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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>string section</b> of an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> is composed of bowed instruments belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>. It normally consists of first and second <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a>. It is the most numerous group in the standard orchestra. In discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">instrumentation</a> of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a>. Smaller string sections are sometimes used in jazz, pop, and rock music and in the <a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">pit orchestras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg/310px-Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg/465px-Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg/620px-Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="934"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor's</a> podium.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Seating_arrangement"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Seating arrangement</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#%22Desks%22_and_divisi"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">"Desks" and divisi</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Numbers_and_proportions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Numbers and proportions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Double_bass_section"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Double bass section</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Variants"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Variants</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#String_section_without_violins"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">String section without violins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#String_section_without_violas"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">String section without violas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#String_section_without_violins_or_violas"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">String section without violins or violas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Third_violins"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Third violins</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_other_musical_genres"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In other musical genres</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Seating_arrangement">Seating arrangement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seating arrangement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png/310px-Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png/310px-Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png" data-width="310" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png/465px-Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Orchestra_sections_sv_labels.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>One possible seating arrangement for an orchestra. First violins are labelled "Vln I"; second violins are "Vln II"; violas are "Vla"; and double basses (in German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kontrabässe</i></span>) are "Kb".</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas, and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (music)">conductor</a>, with basses behind the cellos on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first violins are led by the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmaster</a> (leader in the UK); each of the other string sections also has a principal player (principal second violin, principal viola, principal cello, and principal bass) who play the orchestral solos for the section, lead entrances and, in some cases, determine the bowings for the section (the concertmaster/leader may set the bowings for all strings, or just for the upper strings). The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience. </p><p>In the 19th century it was standard<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have the first and second violins on opposite sides (violin I, cello, viola, violin II), rendering obvious the crossing of their parts in, for example, the opening of the finale to <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">Sixth Symphony</a>. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left (thus facing the audience) and winds to the right; this is the usual arrangement in <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Music_for_Strings,_Percussion_and_Celesta" title="Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta">Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta</a></i>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Antiphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphony">antiphonal</a> string sections, one on each side of the stage. In some cases, due to space constraints (as with an opera pit orchestra) or other issues, a different layout may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Desks"_and_divisi'><span id=".22Desks.22_and_divisi"></span>"Desks" and divisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=2" title='Edit section: "Desks" and divisi' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In a typical stage set-up, the first and second violins, violas and cellos are seated by twos, a pair of performers sharing a stand being called a "desk", Each principal (or section leader) is usually on the "outside" of the first desk, that is, closest to the audience. When the music calls for subdivision of the players the normal procedure for such divisi passages is that the "outside" player of the desk (the one closer to the audience) takes the upper part, the "inside" player the lower, but it is also possible to divide by alternating desks, the favored method in threefold divisi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "inside" player typically turns the pages of the part, while the "outside" player continues playing. In cases where a page turn occurs during an essential musical part, modern performers may photocopy some of the music to enable the page turn to take place during a less important place in the music. </p><p>There are more variations of set-up with the double bass section, depending on the size of the section and the size of the stage. The basses are commonly arranged in an arc behind the cellos, either standing or sitting on high stools, usually with two players sharing a stand; though occasionally, due to the large width of the instrument, it is found easier for each player to have their own stand. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in two rows, with the second row behind the first. In some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Numbers_and_proportions">Numbers and proportions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numbers and proportions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The size of a string section may be expressed with a formula of the type (for example) 10–10–8–10–6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and basses. The numbers can vary widely: Wagner in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> specifies 16–16–12–12–8;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the band orchestra in <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_cr%C3%A9ation_du_monde" title="La création du monde">La création du monde</a></i> is 1–1–0–1–1.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, music from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> period (ca. 1600–1750) and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music period">Classical</a> period (ca. 1720–1800) used (and is often played in the modern era with) smaller string sections. During the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> period (ca. 1800–1910), string sections were significantly enlarged to produce a louder, fuller string sound that could match the loudness of the large <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> sections used in orchestral music from this period. During the <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">modern</a> era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and <a href="/wiki/Youth_orchestra" title="Youth orchestra">youth orchestras</a>, the string sections may be relatively small, due to the challenges of finding enough string players. </p><p>The music for a string section is not necessarily written in five parts; besides the variants discussed below, in classical orchestras the 'quintet' is often called a 'quartet', with basses and cellos playing together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_bass_section">Double bass section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Double bass section" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The role of the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> section evolved considerably during the 19th century. In orchestral works from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical</a> era, the bass and cello would typically play from the same part, labelled "Bassi".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the pitch range of the instruments, this means that if a double bassist and a cellist read the same part, the double bass player would be doubling the cello part an octave lower. While passages for cellos alone (marked <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">senza bassi</i></span>) are common in Mozart and Haydn, independent parts for both instruments become frequent in Beethoven and Rossini and common in later works of Verdi and Wagner. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_section_without_violins">String section without violins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: String section without violins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>'s oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i>, the music to which God tells the newly created beasts to be fruitful and multiply achieves a rich, dark tone by its setting for divided viola and cello sections with violins omitted. Famous works without violins include the 6th of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concerti</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serenades_(Brahms)" title="Serenades (Brahms)">Second Serenade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, the opening movement of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein deutsches Requiem">Ein deutsches Requiem</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Lloyd_Webber)" title="Requiem (Lloyd Webber)">Requiem</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a>'s original versions of his <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Faur%C3%A9)" title="Requiem (Fauré)">Requiem</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cantique_de_Jean_Racine" title="Cantique de Jean Racine">Cantique de Jean Racine</a></i> were without violin parts, there being parts for 1st and 2nd viola, and for 1st and 2nd cello; though optional violin parts were added later by publishers. Some orchestral works by <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Scelsi" title="Giacinto Scelsi">Giacinto Scelsi</a> omit violins, using only the lower strings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_section_without_violas">String section without violas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: String section without violas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_cr%C3%A9ation_du_monde" title="La création du monde">La crèation du monde</a></i> has no parts for violas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_section_without_violins_or_violas">String section without violins or violas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: String section without violins or violas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_of_Psalms" title="Symphony of Psalms">Symphony of Psalms</a></i> has no parts for violins or violas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Gubaidulina</a>'s <i>Concerto for Bassoon and Low Strings</i> has no parts for violins or violas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_violins">Third violins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third violins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i> (1909) and <i><a href="/wiki/Josephslegende" title="Josephslegende">Josephslegende</a></i>, the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 5</a> and some of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coronation_anthem" title="Coronation anthem">coronation anthems</a>, are notable examples of the violins being divided threefold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_other_musical_genres">In other musical genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other musical genres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>"String section" is also used to describe a group of bowed string instruments used in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">commercial</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-stringsection_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringsection-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context the size and composition of the string section is less standardised, and usually smaller, than a classical complement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=String_section&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>'s Music Guide</i>, p. 56 (Prentice-Hall 1986). <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Nicolas Slonimsky</a> described the cellos-on-the-right arrangement as part of a 20th-century "sea change" (<i>Lectionary of Music</i>, p. 342 (McGraw-Hill 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either |first= / |last=, an organizational author with |author=, or use |author= for intentional omission. (September 2013)">author missing</span></a></i>]</sup> (1948). "Orchestra" in <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1653189">1653189</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00M99G7V6">B00M99G7V6</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Simon_Ga%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Simon Gaßner (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Simon Gaßner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Simon_Ga%C3%9Fner" class="extiw" title="de:Ferdinand Simon Gaßner">de</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GCpcQCTDagC"><i>Dirigent und Ripienist</i></a> (Karlsruhe, Ch. Th. Groos, 1844)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>'s <i>Dictionnaire de musique</i> (1768), however, has a figure showing second violins facing the audience and principals facing the singers, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmaster</a>'s former role as <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (music)">conductor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Norman Del Mar</a>: <i>Anatomy of the Orchestra</i> (University of California Press, 1981) weighs the various merits in the chapter "Platform planning", pp. 49ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2006" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Barry (2006). <i>The New Grove Guide to Wagner and his Operas</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Guide+to+Wagner+and+his+Operas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+section" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvend_Brown2006" class="citation web cs1">Svend Brown (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061001012158/http://www.thespco.org/events/program_notes.cfm?id_program_notes=98">"Program notes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra">Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespco.org/events/program_notes.cfm?id_program_notes=98">the original</a> on 2006-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Program+notes&rft.pub=Saint+Paul+Chamber+Orchestra&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Svend+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespco.org%2Fevents%2Fprogram_notes.cfm%3Fid_program_notes%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+section" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, online edition, article "Orchestra", section 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Paul Griffiths</a>, <i>Stravinsky</i> (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1992): 104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780460860635" title="Special:BookSources/9780460860635">9780460860635</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stringsection-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stringsection_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stringsection.co.uk/">"The String Section – studio strings or online session musicians"</a>. <i>www.stringsection.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stringsection.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+String+Section+%E2%80%93+studio+strings+or+online+session+musicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringsection.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+section" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._G._J._Absil2010" class="citation web cs1">F. 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