterraneo Antico.","attachmentId":30853513,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819810/NIjboer_A_J_2011_Italy_its_interconnections_and_cultural_shifts_during_the_Iron_Age_In_Atti_XVII_Congresso_Internazionale_di_Archeologia_Classica_Incontri_tra_Culture_nel_Mondo_Mediterraneo_Antico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/819810/NIjboer_A_J_2011_Italy_its_interconnections_and_cultural_shifts_during_the_Iron_Age_In_Atti_XVII_Congresso_Internazionale_di_Archeologia_Classica_Incontri_tra_Culture_nel_Mondo_Mediterraneo_Antico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="113215867" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113215867/Regional_Pathways_to_Complexity_Settlement_and_Land_Use_Dynamics_in_Early_Italy_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Republican_Period">Regional Pathways to Complexity : Settlement and Land-Use Dynamics in Early Italy from the Bronze Age to the Republican Period</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1040075" href="https://rug.academia.edu/MartijnvanLeusen">Martijn van Leusen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the editors of this book. 6. nkn y k-nn nn n n y 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The hegemony of Sybaris 6.3 Iron Age indigenous settlement expansion and early indigenous-Greek encounters 6.4 A colonial enclave and its wider context: Taras and the Salento peninsula 6.5 Questioning early Greek colonial impact Box 6.1 Greeks and natives at L'Amastuola 7. nn bnzn n p 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Archaic urbanization in the Salento peninsula 7.3 Urbanization and early Roman colonization in the Pontine region 7.4 Conclusion 8. nf, bnzn n n xpnn 8.1 Roman conquest and colonization 8.2 Rural settlement 8.3 Urban development 8.4 Rural infill and the expansion of agriculture 8.5 Local variability in rural trends 8.6 Comparing rural settlement patterns in Central and South Italy 8.7 Exploring a macro-regional explanation 8.8 Epilogue: late Republican agriculture and the city of Rome 9. p-n pv ppv 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodological advances 9.3 Interpretations 9.4 Final remarks Bibliographic references Index Colour plates pf This volume synthesizes the results of a Dutch landscape-archaeological project in central and southern Italy, called Regional Pathways to Complexity (RPC). Although the project itself started in 1997 and formally ended in 2001, it is correctly viewed as only the latest in a long series of archaeological research projects by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA) and the Archaeological Centre of the Free University of Amsterdam (ACVU) in Italy. Accordingly, this volume synthesizes studies undertaken since the early 1980s as well as others conducted in the years since the RPC project ended. 1 A study of central and southern Italy between the end of the Bronze Age and the end of the Roman Republican period presents several major challenges: the size of the region, the length of the period under investigation, and especially the difficulty to investigate effectively the long-term processes operating at this time in this area, processes that involved the growing complexity of indigenous societies, and the transformation of traditional rural and pastoral ways of life into urbanism during the period of 'external' Greek and Roman colonization. Our purpose was not only to synthesize the results of the fieldwork, but also to present interpretations of and reflections on these processes, the approaches we used to investigate them, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical models applied by ourselves and others to explain our findings. This is why the introductory and concluding chapters contain extensive discussions of methodology. It is hoped that the RPC experience, once published, will be of interest to others pursuing similar studies. f bk Chapter 1 introduces the RPC project itself and provides an outline of its methodology. The chapter discusses, firstly, the integration of settlement archaeology, environmental research, ethnography and ceramics studies; and, secondly, the problems presented by, on the one hand, systematic biases in the archaeological record and, on the other, by our attempt to compare differently constituted regional archaeological records. The remainder of the volume is organised into two parts, the first (chapters 2 to 4) being arranged chronologically by region, the second (chapters 5 to 8) chronologically by theme. A final chapter pulls together the main threads and conclusions of our argument. The first few chapters deal with each of the three RPC regions in turn (chapter 2: Pontine region, chapter 3: Salento isthmus, chapter 4: Sibaritide). Each chapter begins with a reconstruction of the principal geographical and environmental factors that influenced the forms of human habitation and land use. This is followed by a chronologically ordered discussion of actual settlement configurations and land use patterns, based on comparisons of the various field surveys and other settlement data. Each chapter sets out to describe the intra-regional differentiation in settlement and land use in relation to geography and environment. Together, these chapters provide a general context for the thematic and chronological comparison of the three RPC study regions in part II. The later chapters deal with the major changes that occurred in our three regions between the Bronze Age and the Roman Imperial period. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the protohistorical phases, with a particular focus on the formation of proto-urban centres and 'rural infill' of the landscape prior to Greek 1 All Dutch research up to 2005 in the three study areas has been included in the current study, as well as important publications up to 2008. or Roman colonization. Chapter 6 looks more closely at the earliest colonizations, investigating the impact of Greek colonization on indigenous settlement and society and questioning the presumed political and cultural dominance of the Greek colonial city-states. Chapter 7 focuses on Archaic urbanisation processes in Salento and the Pontine region. Chapter 8 explores the phenomenon of rural expansion that accompanied the process of urbanization in Italy in the Hellenistic (or Roman Republican) period, and in particular in the late 4 th-3 rd centuries BC; it closes with an epilogue dedicated to further transformations during the late Republican period. knwn The RPC project was one of three large archaeological projects that received funding from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research in 1997, in the context of the programme 'Settlement and Landscape in Archaeology' (NWO grant no. 250-09-100). We are extremely grateful to have been given the opportunity to pursue this line of research, as well as for NWO's patience when this final synthetic volume was delayed. Likewise, the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome (KNIR) has steadfastly supported RPC project staff and students of the participating institutions over the years by hosting meetings and study visits. We are especially grateful for the Institute's sponsorship of this publication, which together with smaller subsidies by GIA and ACVU made possible both proper editing of the English text, and the use of colour for the maps and photographs. Several colleagues from both participating institutions have been closely involved in the research for many years, and we wish to acknowledge our debt to their work, enthusiasm and expertise: Dr. Bert Nijboer for sharing with us his extensive knowledge of protohistoric Italy, Prof. Douwe Yntema for his expertise on Apulian archaeology and supervision of the dissertations of Veenman and Mater, Prof. em. Marianne Kleibrink for first directing the excavation programs at Satricum and Francavilla and then sharing her profound knowledge of the archaeology of Latium and the Sibaritide, Dr. Jan Sevink for his supervision of Van Joolen's dissertation, and Dr. Jan Delvigne for his supervision of students and especially for the enjoyable and insightful field trips at which we learned a lot about the past and present landscapes of the Pontine Region and the Sibaritide. Other colleagues contributed toward the success of the RPC project through their participation in a 3-day conference organised by the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regional Pathways to Complexity : Settlement and Land-Use Dynamics in Early Italy from the Bronze Age to the Republican Period","attachmentId":110233769,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113215867/Regional_Pathways_to_Complexity_Settlement_and_Land_Use_Dynamics_in_Early_Italy_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Republican_Period","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113215867/Regional_Pathways_to_Complexity_Settlement_and_Land_Use_Dynamics_in_Early_Italy_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Republican_Period"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="103012913" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103012913/The_end_of_Iron_Age_societies_in_northwestern_Iberia">The end of Iron Age societies in northwestern Iberia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="328924" href="https://csic.academia.edu/BraisXCurr%C3%A1s">Brais X. Currás</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Historical Ecologies, Heterarchies and Transtemporal Landscapes, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In light of new thinking about Iron Age societies, the authors propose an analysis of the political and territorial characteristics of Northwestern Iberian societies at the end of the Iron Age and the beginning of Roman dominion (2 nd and 1 st centuries BC). This essay documents the emergence in that period of large settlements that replaced the traditional dispersed, small-scale Iron Age castros (small fortified agrarian settlements). Territorial analyses reveal that these new settlements entailed a change of scale, but reveal no evidence for centralized structures, and offer no strong qualitative differences from the previous castros. By analyzing the characteristics of these late Iron Age settlements, this essay focuses on the variety of interactions fostered by Roman military presence in the region, and the relevance of heterarchical approaches for understanding evolving power flows and material culture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The end of Iron Age societies in northwestern Iberia","attachmentId":103132649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103012913/The_end_of_Iron_Age_societies_in_northwestern_Iberia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103012913/The_end_of_Iron_Age_societies_in_northwestern_Iberia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="10501166" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10501166/The_Iron_Age_in_South_Italy_Settlement_Mobility_and_Culture_Contact">The Iron Age in South Italy: Settlement, Mobility and Culture Contact </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="791977" href="https://unina.academia.edu/MassimoOsanna">Massimo Osanna</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In a study concerned with understanding the types of population and modes of contanct in the multiple ecosystems of Iron Age southern Italy, ranging from the Greek poleis of the coastal flood plains to the Appenine mountain regions of Calabria and Lucania, it is necessary to examine the contexts carefully, as each culture or cultural or social group and every region may react differently to contacts with other cultures. Particularly instructive in this respect is the picture that emerges from the Ionnian coast between Taras and Sybaris and its immediate hinterland, where it is possible to compare and differentiate realities that are not necessarily homogeneous or fully standardised. This paper discusses three different contexts along the Ionian coast, namely L'Amastuola, Incoronata and Francavilla Marittima, where the traditional reconstruction of the settlement dynamics, as proposed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, saw the presence of the Greek as a disruptive element which shattered a static indigenous situation and that led first to the conquest and subjugation of the indigenous inhabitants who lived around the immediate hinterland of the colonial settlements, and then resulted in full-blown inter-ethnic conflict. This perspective interpreted the clear traces of transformations between the eight and the seventh centuries in the indigenous settlements around the area later occupied by the Greek chorai as evidence of local communities succumbing to the impact of the Greeek arriva. In this paper, I will first discuss this traditional reconstruction, with particular attention to the inland regions of the Appennine mountains, before considering mobility and cultural contact in the Italic world and exploring the settlements and developments of indigenous communities between Iron Age I and II.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Iron Age in South Italy: Settlement, Mobility and Culture Contact ","attachmentId":36734983,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10501166/The_Iron_Age_in_South_Italy_Settlement_Mobility_and_Culture_Contact","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10501166/The_Iron_Age_in_South_Italy_Settlement_Mobility_and_Culture_Contact"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22468407" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22468407/Grau_Mira_I_2011_Landscape_dynamics_political_processes_and_social_strategies_in_the_Eastern_Iberian_Iron_Age">Grau Mira, I. 2011: Landscape dynamics, political processes and social strategies in the Eastern Iberian Iron Age.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="375916" href="https://alicante.academia.edu/IgnacioGrau">Ignasi/Ignacio Grau Mira</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Published in Moore, T. y Armada, L. (eds.) Atlantic Europe in the First Millenium: Crossing the divide. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Grau Mira, I. 2011: Landscape dynamics, political processes and social strategies in the Eastern Iberian Iron Age.","attachmentId":43089136,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22468407/Grau_Mira_I_2011_Landscape_dynamics_political_processes_and_social_strategies_in_the_Eastern_Iberian_Iron_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22468407/Grau_Mira_I_2011_Landscape_dynamics_political_processes_and_social_strategies_in_the_Eastern_Iberian_Iron_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="76865396" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76865396/Exchange_Networks_and_Local_Transformations_Interaction_and_Local_Change_in_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Iron_Age">Exchange Networks and Local Transformations: Interaction and Local Change in Europe and the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1627436" href="https://unifi.academia.edu/MariaEmanuelaAlberti">Maria Emanuela Alberti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exchange Networks and Local Transformations: Interaction and Local Change in Europe and the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age","attachmentId":84417422,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76865396/Exchange_Networks_and_Local_Transformations_Interaction_and_Local_Change_in_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Iron_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76865396/Exchange_Networks_and_Local_Transformations_Interaction_and_Local_Change_in_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_from_the_Bronze_Age_to_the_Iron_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":63283918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":63283918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_63283918" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Adler, F. Bicchi, B. Crawford and R. Del Sarto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="546210" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BeverlyCrawford">Beverly Crawford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Convergence of Civilizations: Constructing a Mediterranean RegionEdited by E. Adler, F. Bicchi, B. Crawford and R. 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North-Eastern Mediterranean at the turn of the Bronze Age and in the early Iron Age; eds. Ł. Niesiołowski-Spanò, M. Węcowski; (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2018)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="530005" href="https://uw.academia.edu/LukaszNiesiolowskiSpano">Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="549129" href="https://uw.academia.edu/MarekWecowski">Marek Wecowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Series: Philippika - Altertumskundliche Abhandlungen 118; 468 pages;, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Change, Continuity, and Connectivity. 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ds2-5-body-xs">RiMe, n. 3 n. s., 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Continuity and catastrophes in the evolution of settlement in Late Antique and Medieval Sardinia Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche http://rime.cnr.it","attachmentId":63565611,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43289241/Continuity_and_catastrophes_in_the_evolution_of_settlement_in_Late_Antique_and_Medieval_Sardinia_Istituto_di_Storia_dellEuropa_Mediterranea_Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche_http_rime_cnr_it","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Between the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BC: exploring cultural diversity and change in Late Prehistoric communities, 12-48.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="800391" href="https://uminho.academia.edu/AnaBettencourt">Ana M . S . Bettencourt</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"BETTENCOURT AMS 2021.The northwest Iberian Peninsula between the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium BCE as a mosaic of cultural identities, SS Lopes, SA Gomes eds. 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Bachuber, G. Roberts (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference Forces of Transformation: The End of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean, Oxford 25-26 March 2006, BANEA Monograph 1, 2008, Oxford: Oxbow Books 2009, pp. 49-56.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99618" href="https://usf.academia.edu/DavideTanasi">Davide Tanasi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TANASI D., Sicily at the end of the Bronze Age: 'catching the echo', in C. Bachuber, G. 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