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var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:1px;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:calc(0.375rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-card-box-shadow)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#6c757d;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary,.alert-secondary{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info,.alert-warning{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning 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var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto 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class="card-title overline mt-0">Manufacturing & Prototyping</h4> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>44</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48936-new-microchip-could-monitor-earth-s-climate-human-health">New Microchip Could Monitor Earth’s Climate, Human Health</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>45</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48937-3d-printing-stronger-carbon-nanotubes">3D Printing Stronger Carbon Nanotubes</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>45</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48938-a-sintering-method-to-fabricate-large-perovskite-devices">A Sintering Method to Fabricate Large Perovskite Devices</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>46</strong> <a 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href="/component/content/article/48911-detecting-threats-beyond-the-limits-of-human-sensor-sight">Detecting Threats Beyond the Limits of Human, Sensor Sight</a></p></li></ul> <section class="toc-section"> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item pb-0"> <h3 class="text-uppercase overline mb-3 mt-3">Applications</h3> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>14</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48904-clean-technology-lasers-the-new-tool-in-surface-pre-treatment-for-superior-coating-adhesion">Clean Technology Lasers: The New Tool in Surface Pre-Treatment for Superior Coating Adhesion </a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>16</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48905-quality-check-for-oled-and-led-displays-amid-the-race-for-ever-higher-resolution">Quality Check for OLED and μ-LED 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href="/component/content/article/48903-pratt-whitney-virginia-tech-pioneer-laser-optical-approach-for-turbofan-engine-thrust-measurement">Pratt & Whitney, Virginia Tech Pioneer Laser-Optical Approach for Turbofan Engine Thrust Measurement </a></p></li></ul> <section class="toc-section"> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item pb-0"> <h3 class="text-uppercase overline mb-3 mt-3">Products</h3> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>25</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48912-new-products-pit-0923">New Products</a></p></li></ul> <section class="toc-section"> <div id="BET-2023-09" class="card mt-5"> <div class="row g-0 rounded rounded-bottom-0"> <div class="col-md-4"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1693457577/sites/tb/covers/BET-2023-09.jpg' class='card-img rounded-0 rounded-start w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></div> <div class="col bg-primary p-3"> <h3 class="text-white text-uppercase overline mb-3">Battery & Electrification Technology</h3> <p class="card-text"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> LOGIN TO DOWNLOAD<i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-angle-right ms-1"></i> </button></p> <p class="card-text mb-0 text-white mt-3"> Subscribe to future issues.</p> <p class="card-text"> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TEBland"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm"> SUBSCRIBE<span class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-book-open-reader ms-2"></span> </button> </a></p></div></div></div> <section class="toc-section"> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item pb-0"> <h3 class="text-uppercase overline mb-3 mt-3">Briefs</h3> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>26</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48894-developing-high-energy-density-batteries-using-aluminum-foil">Developing High-Energy-Density Batteries Using Aluminum Foil</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>27</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48895-new-priming-method-for-improving-battery-lifecycle">New Priming Method for Improving Battery Lifecycle</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>28</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48896-fully-stretchable-fabric-based-lithium-ion-battery">Fully Stretchable Fabric-Based Lithium-Ion Battery</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>29</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48897-a-calcium-rechargeable-battery-with-long-cycle-life">A Calcium Rechargeable Battery with Long 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class="text-uppercase overline mb-3 mt-3">Articles</h3> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48738-advancing-battery-technology-the-2023-battery-show-preview">Advancing Battery Technology: The 2023 Battery Show Preview</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>6</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48902-advanced-electrical-architectures-demand-new-developmental-strategies">Advanced Electrical Architectures Demand New Developmental Strategies </a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>14</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48891-emerging-plasma-fib-sem-techniques-advancing-battery-innovation">Emerging Plasma FIB-SEM Techniques Advancing Battery Innovation</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>18</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48892-the-road-to-net-zero-ev-development-labs">The Road to Net-Zero EV Development Labs</a></p> <p class="mb-2 ps-3"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-page"></i> <strong>23</strong> <a class="card-link issue_archive_link ms-2" href="/component/content/article/48893-gm-readies-fuel-cells-for-commercial-deployment">GM Readies Fuel Cells for Commercial Deployment </a></p></li></ul></div></div></p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br></div></div> <div class="jwDisqusForm"> <div id="disqus_thread"></div> <script> var disqus_developer = '0'; var disqus_config = function(){ // TBMG -- use NTB canonicalURL instead of itemURL this.page.url = 'https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/49058-doc-9114'; // TBMG this.page.identifier = '0e9876ef7f_id49058'; // TBMG -- added 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