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bauxite</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: low-quality bauxite"> <meta name="keywords" content="low-quality bauxite"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="low-quality bauxite"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 16</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: low-quality bauxite</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Pre-Beneficiation of Low Grade Diasporic Bauxite Ore by Reduction Roasting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koksal%20Y%C4%B1lmaz">Koksal Yılmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burak%20Birol"> Burak Birol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhlis%20Nezihi%20Saridede"> Muhlis Nezihi Saridede</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdogan%20Yigit"> Erdogan Yigit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A bauxite ore can be utilized in Bayer Process, if the mass ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 is greater than 10. Otherwise, its FexOy and SiO2 content should be removed. On the other hand, removal of TiO2 from the bauxite ore would be beneficial because of both lowering the red mud residue and obtaining a valuable raw material containing TiO2 mineral. In this study, the low grade diasporic bauxite ore of Yalvaç, Isparta, Turkey was roasted under reducing atmosphere and subjected to magnetic separation. According to the experimental results, 800°C for reduction temperature and 20000 Gauss of magnetic intensity were found to be the optimum parameters for removal of iron oxide and rutile from the non-magnetic ore. On the other hand, 600°C and 5000 Gauss were determined to be the optimum parameters for removal of silica from the non-magnetic ore. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20grade%20diasporic%20bauxite" title="low grade diasporic bauxite">low grade diasporic bauxite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20separation" title=" magnetic separation"> magnetic separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction%20roasting" title=" reduction roasting"> reduction roasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separation%20index" title=" separation index"> separation index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28630/pre-beneficiation-of-low-grade-diasporic-bauxite-ore-by-reduction-roasting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Generalized Model Estimating Strength of Bauxite Residue-Lime Mix</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujeet%20Kumar">Sujeet Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Prasad"> Arun Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work investigates the effect of multiple parameters on the unconfined compressive strength of the bauxite residue-lime mix. A number of unconfined compressive strength tests considering various curing time, lime content, dry density and moisture content were carried out. The results show that an empirical correlation may be successfully developed using volumetric lime content, porosity, moisture content, curing time unconfined compressive strength for the range of the bauxite residue-lime mix studied. The proposed empirical correlations efficiently predict the strength of bauxite residue-lime mix, and it can be used as a generalized empirical equation to estimate unconfined compressive strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite%20residue" title="bauxite residue">bauxite residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curing%20time" title=" curing time"> curing time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity%2Fvolumetric%20lime%20ratio" title=" porosity/volumetric lime ratio"> porosity/volumetric lime ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength" title=" unconfined compressive strength"> unconfined compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80378/generalized-model-estimating-strength-of-bauxite-residue-lime-mix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80378.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Dewatering Agents for Granular Bauxite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruno%20Diniz%20Fecchio">Bruno Diniz Fecchio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Operations have been demanding increasingly challenging operational targets for the dewatering process, requiring lower humidity for concentrates. Chemical dewatering agents are able to improve solid/liquid separation processes, allowing operations to deal with increased complexity caused by either mineralogical changes or seasonal events that present operations with challenging moisture requirements for transportation and downstream steps. These chemicals reduce water retention by reducing the capillary pressure of the mineral and contributing to improved water drainage. This current study addresses the reagent effects on pile dewatering for Bauxite. Such chemicals were able to decrease the moisture of granulated Bauxite (particle size of 5 – 50 mm). The results of the laboratory scale tests and industrial trials presented the obtention of up to 11% relative moisture reduction, which reinforced the strong interaction between dewatering agents and the particle surface of granulated Bauxite. The evaluated dewatering agents, however, did not present any negative impact on these operations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite" title="bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dewatering%20agents" title=" dewatering agents"> dewatering agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pile%20dewatering" title=" pile dewatering"> pile dewatering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20reduction" title=" moisture reduction"> moisture reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162764/dewatering-agents-for-granular-bauxite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162764.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Research of Concentratibility of Low Quality Bauxite Raw Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadezhda%20Nikolaeva">Nadezhda Nikolaeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatyana%20Alexandrova"> Tatyana Alexandrova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandr%20Alexandrov"> Alexandr Alexandrov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Processing of high-silicon bauxite on the base of the traditional clinkering method is related to high power consumption and capital investments, which makes production of alumina from those ores non-competitive in terms of basic economic showings. For these reasons, development of technological solutions enabling to process bauxites with various chemical and mineralogical structures efficiently with low level of thermal power consumption is important. Flow sheet of the studies on washability of ores from the Timanskoe and the Severo-Onezhskoe deposits is on the base of the flotation method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-quality%20bauxite" title="low-quality bauxite">low-quality bauxite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resource-saving%20technology" title=" resource-saving technology"> resource-saving technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum" title=" aluminum"> aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditioning%20of%20composition" title=" conditioning of composition"> conditioning of composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separation%20characteristics" title=" separation characteristics"> separation characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39837/research-of-concentratibility-of-low-quality-bauxite-raw-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Utilization of Bauxite Residue in Construction Materials: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Masoodi">Ryan Masoodi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Rostami"> Hossein Rostami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aluminum has been credited for the massive advancement of many industrial products, from aerospace and automotive to electronics and even household appliances. These developments have come with a cost, which is a toxic by-product. The rise of aluminum production has been accompanied by the rise of a waste material called Bauxite Residue or Red Mud. This toxic material has been proved to be harmful to the environment, yet, there is no proper way to dispose or recycle it. Herewith, a new experimental method to utilize this waste in the building material is proposed. A method to mix red mud, fly ash, and some other ingredients is explored to create a new construction material that can satisfy the minimum required strength for bricks. It concludes that it is possible to produce bricks with enough strength that is suitable for constriction in environments with low to moderate weather conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite%20residue" title="bauxite residue">bauxite residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brick" title=" brick"> brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109004/utilization-of-bauxite-residue-in-construction-materials-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Synthesis of Zeolites from Bauxite and Kaolin: Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Competing Phases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bright%20Kwakye-Awuah">Bright Kwakye-Awuah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeth%20Von-Kiti"> Elizabeth Von-Kiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Nkrumah"> Isaac Nkrumah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baah%20Sefa-Ntiri"> Baah Sefa-Ntiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Craig%20D.%20Williams"> Craig D. Williams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bauxite and kaolin from Ghana Bauxite Company mine site were used to synthesize zeolites. Bauxite served as the alumina source and kaolin the silica source. Synthesis variations include variation of aging time at constant crystallization time and variation of crystallization times at constant aging time. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed in the characterization of the raw samples as well as the synthesized samples. The results obtained showed that the transformations that occurred and the phase of the resulting products were coordinated by the aging time, crystallization time, alkaline concentration and Si/Al ratio of the system. Zeolites A, X, Y, analcime, Sodalite, and ZK-14 were some of the phases achieved. Zeolite LTA was achieved with short crystallization times of 3, 5, 18 and 24 hours and a maximum aging of 24 hours. Zeolite LSX was synthesized with 24 hr aging followed with 24 hr hydrothermal treatment whilst zeolite Y crystallized after 48 hr of aging and 24 hr crystallization. Prolonged crystallization time produced a mixed phased product. Prolonged aging times, on the other hand, did not yield any zeolite as the sample was amorphous. Increasing the alkaline content of the reaction mixture above 5M introduced sodalite phase in the final product. The properties of the final products were comparable to zeolites synthesized from pure chemical reagents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite" title="bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolin" title=" kaolin"> kaolin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title=" aging"> aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolites" title=" zeolites"> zeolites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90949/synthesis-of-zeolites-from-bauxite-and-kaolin-effect-of-synthesis-parameters-on-competing-phases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> The Distribution and Environmental Behavior of Heavy Metals in Jajarm Bauxite Mine, Northeast Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Hassani">Hossein Hassani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Rezaei"> Ali Rezaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Environmental protection against various pollutants, such as heavy metals formed by industries, mines and modern technologies, is a concern for researchers and industry. In order to assess the contamination of soils the distribution and environmental behavior have been investigated. Jajarm bauxite mine, the most important deposits have been discovered in Iran, which is about 22 million tons of reserve, and is the main mineral of the Diaspora. With a view to estimate the heavy metals ratio of the Jajarm bauxite mine area and to evaluate the pollution level, 50 samples have been collected and have been analyzed for the heavy metals of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb with the help of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP- MS). In this study, we have dealt with determining evaluation criteria including contamination factor (CF), average concentration (AV), enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (GI) to assess the risk of pollution from heavy metals(As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb) in Jajarm bauxite mine. In the samples of the studied, the average of recorded concentration of elements for Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Mercury, Nickel and Lead are 18, 0.11, 12, 0.07, 58 and 51 (mg/kg) respectively. The comparison of the heavy metals concentration average and the toxic potential in the samples has shown that an average with respect to the world average of the uncontaminated soil amounts. The average of Pb and As elements shows a higher quantity with respect to the world average quantity. The pollution factor for the study elements has been calculated on the basis of the soil background concentration and has been categorized on the basis of the uncontaminated world soil average with respect to the Hakanson classification. The calculation of the corrected pollutant degree shows the degree of the bulk intermediate pollutant (1.55-2.0) for the average soil sampling of the study area which is on the basis of the background quantity and the world average quantity of the uncontaminated soils. The provided conclusion from calculation of the concentrated factor, for some of the samples show that the average of the lead and arsenic elements stations are more than the background values and the unnatural metal concentration are covered under the study area, That's because the process of mining and mineral extraction. Given conclusion from the calculation of Geoaccumulation index of the soil sampling can explain that the copper, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury elements are Uncontamination. In general, the results indicate that the Jajarm bauxite mine of heavy metal pollution is uncontaminated area and extract the mineral from the mine, not create environmental hazards in the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enrichment%20factor" title="enrichment factor">enrichment factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geoaccumulation%20index" title=" geoaccumulation index"> geoaccumulation index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jajarm%20bauxite%20mine" title=" Jajarm bauxite mine"> Jajarm bauxite mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48711/the-distribution-and-environmental-behavior-of-heavy-metals-in-jajarm-bauxite-mine-northeast-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Several Industrial Wastes and Natural Materials as Precursors for the Production of Alkali Activated Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Alelweet">O. Alelweet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Pavia"> S. Pavia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to face current compelling environmental problems affecting the planet, the construction industry needs to adapt. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need for durable, high-performance, low-greenhouse gas emission binders that can be used as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) to lower the environmental impact of construction. Alkali activated materials (AAMs) are considered a more sustainable alternative to PC materials. The binders of AAMs result from the reaction of an alkali metal source and a silicate powder or precursor which can be a calcium silicate or an aluminosilicate-rich material. This paper evaluates the particle size, specific surface area, chemical and mineral composition and amorphousness of silicate materials (most industrial waste locally produced in Ireland and Saudi Arabia) to develop alkali-activated binders that can replace PC resources in specific applications. These include recycled ceramic brick, bauxite, illitic clay, fly ash and metallurgical slag. According to the results, the wastes are reactive and comply with building standards requirements. The study also evidenced that the reactivity of the Saudi bauxite (with significant kaolinite) can be enhanced on thermal activation; and high calcium in the slag will promote reaction; which should be possible with low alkalinity activators. The wastes evidenced variable water demands that will be taken into account for mixing with the activators. Finally, further research is proposed to further determine the reactive fraction of the clay-based precursors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20activated%20materials" title="alkali activated materials">alkali activated materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali-activated%20binders" title=" alkali-activated binders"> alkali-activated binders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20building%20materials" title=" sustainable building materials"> sustainable building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20ceramic%20brick" title=" recycled ceramic brick"> recycled ceramic brick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bauxite" title=" bauxite"> bauxite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title=" clay"> clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallurgical%20slags" title=" metallurgical slags"> metallurgical slags</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20size" title=" particle size"> particle size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20and%20mineral%20composition%20and%20amorphousness" title=" chemical and mineral composition and amorphousness"> chemical and mineral composition and amorphousness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20demand" title=" water demand"> water demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20density" title=" particle density"> particle density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113869/an-evaluation-of-the-feasibility-of-several-industrial-wastes-and-natural-materials-as-precursors-for-the-production-of-alkali-activated-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Regulating Transnational Corporations and Protecting Human Rights: Analyzing the Efficiency of International Legal Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stellina%20Jolly">Stellina Jolly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> July 18th to August 19th 2013 has gone down in the history of India for undertaking the country’s first environment referendum. The Supreme Court had ruled that the Vedanta Group's bauxite mining project in the Niyamgiri Hills of Orissa will have to get clearance from the gram sabha, which will consider the cultural and religious rights of the tribals and forest dwellers living in Rayagada and Kalahandi districts. In the Niyamgiri hills, people of small tribal hamlets were asked to voice their opinion on bauxite mining in their habitat. The ministry has reiterated its stand that mining cannot be allowed on the Niyamgiri hills because it will affect the rights of the Dongria Kondhs. The tribal person who occupies the Niyamgiri Hills in Eastern India accomplished their first success in 2010 in their struggle to protect and preserve their existence, culture and land against Vedanta a London-based mining giant. In August, 2010 Government of India revoked permission for Vedanta Resources to mine bauxite from hills in Orissa State where the Dongria Kondh live as forest dwellers. This came after various protests and reports including amnesty report wherein it highlighted that an alumina refinery in eastern India operated by a subsidiary of mining company. Vedanta was accused of causing air and water pollution that threatens the health of local people and their access to water. The abuse of human rights by corporate is not a new issue it has occurred in Africa, Asia and other parts of the world. Paper focuses on the instances and extent of human right especially in terms of environment violations by corporations. Further Paper details on corporations and sustainable development. Paper finally comes up with certain recommendation including call for a declaration by United Nations on Corporate environment Human Rights Liability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title="environment">environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate" title=" corporate"> corporate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9268/regulating-transnational-corporations-and-protecting-human-rights-analyzing-the-efficiency-of-international-legal-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> High Friction Surface Treatment Highway Safety Improvement Program Funded Pilot Project Maricopa County D. O. T.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maz%20Muradvich">Maz Muradvich</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Federal Highway Administration's Everyday Counts (EDC) initiative is designed to identify and deploy innovations, enhancing the safety of our roadways. According to and as referenced in FHWA everyday counts (2) website, High friction surface treatment (HFST) is an emerging surface application that has been proven to reduce crashes. High Friction Surface Treatment involves the application of Calcined Bauxite, very high-quality aggregate to the pavement using a polymer binder to restore and maintain pavement friction at existing or potentially high crash areas. Bauxite is a byproduct of manufacturing aluminum resulting in very hard aggregate and is abrasion and polish resistant. HFST is an approach that has been recognized nationally and internationally and has provided considerable increases in friction for curves and intersections spot applications. Maricopa County qualified and received HSIP (Highway Safety Improvement Program) funding that was applied towards HFST application on 2 locations in Maricopa County. The project was successfully completed in December 2019. Four years later MCDOT continues to conduct wet and dry ABS and Non-ABS friction coefficient testing in pursuit of after studies evaluation of HFST application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roadway%20departure" title="roadway departure">roadway departure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sever%20crashes" title=" sever crashes"> sever crashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coefficient%20of%20friction" title=" coefficient of friction"> coefficient of friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=break%20meter%20technology" title=" break meter technology"> break meter technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186429/high-friction-surface-treatment-highway-safety-improvement-program-funded-pilot-project-maricopa-county-d-o-t" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Iron Recovery from Red Mud as Zero-Valent Iron Metal Powder Using Direct Electrochemical Reduction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franky%20Michael%20Hamonangan%20Siagian">Franky Michael Hamonangan Siagian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Affan%20Maulana"> Affan Maulana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himawan%20Tri%20Bayu%20Murti%20Petrus"> Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Widi%20Astuti"> Widi Astuti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the feasibility of the direct electrowinning method was used to produce zero-valent iron from red mud. The bauxite residue sample came from the Tayan mine, Indonesia, which contains high hematite (Fe₂O₃). Before electrolysis, the samples were characterized by various analytical techniques (ICP-AES, SEM, XRD) to determine their chemical composition and mineralogy. The direct electrowinning method of red mud suspended in NaOH was introduced at low temperatures ranging from 30 - 110 °C. Variations of current density, red mud: NaOH ratio and temperature were carried out to determine the optimum operation of the direct electrowinning process. Cathode deposits and residues in electrochemical cells were analyzed using XRD, XRF, and SEM to determine the chemical composition and current recovery. The low-temperature electrolysis current efficiency on Redmud can reach 20% recovery at a current density of 920,945 A/m². The moderate performance of the process was investigated with red mud, which was attributed to the troublesome adsorption of red mud particles on the cathode, making the reduction far less efficient than that with hematite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title="red mud">red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20reduction" title=" electrochemical reduction"> electrochemical reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iron%20production" title=" Iron production"> Iron production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hematite" title=" hematite"> hematite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162125/iron-recovery-from-red-mud-as-zero-valent-iron-metal-powder-using-direct-electrochemical-reduction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Iron Recovery from Red Mud As Zero-Valent Iron Metal Powder Using Direct Electrochemical Reduction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franky%20Michael%20Hamonangan%20Siagian">Franky Michael Hamonangan Siagian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Affan%20Maulana"> Affan Maulana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himawan%20Tri%20Bayu%20Murti%20Petrus"> Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panut%20Mulyono"> Panut Mulyono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Widi%20Astuti"> Widi Astuti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the feasibility of the direct electrowinning method was used to produce zero-valent iron from red mud. The bauxite residue sample came from the Tayan mine, Indonesia, which contains high hematite (Fe₂O₃). Before electrolysis, the samples were characterized by various analytical techniques (ICP-AES, SEM, XRD) to determine their chemical composition and mineralogy. The direct electrowinning method of red mud suspended in NaOH was introduced at low temperatures ranging from 30 - 110 °C. Variations of current density, red mud: NaOH ratio and temperature were carried out to determine the optimum operation of the direct electrowinning process. Cathode deposits and residues in electrochemical cells were analyzed using XRD, XRF, and SEM to determine the chemical composition and current recovery. The low-temperature electrolysis current efficiency on Redmud can reach 20% recovery at a current density of 920,945 A/m². The moderate performance of the process was investigated with red mud, which was attributed to the troublesome adsorption of red mud particles on the cathode, making the reduction far less efficient than that with hematite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title="alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20reduction" title=" electrochemical reduction"> electrochemical reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron%20production" title=" iron production"> iron production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162943/iron-recovery-from-red-mud-as-zero-valent-iron-metal-powder-using-direct-electrochemical-reduction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Effect of Lime and Leaf Ash on Engineering Properties of Red Mud</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawandeep%20Kaur">Pawandeep Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Garg"> Prashant Garg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Red mud is a byproduct of aluminum extraction from Bauxite industry. It is dumped in a pond which not only uses thousands of acres of land but having very high pH, it pollutes the ground water and the soil also. Leaves are yet another big waste especially during autumn when they contribute immensely to the blockage of drains and can easily catch fire, among other risks hence also needs to be utilized effectively. The use of leaf ash and red mud in highway construction as a filling material may be an efficient way to dispose of leaf ash and red mud. In this study, leaf ash and lime were used as admixtures to improve the geotechnical engineering properties of red mud. The red mud was taken from National Aluminum Company Limited, Odisha, and leaf ash was locally collected. The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of lime and leaf ash on compaction characteristics and strength characteristics of red mud. California Bearing Ratio and Unconfined Compression Strength tests were performed on red mud by varying different percentages of lime and leaf ash. Leaf ash was added in proportion 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10% whereas lime was added in proportions of 5% to 15%. Optimized value of lime was decided with respect to maximum CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of red mud mixed with different proportions of lime. An increase of 300% in California Bearing ratio of red mud and an increase of 125% in Unconfined Compression Strength values were observed. It may, therefore, be concluded that red mud may be effectively utilized in the highway industry as a filler material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title="stabilization">stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime" title=" lime"> lime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20ash" title=" leaf ash"> leaf ash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87827/effect-of-lime-and-leaf-ash-on-engineering-properties-of-red-mud" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Permanent Deformation Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures with Red Mud as a Filler</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liseane%20Padilha%20Thives">Liseane Padilha Thives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayara%20S.%20S.%20Lima"> Mayara S. S. Lima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo%C3%A3o%20Victor%20Staub%20De%20Melo"> João Victor Staub De Melo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glic%C3%A9rio%20Trich%C3%AAs"> Glicério Trichês</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Red mud is a waste resulting from the processing of bauxite to alumina, the raw material of the production of aluminum. The large quantity of red mud generated and inadequately disposed in the environment has motivated researchers to develop methods for reinsertion of this waste into the productive cycle. This work aims to evaluate the resistance to permanent deformation of dense asphalt mixtures with red mud filler. The red mud was characterized by tests of X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, specific mass, laser granulometry, pH and scanning electron microscopy. For the analysis of the influence of the quantity of red mud in the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures, a total filler content of 7% was established. Asphalt mixtures with 3%, 5% and 7% red mud were produced. A conventional mixture with 7% stone powder filler was used as reference. The asphalt mixtures were evaluated for performance to permanent deformation in the French Rutting Tester (FRT) traffic simulator. The mixture with 5% red mud presented greater resistance to permanent deformation with rutting depth at 30,000 cycles of 3.50%. The asphalt mixtures with red mud presented better performance, with reduction of the rutting of 12.63 to 42.62% in relation to the reference mixture. This study confirmed the viability of reinserting the red mud in the production chain and possible usage in the construction industry. The red mud as filler in asphalt mixtures is a reuse option of this waste and mitigation of the disposal problems, as well as being an environmentally friendly alternative. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20mixtures" title="asphalt mixtures">asphalt mixtures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permanent%20deformation" title=" permanent deformation"> permanent deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20mud" title=" red mud"> red mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavements" title=" pavements"> pavements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72325/permanent-deformation-resistance-of-asphalt-mixtures-with-red-mud-as-a-filler" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Strategy for Energy Industry and Oil Complex of Russia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Sik%20Kim">Young Sik Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Kwon%20Ha"> Tae Kwon Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Russia was one of the world’s leading mineral- producing countries. In 2012, Russia was ranked among the world’s leading producers or was a leading regional producer of such mineral commodities as aluminum, arsenic, asbestos, bauxite, boron, cadmium, cement, coal, cobalt, copper, diamond, fluorspar, gold, iron ore, lime, magnesium compounds and metals, mica (flake, scrap, and sheet), natural gas, nickel, nitrogen, oil shale, palladium, peat, petroleum, phosphate, pig iron, platinum, potash, rhenium, silicon, steel, sulfur, titanium sponge, tungsten, and vanadium. Russia has large reserves of a variety of mineral resources and undoubtedly will continue to be one of the world’s leading mineral producers. Although the country’s economy is expected to grow in 2012, some problems are likely to remain. In 2011, the Russian economy returned to economic growth after the significant decline in 2010. According to some analysts, however, the recovery of 2011 did not appear sufficiently vigorous to carry the country’s strong economic growth into the next decade. Even in the sectors of the economy where the country is among the world leaders (ferrous metals, gas, petroleum), Russian industry has obsolete plants and equipment, a slow rate of innovation, and low labor productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20resources" title=" energy resources"> energy resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy" title=" strategy"> strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20complex" title=" oil complex"> oil complex</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26117/strategy-for-energy-industry-and-oil-complex-of-russia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26117.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">603</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Eco-Efficient Cementitious Materials for Construction Applications in Ireland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Ujaczki">Eva Ujaczki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rama%20Krishna%20Chinnam"> Rama Krishna Chinnam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronan%20Courtney"> Ronan Courtney</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20A.%20M.%20Tofail"> Syed A. M. Tofail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lisa%20O%27Donoghue"> Lisa O'Donoghue</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete is the second most widely used material in the world and is made of cement, sand, and aggregates. Cement is a hydraulic binder which reacts with water to form a solid material. In the cement manufacturing process, the right mix of minerals from mined natural rocks, e.g., limestone is melted in a kiln at 1450 °C to form a new compound, clinker. In the final stage, the clinker is milled into a fine cement powder. The principal cement types manufactured in Ireland are: 1) CEM I – Portland cement; 2) CEM II/A – Portland-fly ash cement; 3) CEM II/A – Portland-limestone cement and 4) CEM III/A – Portland-round granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The production of eco-efficient, blended cement (CEM II, CEM III) reduces CO₂ emission and improves energy efficiency compared to traditional cements. Blended cements are produced locally in Ireland and more than 80% of produced cement is blended. These eco-efficient, blended cements are a relatively new class of construction materials and a kind of geopolymer binders. From a terminological point of view, geopolymer cement is a binding system that is able to harden at room temperature. Geopolymers do not require calcium-silicate-hydrate gel but utilize the polycondensation of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ precursors to achieve a superior strength level. Geopolymer materials are usually synthesized using an aluminosilicate raw material and an activating solution which is mainly composed of NaOH or KOH and Na₂SiO₃. Cement is the essential ingredient in concrete which is vital for economic growth of countries. The challenge for the global cement industry is to reach to increasing demand at the same time recognize the need for sustainable usage of resources. Therefore, in this research, we investigated the potential for Irish wastes to be used in geopolymer cement type applications through a national stakeholder workshop with the Irish construction sector and relevant stakeholders. This paper aims at summarizing Irish stakeholder’s perspective for introducing new secondary raw materials, e.g., bauxite residue or increasing the fly ash addition into cement for eco-efficient cement production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-efficient" title="eco-efficient">eco-efficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer" title=" geopolymer"> geopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blending" title=" blending"> blending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101617/eco-efficient-cementitious-materials-for-construction-applications-in-ireland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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