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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Revitalization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_presentation_of_Louisville_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_presentation_of_Louisville_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preservation and presentation of Louisville history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_presentation_of_Louisville_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Louisville, Kentucky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22">"History of Louisville, Kentucky"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisville_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Louisville_1846.jpg/300px-Louisville_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Louisville_1846.jpg/450px-Louisville_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Louisville_1846.jpg/600px-Louisville_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>View of Main Street, Louisville, in 1846.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Louisville, Kentucky</b> spans nearly two-and-a-half centuries since its founding in the late 18th century. The geology of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, with but a single series of <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> midway in its length from the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</a> rivers to its union with the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, made it inevitable that a town would grow on the site. The town of <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a> was chartered there in 1780. From its early days on the frontier, it quickly grew to be a major trading and distribution center in the mid-19th century and an important industrial city in the early 20th. The city declined in the mid-20th century, but by the late 20th, it was revitalized as a culturally-focused mid-sized American city. </p><p>The area's <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Geography of Louisville, Kentucky">geography</a> and proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls of the Ohio River">Falls of the Ohio River</a> attracted people from the earliest times. However, prior to arrival of Europeans, the region was depopulated from the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> of the 17th century, and no permanent Native American settlements existed in the area. It was used as hunting grounds by northern <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. By the late 18th century, as the Falls created a barrier to river travel, settlements by Europeans began to grow at this <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> point. The earliest such settlements occurred during the latter stages of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> by Virginian soldiers under <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a>, first at <a href="/wiki/Corn_Island_(Kentucky)" title="Corn Island (Kentucky)">Corn Island</a> in 1778, then Fort-on-Shore and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_(Kentucky)" title="Fort Nelson (Kentucky)">Fort Nelson</a> on the mainland. At that time a part of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a>, the town was chartered in 1780 and named Louisville in honor of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of France. </p><p>In 2003, the city of Louisville merged with Jefferson County to become Louisville-Jefferson Metro. As of the 2010 census, it is the largest city in the state of Kentucky, the largest on the Ohio River, and 28th largest city in the nation. </p><p>Important events occurring in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Exposition" title="Southern Exposition">second largest American exhibition to date</a> (1883), which had the largest to-date installation of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">light bulbs</a> by their recent inventor and then-former resident <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Free_Public_Library,_Western_Branch" title="Louisville Free Public Library, Western Branch">first free public library</a> in the US to be staffed by and provide services exclusively for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> (1905).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical advances include the 1999 first human <a href="/wiki/Hand_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand transplant">hand transplant</a> in the US<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first self-contained <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial heart</a> transplant in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-heart_transplant_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart_transplant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable residents of the city have included boxing legend <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a>, newscaster <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a>, actors <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ned_Beatty" title="Ned Beatty">Ned Beatty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, actresses <a href="/wiki/Sean_Young" title="Sean Young">Sean Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a>, singers <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Scherzinger" title="Nicole Scherzinger">Nicole Scherzinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryson_Tiller" title="Bryson Tiller">Bryson Tiller</a>, rapper <a href="/wiki/Jack_Harlow" title="Jack Harlow">Jack Harlow</a>, the Speed family (including <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s close friend <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fry_Speed" title="Joshua Fry Speed">Joshua Fry Speed</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Category:Bingham_family" title="Category:Bingham family">Bingham family</a>, industrialist/politician <a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Minority Leader">U.S. Senate Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>, and contemporary writers <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Grafton" title="Sue Grafton">Sue Grafton</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Anglo-American_settlement_history_(pre-1778)"><span id="Pre-Anglo-American_settlement_history_.28pre-1778.29"></span>Pre-Anglo-American settlement history (pre-1778)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Anglo-American settlement history (pre-1778)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">History of Kentucky</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Kentucky" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Kentucky">Pre-statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky#Assassination_of_Governor_Goebel" title="History of Kentucky">Since 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kentucky_history" title="Timeline of Kentucky history">Timeline</a></li> <li>Topics: <i><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Kentucky" title="Category:African-American history of Kentucky">African-Americans</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_Kentucky" title="Category:Histories of cities in Kentucky">Cities</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Kentucky" title="Category:Political history of Kentucky">Politics</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/16px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kentucky" title="Portal:Kentucky">Kentucky portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Kentucky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Kentucky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kentucky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kentucky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There was a continuous indigenous human occupation of the area that became Louisville from at least 1,000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> until roughly 1650 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> resulted in depopulation of much of the Ohio River region. The Iroquois maintained this area as a hunting ground by conquest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeologist">Archeologists</a> have identified several late and one early <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic</a> sites in Jefferson County's <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>. One of the most extensive finds was at McNeeley Lake Cave; many others were found around what is now the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville International Airport">Louisville International Airport</a> area. People of the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a> that followed it lived in the area, with hunting villages along Mill Creek and a large village near what became Zorn Avenue, on bluffs overlooking the Ohio River. Archeologists have found 30 Jefferson County sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian cultures</a>, which were active from 1,000 AD until about 1650. The Louisville area was on the eastern border of the Mississippian culture, which extended through the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. Regional <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> built dense villages and cities characterized by extensive <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork mounds</a> arranged around central plazas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When European explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in the mid-18th century, there were no permanent Native American settlements in the region. The country was used as hunting grounds by <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> from the north and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account of the first European to visit the area, the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonizer">colonizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> in 1669, is disputed and not supported by facts. La Salle travelled along the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario, then to Lake Erie. The two priests traveling with his party departed the group at that point, and the written documentation of the expedition apparently ceased. Reports of what occurred differ, including abandonment of the journey due to illness, or traveling onward but not to the Ohio River. La Salle did not claim to discover the Ohio River on that voyage nor travel to the falls (of the Ohio).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "discovery" of the Louisville area in 1669 is thus perhaps better assigned to myth or legend. Subsequently, La Salle explored areas of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">river valley</a> and lower Great Lakes region from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> up to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, claiming much of this land for France.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1751, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> colonist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gist" title="Christopher Gist">Christopher Gist</a> explored areas along the Ohio River. Following the defeat of France in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (part of the Seven Years' War in Europe), it ceded control of its territory east of the Mississippi River to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>. </p><p>In 1769, <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">American pioneer</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a> created a trail from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. He spent the next two years exploring Kentucky. In 1773, Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bullitt" title="Thomas Bullitt">Thomas Bullitt</a> led the first exploring party into <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jefferson County, Kentucky">Jefferson County</a>, surveying land on behalf of Virginians who had been awarded <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grants</a> for their service in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774, <a href="/wiki/James_Harrod" title="James Harrod">James Harrod</a> began constructing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Harrod">Fort Harrod</a> in Kentucky. However, battles with the Native American tribes established in the area forced the American settlers to retreat. They returned the following year, as Boone built the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a> and established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boonesborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Boonesborough">Fort Boonesborough</a> at a site near <a href="/wiki/Boonesborough,_Kentucky" title="Boonesborough, Kentucky">Boonesborough, Kentucky</a>. The Native Americans allocated a tract of land between the Ohio River and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Land_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvania Land Company">Transylvania Land Company</a>. In 1776, the colony of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> declared the Transylvania Land Company illegal and created the county of Kentucky in Virginia from the land involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_and_early_settlement_(1778–1803)"><span id="Founding_and_early_settlement_.281778.E2.80.931803.29"></span>Founding and early settlement (1778–1803)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and early settlement (1778–1803)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Rogers_Clark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Rogers_Clark.jpg/180px-George_Rogers_Clark.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Rogers_Clark.jpg/270px-George_Rogers_Clark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/George_Rogers_Clark.jpg/360px-George_Rogers_Clark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Louisville's founder <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> as painted by <a href="/wiki/James_Barton_Longacre" class="mw-redirect" title="James Barton Longacre">James Barton Longacre</a> in 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>Col. <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> established the first American settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville in 1778, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He was conducting a <a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> in areas north of the Ohio River, then called the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. Clark organized a group of 150 soldiers, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinois_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinois Regiment (page does not exist)">Illinois Regiment</a>, after heavy recruiting in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. On May 12, they set out from Redstone, today's <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Brownsville, Pennsylvania">Brownsville, Pennsylvania</a>, taking along 80 civilians who hoped to claim fertile farmland and start a new settlement in Kentucky. They arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls of the Ohio">Falls of the Ohio</a> on May 27. It was a location Clark thought ideal for a communication post. The settlers helped Clark conceal the true reason for his presence in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regiment helped the civilians establish an initial settlement on what came to be called <a href="/wiki/Corn_Island_(Kentucky)" title="Corn Island (Kentucky)">Corn Island</a>, clearing land, and building cabins and a springhouse. On June 24, Clark took his soldiers and left to begin their <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first local government was established almost immediately. The first Trustees were selected in April 1779, as part of this transition, with the first board consisting of seven men – William Harrod, Richard Chenoweth, Edward Bulger, James Patton, Henry French, Marsham Brashear, and Simon Moore. In May 1779, at the request of Clark, the settlers crossed the river and established the first permanent settlement on the mainland. By April, they called it "Louisville", in honor of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of France, whose government and soldiers aided colonists in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, George Rogers Clark is recognized as the European-American founder of Louisville; many landmarks have been named for him. </p><p>During its earliest history, the colony of Louisville and the surrounding areas suffered from Indian attacks, as Native Americans tried to push out the encroaching colonists. As the Revolutionary War was still being waged, all early residents lived within forts, as suggested by the earliest government of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a>. The initial fort, at the northern tip of today's 12th street, was called <a href="/wiki/Fort-on-Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort-on-Shore">Fort-on-Shore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the threat of British attacks, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_invasion_of_Kentucky" title="Bird's invasion of Kentucky">Bird's invasion of Kentucky</a>, a larger fort called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_(Kentucky)" title="Fort Nelson (Kentucky)">Fort Nelson</a> was built north of today's Main Street between Seventh and Eighth streets, covering nearly an acre. The <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">GBP</a>15,000 contract was given to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenoweth" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Chenoweth">Richard Chenoweth</a>, with construction beginning in late 1780 and completed by March 1781. The fort, thought to be capable of resisting cannon fire, was considered the strongest in the west after <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a>. Due to decreasing need for strong forts after the Revolutionary War, it was in decline by the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1780, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> and then-<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> approved the town charter of Louisville on May 1. Clark recruited early Kentucky pioneer <a href="/wiki/James_John_Floyd" class="mw-redirect" title="James John Floyd">James John Floyd</a>, who was placed on the town's board of trustees and given the authority to plan and lay out the town.<sup id="cite_ref-floyd_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floyd-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson County, named after Thomas Jefferson, was formed at this time as one of three original <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky counties">Kentucky counties</a> from the old <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a>. Louisville was the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, during 1780, three hundred families migrated to the area, the town's first fire department was established, and the first street plan of Louisville was laid out by Willian Pope. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brodhead" title="Daniel Brodhead">Daniel Brodhead</a> opened the first <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">general store</a> here in 1783. He became the first to move out of Louisville's early forts. Jonathan Cessna built the first house in newly platted Louisville. James John Floyd became the first judge in 1783 but was killed later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-floyd_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floyd-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first courthouse was completed in 1784 as a 16 by 20-foot (6.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a>. By this time, Louisville contained 63 clapboard finished houses, 37 partly finished, 22 uncovered houses, and over 100 log cabins. <a href="/wiki/Shippingport,_Kentucky" title="Shippingport, Kentucky">Shippingport</a>, incorporated in 1785, was a vital part of early Louisville, allowing goods to be transported through the Falls of the Ohio. The first church was built in 1790, the first hotel in 1793, and the first post office in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1780s and early 1790s, the town did not grow as rapidly as Lexington in central Kentucky. Factors were the threat of Indian attacks (ended in 1794 by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>), a complicated dispute over land ownership between John Campbell and the town's trustees (resolved in 1785), and Spanish policies restricting American trade and travel down the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. By 1800, the population of Louisville was 359 compared to Lexington's 1,759.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1784 through 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shelby" title="Isaac Shelby">Isaac Shelby</a> was named the first Governor. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/240px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/360px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg/480px-Lewis_and_clark-expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption><i>Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia</i> by C.M. Russell</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803, <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> were commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to make an expedition across North America; they organized it at the Falls of the Ohio and Louisville. The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> would take the explorers across the western U.S., surveying the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_development_(1803–1900)"><span id="City_development_.281803.E2.80.931900.29"></span>City development (1803–1900)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: City development (1803–1900)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum">Antebellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antebellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since settlement, all people and cargo had arrived by <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboats</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Keelboat" title="Keelboat">keelboats</a>, both of which were non-motorized vessels, meaning that it was prohibitively costly to send goods upstream (towards <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> and other developed areas). This technical limitation, combined with the Spanish decision in 1784 to close the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> below <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a> to American ships, meant there was very little outside market for goods produced early on in Louisville. This improved somewhat with <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a>, which opened the river and made New Orleans a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> zone by 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, most cargo was still being sent downstream in the early 19th century, averaging 60,000 tons downstream to 6,500 tons upstream. Boats passing through still had to unload all of their cargo before navigating the falls, a boon to local businesses. The frontier days quickly fading, log houses and forts began to disappear, and Louisville saw its first newspaper, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisville_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisville Gazette (page does not exist)">Louisville Gazette</a></i> in 1807 and its first theatre in 1808, and the first dedicated church building in 1809. All of this reflected the 400% growth in population reported by the 1810 census.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economics of shipping were about to change, however, with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboats</a>. The first, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(steamboat)" title="New Orleans (steamboat)">New Orleans</a></i> arrived in 1811, traveling downstream from Pittsburgh. Although it made the trip in <a href="/wiki/Record_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Record time">record time</a>, most believed its use was limited, as they did not believe a steamboat could make it back upriver against the current.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(1814)" title="Enterprise (1814)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller_Shreve" title="Henry Miller Shreve">Henry Miller Shreve</a>, became the first steamboat to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, showing the commercial potential of the steamboat in making upriver travel and shipping practical.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industry and manufacturing reached Louisville and surrounding areas, especially <a href="/wiki/Shippingport,_Kentucky" title="Shippingport, Kentucky">Shippingport</a>, at this time. Some steamboats were built in Louisville and many early mills and factories opened. Other towns were developing at the falls: <a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany, Indiana</a> in 1813 and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Louisville" title="Portland, Louisville">Portland</a> in 1814, each competing with Louisville to become the dominant settlement in the area. Still, Louisville's population grew rapidly, tripling from 1810 to 1820. By 1830, it would surpass Lexington to become the state's largest city, and would eventually annex Portland and Shippingport.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1816 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisville_Library_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisville Library Company (page does not exist)">Louisville Library Company</a>, the city's first library, opened its doors with a subscription-based service.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in a series of events ranging from 1798 to 1846, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> was founded from the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Seminary" title="Jefferson Seminary">Jefferson Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Medical_Institute" title="Louisville Medical Institute">Louisville Medical Institute</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisville_Collegiate_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisville Collegiate Institute (page does not exist)">Louisville Collegiate Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to great demand, the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Portland_Canal" title="Louisville and Portland Canal">Louisville and Portland Canal</a> was completed in 1830. This allowed boats to circumvent the Falls of the Ohio and travel through from Pittsburgh to New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to several epidemics and the increasing need to treat ill or injured river workers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisville_Marine_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisville Marine Hospital (page does not exist)">Louisville Marine Hospital</a> was completed in 1825 on Chestnut Street, an area that is today home to Louisville's Medical Center.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1828, the population surpassed 7,000 and Louisville became Kentucky's first city. <a href="/wiki/John_Bucklin" title="John Bucklin">John Bucklin</a> was elected the first Mayor. The nearby towns of Shippingport and Portland remained independent of Louisville for the time being. City status gave Louisville some judicial authority and the ability to collect more taxes, which allowed for the establishment of the state's first public school in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Spalding" title="Catherine Spalding">Catherine Spalding</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/Bardstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardstown">Bardstown</a> to Louisville and established <a href="/wiki/Presentation_Academy" title="Presentation Academy">Presentation Academy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> school for girls. She also established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Vincent_Orphanage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Vincent Orphanage (page does not exist)">St. Vincent Orphanage</a>, which was later renamed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph_Orphanage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Joseph Orphanage (page does not exist)">St. Joseph Orphanage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louisville's famous <a href="/wiki/Galt_House" title="Galt House">Galt House</a> hotel—the first of three downtown buildings to have that moniker—was erected in 1834. In 1839, a precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> was held at Old Louisville's Oakland <a href="/wiki/Race_track" title="Race track">Race Course</a>. Over 10,000 spectators attended the two-horse race, in which <i>Grey Eagle</i> lost to <i>Wagner</i>. This race occurred 36 years before the first Kentucky Derby. It was a popular competition to test the quality of horses. Louisville became a center for sales of horses and other livestock from the <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluegrass Region">Bluegrass Region</a> of central Kentucky, where horse breeding became a major part of the economy and traditions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_School_for_the_Blind" title="Kentucky School for the Blind">Kentucky School for the Blind</a> was founded in 1839, the third-oldest school for the blind in the country. In 1847, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gibson_(educator)" title="William H. Gibson (educator)">William H. Gibson</a> opened one of the city's first schools for African Americans in the basement of the Methodist church on Fourth and Green Streets.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840 <a href="/wiki/W._B._Belknap" title="W. B. Belknap">William Burke Belknap the elder</a> (1811–1884) started the <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Hardware_and_Manufacturing_Company" title="Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company">Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company</a> on the banks of the Ohio River.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, resident of Jefferson County from childhood through early adulthood and a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, was elected as the 12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. He served only sixteen months in office before dying in 1850 from acute <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>. He was buried in the east end of Louisville at <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_National_Cemetery" title="Zachary Taylor National Cemetery">Zachary Taylor National Cemetery</a>. </p><p>Following the 1850 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">census</a>, Louisville was reported as the nation's tenth largest city, while <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> was reported as the eighth most populous state. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a> (L&N) Company was founded in 1850 by <a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Guthrie (American politician)">James Guthrie</a>, who also was involved in the founding of the University of Louisville. When the railroad was completed in 1859, Louisville's strategic location at the Falls of the Ohio became central to the city's development and importance in the rail and water freight transportation business. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg/260px-LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg/390px-LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg/520px-LouisvilleSlaveTradingMarker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Historical marker from the corner of Second and Main in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Louisville" title="Downtown Louisville">downtown Louisville</a> describing the slave trade</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 6, 1855, a day dubbed <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Monday" title="Bloody Monday">Bloody Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> riots stemming from the bitter rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Party">Know-Nothing Party</a> broke out. Know-Nothing mobs rioted in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Louisville" title="History of the Irish in Louisville">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Louisville" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Germans in Louisville">German</a> parts of the city, destroying property by fires and killing numerous people. </p><p>Founded in 1858, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a> is the oldest organization of its kind in the United States. Since 1879 it has been the official supplier of educational materials for blind students in the U.S. It is located on Frankfort Avenue in the <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Louisville" title="Clifton, Louisville">Clifton neighborhood</a>, adjacent to the campus where the Kentucky School for the Blind moved in 1855. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Sold_down_the_river""><span id=".22Sold_down_the_river.22"></span>"Sold down the river"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Sold down the river""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">History of slavery in Kentucky</a></div> <p>Louisville had one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> trades in the United States before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, and much of the city's initial growth is attributed to that trade. Shifting agricultural needs produced an excess of slaves in Kentucky, and many were sold from here and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. In 1820, the slave population was at its height at nearly 26% of the Kentucky population, but by 1860, that proportion had dropped significantly, even though this percentage still represented over 10,000 people. Through the 1850s, slave traders sold 2500–4000 slaves annually from Kentucky down river.<sup id="cite_ref-louslavery_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louslavery-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression "sold down the river" originated as a lament of eastern slaves being split apart from their families in sales to Louisville. Slave traders collected slaves there until they had enough to ship in a group via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers down to the slave market in New Orleans. There slaves were sold again to owners of cotton and sugar cane plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louisville was the turning point for many enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">blacks</a>. If they could get from there across the Ohio River, called the "River Jordan" by escaping slaves, they had a chance for freedom in Indiana and other northern states. They had to evade capture by bounty-seeking <a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">slave catchers</a>, but many were aided by the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> to get further north for freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BullNelsonShooting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BullNelsonShooting.jpg/180px-BullNelsonShooting.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BullNelsonShooting.jpg/270px-BullNelsonShooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BullNelsonShooting.jpg/360px-BullNelsonShooting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Jefferson C. Davis</a> shoots Union Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_%22Bull%22_Nelson" title="William "Bull" Nelson">William "Bull" Nelson</a> on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Galt_House" title="Galt House">Galt House</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louisville_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisville in the American Civil War">Louisville in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Louisville was a major stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union forces</a>, which kept <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting and transportation for numerous campaigns, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater">Western Theater</a>. While the state of Kentucky officially declared its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> early in the war, prominent Louisville attorney <a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s close friend <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fry_Speed" title="Joshua Fry Speed">Joshua Fry Speed</a>, strongly advocated keeping the state in the Union. Seeing Louisville's strategic importance in the freight industry, General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> formed an <a href="/wiki/Army_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Army base">army base</a> in the city in the event that the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> advanced. </p><p>In September 1862, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> General <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> decided to take Louisville, but changed his mind. There was lack of backup from General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a>'s forces. In addition, the decision to install Confederate Governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawes" title="Richard Hawes">Richard Hawes</a> in the alternative government in <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a> made people think the state might change. In the summer of 1863, Confederate cavalry under <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a> invaded Kentucky from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and briefly threatened Louisville, before swinging around the city into <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> during <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a>. In March 1864, Generals Sherman and <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> met at the <a href="/wiki/Galt_House" title="Galt House">Galt House</a> to plan the spring campaign, which included the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Campaign">capture of Atlanta, Georgia</a>. (As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, that this meeting actually occurred has fallen into dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>By the end of the war, Louisville itself had not been attacked once, although it was surrounded by skirmishes and battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Battle of Perryville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corydon" title="Battle of Corydon">Battle of Corydon</a>. The Unionists—most of whose leaders owned slaves—felt betrayed by the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> position of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. After 1865 returning <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> veterans largely took political control of the city, leading to the jibe that it joined the Confederacy after the war was over. </p><p>During the postwar years, the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> opened a school, led by W. H. Gibson, and a bank in the city to serve the now free and growing African American population.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate women organized in associations to ensure the dead were buried in cemeteries, to identify missing men, and to build memorials to the war and their losses. By the 1890s, the memorial movement came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> (UDC) and <a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a> (UCV), who promoted the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Cause">Lost Cause</a>". Making meaning after the war was another way of writing its history.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, in one of their successes, a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Monument_in_Louisville" title="Confederate Monument in Louisville">Confederate monument</a> was erected near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Reconstruction">Post-Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg/300px-Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg/450px-Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg/600px-Churchill_Downs_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs" title="Churchill Downs">Churchill Downs</a> in 1901</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Callahan_(Kentucky)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Callahan (Kentucky)">James Callahan</a> and other area businessmen organized the <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Harrods_Creek_and_Westport_Railway" title="Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railway">Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railway</a> in 1870 and continued construction through the <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a> before failing in 1879. Although the LHC&W never reached beyond <a href="/wiki/Harrods_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods Creek">Harrods Creek</a>, its service was continued by the <a href="/wiki/L%26N" class="mw-redirect" title="L&N">L&N</a> and contributed to growth in the city's eastern suburbs, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Railway Company">LRC</a> purchased and electrified the track between Zorn Avenue and <a href="/wiki/Prospect,_Kentucky" title="Prospect, Kentucky">Prospect</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-louslavery_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louslavery-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> was held on May 17, 1875, at the Louisville Jockey Club track (later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs" title="Churchill Downs">Churchill Downs</a>). The Derby was originally shepherded by <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis_Clark,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.">Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, and grandnephew of the city's founder <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a>. Ten thousand spectators were present at the first Derby to watch <a href="/wiki/Aristides_(horse)" title="Aristides (horse)">Aristides</a> win the race. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg/140px-LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg/210px-LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg/280px-LouisvilleSluggerMusem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A giant baseball bat adorns the outside of <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Slugger_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Slugger Museum">Louisville Slugger Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Louisville" title="Downtown Louisville">downtown Louisville</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 2, 1876, <a href="/wiki/Professional_baseball" title="Professional baseball">professional baseball</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Grays" title="Louisville Grays">Louisville Grays</a> were a charter member. While the Grays were a relatively short-lived team, playing for only two years, they began a much longer lasting relationship between the city and baseball. In 1883, John "Bud" Hillerich made his first <a href="/wiki/Baseball_bat" title="Baseball bat">baseball bat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_americana" title="Fraxinus americana">white ash</a> in his father's wood shop. The first bat was produced for <a href="/wiki/Pete_Browning" title="Pete Browning">Pete "The Gladiator" Browning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Eclipse">Louisville Eclipse</a> (minor league team). The bats eventually become known by the popular name, <i>Louisville Slugger</i>, and the local company <a href="/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby" title="Hillerich & Bradsby">Hillerich & Bradsby</a> rapidly became one of the largest manufacturers of baseball bats and other sporting equipment in the world. Today, Hillerich & Bradsby manufactures over one million wooden bats per year, accounting for about two of three wooden bats sold worldwide. </p><p>In 1877 the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="Southern Baptist Theological Seminary">Southern Baptist Theological Seminary</a> relocated to Louisville from <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a>, where it had been founded in 1859. Its new campus, at Fourth and Broadway downtown, was underwritten by a group of Louisville business leaders, including the Norton family, eager to add the promising graduate-professional school to the city's resources. It grew quickly, attracting students from all parts of the nation, and by the early 20th century it was the second largest accredited seminary in the United States. It relocated to its present 100-acre (0.40 km<sup>2</sup>) campus on Lexington Road in 1926. </p><p>In February 1882, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123155533/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lecture-tour/0221-louisville.html">Oscar Wilde lectured in the city</a> and on that occasion met Emma Speed Keats, the niece of his poetical hero (<a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>), who had settled in the city. She was the daughter of Keats' brother <a href="/wiki/George_Keats" title="George Keats">George Keats</a> and she later sent Wilde an autograph manuscript by Keats of his poem 'Sonnet on Blue'. </p><p>On August 1, 1883, <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> opened the first annual <a href="/wiki/Southern_Exposition" title="Southern Exposition">Southern Exposition</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fairs</a> that would run for five consecutive years adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Central_Park,_Louisville" title="Central Park, Louisville">Central Park</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Old_Louisville" title="Old Louisville">Old Louisville</a>. Highlighted at the show was the largest to-date installation of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>, having been recently invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, a former resident. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia-building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Columbia-building.jpg/180px-Columbia-building.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Columbia-building.jpg/270px-Columbia-building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Columbia-building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Building_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Columbia Building (Louisville, Kentucky)">Columbia Building</a> was the tallest building in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> for a decade</figcaption></figure> <p>Downtown Louisville began a modernization period in the 1890s, with Louisville's second skyscraper, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Building_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Columbia Building (Louisville, Kentucky)">Columbia Building</a>, opening on January 1, 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, famous <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> was commissioned to design Louisville's system of parks (most notably, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Park" title="Cherokee Park">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Park" title="Iroquois Park">Iroquois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Park" title="Shawnee Park">Shawnee</a> Parks) connected by tree-lined parkways. Passenger train service arrived in the city on September 7, 1891, with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Louisville)" title="Union Station (Louisville)">Union Station</a> train hub. The first train arrived at 7:30 am. Louisville's Union Station was then recognized as the largest <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">train station</a> in the South. </p><p>Interrupting these developments, on March 27, 1890, a <a href="/wiki/March_1890_middle_Mississippi_Valley_tornado_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1890 middle Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak">major tornado</a> measuring <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F4</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">Fujita scale</a> visited Louisville. The "whirling tiger of the air" carved a path from the <a href="/wiki/Parkland,_Louisville" title="Parkland, Louisville">Parkland</a> neighborhood all the way to <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Hill,_Louisville" title="Crescent Hill, Louisville">Crescent Hill</a>, destroying 766 buildings (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>2.5 million worth of property) and killing an estimated 74 to 120 people. At least 55 of those deaths occurred when the Falls City Hall collapsed. This is one of the highest death tolls due to a single building collapse from a tornado in <a href="/wiki/U.S._history" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. history">U.S. history</a>. </p><p>In 1893, two Louisville sisters, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hill" title="Patty Hill">Patty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildred_J._Hill" title="Mildred J. Hill">Mildred J. Hill</a>, both schoolteachers, wrote the song "Good Morning to All" for their kindergarten class. The song did not become popular, and the lyrics were later changed to the more recognizable, "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_to_You" title="Happy Birthday to You">Happy Birthday to You</a>". This is now the most performed song in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. </p><p>Also in 1893, the Louisville Presbyterian Seminary was founded, building a handsome campus at First and Broadway downtown (now occupied by Jefferson Community College). Eight years later, it absorbed an older Presbyterian seminary in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>. In 1963 Louisville Seminary relocated to a modern campus on Alta Vista Road near Cherokee Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_Century_and_beyond">20th Century and beyond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th Century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg/600px-Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg/900px-Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg/1200px-Pan_view_louisville_ky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Louisville, Kentucky, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Seventy of the <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a>, formed between 1865 and 1900, were unified into the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Southern_Memorial_Association" title="Confederated Southern Memorial Association">Confederated Southern Memorial Association</a>, which was established on May 30, 1900, during the <a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a> Reunion at Louisville.<sup id="cite_ref-History1904_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History1904-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, controversy over <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> came to a head in the 1905 Mayor election, called the most corrupt in city history. An anti-corruption party unique to Louisville, called themselves the Fusionists, briefly emerged at this time. Democratic boss <a href="/wiki/John_Whallen" class="mw-redirect" title="John Whallen">John Whallen</a> succeeded in getting his candidate, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Barth" title="Paul C. Barth">Paul C. Barth</a>, elected, but the results were overturned in 1907. Elections gradually became less corrupt, but political machines would still hold considerable power for decades. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Waverly_Hills_Sanatorium" title="Waverly Hills Sanatorium">Waverly Hills Sanatorium</a> was opened in 1910 to house <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> patients. The hospital was closed in 1961. It was later used as a <a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">retirement home</a> (1963–1982). It was unused for more than a decade until 1991, when it was reopened for tours. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Louisville became home to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Taylor">Camp Taylor</a>. In 1917, the English-bred colt "Omar Khayyam" became the first foreign-bred horse to win the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a>. Two years later, in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Barton" title="Sir Barton">Sir Barton</a> became the first horse to win the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_(United_States)" title="Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)">Triple Crown</a>, though the term for the three prime races did not come into use for another 11 years. </p><p>In 1920, Louisville's first zoo was founded at <a href="/wiki/Senning%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Senning's Park">Senning's Park</a> (present-day Colonial Gardens), next to <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Park" title="Iroquois Park">Iroquois Park</a>. Barely surviving through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, it closed in 1939. Its successor, the current <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Zoo" title="Louisville Zoo">Louisville Zoo</a>, did not open until 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Hotel_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Brown Hotel (Louisville, Kentucky)">Brown Hotel</a>'s chef Fred K. Schmidt introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Brown" title="Hot Brown">Hot Brown</a> sandwich in the hotel restaurant, consisting of an open-faced "sandwich" of turkey and bacon smothered with cheese and tomato.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hot Brown became rather popular among locals and visitors alike, and can be ordered by many local restaurants in the area today. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belle_of_Louisville" title="Belle of Louisville">Belle of Louisville</a>, today recognized as the oldest river steamboat in operation, came to Louisville in 1931. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Municipal_College" title="Louisville Municipal College">Louisville Municipal College</a> for Negroes was established to allow black Louisvillians to attend classes. (The college was dissolved into the University of Louisville with the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">ending of segregation</a> in 1951.) </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville,_Kentucky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/280px-1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/420px-1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/560px-1936_Ohio_River_flood_-_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4143" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>Louisville during the Ohio River flood of 1936; the following year's flood was even worse.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 28, 1936, the river reached a level of 60.6 feet, flooding parts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late January and February 1937, a month of heavy rain throughout the Ohio River Valley prompted what became remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">"Great Flood of '37"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> submerged about 70 percent of the city and forced the evacuation of 175,000 residents. In Louisville, 90 people died. At the crest on January 27, 1937, the waters reached 30 feet (9.1 m) above flood level in Louisville. <a href="/wiki/Photojournalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Photojournalist">Photojournalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a> documented the flood and its aftermath in a series of famous photos. Later, <a href="/wiki/Flood_wall" title="Flood wall">flood walls</a> were installed to prevent another such disaster. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louisville_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville International Airport">Standiford Field</a> was built in Louisville by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> in 1941. <a href="/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)" title="Bowman Field (Kentucky)">Bowman Field</a>, a smaller airport, had been previously opened in 1919. </p><p>Louisville was a center for factory war production during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In May 1942, the U.S. government assigned the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright" title="Curtiss-Wright">Curtiss-Wright</a> Aircraft Company a war plant located at Louisville's air field for wartime aircraft production. The factory produced the <a href="/wiki/C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="C-46 Commando">C-46 Commando</a> cargo plane, among other aircraft. In 1946 the factory was sold to <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a>, which began large-scale production of tractors and agricultural equipment. <a href="/wiki/Otter_Creek_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Otter Creek Park">Otter Creek Park</a> was given to Louisville by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government">U.S. Government</a> in 1947, in recognition of the city's service during World War II. </p><p>Throughout the 20th century, the arts flourished in Louisville. The <a href="/wiki/Speed_Art_Museum" title="Speed Art Museum">Speed Art Museum</a> was opened in 1927 and is now the oldest and largest museum of art in Kentucky. The <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Orchestra" title="Louisville Orchestra">Louisville Orchestra</a> was founded in 1937. In 1949 the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Shakespeare_Festival" title="Kentucky Shakespeare Festival">Kentucky Shakespeare Festival</a> was begun, and today it is the oldest free and independently-operating Shakespeare festival in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Opera" title="Kentucky Opera">Kentucky Opera</a> was started in 1952, and the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Ballet" title="Louisville Ballet">Louisville Ballet</a> was founded that same year, though it only achieved professional status in 1975. In 1956 the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby_Festival" title="Kentucky Derby Festival">Kentucky Derby Festival</a> was started to celebrate the annual Kentucky Derby. The next year, in 1957, the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Court_Art_Show" title="St. James Court Art Show">St. James Court Art Show</a> was started. Both these are still popular festivals in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_mid-century">Decline in mid-century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline in mid-century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight whiskey distilleries opened on 7th Street Road after the end of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>, and Louisville attempted to annex them to increase its <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax base</a>. Not wanting to pay city taxes, the whiskey companies persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a> to pass the Shively Bill, which made it much more difficult for Louisville to annex additional areas. The distilleries used Kentucky's existing laws (which favored the mostly rural communities in the state) to form a 0.5 square-mile city named <a href="/wiki/Shively,_Kentucky" title="Shively, Kentucky">Shively</a> in 1938. Shively grew to include residential areas. </p><p>In 1946 the General Assembly passed a law allowing the formation of a Metropolitan Sewer District, and <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Board_of_Aldermen" title="Louisville Board of Aldermen">Louisville's Board of Aldermen</a> approved its creation a few months later. With the expansion of sewer service outside of traditional <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city limits</a> and laws hindering Louisville's annexation attempts, areas outside of the city limits that were developed during the building boom after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> became cities in their own right. This status prevented their annexation by Louisville. As a result, Louisville's population figures leveled off. The incorporation of such several new communities contributed to the defeat of Louisville's attempt to merge with Jefferson County in 1956. Louisville continued fighting to annex land to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-fail_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fail-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_800,_Louisville,_KY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg/220px-The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg/330px-The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg/440px-The_800%2C_Louisville%2C_KY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Completed in 1963, the 29 story <a href="/wiki/The_800_Apartments" title="The 800 Apartments">800 Apartments</a> was Louisville's first modern high rise.</figcaption></figure> <p>For a variety of reasons, Louisville began to decline as an important city in the 1960s and 1970s. Highways built in the late 1950s facilitated movement by the expanding middle class to newer housing being developed in the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>. With the loss in population, the downtown area began to decline economically. Many formerly popular buildings became vacant. Even the previously strong Brown Hotel closed its doors in 1971 (although it later reopened). <a href="/wiki/Fontaine_Ferry_Park" title="Fontaine Ferry Park">Fontaine Ferry Park</a>, Louisville's most popular <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a> during the early 20th century, closed in 1969 as people's tastes for entertainment changed. </p><p>The once-strong farmer's market, <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_(Louisville)" title="Haymarket (Louisville)">Haymarket</a>, ceased operations in 1962 after 71 years of operation. The final death-knell for the Haymarket, already in decline due to changing economic trends, was the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65" title="Interstate 65">Interstate 65</a> ramp through the main part of the open-air market. Not only did interstates facilitate suburban living, they sliced through older city neighborhoods and often divided them irreversibly. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haymarket_louisville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Haymarket_louisville.jpg/275px-Haymarket_louisville.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Haymarket_louisville.jpg/413px-Haymarket_louisville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Haymarket_louisville.jpg/550px-Haymarket_louisville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_(Louisville)" title="Haymarket (Louisville)">Haymarket</a> in Louisville before its closing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another major (<a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">F4</a>) tornado hit on April 3, 1974, as part of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a> of tornadoes that struck 13 states. It covered 21 miles (34 km) and destroyed several hundred homes in the Louisville area but was only responsible for 2 deaths. It also caused extensive damage in <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Park#Tornado_damage_in_1974" title="Cherokee Park">Cherokee Park</a>. </p><p>Despite these signs of decline, a number of activities were taking place that presaged the Louisville Renaissance of the 1980s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Christian_Church" title="Southeast Christian Church">Southeast Christian Church</a>, today one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurches</a> in the U.S., was founded in 1962 with only 53 members. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Actors_Theatre_of_Louisville" title="Actors Theatre of Louisville">Actors Theatre of Louisville</a> was founded. It was later designated the "State Theater of Kentucky" in 1974. It has created a strong regional theater. </p><p>In 1973, the racehorse <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)" title="Secretariat (horse)">Secretariat</a> made the fastest time ever run in the Derby (at its present distance) at 1 minute 59<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> seconds. Excitement over him raised interest in the Derby. </p><p>There were signs of revival in the 1970s. Throughout the decade, new buildings came under construction downtown, and many historic buildings were renovated. Louisville's <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transit_Authority_of_River_City" title="Transit Authority of River City">Transit Authority of River City</a>, began operating a <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus line</a> in 1974. And in 1981 the <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls of the Ohio">Falls of the Ohio</a> was granted status as a Federal conservation area. </p><p>On the downside, in the early morning hours of February 13, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_sewer_explosions" title="Louisville sewer explosions">sewer explosions</a> ripped through the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Old_Louisville" title="Old Louisville">Old Louisville</a> and near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>. The cause was traced back to chemical releases into the sewer system from a nearby <a href="/wiki/Ralston-Purina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralston-Purina">Ralston-Purina</a> soybean processing facility.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louisville continued to struggle during the 1980s in its attempt to redevelop and expand. It fought with other Jefferson County communities in two more failed attempts to merge with county government in 1982 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-fail_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fail-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bingham,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Bingham, Jr.">Barry Bingham, Jr.</a> sold the family business <a href="/wiki/Standard_Gravure" title="Standard Gravure">Standard Gravure</a> in 1986, which sent the company into a major restructuring in the following years. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">The Courier-Journal</a></i> was one of the papers printed by Standard Gravure. On September 14, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Gravure_shooting" title="Standard Gravure shooting">Joseph Wesbecker</a>, on medical leave due to mental illness and work-related stress, entered the Courier-Journal building and shot and killed eight employees, injuring another twelve before killing himself.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1968_Louisville_riots" title="1968 Louisville riots">1968 Louisville riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/NAACP_in_Kentucky" title="NAACP in Kentucky">NAACP in Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Public_Schools_(Kentucky)#Merger_and_desegregation" title="Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)">Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) § Merger and desegregation</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Louisville was affected, as it had maintained a segregated society. Civil rights groups undertook a variety of actions to challenge that. In addition, black neighborhoods had declined during the economic downturn of the city. Urban renewal efforts undertaken for ostensible improvements had adversely affected the center of their neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After national civil rights legislation had passed in 1964 and 1965, African Americans continued to push for social changes. The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) long maintained an office in the <a href="/wiki/Parkland,_Louisville" title="Parkland, Louisville">Parkland</a> neighborhood, which had an African-American majority population. In Louisville, as in other cities, there was a political struggle between the NAACP and more militant activists associated with <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a>. The latter's attempt to organize was one of the catalysts for the riot. In addition, feelings were raw because <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinated</a> less than two months before.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 mostly African-Americans gathered for a protest in Parkland. They opposed possible reinstatement of a white officer involved in an incident where physical conflict had occurred in the arrest of two African-American men. The group was organized by the Black Unity League of Kentucky, known as BULK. BULK had announced that activist <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> was to come to Louisville to speak, but he had no such plans.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the crowd gathered, speakers spread rumors that Carmichael's plane had been purposely delayed; protesters got angry, and a disturbance began.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crowd's tossing bottles and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> forced police to retreat. By midnight, rioters had looted several stores in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Louisville" title="Downtown Louisville">Downtown Louisville</a>. Cars were overturned and some burned. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Schmied" title="Kenneth A. Schmied">Kenneth A. Schmied</a> ordered the 2,178 Kentucky <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">National Guardsmen</a> to help disperse the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor also issued a citywide curfew. 472 arrests were made during the riots, two African-American teenage boys were killed, and over $200,000 in property damage was done.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Guard remained in place until June 4, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these events, the city's demographics changed dramatically; the city became more racially segregated by neighborhoods, and more middle-class people, of both races, moved to newer housing in the suburbs. </p><p>Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i> in 1954, Louisville's public schools were still essentially segregated, especially as regional <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation" title="Residential segregation">residential segregation</a> had become more pronounced due to other economic changes. In 1971 and 1972 the Kentucky Civil Liberties Union, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_Aid_Society_of_Louisville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal Aid Society of Louisville (page does not exist)">Legal Aid Society</a>, and NAACP filed suit in federal court to desegregate the Louisville and Jefferson County school systems. The Kentucky Commission on Human Rights also filed suit asking that desegregation be achieved through merger of the Louisville, Jefferson County and Anchorage school systems, to overcome residential segregation and the inability of the city to expand by annexation and take in a more diverse area.<sup id="cite_ref-deseg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 28, 1975, the state Board of Education ordered the merger of the Louisville and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Public_Schools_(Kentucky)" title="Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)">Jefferson County schools</a> systems effective April 1, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 17, 1975, Judge James F. Gordon stipulated that a desegregation plan would be implemented at the beginning of the 1975–76 school year, to begin September 4, 1975. The school system used mandatory busing to distribute students to integrate the newly merged school systems. The students were bused according to the first initial of their last name and their grade level. The busing was to achieve certain percentages of racial diversity in schools regardless of where the students lived. In practical effects, the plan required black students to be bused up to 10 of their 12 years in school, and white students 2 of their 12 years. In 1978 the judge ended his supervision of the project, but the decree remained in effect in some places. The school system continued the busing system.<sup id="cite_ref-deseg_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1980s, the school system restructured the plan to try to provide for more local schooling for students. Guidelines remained in effect for percentages of the student population based on ethnicity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization_efforts">Revitalization efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revitalization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the 1980s, Louisville has had a revival in popularity and prosperity. This can be seen in the many changes in this period, including a great deal of downtown infrastructure. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg/240px-Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg/360px-Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg/480px-Louisville_waterfrontpark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Waterfront_Park" title="Louisville Waterfront Park">Louisville Waterfront Park</a> features gentle hills, spacious lawns, and walking paths along Louisville's waterfront in the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Louisville" title="Downtown Louisville">downtown area</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The retail environment changed here and across the country. <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth</a> went out of business in 1990. The building in Louisville, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Garber" title="Frederick W. Garber">Frederick W. Garber</a> and completed in 1946, was demolished in 2004. The site was not redeveloped at the time, but paved for a parking lot.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cultural showcases were founded or expanded in this period. <a href="/wiki/The_Kentucky_Center" title="The Kentucky Center">The Kentucky Center for the Arts</a> was officially dedicated in 1983. In 1984 the center hosted one of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election debates">U.S. presidential election debates</a> between candidates <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>. Today the center hosts many touring plays and performances by the Kentucky Opera and the Louisville Ballet. An <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> theater was added to the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Science_Center" title="Kentucky Science Center">Kentucky Science Center</a> in 1988. Phase I of the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Waterfront_Park" title="Louisville Waterfront Park">Louisville Waterfront Park</a> was completed in 1999, and Phase II was completed in 2004. Though originally built as a standard <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> in 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Theater" title="Kentucky Theater">Kentucky Theater</a> was reopened in 2000 as a <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> venue. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg/260px-Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg/390px-Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg/520px-Louisville_Falls_Fountain_in_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Falls_Fountain" title="Louisville Falls Fountain">Louisville Falls Fountain</a>, here viewed from Southern Indiana in 1993, operated from 1988 to 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Falls_Fountain" title="Louisville Falls Fountain">Louisville Falls Fountain</a>, the tallest computerized fountain in the world, began operation on the Ohio River at Louisville. Its 420-foot (130 m) high spray (later reduced to 375 feet (114 m) due to energy costs) and <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> patterns graced Louisville's waterfront until the fountain was shut down in 1998. </p><p>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)</a>, the largest Presbyterian denomination and a pillar of the religious "main line," moved to Louisville in 1988. The move was the result of a concerted campaign, led by <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Presbyterian_Theological_Seminary" title="Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary">Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary</a> president John Mulder, Louisville mayor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Abramson" title="Jerry Abramson">Jerry Abramson</a>, and with a gift of waterfront buildings from <a href="/wiki/Humana" title="Humana">Humana</a> founder David Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In communications, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">The Courier-Journal</a></i>, Louisville's primary local newspaper, was purchased in 1987 by media giant <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Eccentric_Observer" title="Louisville Eccentric Observer">Louisville Eccentric Observer</a></i> (LEO), a popular <a href="/wiki/Alternative_newspaper" title="Alternative newspaper">alternative newspaper</a>, was founded in 1990. <i><a href="/wiki/Velocity_(newspaper)" title="Velocity (newspaper)">Velocity</a></i> was later released by the <i>Courier-Journal</i> to compete with the <i>LEO</i> in 2003. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AliCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AliCenter.jpg/260px-AliCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AliCenter.jpg/390px-AliCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/AliCenter.jpg/520px-AliCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Center" title="Muhammad Ali Center">Muhammad Ali Center</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">Interstate 64</a> on Louisville's riverfront</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Merger"></span>In 2003, the city of Louisville and Jefferson County merged into a single government named <i>Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government</i>. This merger made Louisville the 16th or 27th <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">most populous city in the U.S.</a>, depending on how the population is calculated. The change enabled consolidation of some services and activities to provide better government for the region. </p><p>New changes and growth continued in the city. The entertainment and retail district called <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Street_Live!" title="Fourth Street Live!">Fourth Street Live!</a> was opened in 2004, and the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Center" title="Muhammad Ali Center">Muhammad Ali Center</a> was opened in 2005. Between the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 census</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville-Jefferson_County,_KY-IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Louisville's metro area</a> population outgrew that of <a href="/wiki/Lexington-Fayette,_KY_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area">Lexington</a> by 149,415, and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati-Northern_Kentucky_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a>'s by 23,278. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_presentation_of_Louisville_history">Preservation and presentation of Louisville history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preservation and presentation of Louisville history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1884, <a href="/wiki/The_Filson_Historical_Society" title="The Filson Historical Society">The Filson Historical Society</a> (originally named the Filson Club), with its extensive collections, has led the way in preserving Louisville's history, and publishes articles in its quaristorical collections.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016, Louisville did not have a museum dedicated to the city's history. Various museums and historic homes present exhibits that interpret this history. These include the Filson, <a href="/wiki/Portland_Museum_(Louisville)" title="Portland Museum (Louisville)">Portland Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Locust_Grove" title="Historic Locust Grove">Historic Locust Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio_State_Park" title="Falls of the Ohio State Park">Falls of the Ohio State Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Interpretive_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretive center">interpretive center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville, Indiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Howard_Steamboat_Museum" title="Howard Steamboat Museum">Howard Steamboat Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville, Indiana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Center_for_Art_%26_History" title="Carnegie Center for Art & History">Carnegie Center for Art & History</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany, Indiana</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Historical_Society" title="Kentucky Historical Society">Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a>). </p><p>In 2004 The <a href="/wiki/Frazier_History_Museum" title="Frazier History Museum">Frazier History Museum</a>, previously known as the Frazier Historical Arms Museum and the Frazier International History Museum opened a <a href="/wiki/History_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="History museum">history museum</a> located on Museum Row in the <a href="/wiki/West_Main_District" class="mw-redirect" title="West Main District">West Main District</a> of downtown <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kentucky" title="Portal:Kentucky">Kentucky portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Louisville" title="History of Germans in Louisville">History of Germans in Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Louisville" title="History of the Irish in Louisville">History of the Irish in Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Timeline of Louisville, Kentucky">Timeline of Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky">List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jefferson County, Kentucky">History of Jefferson County, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">History of Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_events_in_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area#Historic_properties" title="List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area">List of historic properties in Louisville (attractions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Kentucky">National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Kentucky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lfpl.org/separateflame">"African-American Archives – Western Branch: The First African American Public Library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Free_Public_Library" title="Louisville Free Public Library">Louisville Free Public Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927005936/https://www.lfpl.org/separateflame">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African-American+Archives+%E2%80%93+Western+Branch%3A+The+First+African+American+Public+Library&rft.pub=Louisville+Free+Public+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfpl.org%2Fseparateflame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121190156/http://www.uky.edu/Subject/lama.html">"African Americans in Library Professions: The Kentucky Connection"</a>. Uky.edu. December 7, 2004. 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(January 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/26/us/doctors-in-louisville-perform-nation-s-first-hand-transplant.html">"Doctors in Louisville Perform Nation's First Hand Transplant"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235309/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/26/us/doctors-in-louisville-perform-nation-s-first-hand-transplant.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Doctors+in+Louisville+Perform+Nation%27s+First+Hand+Transplant&rft.date=1999-01-26&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F26%2Fus%2Fdoctors-in-louisville-perform-nation-s-first-hand-transplant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart_transplant-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heart_transplant_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2001" class="citation news cs1">Altman, Lawrence K. (July 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/04/us/self-contained-mechanical-heart-throbs-for-first-time-in-a-human.html">"Self-Contained Mechanical Heart Throbs for First Time in a Human"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018192113/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/04/us/self-contained-mechanical-heart-throbs-for-first-time-in-a-human.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Self-Contained+Mechanical+Heart+Throbs+for+First+Time+in+a+Human&rft.date=2001-07-04&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F07%2F04%2Fus%2Fself-contained-mechanical-heart-throbs-for-first-time-in-a-human.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_R._Barry1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, R. Barry (1996). <i>Kentucky Archaeology</i>. 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(1987). <i>Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Filson_Historical_Society" title="The Filson Historical Society">Filson Club, Incorporated</a>. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9601072-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9601072-3-1"><bdi>0-9601072-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Hundred+Years+at+the+Fall+of+the+Ohio%3A+A+History+of+Louisville+and+Jefferson+County&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Filson+Club%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-9601072-3-1&rft.aulast=Yater&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yater, pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1978" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Carl (1978). <i>Louisville Survey: Central Report</i>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisville+Survey%3A+Central+Report&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721101727/http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/resources/grcexh8.html">"225th Anniversary of George Rogers Clark and the Fall of Fort Sackville Exhibit"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=225th+Anniversary+of+George+Rogers+Clark+and+the+Fall+of+Fort+Sackville+Exhibit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statelib.lib.in.us%2Fwww%2Fihb%2Fresources%2Fgrcexh8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yater, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, p. 34-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson,_Nelson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Nelson (1985). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+County+Public+Schools+%E2%80%93+Time+line+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.pub=Lms.jefferson.k12.ky.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flms.jefferson.k12.ky.us%2Flms-archives%2Fpublicschools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKu2002" class="citation news cs1">Ku, Michelle (September 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211192711/http://www.answers.com/topic/woolworth-f-w-building">"Historic Woolworth Building in Lexington, Ky., to Become a Parking Lot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader" title="Lexington Herald-Leader">Lexington Herald-Leader</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/woolworth-f-w-building#ixzz3RMPq2uyN">the original</a> on February 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexington+Herald-Leader&rft.atitle=Historic+Woolworth+Building+in+Lexington%2C+Ky.%2C+to+Become+a+Parking+Lot&rft.date=2002-09-21&rft.aulast=Ku&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fwoolworth-f-w-building%23ixzz3RMPq2uyN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abandonedonline.net/locations/commercial/fw-woolworth-in-lexington-kentucky/">"FW Woolworth in Lexington Kentucky"</a>. <i>Abandoned Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117054947/http://abandonedonline.net/locations/commercial/fw-woolworth-in-lexington-kentucky/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abandoned+Online&rft.atitle=FW+Woolworth+in+Lexington+Kentucky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabandonedonline.net%2Flocations%2Fcommercial%2Ffw-woolworth-in-lexington-kentucky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kywcrh.org/archives/1058">"F. W. Woolworth Building"</a>. <i>Kentucky Women in the Civil Rights Era</i>. University of Kentucky. December 8, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117054947/http://www.kywcrh.org/archives/1058">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Women+in+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.atitle=F.+W.+Woolworth+Building&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kywcrh.org%2Farchives%2F1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Weston, "A Kentucky Home" [on the headquarters of the Presbyterian Church (USA) in Louisville]. Kentucky Humanities, 2001 nos. 1 & 2 (appeared March 2002): 45 – 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233103/http://special.library.louisville.edu/display-collection.asp?ID=234">"UofL – Louisville Free Public Library collection"</a>. Special.library.louisville.edu. March 30, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://special.library.louisville.edu/display-collection.asp?ID=234">the original</a> on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UofL+%E2%80%93+Louisville+Free+Public+Library+collection&rft.pub=Special.library.louisville.edu&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecial.library.louisville.edu%2Fdisplay-collection.asp%3FID%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraziermuseum.org/">"Frazier History Museum"</a>. <i>Frazier History Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703031703/https://fraziermuseum.org/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frazier+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Frazier+History+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffraziermuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Louisville,_Kentucky#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Louisville, Kentucky">Timeline of Louisville, Kentucky § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A place in time: The story of Louisville's neighborhoods</i>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">The Courier-Journal</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+place+in+time%3A+The+story+of+Louisville%27s+neighborhoods&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+Courier-Journal&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Rick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EI-GGgAACAAJ"><i>The Great Flood of 1937: Rising Waters, Soaring Spirits</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: Butler Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884532-82-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884532-82-5"><bdi>978-1-884532-82-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Flood+of+1937%3A+Rising+Waters%2C+Soaring+Spirits&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Butler+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-884532-82-5&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEI-GGgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhardt1930" class="citation journal cs1">Bernhardt, Carl (July 1930). "Certain Phases of the Origin of Louisville". <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Filson_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Filson Club">Filson Club</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Certain+Phases+of+the+Origin+of+Louisville&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1930-07&rft.aulast=Bernhardt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2008" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Bryan S. (2008). <i>Louisville and the Civil War: A History & Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-554-4"><bdi>978-1-59629-554-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisville+and+the+Civil+War%3A+A+History+%26+Guide&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-554-4&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2011" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Bryan S. (2011). <i>Louisville's Southern Exposition, 1883-1887: The City of Progress</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-143-7"><bdi>978-1-60949-143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisville%27s+Southern+Exposition%2C+1883-1887%3A+The+City+of+Progress&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-143-7&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1930" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mann_Butler" title="Edward Mann Butler">Butler, Edward Mann</a> (April 1930). "An Outline of the Origin and Settlement of Louisville". <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Introduction by Otto A. Rothert. <a href="/wiki/Filson_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Filson Club">Filson Club</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Outline+of+the+Origin+and+Settlement+of+Louisville&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1930-04&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Edward+Mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeusner1963" class="citation journal cs1">Deusner, Charles E. (1963). "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville". <i>Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</i>. <b>61</b>: 122–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Register+of+the+Kentucky+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Know+Nothing+Riots+in+Louisville&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=122-47&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Deusner&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23375884">online</a></li> <li>Fischer, Greg. <i>Germans in Louisville: A History</i> (Arcadia Publishing, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreater_Louisville_Inc.2006" class="citation book cs1">Greater Louisville Inc. (2006). <i>Louisville Then and Now</i>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: Butler Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884532-68-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-884532-68-3"><bdi>1-884532-68-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisville+Then+and+Now&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Butler+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-884532-68-3&rft.au=Greater+Louisville+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleber2001" class="citation book cs1">Kleber, John E., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Louisville</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2100-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2100-0"><bdi>0-8131-2100-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247857447">247857447</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Louisville&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247857447&rft.isbn=0-8131-2100-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXbYITw4ZesC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1962" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Robert E. (1962). <i>City of Conflict: Louisville in the Civil War, 1861–1865</i>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: Louisville Civil War Roundtable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Conflict%3A+Louisville+in+the+Civil+War%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Louisville+Civil+War+Roundtable&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1930" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, A. J. (July 1930). "Louisville in the Eighteen Fifties". <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Filson_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Filson Club">Filson Club</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Louisville+in+the+Eighteen+Fifties&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1930-07&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYater1987" class="citation book cs1">Yater, George H. (1987). <i>Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Filson_Historical_Society" title="The Filson Historical Society">Filson Club, Incorporated</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9601072-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9601072-3-1"><bdi>0-9601072-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Hundred+Years+at+the+Fall+of+the+Ohio%3A+A+History+of+Louisville+and+Jefferson+County&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Filson+Club%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-9601072-3-1&rft.aulast=Yater&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race,_slavery_and_desegregation"><span id="Race.2C_slavery_and_desegregation"></span>Race, slavery and desegregation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Race, slavery and desegregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2011" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Luther (2011). <i>Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930–1970</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Way+Up+North+in+Louisville%3A+African+American+Migration+in+the+Urban+South%2C+1930%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wayupnorthinloui0000adam">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hudson, J. Blaine, "'Upon This Rock'—The Free African American Community of Antebellum Louisville, Kentucky," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register_of_the_Kentucky_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society">The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</a></i> 109 (Summer–Autumn 2011), 295–326.</li> <li>Jackson, Brenda Feast. "The Policies and Purposes of Black Public Schooling in Louisville, Kentucky, 1890–1930" (PhD dissertation, Indiana University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. 7702004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK'Meyer2010" class="citation book cs1">K'Meyer, Tracy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akGSwilkI7kC"><i>Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky, 1945–1980</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813139203" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813139203"><bdi>978-0813139203</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+in+the+Gateway+to+the+South%3A+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%2C+1945%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0813139203&rft.aulast=K%27Meyer&rft.aufirst=Tracy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakGSwilkI7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK'Meyer2013" class="citation book cs1">K'Meyer, Tracy E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVsDAAAAQBAJ"><i>From Brown to Meredith: The Long Struggle for School Desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky, 1954-2007</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469607085" title="Special:BookSources/9781469607085"><bdi>9781469607085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Brown+to+Meredith%3A+The+Long+Struggle+for+School+Desegregation+in+Louisville%2C+Kentucky%2C+1954-2007&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781469607085&rft.aulast=K%27Meyer&rft.aufirst=Tracy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVsDAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Louisville%2C+Kentucky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>K’Meyer, Tracy E. "Remembering the Past and Contesting the Future of School Desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky, 1975–2012." <i>The Oral History Review</i> (2019) 39#2 pp. 230–257 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1093/ohr/ohs085">online</a></li> <li>O'Brien, Mary Lawrence. "Slavery in Louisville During the Antebellum Period: 1820–1860. A Study of the Effects of Urbanization on the Institution of Slavery as It Existed in Louisville, Kentucky" (PhD dissertation, University of Louisville ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1979. 1314778).</li> <li>Stafford, Hanford Dozier. "Slavery in a Border City: Louisville, 1790–1860 (Kentucky)" (PhD dissertation, University of Kentucky; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1982. 8309081).</li> <li>Wright, George C. <i>Life Behind a Veil: Blacks in Louisville, Kentucky, 1865–1930</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifebehindveilbl0000wrig">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Louisville, Kentucky">History of Louisville, Kentucky</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisvilleky.gov/government/planning-design/historic-landmarks-preservation-districts-commission">Louisville Historic Landmarks & Preservation Districts Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisvillehistory.org/">Kentuckiana Heritage Consortium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filsonhistorical.org/collections/historical-resources-on-racial-inequality-in-louisville/">Historical Resources On Racial Inequality In Louisville</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Filson_Historical_Society" title="The Filson Historical Society">The Filson Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisvillehistoricalleague.org/">Louisville Historical League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.ky.gov/visit/thomas-d-clark-center-for-kentucky-history">Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.louisville.edu/">Digital Collections</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> Libraries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.louisville.edu/?f%5Bcity_sim%5D%5B%5D=Louisville+%28Ky.%29&f%5Bresource_type_sim%5D%5B%5D=Maps&locale=en">Louisville Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.louisville.edu/?f%5Bcity_sim%5D%5B%5D=Louisville+%28Ky.%29&f%5Bmedia_type_sim%5D%5B%5D=Still+Image&locale=en">Louisville Images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Free_Public_Library" title="Louisville Free Public Library">Louisville Free Public Library</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lfpl.org/african-american-history-archives">African American Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lfpl.org/genealogy">Genealogy & Local History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lfpl.org/kentuckyhistory">Kentucky History & Genealogy Collection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519161221/http://oldlouisville.com/Ruins/">Louisville After the Bombings?</a> – includes many photos of buildings no longer in existence</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Louisville_and_metro_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Template:Louisville, Kentucky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Template talk:Louisville, Kentucky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisville, Kentucky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Louisville_and_metro_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">metro area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Timeline of Louisville, Kentucky">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places in the Louisville metropolitan area">Historic places</a></li> <li>Founder: <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Island_(Kentucky)" title="Corn Island (Kentucky)">Corn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_(Kentucky)" title="Fort Nelson (Kentucky)">Fort Nelson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Monday" title="Bloody Monday">Bloody Monday religious riots</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisville in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Exposition" title="Southern Exposition">Southern Exposition</a> (1883–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_27,_1890#Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Tornado outbreak of March 27, 1890">1890 tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">1937 flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Louisville_riots" title="1968 Louisville riots">1968 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Kentucky_Derby" title="1973 Kentucky Derby">1973 Kentucky Derby</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)" title="Secretariat (horse)">Secretariat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 tornadoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball" title="Louisville Cardinals men's basketball">Louisville Cardinals men's basketball</a> <ul><li>Championships in <a href="/wiki/1980_NCAA_Division_I_basketball_championship_game" title="1980 NCAA Division I basketball championship game">1980</a> / <a href="/wiki/1986_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_championship_game" title="1986 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game">1986</a> / <a href="/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_championship_game" title="2013 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game">2013 [vacated</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_University_of_Louisville_basketball_sex_scandal" title="2015 University of Louisville basketball sex scandal">2015 scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Gravure_shooting" title="Standard Gravure shooting">Standard Gravure shooting</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_Bridges_Project" title="Ohio River Bridges Project">Ohio River Bridges Project</a> (2002–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breonna_Taylor" title="Breonna Taylor">Breonna Taylor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Breonna_Taylor" title="Killing of Breonna Taylor">Killing</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breonna_Taylor_protests" title="Breonna Taylor protests">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Louisville_bank_shooting" title="2023 Louisville bank shooting">2023 bank shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky"><img alt="Louisville at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg/130px-Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg/195px-Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg/260px-Louisville_Skyline_2021_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Geography of Louisville, Kentucky">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Louisville" title="Downtown Louisville">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Cityscape of Louisville, Kentucky">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Louisville,_Kentucky#Climate" title="Geography of Louisville, Kentucky">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_landmarks_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Category:Local landmarks in Louisville, Kentucky">Local landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="List of parks in the Louisville metropolitan area">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_preservation_districts_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Category:Local preservation districts in Louisville, Kentucky">Preservation districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Louisville" title="Old Louisville">Old Louisville</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Government of Louisville, Kentucky">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky">Mayor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Craig_Greenberg" title="Craig Greenberg">Craig Greenberg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Metro_Council" title="Louisville Metro Council">Metro Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisville_Metro_Council_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Metro Council President">President</a>: Markus Winkler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Airports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Muhammad_Ali_International_Airport" title="Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport">Muhammad Ali International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)" title="Bowman Field (Kentucky)">Bowman Field</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bridges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Bridge_(Ohio_River)" title="Lewis and Clark Bridge (Ohio River)">Lewis and Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_Bridge" title="Big Four Bridge">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Bridge" title="Abraham Lincoln Bridge">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark_Memorial_Bridge" title="George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge">Clark/2nd St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Street_Bridge_(Ohio_River)" title="Fourteenth Street Bridge (Ohio River)">14th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_%26_Indiana_Terminal_Bridge" title="Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Bridge">K&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Bridge" title="Sherman Minton Bridge">Sherman Minton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Louisville)" title="Union Station (Louisville)">Louisville Union Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAlpine_Locks_and_Dam" title="McAlpine Locks and Dam">McAlpine Locks and Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="List of roads in Louisville, Kentucky">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_Authority_of_River_City" title="Transit Authority of River City">TARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subject<br />areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_events_in_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area">Attractions and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Category:Cuisine of Louisville, Kentucky">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Economy of Louisville, Kentucky">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="List of schools in Louisville, Kentucky">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Media in Louisville, Kentucky">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Performing arts in Louisville, Kentucky">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="List of public art in Louisville, Kentucky">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Religion in Louisville, Kentucky">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Sports in Louisville, Kentucky">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Center" title="Muhammad Ali Center">Muhammad Ali Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Hill_Cemetery" title="Cave Hill Cemetery">Cave Hill Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio_National_Wildlife_Conservation_Area" title="Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area">Falls of the Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Farmington (Louisville, Kentucky)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby_Festival" title="Kentucky Derby Festival">Festival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_KFC" title="History of KFC">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Sanders" title="Colonel Sanders">Colonel Sanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">L&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby" title="Hillerich & Bradsby">Louisville Slugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_Art_Museum" title="Speed Art Museum">Speed Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals" title="Louisville Cardinals">Cardinals</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Historic<br />Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Belle_of_Louisville" title="Belle of Louisville">Belle of Louisville</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs" title="Churchill Downs">Churchill Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Locust_Grove" title="Historic Locust Grove">Historic Locust Grove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Andrew_Broaddus" title="Mayor Andrew Broaddus">Mayor Andrew Broaddus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bank_of_Louisville" title="Old Bank of Louisville">Old Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_House" title="Zachary Taylor House">Zachary Taylor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Hospital_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="United States Marine Hospital (Louisville, Kentucky)">United States Marine Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Water_Tower" title="Louisville Water Tower">Water Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent suburbs<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(over 10K pop.)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersontown,_Kentucky" title="Jeffersontown, Kentucky">Jeffersontown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon,_Kentucky" title="Lyndon, Kentucky">Lyndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Kentucky" title="Mount Washington, Kentucky">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthews,_Kentucky" title="St. Matthews, Kentucky">St. Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Kentucky" title="Shelbyville, Kentucky">Shelbyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherdsville,_Kentucky" title="Shepherdsville, Kentucky">Shepherdsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shively,_Kentucky" title="Shively, Kentucky">Shively</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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