CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>State of emergency - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4067f52b-61c6-460d-b4ed-3f87ca1c9ffc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"State_of_emergency","wgTitle":"State of emergency","wgCurRevisionId":1276136845,"wgRevisionId":1276136845,"wgArticleId":298608,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2012","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list", "CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2020","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2021","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Accuracy disputes from June 2015","All accuracy disputes","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Constitutional law","Emergency laws","Emergency management","Government","Inclement weather management","Law enforcement","Dictatorship"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"State_of_emergency","wgRelevantArticleId":298608,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q216227","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader" ,"ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1564"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1042"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="834"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="State of emergency - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-State_of_emergency rootpage-State_of_emergency skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=State+of+emergency" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=State+of+emergency" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=State+of+emergency" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=State+of+emergency" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_international_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_international_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Relationship with international law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Use and viewpoints </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_viewpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use and viewpoints subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graduation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Graduation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_in_selected_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_in_selected_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Law in selected countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_in_selected_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law in selected countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_in_selected_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_South_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_South_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 New South Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_South_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Victoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_SAR_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_SAR_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Hong Kong SAR (China) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_SAR_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Iceland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau_SAR_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau_SAR_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.17 Macau SAR (China) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau_SAR_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.18 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maldives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.19 Maldives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.20 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.21 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.22 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.23 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.24 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.25 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.26 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.27 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.28 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.29 Sierra Leone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.30 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Emergency_Powers_(1964-2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Emergency_Powers_(1964-2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.30.1 Special Emergency Powers (1964-2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Emergency_Powers_(1964-2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.30.2 History of Emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.31 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.32 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.33 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.34 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.35 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.36 Trinidad and Tobago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.37 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.38 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.39 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.40 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Active_in_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_in_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Active in 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_in_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_in_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_in_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Active in 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_in_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_in_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_in_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Active in 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_in_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_in_2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_in_2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Active in 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_in_2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_in_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_in_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Active in 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_in_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_states_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_states_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Past states of emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_states_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">State of emergency</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6" title="قانون الطوارئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الطوارئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27emerxencia" title="Estáu d'emerxencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d'emerxencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6vq%C9%99lad%C9%99_v%C9%99ziyy%C9%99t" title="Fövqəladə vəziyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fövqəladə vəziyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8)" title="জরুরি অবস্থা (আইন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জরুরি অবস্থা (আইন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Надзвычайнае становішча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Надзвычайнае становішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Надзвычайнае становішча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Надзвычайнае становішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Извънредно положение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Извънредно положение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_d%27emerg%C3%A8ncia" title="Estat d'emergència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat d'emergència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDjime%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_stav" title="Výjimečný stav – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výjimečný stav" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undtagelsestilstand" title="Undtagelsestilstand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Undtagelsestilstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notstandsgesetz" title="Notstandsgesetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Notstandsgesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriolukord" title="Eriolukord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eriolukord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κατάσταση εκτάκτου ανάγκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάσταση εκτάκτου ανάγκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_emergencia" title="Estado de emergencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de emergencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizostato" title="Krizostato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krizostato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrialdi-egoera" title="Larrialdi-egoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larrialdi-egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وضعیت اضطراری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وضعیت اضطراری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27urgence" title="État d'urgence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État d'urgence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_emerxencia" title="Estado de emerxencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de emerxencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%83%81%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C" title="비상사태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비상사태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արտակարգ դրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտակարգ դրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvanredno_stanje" title="Izvanredno stanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izvanredno stanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_darurat" title="Keadaan darurat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keadaan darurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_di_emergenza" title="Stato di emergenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato di emergenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מצב חירום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב חירום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საგანგებო მდგომარეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საგანგებო მდგომარეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_ya_hatari" title="Hali ya hatari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali ya hatari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rew%C5%9Fa_awarte" title="Rewşa awarte – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rewşa awarte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D3%A9%D1%87%D3%A9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Өзгөчө кырдаал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өзгөчө кырдаал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BCks%C3%A9g%C3%A1llapot" title="Szükségállapot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szükségállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вонредна состојба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вонредна состојба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="അടിയന്തിരാവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിയന്തിരാവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6" title="قانون الطوارئ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قانون الطوارئ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darurat" title="Darurat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="နိုင်ငံတော် အရေးပေါ်အခြေအနေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံတော် အရေးပေါ်အခြေအနေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodtoestand" title="Noodtoestand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noodtoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="सङ्कटकाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सङ्कटकाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E4%BA%8B%E6%85%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="非常事態宣言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非常事態宣言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unntakstilstand" title="Unntakstilstand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unntakstilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unntakstilstand" title="Unntakstilstand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unntakstilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_d%27urg%C3%A9ncia" title="Estat d'urgéncia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat d'urgéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favqulodda_holat" title="Favqulodda holat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Favqulodda holat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_wyj%C4%85tkowy" title="Stan wyjątkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan wyjątkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_emerg%C3%AAncia" title="Estado de emergência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado de emergência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_de_urgen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Stare de urgență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stare de urgență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чрезвычайное положение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чрезвычайное положение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State of emergency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDnimo%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_stav" title="Výnimočný stav – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výnimočný stav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izredno_stanje" title="Izredno stanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izredno stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="باری نائاسایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باری نائاسایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ванредно стање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ванредно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvanredno_stanje" title="Izvanredno stanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izvanredno stanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikkeustila" title="Poikkeustila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poikkeustila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undantagstillst%C3%A5nd" title="Undantagstillstånd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Undantagstillstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola%C4%9Fan%C3%BCst%C3%BC_h%C3%A2l" title="Olağanüstü hâl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Olağanüstü hâl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Надзвичайний стан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надзвичайний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ACnh_tr%E1%BA%A1ng_kh%E1%BA%A9n_c%E1%BA%A5p" title="Tình trạng khẩn cấp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tình trạng khẩn cấp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E4%B9%8B%E5%8B%A2" title="緊急之勢 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="緊急之勢" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="紧急状态 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="紧急状态" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="緊急狀態 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="緊急狀態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_normalser" title="Halo normalser – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Halo normalser" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="紧急状态 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紧急状态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:State_of_emergency" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/State_of_emergency" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/State_of_emergency" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&oldid=1276136845" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=State_of_emergency&id=1276136845&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FState_of_emergency">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FState_of_emergency">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=State_of_emergency&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216227" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Declaration by a government allowing assumption of extraordinary power</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"State of siege" redirects here. For the 1972 film, see <a href="/wiki/State_of_Siege" title="State of Siege">State of Siege</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Emergency declaration" redirects here. For the 2021 film, see <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Declaration_(film)" title="Emergency Declaration (film)">Emergency Declaration (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="State of emergency (disambiguation)">State of emergency (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG/220px-Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG/330px-Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG/440px-Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malay_Regiment" title="Royal Malay Regiment">Royal Malay Regiment</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> in 1949, inspecting equipment captured in a raid</figcaption></figure> A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, or after a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a>, medical <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> risk. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_international_law">Relationship with international law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relationship with international law">edit</a>]</div> Under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, depending on the severity of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> and a government's policies.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_viewpoints">Use and viewpoints</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use and viewpoints">edit</a>]</div> Democracies use states of emergency to manage a range of situations from extreme weather events to public order situations. <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorial</a> regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime, or for extended periods of time so that derogations can be used to override <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> of their citizens usually protected by the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In some situations, <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> is also declared, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> greater authority to act. In other situations, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Questiaux" title="Nicole Questiaux">Nicole Questiaux</a> (France) and <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Despouy" title="Leandro Despouy">Leandro Despouy</a> (Argentina), two consecutive <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteurs">United Nations Special Rapporteurs</a>, have recommended to the international community to adopt the following "principles" to be observed during a state or de facto situation of emergency: Principles of Legality, Proclamation, Notification, Time Limitation, Exceptional Threat, Proportionality, Non-Discrimination, Compatibility, Concordance and Complementarity of the Various Norms of International Law (cf. "Question of Human Rights and State of Emergency", E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/19, at Chapter II; see also <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%A9tat_d%27exception" class="extiw" title="fr:état d'exception">état d'exception</a>). Article 4 to the <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a>, permits states to <a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">derogate</a> from certain rights guaranteed by the ICCPR in "time of public emergency". Any measures derogating from obligations under the Covenant, however, must be to only the extent required by the exigencies of the situation, and must be announced by the State Party to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> have similar derogatory provisions. No derogation is permitted to the <a href="/wiki/ILO_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO Conventions">International Labour Conventions</a>. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> member <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, have argued that the <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> to decide the initiation of the state of emergency defines <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> itself. In <a href="/wiki/State_of_Exception_(2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Exception (2005)">State of Exception (2005)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> criticized this idea, arguing that the mechanism of the state of emergency deprives certain people of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, producing his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">homo sacer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduation">Graduation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graduation">edit</a>]</div> In many <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> states there are a selection of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">legal</a> definitions for specific states of emergency,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> is partially in abeyance depending on the nature of the perceived threat to the <a href="/wiki/General_public" class="mw-redirect" title="General public">general public</a>. In order of severity these may include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a>: when civil rights are severely restricted by the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Military_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Military force">military force</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a>, for example during a period of extreme threat of <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a> or actual <a href="/wiki/Hostilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostilities">hostilities</a> by foreign forces</li> <li>State of siege: when the civil rights of specified persons or groups such as <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">political activists</a> are likely to be curtailed, for example to prevent an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> or organized acts of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> by suspected <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agents provocateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">Civil emergency</a>: dealing with <a href="/wiki/Disaster_area" title="Disaster area">disaster areas</a> and requiring the deployment of extraordinary resources to contain dangerous situations such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> or extensive <a href="/wiki/Malice_(law)" title="Malice (law)">malicious</a> <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a> such as may occur during <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">rioting</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>. As well as regular <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military forces">military forces</a> may be assigned to deliver aid under especially <a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure#Escalating_Situations" title="Emergency procedure">dangerous conditions</a> or to prevent <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse">Abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abuse">edit</a>]</div> The state of emergency can be abused by being invoked. An example would be to allow a state to suppress internal opposition without having to respect <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. An example was the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August 1991 attempted coup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) where the coup leaders invoked a state of emergency; the failure of the coup led to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Derogations by states having ratified or acceded to binding international agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">ICCPR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Conventions on Human Rights</a> and the International Labor Conventions are monitored by independent expert committees, regional Courts and other State Parties.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_in_selected_countries">Law in selected countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law in selected countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution of Albania</a> grants only the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament of Albania</a> the power to declare a state of emergency, based on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">government</a>. The state of emergency can last for up to 60 days, and may be extended by the parliament for no more than 90 days. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albanian Armed Forces</a> are only permitted to intervene if the <a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">civil police</a> have been unable to restore order. During a state of emergency, articles 15 (inviolability of constitutional rights), 18 (equality before the law), 19 (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">right to citizenship</a>), 20 (protection of minority rights), 21 (right to life), 24 (freedom of conscience and religion), 25 (right to not be subjected to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment), 29 (prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto law</a>), 30 (innocence before being proven guilty), 32 (rights during a criminal proceeding<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>), 32 (<a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a>), 34 (<a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>), 39.1 (prohibition of expulsion of nationals), 41 (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a> and related rights), 42 (<a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> clause), 43 (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to appeal">right to appeal</a>), 48 (right to complain to public bodies), 54 (special protection of children, pregnant women, and new mothers), and 55 (right to healthcare from the state and equality of health services) of the constitution may not be limited. If a natural disaster is declared, articles 37 (inviolability of the residence), 38 (right to choose residence), 41.4 (right to fair compensation for expropriation), 49 (right to freely choose your profession), 51 (right to <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>) may be limited. The state of a natural disaster is distinct from that of a national emergency. During a state of emergency, the parliament may not be dissolved, a new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">president</a> may not be elected, elections for local government bodies or referendums may not be held, and the Constitution, the electoral code, and the extraordinary measures law may not be changed. The constitution requires <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">proportionality</a> with regards to the level of risk and requires the government to work to re-establish the conditions for the normal functioning of the state as soon as possible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Constitution of Argentina</a>, which has been amended several times, has always allowed for a state of emergency (literally estado de sitio, "state of siege"), to be declared if the constitution or the authorities it creates are endangered by internal unrest or foreign attack. This provision was much abused during dictatorships, with long-lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a> (Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), adopted in 1969 but ratified by Argentina only in 1984 immediately after the end of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, restricts abuse of the state of emergency by requiring any signatory nation declaring such a state to inform the other signatories of its circumstances and duration, and what rights are affected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exceptional_circumstances" title="Exceptional circumstances">Exceptional circumstances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity_in_Australia" title="Biosecurity in Australia">Biosecurity in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity_Act_2015" title="Biosecurity Act 2015">Biosecurity Act 2015</a></div> State-of-emergency legislation differs in each state of Australia. With regard to emergency management, regions (usually on a <a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">local government area</a> basis) that have been affected by a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> are the responsibility of the state, until that state declares a State of Emergency where access to the Federal Emergency Fund becomes available to help respond to and recover from natural disasters. A State of Emergency does not apply to the whole state, but rather <a href="/wiki/Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts">districts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a>, where essential services may have been disrupted.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> On 18 March 2020,<a href="#cite_note-decl-11">[11]</a> a nationwide human biosecurity emergency was declared in Australia owing to the risks to human health posed by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_(Australia)" title="National Security Committee (Australia)">National Security Committee</a> met the previous day. The <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity_Act_2015" title="Biosecurity Act 2015">Biosecurity Act 2015</a><a href="#cite_note-bioact2019-12">[12]</a> specifies that the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general of Australia</a> may declare such an emergency if the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health (Australia)">Health Minister</a> is satisfied that "a listed human disease is posing a severe and immediate threat, or is causing harm, to human health on a nationally significant scale". This gives the Minister sweeping powers, including imposing restrictions or preventing the movement of people and goods between specified places, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emergdec-13">[13]</a> The Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020 was declared by the Governor-General, <a href="/wiki/David_Hurley" title="David Hurley">David Hurley</a>, under Section 475 of the Act.<a href="#cite_note-decl-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_South_Wales">New South Wales</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New South Wales">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Premier of New South Wales">NSW Premier</a> can, pursuant to the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989, declare a state of emergency due to an actual or imminent occurrence (such as fire, flood, storm, earthquake, explosion, terrorist act, accident, epidemic or warlike action) which endangers, or threatens to endanger, the safety or health of persons or animals in the State, or destroys or damages, or threatens to destroy or damage, property in the State, or causes a failure of, or a significant disruption to, an essential service or infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Premier declared a state of emergency on 11 November 2019 in response to the <a href="/wiki/2019-2020_Australian_bushfire_season#New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="2019-2020 Australian bushfire season">2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires</a>. It was the fifth time that a state of emergency had been declared in that state since 2006 and it lasted for seven days. Subsequent declarations were made on 19 December for a further seven days, and again on 2 January 2020. In NSW, the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–2020 bushfire season</a> resulted in 26 deaths, destroyed 2,448 homes, and burnt 5.5 million hectares (14 million acres).<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2020-02-14-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victoria">Victoria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Victoria">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Victorian Premier</a> can declare a state of emergency under the Public Safety Preservation Act 1958<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A declared state of emergency allows the Premier to immediately make any desired regulations to secure public order and safety. The declaration expires after 30 days, and a resolution of either the upper or lower House of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria" title="Parliament of Victoria">Parliament</a> may revoke it earlier. However, these regulations expire if <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Parliament">Parliament</a> does not agree to continue them within seven days. The Premier (or a delegate) may operate or prohibit operation of any essential service, such as transport, fuel, power, water or gas, under the Essential Services Act 1958.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> If there is an emergency which the Premier, after considering the advice of the relevant Minister and the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Management_Victoria#Management_and_reporting" title="Emergency Management Victoria">Emergency Management Commissioner</a>, is satisfied constitutes or is likely to constitute a significant and widespread danger to life or property in Victoria, the Premier, pursuant to the Emergency Management Act 1986, may declare a state of disaster to exist in the whole or in any part or parts of the State.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The state of disaster addresses matters beyond public health issues and is intended to deal with emergencies such as natural disasters, explosions, terrorism or sieges, and it can also be used to deal with 'a plague or an epidemic'.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 gives the Chief Health Officer extensive powers to take action 'to investigate, eliminate or reduce public health risks', including power to detain, restrict the movement of or prevent entry of any person in the emergency area, "and to give any other direction that the authorized officer considers is reasonably necessary to protect public health."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">constitution of Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> allows the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">president</a> to declare two states, in order to "preserve or establish peace and order, threatened by grave and imminent institutional instability or severe natural disasters". The first, and less severe state is the state of defense (estado de defesa, in Portuguese), while a more severe form is the state of siege (estado de sítio). In a state of defense, the federal government can occupy and use any public building or demand any service as it sees fit. It may suppress <a href="/wiki/Secrecy_of_correspondence" title="Secrecy of correspondence">secrecy of correspondence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> as necessary, as long as it specifies a defined region and time period. If president finds the state of defense insufficient, it might decree a state of siege. This state further reduces <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, removing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>, allowing for search without consent or warrant, and <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizure</a> of any assets the government deems necessary. The government may also intervene and direct the function of any company. To balance this far-reaching powers, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a> has to convene and approve the state in ten days or it is automatically cancelled. Further, the state of siege has to be revised by the congress every 30 days, unless it was raised as response to a war, in which case the government is free to set it to last until the end of the war. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a> in 1985, and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">sixth Brazilian Republic</a>, neither state has ever been raised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_Canada" title="States of emergency in Canada">States of emergency in Canada</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">federal government of Canada</a> can use the <a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a> to invoke a state of emergency. A national state of emergency automatically expires after 90 days, unless extended by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Council">Governor-in-Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> There are different levels of emergencies: Public Welfare Emergency, Public Order Emergency, International Emergency, and War Emergency.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Emergencies Act replaced the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a> in 1988. The War Measures Act was invoked three times in Canadian history, most controversially by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> during the 1970 <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a>, and also by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (from 1914 to 1920, against threat of Communism during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>) and by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (from 1942 to 1945, against perceived threat from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese Canadians</a> following <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan's</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>). Under the current Emergency Act a state of emergency can also be declared by provincial, territorial, and municipal governments.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In addition Canada's federal government and any of its provincial governments can suspend, for five years at a time, <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a> rights to fundamental freedoms in section 2, to legal rights in sections 7 through 14, and to equality rights in section 15 by legislation which invokes <a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">the notwithstanding clause, section 33</a>, and therefore emergency powers can effectively be created even without using the Emergency Act. Provincial governments can also invoke <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_Canada" title="States of emergency in Canada">states of emergency</a>, and have done to respond to at least 12 incidents during the 21st century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first usage of the Emergencies Act was invoked by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> on 14 February 2022 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Convoy_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Convoy 2022">Freedom Convoy 2022</a> protests that occupied the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Canadian House of Commons</a> voted to approve the invocation 185–151 with support from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> and opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Prime Minister Trudeau previously considered invoking it at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in April 2020, but faced unanimous disapproval from all thirteen <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">provincial and territorial premiers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Federation" title="Council of the Federation">Council of the Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">Emergency law in Egypt</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a> lived under an Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958)<a href="#cite_note-Egypt-31">[31]</a> from 1967 to 2012, except for an 18-month break in 1980 and 1981. The emergency was imposed during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, and reimposed following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>. The law was continuously extended every three years since 1981. Under the law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-Shehata-32">[32]</a> The law sharply circumscribed any non-governmental political activity: <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">street demonstrations</a>, non-approved political organizations, and unregistered financial donations were formally banned. Some 17,000 people were detained under the law, and estimates of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> run as high as 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Ahram_Weekly-33">[33]</a> The emergency rule expired on 31 May 2012, and was put back in place in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-35">[35]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 coup d'état</a>, the Egyptian interim president announced a one-month state of emergency across the country on 14 August 2013 and ordered the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a> to help the Interior Ministry enforce security.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The announcement made on state TV followed <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">deadly countrywide clashes</a> between supporters of deposed President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> and the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Ethiopian_state_of_emergency" title="2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency">2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_Ethiopian_state_of_emergency" title="2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency">2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency</a></div> A six-month state of emergency was issued by the Ethiopian government on 2 November 2021, following the rebel advance during the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray war</a>, which went into effect 5 November 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris,_November_15,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg/220px-Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg/330px-Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg/440px-Police_nationale_en_service_en_r%C3%A9ponse_aus_Attentats_%C3%A0_Paris%2C_November_15%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>State of emergency in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, November 2015</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_France" title="States of emergency in France">States of emergency in France</a></div> Three main provisions concern various kind of "state of emergency" in France: Article 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of 1958</a> allows, in time of crisis, "extraordinary powers" to the president. Article 36 of the same constitution regulates "state of siege" (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_si%C3%A8ge_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:État de siège (France)">état de siège</a>). Finally, the Act of 3 April 1955 allows the proclamation, by the Council of Ministers, of the "state of emergency" (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27urgence_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:État d'urgence en France">état d'urgence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The distinction between article 16 and the 1955 Act concerns mainly the distribution of powers: whereas in article 16, the executive power basically suspend the regular procedures of the Republic, the 1955 Act permits a twelve-day state of emergency, after which a new law extending the emergency must be voted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament of France</a>. These dispositions have been used at various times: three times during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (in 1955, 1958 and 1961), in 1984 during violent pro-independence revolts in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a>, and following the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris terrorist attacks</a>. Since then, 9 years later on 15 May 2024, deadly riots have prompted France to declare a state of emergency in New Caledonia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> (1919–1933)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> allowed states of emergency under <a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">Article 48</a> to deal with rebellions. Article 48 was often invoked during the 14-year life of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, sometimes for no reason other than to allow the government to act when it was unable to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">parliamentary majority</a>. After 27 February 1933, <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, an attack blamed on the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> declared a state of emergency using Article 48, and then had President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, which suspended some of the basic <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of the speech</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom to assemble</a> or the privacy of communications) for the whole duration of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReichstagFireDecree-40">[40]</a> On 23 March, the Reichstag enacted the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> with the required two-thirds majority, which enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without legislative participation. The Weimar Constitution was never actually repealed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, but it effectively became inoperable after the passage of the Enabling Act.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-41">[41]</a> These two laws implemented the <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>, the Nazis' institution of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>. In the postwar <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> the <a href="/wiki/German_Emergency_Acts" title="German Emergency Acts">Emergency Acts</a> state that some of the basic constitutional rights of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a> may be limited in case of a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Defence_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Defence (Germany)">State of Defence</a>, a state of tension, or an internal state of emergency or disaster (catastrophe). These amendments to the constitution were passed on 30 May 1968, despite fierce opposition by the so-called extra-parliamentary opposition (see <a href="/wiki/German_student_movement#Emergency_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a> for details). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_SAR_(China)">Hong Kong SAR (China)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hong Kong SAR (China)">edit</a>]</div> During a state of war or turmoil which threatens national security or unity, and which the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> believes is beyond the control of the local government, the Standing Committee can invoke Article 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> and declare a "State of Emergency" in Hong Kong; thus, the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government">Central People's Government</a> can selectively implement <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">national laws</a> not normally allowed in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-basiclaw.gov.hk-42">[42]</a> Deployment of troops from the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison</a> under the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" can happen.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> can prohibit public gatherings, issue <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> orders, prohibit the movement of vessels or aircraft, delegate authority, and other listed powers, under "Cap. 245 Public Order Ordinance".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison</a> may not interfere in internal Hong Kong affairs, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may invoke Article 14 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and request permission of the Central People's Government to have the garrison assist in "maintenance of public order or disaster relief".<a href="#cite_note-basiclaw.gov.hk-42">[42]</a> Since 1997, a State of Emergency has never been declared. However, emergency measures have been used in varying degrees over the years during British rule and after the establishment of the Special Administrative Region. A few notable mentions are as follow: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seamen%27s_strike_of_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamen's strike of 1922">Seamen's strike of 1922</a> – Enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Regulations_Ordinance" title="Emergency Regulations Ordinance">Emergency Regulations Ordinance</a>, 1922 within one day on 28 February 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton-Hong_Kong_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton-Hong Kong strike">Canton-Hong Kong strike</a> 1925 – with involvement of police and soldiers from multiple nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_riots_of_1931" title="Japanese people in Hong Kong">Anti-Japanese riot of 1931</a> – with involvement of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">British Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1956_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1956 riots">Hong Kong 1956 riots</a> – with involvement of British Armed Forces and Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1966_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1966 riots">Hong Kong 1966 riots</a> – with involvement of British Armed Forces and Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots">Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots</a> – with involvement of British Armed Forces and Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1981_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1981 riots">Hong Kong 1981 riots</a> – with involvement of Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikinews.org/wiki/Demonstration_in_Hong_Kong_denounces_WTO">2005 WTO Conference Protests</a> – with involvement of Hong Kong Police and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a> protesters led by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_People%27s_Alliance_on_WTO" title="Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO">Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO</a> from 148 countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a> – with involvement of Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mong_Kok_civil_unrest" title="2016 Mong Kok civil unrest">2016 Mong Kok civil unrest</a> – with involvement of Hong Kong Police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a> – with involvement of Hong Kong Police</li></ul> On 4 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a>, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong S.A.R., invoked Section 2(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Regulations_Ordinance" title="Emergency Regulations Ordinance">Emergency Regulations Ordinance</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> implemented since 1922 and last amended by the Legislative Council in 1999, which allow the government to implement the new, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_on_Face_Covering_Regulation" title="Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation">Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The new regulation forbid public assembly participants from wearing masks or obscure faces during such events without reasonable excuses. The permitted excuses are: pre-existing medical or health reasons, religious reasons, and if the person uses the face covering for physical safety while performing an activity connected with their profession or employment. Any person defying the new regulation face possible criminal prosecution. The government's motive in doing so is to end months of social unrest and riots, however, did not declare a "State of Emergency". The new regulation took effect at 00:00 HKT on 5 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Offenders risked a maximum of one-year imprisonment or a fine of HK$25,000 (US$3,200).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Hong_Kong" title="High Court of Hong Kong">High Court of Hong Kong</a> denied an application for a judicial injunction of the anti-mask law, on the same night shortly before the new regulation took effect. A subsequent attempt by <a href="/wiki/Pro-democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democrats">pro-democrats</a> to halt the new regulation also failed, however, the court recommended a judicial review at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On 18 November 2019, the High Court ruled the "Cap. 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance" is "incompatible with the Basic Law", however, the court "leaves open the question of the constitutionality of the ERO insofar as it relates to any occasion of emergency." The court also held the ordinance meets the "prescribed by law" requirement. However, the court deemed s3(1)(b), (c), (d) and s5 of the regulation do not meet the proportionality test as they impose restrictions on fundamental rights that goes beyond what is necessary in furthering its intended goals.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 22 November 2019, the High Court made the following remark:<blockquote>Nevertheless, we recognize that our Judgment is only a judgment at first instance, and will soon be subject to an appeal to the Court of Appeal. In view of the great public importance of the issues raised in this case, and the highly exceptional circumstances that Hong Kong is currently facing, we consider it right that we should grant a short interim suspension order so that the respondents may have an opportunity to apply to the Court of Appeal, if so advised, for such interim relief as may be appropriate. Accordingly, we shall grant an interim temporary suspension order to postpone the coming into operation of the declarations of invalidity for a period of 7 days up to the end of 29 November 2019, with liberty to apply.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></blockquote>On 26 November 2019, the High Court announced hearing for the government appeal against the judgement is on 9 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On 27 November 2019, the Court of Appeal extended the interim suspension of the judgment until 10 December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On 10 December 2019, the Court of Appeal refused to suspend the "unconstitutional" ruling by the Court of First Instance on the anti-mask regulation. As scheduled, a full hearing will commence on 9 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Hungarian Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Hungary">National Assembly of Hungary</a> can declare state of emergency in case of armed rebellion or natural or industrial disaster. It expires after 30 days, but can be extended. Most civil rights can be suspended, but basic human rights (such as the right to life, the ban of torture, and freedom of religion) cannot. During state of emergency, the Parliament cannot be disbanded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iceland">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Icelandic constitution</a> provides no mechanism for the declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_India" title="States of emergency in India">States of emergency in India</a></div> The State of Emergency can be proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, when they perceive grave threats to the nation, albeit through the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a>. Part XVIII of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> gives the President the power to overrule many provisions, including the ones guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental rights</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> of India In India, a state of emergency was declared twice: <ol><li>Between 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>—the security of India having been declared "threatened by external aggression".<a href="#cite_note-:02-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Between 3 December 1971 to 21 March 1977 originally proclaimed during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War</a>, and later extended on 25 June 1975, along with the third proclamation—the security of India having been declared "threatened by external aggression" and by "internal disturbances".</li></ol> The first internal State of Emergency, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency</a>, was declared by the then President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> on advice of then Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. The provisions of the Constitution allows the Prime Minister to rule by <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> declaring a state of "national emergency" involves Article 28.3.3° of the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>, which states that:<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Nothing in this Constitution [...] shall be invoked to invalidate any law enacted by the Oireachtas [parliament] which is expressed to be for the purpose of securing the public safety and the preservation of the State in time of war or armed rebellion, or to nullify any act done or purporting to be done in time of war or armed rebellion in pursuance of any such law.</blockquote> In addition, during a "war or armed rebellion", <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunals</a> may try civilians,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a> are not bound by <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">First Amendment of the Constitution</a> of 1939 allows an emergency to be declared during wars in which the state is a <a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">non-belligerent</a>, subject to <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolutions</a> by the houses of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Second Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">2nd Amendment</a> of 1941, an emergency ends, not automatically when the war does, but only by Oireachtas resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">21st Amendment</a> of 2002 prevents the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ireland" title="Capital punishment in Ireland">reintroduction of capital punishment</a> during an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The first amendment was rushed through the Oireachtas after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">the state remained neutral</a>. Immediately after, the required resolution was passed, in turn enabling the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Powers_Act_1939" title="Emergency Powers Act 1939">Emergency Powers Act 1939</a> (EPA), which granted the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a> and its ministers sweeping powers to issue <a href="/wiki/Statutory_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory order">statutory orders</a> termed "Emergency Powers Orders" (EPOs).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> (The period in Ireland was and is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a>".) The EPA expired in 1946, although some EPOs were continued under the Supplies and Services (Temporary Provisions) Act 1946 until as late as 1957.<a href="#cite_note-dail1946061800019-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">Rationing</a> continued until 1951. The 1939 state of emergency was not formally ended until a 1976 resolution, which also declared a new state of emergency in relation to <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and in particular the recent assassination of the British ambassador to Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart_Biggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Ewart Biggs">Christopher Ewart Biggs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Emergency Powers Act 1976 was then passed to increase the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> powers to arrest, detain, and question those suspected of <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_State_Acts_1939%E2%80%931998" title="Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998">offences against the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a> referred the bill under <a href="/wiki/Article_26_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 26 of the Constitution of Ireland">Article 26 of the Constitution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a>, which upheld its constitutionality.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The referral was condemned by minister <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Donegan" title="Paddy Donegan">Paddy Donegan</a> as a "thundering disgrace", causing Ó Dálaigh to resign in protest. The 1976 EPA expired after one year, but the state of emergency persisted until 1995, when as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> it was rescinded as a "confidence building measure" to satisfy <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">physical force republicans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign#The_ceasefires" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">Provisional IRA's 1994 ceasefire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_State_Acts_1939%E2%80%931998" title="Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998">Offences against the State Act</a> does not require a state of emergency under Article 28.3.3°.<a href="#cite_note-oas1939-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Part V of the Act, which provides for a non-jury <a href="/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court" title="Special Criminal Court">Special Criminal Court</a> (SCC), is permitted under Article 38.3.1°.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Mahony2002-77">[77]</a> Part V is activated by a declaration from the government that it is "necessary to secure the preservation of public peace and order", and it can be rescinded by vote of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. Provision for <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> is similarly activated and rescinded (originally by Part VI of the 1939 act, later by Part II of a 1940 amending act).<a href="#cite_note-oas1939-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-davis2005-79">[79]</a> Parts V and VI were both activated during the Second World War and the IRA's late 1950s <a href="/wiki/Border_Campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a>; Part V has been continually active since 1972.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Several official reviews of the Constitution and the Offences Against the State Acts have recommended a time limit within which the operation of Article 28.3.3° or Article 38.3.1° must either be explicitly renewed by resolution or else lapse.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_state_of_emergency" title="Israeli state of emergency">Israeli state of emergency</a>, authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Defence_(Emergency)_Regulations" title="Defence (Emergency) Regulations">Emergency Defence Regulations</a>, is older than the state itself, having been passed under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a> in 1945. A repeal was briefly considered in 1967 but cancelled following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. The regulations allow Israel, through <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">its military</a>, to control movements and prosecute suspected terrorists in <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territories</a>, and to censor publications that are deemed prejudicial to national defense.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> In Italy, the state of emergency planned by the legal system is implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Italy">Council of Ministers</a>, without the need of a parliamentary vote, due to the Law n. 225 of 1992 on <a href="/wiki/Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Civil Protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Moreover, the Article 120 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a> provides that the government can exercise "substitute powers" of local authorities in typically situations: to protect the legal or economic unity of the state, in case of violation of supranational laws and to face a serious danger for safety and public safety.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> For other emergency, such as a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, a parliamentary vote is required to give extraordinary powers to the government.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament of Italy</a> can also give extraordinary powers to the government in case of health emergency, as it occurred during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020, when the Parliament approved a state of emergency from 31 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, thanks to what the government can implement administrative acts, without the approval of the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau_SAR_(China)">Macau SAR (China)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Macau SAR (China)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> can declare a state of emergency and deploy troops from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Macau_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Macau Garrison">People's Liberation Army Macau Garrison</a> under the Article 14 of <a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macau's Basic Law</a> on the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau Special Administrative Region</a>. Since 1999 no emergency measure have been enacted. Prior to 1999 emergency measures have been used for 1 major incident: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a> (1966) – with <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> invoked and involvement of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese troops</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Malaysian_state_of_emergency" title="2021 Malaysian state of emergency">2021 Malaysian state of emergency</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, if the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> (Monarch) is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof is threatened, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency making therein a declaration to that effect.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A state of emergency was declared by the then-<a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">colonial government of Britain</a> from 1948 until 1960 to deal with an <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">insurgency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">communists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a>. States of emergency were also declared during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a> in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/May_13_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 13 incident">race riot</a> broke out on 13 May 1969, a state of emergency was declared. Amid <a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">severe haze</a> on 11 August 2005, a state of emergency was announced for the world's 13th-largest <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Klang" title="Port Klang">Port Klang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Selangor" title="Kuala Selangor">Kuala Selangor</a> after air pollution there reached dangerous levels (defined as a value greater than 500 on the <a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index" title="Air Pollution Index">Air Pollution Index</a> or API). Thierry Rommel, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s envoy to Malaysia, told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> by telephone on 13 November 2007 (the last day of his mission) that, "Today, this country still lives under (a state of) emergency."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Although not officially proclaimed as a state of emergency, the Emergency Ordinance and the Internal Security Act had allowed detention for years without trial. On 23 June 2013, a state of emergency was declared by government for Muar and Ledang, Johor as severe <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a> that pushed the air pollution index to above 750. This was the first time in years that air quality had dipped to a hazardous level with conditions worsening as dry weather persisted and fires raged in Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On 12 January 2021, a <a href="/wiki/2021_Malaysian_state_of_emergency" title="2021 Malaysian state of emergency">nationwide state of emergency</a> was declared by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Abdullah of Pahang</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia</a>, at the request of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin Yassin</a>. The state of emergency is planned to end on 1 August 2021. The declaration included the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">elections</a>, and came amid <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian political crisis">political instability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On 25 February 2021, Yang di-Pertuan Agong announced that the parliament can be convened during the state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maldives">Maldives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Maldives">edit</a>]</div> A state of emergency was declared on 26 December 2004, following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_Earthquake_and_Tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami</a>. The resulting tsunamis caused extensive damage to the country's infrastructure, cutting off communications from large swathes of the nation, decimating islands and forcing the closure of a number of resorts due to the damage. On 5 February 2018, a state of emergency was declared by Maldives's President <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Yameen" title="Abdulla Yameen">Abdulla Yameen</a> for 15 days and ordered security forces into the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Maldives" title="Supreme Court of the Maldives">Supreme Court of the Maldives</a> and arrested former president <a href="/wiki/Maumoon_Abdul_Gayoom" title="Maumoon Abdul Gayoom">Maumoon Abdul Gayoom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Maldives" title="Chief Justice of the Maldives">Chief Justice of the Maldives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Namibia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> last declared a state of emergency due to an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Emergency_Management_Act_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002">Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002</a> gives the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">local-body councils</a> the power to issue a state of emergency, either over the entire country or within a specific <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> This may suspend ordinary work and essential services if need be. States of emergency in New Zealand expire on the commencement of the seventh day after the date of a declaration unless extended. However, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Defence_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Civil Defence (New Zealand)">Minister of Civil Defence</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">local mayor</a> may lift a state of emergency after an initial review of a region's status. <ul><li>In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First National Government of New Zealand">First National Government</a> issued emergency regulations in response to that year's <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">waterfront dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>On 23 February 2011 at 11.28 am the Minister of Civil Defence <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Carter (New Zealand politician)">John Carter</a> declared the first state of national emergency (for a civil-defence emergency) in New Zealand's history in response to the 22 February <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011 Christchurch earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emergency-98">[98]</a> A local state of emergency was declared by mayors of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_District" title="Selwyn District">Selwyn District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waimakariri_District" title="Waimakariri District">Waimakariri District</a> following 4 September <a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">2010 Canterbury earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>On 25 March 2020 at 12.21 pm, the Minister for Civil Defense <a href="/wiki/Peeni_Henare" title="Peeni Henare">Peeni Henare</a> declared a state of national emergency in response to the total cases of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> reaching 205. Combined with an epidemic notice issued under the Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006, the state of emergency declaration enabled authorities to close most premises in New Zealand and enforce a <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">nationwide lockdown</a>. This also provided access to special powers to combat <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19</a>, including powers of requisition and closing roads and restricting movement. Director of Civil Defence Emergency Management <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stuart-Black" title="Sarah Stuart-Black">Sarah Stuart-Black</a> said these powers sat alongside other powers to ensure essential services could stay up and running.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The state of national emergency was renewed four times, to last for a total of five weeks.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>On 14 February 2023 at 8:43 am, the Minister for Civil Defense <a href="/wiki/Kieran_McAnulty" title="Kieran McAnulty">Kieran McAnulty</a> declared a state of national emergency in response to <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gabrielle" title="Cyclone Gabrielle">Cyclone Gabrielle</a> reaching New Zealand and causing flooding and evacuations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> In Nigeria, a state of emergency is usually declared in times of great civil unrest. In recent years, it has specifically been implemented in reaction to terrorist attacks on Nigerians by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>. On 14 May 2013, <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> declared a state of emergency for the entire northeastern states of <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobe">Yobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A more limited state of emergency had been declared on 31 December 2011 in parts of Yobe, Borno, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a> states. This earlier declaration included the temporary shutdown of the international borders in those regions.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">2007 Pakistani state of emergency</a></div> In Pakistan, a state of emergency was declared five times in its history: <ul><li>In 1958 by President <a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a></li> <li>In 1969 by President General <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li>In 1977 by President General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li>In 1998 by President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Muhammad Rafiq Tarar</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">2007</a> by President General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a></li></ul> The first three were regarded as the imposition of direct martial law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> There are several situations that calls for various levels of government action in the Philippines. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a> alludes to these: <ul><li>State of war: Declared by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> in 1941 after the United States' entry during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and lead to its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">occupation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Martial law in the Philippines">State of martial law</a>: Six declarations in history (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">1898</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1944–45)">1944–45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">1972–1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre" title="Maguindanao massacre">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">2017–2019</a>)</li></ul> These are not specified in the constitution, but were nevertheless declared at least once: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_rebellion" title="State of rebellion">State of rebellion</a>: Last declared in 2003 due to the <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li>State of emergency: Last two declarations were in <a href="/wiki/2006_state_of_emergency_in_the_Philippines" title="2006 state of emergency in the Philippines">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._55" title="Proclamation No. 55">2016–2023</a>.</li> <li>State of public health emergency: Last declared in 2020 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_calamity_(Philippines)" title="State of calamity (Philippines)">State of calamity</a>: Last national declaration was in 2020–21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and later, the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus" title="African swine fever virus">African swine fever virus</a> in several provinces and regions of the country, as well as <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Rai" title="Typhoon Rai">Super Typhoon Odette (Rai)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local governments</a> are also permitted to declare local states of calamity in their areas hit by <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">man-made</a> <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png/220px-Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png/330px-Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png/440px-Carta_ao_Presidente_da_Assembleia_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_-_Estado_de_Emergencia_2020-03-18.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Letter from the Portuguese President, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a>, to the Speaker of the Assembly of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Ferro_Rodrigues" title="Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues">Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues</a>, requesting Parliament for authorisation under the terms of the Constitution, for a declaration of the state of emergency in the context of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">2020 COVID-19 pandemic</a></figcaption></figure> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution of Portugal</a> empowers the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President of the Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-CRP134-106">[106]</a> to declare a state of siege (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: estado de sítio) or a state of emergency (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: estado de emergência) in part or the entirety of the Portuguese territory, only in cases of actual or imminent aggression by foreign forces, serious threats to or disturbances of the democratic constitutional order, or public disasters.<a href="#cite_note-CRP19-107">[107]</a> Such declarations allow the entities that exercise sovereignty from suspending the exercise of some of the constitutionally defined rights, freedoms and guarantees, so that the public authorities can take the appropriate and strictly necessary measures for the prompt restoration of constitutional normality; the Constitution, however, sets a temporal limit for these states of emergency (no more than fifteen days, even though renewal is possible) and forbids any suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>, to personal integrity, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">to personal identity</a>, to civil capacity and citizenship, <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">the non-retroactivity of criminal law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRP19-107">[107]</a> They also may not affect the constitutionally-defined competences and mode of operation of the entities that exercise sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> may not be dissolved while a state of siege or a state of emergency is in force,<a href="#cite_note-CRP172-108">[108]</a> nor can the Constitution itself be subject to amendment.<a href="#cite_note-CRP289-109">[109]</a> Before declaring a state of siege or a state of emergency, the President is required to consult with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a> and request authorisation to do so from the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRP138-110">[110]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Portuguese Republic</a>, the only two times such states of exceptional suppression of constitutional provisions were declared were during the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975" title="Coup of 25 November 1975">failed left-wing coup d'état of 25 November 1975</a> (state of siege, within the confines of the Lisbon Military Region),<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (state of emergency, in the entirety of the Portuguese territory). Within the remit of the basic law of <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil protection</a> services (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Lei de Bases da Protecção Civil), the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">prime minister</a> can, through a Resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Portugal)" title="Council of Ministers (Portugal)">Council of Ministers</a> and without the need of parliamentary approval or presidential promulgation, decree a situation of calamity (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: situação de calamidade). Lesser exceptional statuses, the situation of contingency (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: situação de contingência) and the situation of alert (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: situação de alerta) in descending order of importance, can also be set in motion by other civil protection authorities or <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Municipal_Chamber" title="President of the Municipal Chamber">Mayors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeiDeBasesProCiv-112">[112]</a> These three situations allow for some extraordinary measures and special restrictions, but not the suspension of constitutional rights and freedoms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> In Poland, the institution of the state of emergency was absorbed by the institution of martial law in the years 1952–1983 in the constitutional regulations. According to the provisions of the Constitution of 1997 (Articles 228 et seq.), A state of emergency may be introduced by the president at the request of the Council of Ministers for a specified period of time, but not longer than 90 days, in part or throughout the territory of the country, if the security of the state, the security of citizens or public order has been threatened. The President may extend this state only once (for a period not longer than 60 days) with the consent of the Sejm. During the state of emergency and within 90 days from its end, the Constitution and electoral regulations may not be changed, and the Sejm may not be dissolved; there are also no national elections or referendums. In the event of the expiry of the term of office of the President, the Sejm and the Senate, or local self-government bodies, they are appropriately extended. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:State_of_emergency#Disputed" title="Talk:State of emergency">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (June 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, there are two types of states of emergency, each designed for a different type of situation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>State of alert (Stare de alertă in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>): Non-military, can be enforced by a prefect. <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">Roadblocks</a> are enforced. Any utilitarian vehicle or equipment can be temporarily used by the state, without any restriction. Evacuation is not mandatory, unless extreme circumstances apply. Only <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Police</a> and firefighting personnel are required to intervene. This situation can be enforced in case of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil unrest</a>.</li> <li>State of emergency (stare de urgentă in Romanian): Can only be enforced by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> with approval from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Romania">military</a> becomes the upper form of control in the country (under the rule of the president).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The civilian population is subject to strict regulations, imposed by the type of emergency.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All private and public non-crucial activities are suspended.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Essential_services" title="Essential services">Essential services</a> might be disrupted. This situation can be enforced in case of extreme circumstances, such as a war.</li> <li>Special zone of public safety (Zonă specială de siguranță publică in Romanian): Administrative, can be enforced by local police. This implies installation of road check-points and higher numbers in police and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_riot_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian riot police">gendarmes/ riot police</a> presence, patrolling the area. There is also a ban that restricts the right to travel for people in the area; any vehicle and individual transiting the zone are subject to screening.<a href="#cite_note-zona-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ul> The most well-known event in which the state of emergency has been enforced was because of <a href="/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1977 Vrancea earthquake">1977 Vrancea earthquake</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The last instance in which the special zone of public safety was enforced was on 8 December 2013, in <a href="/wiki/Punge%C8%99ti,_Vaslui" class="mw-redirect" title="Pungești, Vaslui">Pungești, Vaslui</a> following <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Romanian_protests_against_shale_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="2012–13 Romanian protests against shale gas">civil unrest in Pungești</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>'s plans to begin exploring <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_Romania" title="Shale gas in Romania">shale-gas</a> in the village.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> According to police officials, the special security zone will be maintained as long as there is conflict in the area that poses a threat to Chevron's operations.<a href="#cite_note-zona-113">[113]</a> This special security zone has faced domestic and international criticism for alleged <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">human-rights abuses</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency in Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> declared, on 7 February 2019, a State of Emergency due to ongoing rape and sexual violence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On 24 March 2020, a 12-month state of emergency was declared by (Rtd) Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Madaa Bio</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> Article 150(1) of the Constitution of Singapore <a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> allows the President of Singapore to declare a state of emergency in the event of a security or economic threat and must notify Parliament as soon as practicable under Article 150(3). A state of emergency would last for six months under Article 150(6). With the repeal of the Emergency (Essential Powers) Act in 2021, only the powers granted by the Constitution are allowed to be exercised in an event of an emergency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Emergency_Powers_(1964-2021)">Special Emergency Powers (1964-2021)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Special Emergency Powers (1964-2021)">edit</a>]</div> When Singapore was in Malaysia, the Malaysian Federation declared a State of Emergency in September 1964. It conferred upon the Federal King special powers during a State of Emergency <a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> such as creating offenses and prescribing penalties among others. When Singapore gained independence in 1965, that ordinance was enacted as the Emergency (Essential Powers) Act conferring those powers on the President. These powers were repealed effective the 1st day of March 2021 <a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_Emergency">History of Emergency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: History of Emergency">edit</a>]</div> In response to the Malayan Communist Party (MCP)'s murder of three British planters in Perak on 16th June 1948, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gent" title="Edward Gent">Sir Edward Gent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">British High Commissioner of Malaya</a> declared a State of Emergency to the whole of Perak and Johore. This emergency was extended to the whole of Malaya on the 18th of June, and six days later, Singapore came under a State of Emergency. The emergency officially ended on 31st July 1960, 12 years since its declaration, and when Singapore was a self-governing state rather than a colony during which the emergency was imposed in the first place <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>. The subsequent time Singapore experienced a State of Emergency was when it was declared in 1964, when <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">race riots</a> broke out in July and in September. This time, Singapore was a state in the Malaysian Federation. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> declared a State of Emergency under the provisions of the Malaysian Constitution <a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>. This was the period when Ordinance 30 of 1964 was enacted conferring upon the Federal King special powers. This ordinance would become known as the Emergency (Essential Powers) Act and would be adopted by Singapore when it gained independence. The Act would remain in force for close to 57 years, until 2021. While the British and the Malaysian Federal authorities have declared a State of Emergency in Singapore, no Singaporean government, thus far, has declared a State of Emergency since the country's independence in 1965. This is due to the Singaporean government's reliance on the Internal Security Act of 1960 <a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and other targeted legislation to deal with security threats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_Act,_1997" title="State of Emergency Act, 1997">State of Emergency Act, 1997</a></div> States of emergency in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> are governed by section 37 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_Act,_1997" title="State of Emergency Act, 1997">State of Emergency Act, 1997</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a> may declare a state of emergency only when "the life of the nation is threatened by war, invasion, general insurrection, disorder, natural disaster or other public emergency" and if the ordinary laws and government powers are not sufficient to restore peace and order. The declaration is made by <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_of_South_Africa" title="Government Gazette of South Africa">Government Gazette</a> and may only apply from the time of publication, not retroactively. It can only continue for 21 days unless the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> grants an extension, which may be for at most three months at a time. The <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of South Africa">High Courts</a> have the power, subject to confirmation by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>, to determine the validity of the declaration of a state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-sa-bor-handbook-124">[124]</a> During a state of emergency the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> has the power to make emergency regulations "necessary or expedient" to restore peace and order and end the emergency. This power can be delegated to other authorities. Emergency measures can violate the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Rights (South Africa)">Bill of Rights</a>, but only to a limited extent. Some rights are inviolable, including amongst others the rights to life and to human dignity; the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of race, sex or religion; the prohibition of torture or inhumane punishment; and the right of accused people to a fair trial. Any violation of a constitutional right must be strictly required by the emergency. Emergency measures may not indemnify the government or individuals for illegal actions. They may impose criminal penalties, but not exceeding three years' imprisonment. They may not require military service beyond that required by the ordinary laws governing the defence force. An emergency measure may be disapproved by the National Assembly, in which case it lapses, and no emergency measure may interfere with the elections, powers or sittings of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_legislature_(South_Africa)" title="Provincial legislature (South Africa)">provincial legislatures</a>. The courts have the power to determine the validity of any emergency measure. The constitution places strict limits on any <a href="/wiki/Detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention without trial">detention without trial</a> during a state of emergency. A friend or family member of the detainee must be informed, and the name and place of detention must be published in the Government Gazette. The detainee must have access to a doctor and a legal representative. The detainee must be brought before a court within at most ten days, for the court to determine whether the detention is necessary, and if not released may demand repeated review every ten days. At the court review the detainee must be allowed legal representation and must be allowed to appear in person. The provisions on detention without trial do not apply to <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> in an international conflict; instead they must be treated in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> and other international law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> In Spain, there are three degrees of state of emergency (estado de emergencia in Spanish): <a href="/wiki/State_of_Alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Alarm">alarma</a> (alarm or alert), excepción (exception[al circumstance]) and sitio (siege). They are named by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">constitution</a>, which limits which rights may be suspended, but regulated by the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo4-1981.html">Ley Orgánica 4/1981</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_(Spain)" title="Organic Law (Spain)">Organic Law</a>). On 4 December 2010, the first state of alert was declared following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_air_traffic_controllers_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish air traffic controllers strike">air traffic controllers strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> It was the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francisco Franco's regime</a> that a state of emergency was declared.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The second state of alert was declared on 14 March 2020 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">coronavirus pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The third state of alert was declared before the end of October 2020 given the difficulties to control the spread of said pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> In Sri Lanka, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">president</a> is able to proclaim emergency regulations under the Public Security Ordinance in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">constitution</a> in order to preserve public security and public order; suppression of <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">civil commotion</a>; or maintenance of supplies and services essential to the life of the community. These regulations last for one month unless confirmed otherwise by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> According to Art. 185 of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Federal Council</a> (Bundesrat) can call up in their own competence military personnel of maximum 4000 <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> for three weeks to safeguard inner or outer security (called Federal Intervention or Federal Execution, respectively). A larger number of soldiers or of a longer duration is subject to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">parliamentary</a> decision. For deployments within Switzerland the principle of subsidiarity rules: as a first step, unrest has to be overcome with the aid of cantonal police units. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> An emergency prevailed in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from 1963, following the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Ba'athist coup d'état</a>, to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Originally predicated on the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">conflict with Israel</a>, the emergency acted to centralize authority in the presidency and the national security apparatus while silencing public dissent. The emergency was terminated in response to protests that preceded the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">2012 constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">president</a> may pass an emergency decree with a 2/3 concurrence of his ministers, provided that he presents it to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a> for constitutional review. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago">edit</a>]</div> Sections 7 though 12 of the Constitution<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> set out the legal basis for declaring that a state of emergency exists. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">president</a>, under the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago">prime minister</a>, may make a proclamation that a "state of public emergency" exists if: <ul><li>"A public emergency has arisen as a result of the imminence of a state of war between Trinidad and Tobago and a foreign state,</li> <li>A public emergency has arisen as a result of the occurrence of any earthquake, hurricane, flood, fire, outbreak of pestilence or of infectious disease, or other calamity whether similar to the foregoing or not,</li> <li>Action has been taken, or is immediately threatened, by any person, of such a nature and on so extensive a scale, as to be likely to endanger the public safety or to deprive the community or any substantial portion of the community of supplies or services essential to life." (ss. 8 (2)).</li></ul> Upon declaring that a state of emergency exists, the President may make regulations to deal with the situation at hand. The regulations can even infringe upon the rights enshrined within sections 4 and 5 of the Constitution (e.g. freedom of speech, freedom of movement, etc.) but only to such extent as such constitutional encroachments are "reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period." (ss. 7 (3)). Once the President has declared that a state of emergency exists, the initial duration of that proclamation is 15 days, unless revoked sooner. The state of emergency can then be extended for up to three months by a simple majority vote of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">House of Representatives</a> and can be extended by a further three months by a three-fifths majority vote of the House of Representatives and must also be passed in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Senate</a>. A state of emergency was declared in 1970 during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Revolution" title="Black Power Revolution">Black Power Revolution</a> by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">attempted state coup</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen">Jamaat al Muslimeen</a> against the NAR government of the then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/A._N._R._Robinson" title="A. N. R. Robinson">A. N. R. Robinson</a> in 1990,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> a state of emergency was declared during the coup attempt and for a period after the coup. On 4 August 1995, a state of emergency was declared to remove the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Occah_Seapaul" title="Occah Seapaul">Occah Seapaul</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning" title="Patrick Manning">Patrick Manning</a> during a constitutional crisis.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The government had attempted to remove the speaker via a no-confidence motion, which failed. The state of emergency was used to remove the speaker using the emergency powers granted.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 22 August 2011 at 8:00 pm, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Kamla Persad-Bissessar</a> announced a state of emergency in an attempt to crack down on the trafficking of illegal drugs and firearms, in addition to gangs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The decision of the President, <a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_Richards" title="George Maxwell Richards">George Maxwell Richards</a>, to issue the proclamation for the state of emergency was debated in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">the country's Parliament</a> as required by the Constitution on 2 September 2011 and passed by the required simple majority of the House of Representatives. On 4 September, the Parliament extended the state of emergency for a further three months. It ended in December 2011. On 15 May 2021 at 2:50 pm, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a> declared a state of emergency following a mass surge in the number of deaths and COVID-19 infections, no <a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">hospital beds</a> being available and a lack of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> in dealing with a rapid and deadly spread of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[140]</a> noted as being one of the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:3-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-142">[142]</a> On 24 August, the Parliament extended the state of emergency for a further three months.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> On 30 December 2024, a state of emergency was declared after a spike in gang violence, which killed 6 people in the previous 2 days.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_and_state_of_emergency_in_Turkey" title="Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey">Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey</a></div> Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">military</a> conducted three <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> and announced <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Martial law between 1978 and 1983 was replaced by a state of emergency that lasted until November 2002. The latest state of emergency was declared by President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> on 20 July 2016 following a <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt on 15 July 2016</a> by a faction of the country's armed forces. It was lifted on 18 July 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004" title="Civil Contingencies Act 2004">Civil Contingencies Act 2004</a></div> In the United Kingdom, only the <a href="/wiki/British_Sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sovereign">British Sovereign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">Minister of the Crown</a> in exceptional circumstances, has the power to introduce emergency regulations under the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004" title="Civil Contingencies Act 2004">Civil Contingencies Act 2004</a>, in case of an emergency, broadly defined as war or attack by a foreign power, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">terrorism</a> which poses a threat of serious damage to the security of the UK, or events which threaten serious damage to human welfare or the environment of a place in the UK. The duration of these regulations is limited to thirty days, but may be extended by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. A state of emergency was last invoked in 1974 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> in response to increasing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a>. The act grants wide-ranging powers to central and local government in the event of an emergency. It allows the modification of <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a> by emergency regulation, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> and Part 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004" title="Civil Contingencies Act 2004">Civil Contingencies Act 2004</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_93-549" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Report 93-549">Senate Report 93-549</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection Act">Insurrection Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Emergencies_Act" title="National Emergencies Act">National Emergencies Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_emergencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of national emergencies in the United States">List of national emergencies in the United States</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> implicitly provides some emergency powers in the article about the executive power: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> may authorize the government to call forth the militia to execute the laws, suppress an insurrection or repel an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion of the United States (page does not exist)">invasion</a>.</li> <li>Congress may authorize the government to suspend consideration of writs of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">habeas corpus</a> "when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> charges may be brought without presentment or <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> in cases arising "in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger."</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state government</a> may engage in war without Congress's approval if "actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay."</li></ul> Aside from these, many provisions of law exist in various jurisdictions, which take effect only upon an executive declaration of emergency; some 500 federal laws take effect upon a presidential declaration of emergency. The <a href="/wiki/National_Emergencies_Act" title="National Emergencies Act">National Emergencies Act</a> regulates this process at the federal level. It requires the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> to specifically identify the provisions activated and to renew the declaration annually so as to prevent an arbitrarily broad or open-ended emergency. Presidents have occasionally taken action justified as necessary or prudent because of a state of emergency, only to have the action struck down in court as unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A state <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a> or local <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> may declare a state of emergency within their <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. This is common at the state level in response to natural disasters. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> maintains a system of assets, personnel and training to respond to such incidents. For example, on 10 December 2015, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state Governor <a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a> declared a state of emergency due to flooding and landslides caused by heavy rains.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The 1977 <a href="/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act" title="International Emergency Economic Powers Act">International Emergency Economic Powers Act</a> allows the government to freeze assets, limit trade and confiscate property in response to an "unusual and extraordinary threat" to the United States that originates substantially outside of it. As of 2015 more than twenty emergencies under the IEEPA remain active regarding various subjects, the oldest of which was declared in 1979 with regard to the government of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Another ongoing national emergency, declared after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, authorizes the president to retain or reactivate military personnel beyond their normal term of service.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2020, it was common for states to enact a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Resources_Act" title="Defense Resources Act">Defense Resources Act</a> contain numerous Titles or individual national emergency laws, it provides an important framework. In American film and popular culture, American views on what to expect during national emergencies can include prominent <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> television programs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Day_After" title="The Day After">The Day After</a>, which aired on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> in November 1983. Officials under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> briefed Congress on the Act in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The briefing explained several emergency actions Congress might approve in a grave national crisis such as the nuclear war scare depicted in The Day After. Upon approval by Congress, the Act would have authorized the president to issue orders putting forth wage and price controls, censorship and commandeering of private property. The present legal status of these matters is not clear. <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Action_Documents" title="Presidential Emergency Action Documents">Presidential Emergency Action Documents</a> reviews issues concerning national emergencies in the United States as well as legal and constitutional concerns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_Venezuela" title="States of emergency in Venezuela">States of emergency in Venezuela</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_in_2024">Active in 2024</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Active in 2024">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 30 December 2024, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President of Trinidad and Tobago</a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a> issued the declaration of a state of emergency on the advice of <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a> over surging violence as weapons from <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a> fuel a crime wave around the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>On 26 July 2024, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Justice" title="Jim Justice">Jim Justice</a> declared a state of emergency due to the drought.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The declaration was originally supposed to last for 30 days; but was later extended on 23 August 2024 for an additional 30 days. <a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>On 26 March 2024, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes_Moore" title="Wes Moore">Wes Moore</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse" title="Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse">collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>On 14 January 2024, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a> declared a state of emergency due to the severe winter storms.</li> <li>On 11 January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea's</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a>.</li> <li>On 9 January 2024, Ecuador's President Daniel Noboa declared a state of emergency following the escape of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Adolfo_Mac%C3%ADas_Villamar" title="José Adolfo Macías Villamar">José Adolfo Macías Villamar</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Choneros" title="Los Choneros">Los Choneros</a> drug cartel, from prison.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_in_2023">Active in 2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Active in 2023">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 10 November 2023, Icelandic authorities declared a state of emergency after a series of powerful earthquakes rocked the country's southwestern Reykjanes peninsula, signalling the increased likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the region. The village of <a href="/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk" title="Grindavík">Grindavík</a> was ordered to evacuate due to the imminent volcanic eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Fagradalsfjall" title="Fagradalsfjall">Fagradalsfjall</a> volcano.</li> <li>On 4 August 2023, Ethiopia's Council of ministers declared a state of emergency in the Amhara region after clashes between regional armed forces and the military.</li> <li>On 7 February 2023, Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared a three-month long state of emergency in 10 cities due to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake</a>.</li> <li>On 8 September 2023, United States President Joe Biden extended the state of emergency declared by George W. Bush after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_in_2022">Active in 2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Active in 2022">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 5 January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Kazakh protests">2022 Kazakh protests</a>.</li> <li>On 6 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>'s Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Watson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Watson (Canadian politician)">Jim Watson</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Convoy_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Convoy 2022">Freedom Convoy</a> protests.</li> <li>On 11 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Doug Ford</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Freedom Convoy</a> protests.</li> <li>On 23 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> announced in response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of its territory</a> that it would declare a nationwide state of emergency, excluding the occupied territories in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>. On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> began to evacuate its <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.</li> <li>On 24 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> announced that it will declare a nationwide state of emergency in response to the invasion, as thousands of Ukrainians flee into Moldovan territory.</li> <li>On 24 February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> declared the state of emergency due to possible disturbances and provocations as large military forces massed in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.</li> <li>On 26 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> declared a state of emergency after 62 people were murdered, making it the most violent day since the end of the civil war in 1992.</li> <li>On 2 April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a>.</li> <li>On 14 April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a> declared a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> disruptions and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</li> <li>On 16 May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Health (Poland)">Minister of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Niedzielski" title="Adam Niedzielski">Adam Niedzielski</a> declared a state of epidemic threat for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 24 May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> declared a state of emergency due to economic impact of the Russian invasion on Ukraine.</li> <li>On 18 June 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Ecuadorian_protests" title="2022 Ecuadorian protests">2022 Ecuadorian protests</a>.</li> <li>On 2 July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests" title="2022 Karakalpak protests">2022 Karakalpak protests</a>.</li> <li>On 4 July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> declared a state of emergency on five northern regions, due to a severe drought, one of the worst of the decade.</li> <li>On 11 July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> declared a state of emergency due to forest fires.</li> <li>On 15 July 2022, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> declared a national emergency following extreme Red Weather Heatwave warnings that indicated a danger to life.</li> <li>On 28 July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a> declared a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/2022_Appalachian_floods" title="2022 Appalachian floods">historic flooding in Eastern Kentucky</a>.</li> <li>On 25 August 2022, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> declared a state of emergency because of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Pakistan_floods" title="2022 Pakistan floods">flooding</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_in_2021">Active in 2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Active in 2021">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 1 February 2021, following <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">a military coup</a> in Myanmar, <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_Defence_Services" title="Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services">Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces of Myanmar</a> and its new State Leader, declared a state of emergency lasting one year.</li> <li>On 15 May 2021, following a mass surge in the number of deaths and COVID-19 infections, no <a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">hospital beds</a> being available and a lack of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a>, declared a state of emergency due to the rapid and deadly spread of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-140">[140]</a> noted as being one of the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:3-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-142">[142]</a></li> <li>On 2 September 2021, Poland declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Poland_(2021)" title="State of emergency in Poland (2021)">state of emergency</a> in the terrain surrounding <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Belarus–Poland border">Belarus–Poland border</a>. The request was motivated by – according to government – possible threats to security and public order in part of the territory of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> It covered 183 localities near the Belarusian border: 115 in <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie Voivodeship</a> and 68 in <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin Voivodeship</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>On 15 September 2021, Alberta declared a state of public health emergency to protect their health care system that became in crisis because of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>On 2 November 2021, Ethiopia declared a state of emergency aimed to protect civilians from atrocities being committed by the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> in several parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>On 10 November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> declared a state of emergency in the border region of <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Lithuania_border" title="Belarus–Lithuania border">Belarus-Lithuania border</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis">2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>On 11 December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a> declared a state of emergency for parts of western Kentucky due to the <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021" title="Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021">Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_in_2020">Active in 2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Active in 2020">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 9 October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Sooronbay_Jeenbekov" title="Sooronbay Jeenbekov">Sooronbay Jeenbekov</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Kyrgyzstan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Kyrgyzstan protests">2020 Kyrgyzstan protests</a>.</li> <li>On 25 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> declared a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/Kenosha_unrest" title="Kenosha unrest">Kenosha unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>On 18 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> declared a state of emergency because of the <a href="/wiki/2020_California_wildfires" title="2020 California wildfires">multiple wildfires</a> being battled across the state.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>On 5 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Diab" title="Hassan Diab">Hassan Diab</a> declared a state of emergency after the <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">2020 Beirut explosion</a>.</li> <li>On 6 July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S state)">Georgia</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>On 31 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Parson" title="Mike Parson">Mike Parson</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 31 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S state)">Georgia</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 31 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 31 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 31 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ducey" title="Doug Ducey">Doug Ducey</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 28 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> declared a state of emergency for the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</li> <li>On 9 April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mokgweetsi_Masisi" title="Mokgweetsi Masisi">Mokgweetsi Masisi</a> declared a state of emergency due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</li> <li>On 7 April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> declared a national emergency for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</li> <li>On 25 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Defence_%26_Emergency_Management_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (New Zealand)">New Zealand Minister for Civil Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Peeni_Henare" title="Peeni Henare">Peeni Henare</a> declared a National State Of Emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>On 25 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>On 22 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNeil" title="Stephen McNeil">Stephen McNeil</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li>On 21 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mukhammedkalyi_Abylgaziev" title="Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev">Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>On 20 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Health (Poland)">Minister of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> declared a <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_epidemic_(Poland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State of the epidemic (Poland) (page does not exist)">state of the epidemic</a> for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 18 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 18 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> It was renewed twice (2 and 17 April) in the constitutionally-mandated 15-day periods, lasting until 1 minute before midnight on 2 May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Beginning midnight, 3 May 2020, the country is now in a "situation of calamity" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: situação de calamidade), a different status enshrined in the Basic Law of <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil Protection</a>, which allows for restrictions on circulation or conditioning in the operation of certain establishments, but not the suspension of constitutional rights and freedoms as with the state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>On 18 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Stevo_Pendarovski" title="Stevo Pendarovski">Stevo Pendarovski</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 17 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</a> declares public health emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>On 17 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Doug Ford</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>On 17 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Philippine President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> declared all of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to be in a state of calamity following a dramatic rise in cases of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19</a>, the declaration was eventually lifted in September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>On 16 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government of Armenia</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>On 15 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President of Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>On 15 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President of Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>On 14 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Francois_Legault" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Legault">Francois Legault</a> declares public health emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>On 14 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Health (Poland)">Minister of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> declared a state of epidemic threat for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 13 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> announced the declaration of the state of emergency in the nation for a period of 15 days, to become effective next day after the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic in Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>On 13 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> declared a national emergency for the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <ul><li>On 15 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Janet_Mills" title="Janet Mills">Janet Mills</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maine">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>On 13 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>On 13 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Bel_Edwards" title="John Bel Edwards">John Bel Edwards</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>On 13 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a> declared a state of public health emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>On 12 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Laura_Kelly" title="Laura Kelly">Laura Kelly</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>On 12 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>On 12 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>On 11 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ducey" title="Doug Ducey">Doug Ducey</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 11 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Lujan_Grisham" title="Michelle Lujan Grisham">Michelle Lujan Grisham</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>On 10 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>On 10 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>On 10 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cooper" title="Roy Cooper">Roy Cooper</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>On 10 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li>On 9 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Phil_Murphy" title="Phil Murphy">Phil Murphy</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 9 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dewine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Dewine">Mike Dewine</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>On 8 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Kate_Brown" title="Kate Brown">Kate Brown</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>On 7 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated22-196">[196]</a></li> <li>On 6 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 6 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 5 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 4 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="COVID-19 pandemic in California">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>On 29 February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-198">[198]</a></li> <li>On 29 February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Florida">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-198">[198]</a></li></ul></li> <li>On 11 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungarian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>On 3 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a> declared a state of emergency following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak" title="2020 Nashville tornado outbreak">tornado outbreak of 2–3 March 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_states_of_emergency">Past states of emergency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Past states of emergency">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 14 February 2023, New Zealand's Minister of Emergency Management Kieran McAnulty declared a national state of emergency following severe and widespread impacts from Ex-<a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gabrielle#New_Zealand" title="Cyclone Gabrielle">Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle</a>. The state of emergency was lifted on 14 March.</li> <li>On 12 January 2021, a national state of emergency was declared by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Al-Sultan Abdullah</a> to curb the spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19</a>. The state of emergency was lifted on 1 August.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>On 7 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a> declared the second state of emergency for the COVID-19 in several <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>. It was lifted on 22 March.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>On 14 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Lujan_Grisham" title="Michelle Lujan Grisham">Michelle Lujan Grisham</a> declared a state of emergency in preparation of <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration of Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>On 15 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a> declared a state of emergency in preparation of <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration of Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>On 6 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s Governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> declared a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">the attack</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li>On 11 January 2021, outgoing <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> declared a state of emergency for two weeks in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, in preparation of the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>On 15 October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Prayuth_Chan-ocha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayuth Chan-ocha">Prayuth Chan-ocha</a> declared a state of extreme emergency in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> due to <a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">2020 Thai protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> and was lifted on 22 October.</li> <li>On 7 April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> declared a national emergency for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>On 21 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zurabishvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome Zurabishvili">Salome Zurabishvili</a> declared a state of emergency for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(country)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)">COVID-19</a>. State of emergency was prolonged for one month on 22 April 2020 and expired on 23 May 2020.</li> <li>On 19 March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> government declared a "state of health emergency" for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco">COVID-19</a>, to take effect the following day (20 March).<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li>In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, declared a seven-day state of emergency granting "emergency powers" to fire-fighting agencies due to major <a href="/wiki/Bushfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfires">bushfires</a> occurring in the state.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>In October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> declared a 60-day state of emergency after violent protests following the ending of fuel subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>On 18 October 2019, a state of emergency was declared in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, after violent protests broke out in response to the rising cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> This state of emergency was later extended to other cities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The state of emergency was lifted on 27 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>At midnight on 23 April 2019, a state of emergency was declared across <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> following <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">multiple bomb attacks</a> on churches, luxury hotels and other locations across the country in which 253 people were killed and more than 500 injured.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-adaderana.lk-217">[217]</a> After being extended three times, the state of emergency was lifted on 25 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li>On 15 February 2019, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> declared a national emergency on the U.S. border with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to allocate funds towards a <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">border wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li>In March 2018 a state of emergency was imposed in Sri Lanka in Kandy for 10 days following <a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li>In February 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> declared a six-month long state of emergency following the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam Desalegn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li>Following the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Palm Sunday church bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> declared a nationwide three-month-long state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li>On 12 August 2017, a state of emergency was declared in the U.S. state of Virginia due to escalating tensions amid protesters and counter-protesters in Charlottesville.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>On 21 September 2016, a state of emergency was declared in the U.S. state of North Carolina for riots in Charlotte after a police shooting of a black male.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>On 4 September 2016, a state of emergency was declared in the Philippines by President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> via <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._55" title="Proclamation No. 55">Proclamation No. 55</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Davao_City_bombing" title="2016 Davao City bombing">2 September bombings in Davao City</a> that killed 14 people and seriously wounded at least 60 others.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The declaration was lifted by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, through Proclamation No. 298, issued on 25 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li>On 12 June 2016, following the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a> in which at least 50 people were killed (including the shooter), the Governor of Florida declared a state of emergency in the immediate Orlando area.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li>In May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> declared a 60-day <a href="/wiki/2016_state_of_emergency_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 state of emergency in Venezuela">state of emergency</a> due to <a href="/wiki/2014-16_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2014-16 Venezuelan protests">mass protests</a> against the government of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, further fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Dilma_Rousseff" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff">impeachment process against Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff</a>, which Maduro believes is the result of an American conspiracy to overthrow him.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-guar-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-231">[231]</a></li> <li>On 22 November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> declared a state of emergency after pylons in Ukraine were blown up leaving 1,896,000 people without power.<a href="#cite_note-Bush_2015-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> declared a state of emergency in response to the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a> which after five extensions ended in November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li>On 27 April 2015 the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> declared a state of emergency and activated the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard of the United States</a>, as a direct result of the rioting and widespread physical violence during protesting in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Freddie Gray">Death of Freddie Gray</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In March 2013, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> declared a state of emergency in the city of <a href="/wiki/Meiktila" title="Meiktila">Meiktila</a> due to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> violence.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> had been under a nearly-continuous state of emergency since 1967 (interrupted for 18 months in 1980–81); the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Assembly of Egypt">People's Assembly</a> renewed it every two to three years.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Ahram_Weekly-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The state of emergency expired on 31 May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> declared state of emergency January 2011, following unrest from economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>28 November 2011 – <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> declared a state of emergency for numerous hospitals, due to resignation of many Medicare workers.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li>21 August 2011 – <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, in an attempt to crack down on the trafficking of illegal drugs and firearms, in addition to gangs.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>15 March 2011 – <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> declared a state of emergency on 15 March 2011 and asked the military to reassert its control over the capital, Manama, as clashes between Shia and Sunni groups spread across the country. Bahrain has been gripped by deepening political unrest and widespread protests for over a month, with the Shia majority and some Sunni liberals calling for democracy and an end to discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>30 September 2010 – A state of emergency was declared in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> due to a coup by armed forces.</li> <li>11 April 2009 – <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> declared a state of emergency in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a>, in response to anti-government protesters breaking into the conference center of a hotel complex in the seaside resort city of Pattaya, in the then-venue site of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> was being held, immediately resulting in its cancellation.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Another state of emergency on 12 April 2009, was announced in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and the surrounding areas, due to a heightened escalation of tension between the government and anti-government protesters, but was later lifted.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li> <li>5 February 2009 – <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> was in a state of emergency due to extreme <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a> in the country.</li> <li>January 2009 – <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> was in a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/2009_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">natural gas supply shortage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li>11 January 2007 – <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> was in a state of emergency due to <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–2007 Bangladeshi political crisis">electoral violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> This ended on 16 December 2008, when new parliamentary elections were organized.</li> <li>26 November 2008 – In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> state, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Maharashtra Government declared a state of Emergency following the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>.</li> <li>2 September 2008 – A state of emergency was declared in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a> following <a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">civil unrest</a>;<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> it was lifted on 14 September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>1 July 2008 – <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Nambaryn_Enkhbayar" title="Nambaryn Enkhbayar">Nambaryn Enkhbayar</a> declared a state of emergency in the capital <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a> for four days after violent protests against the ex-communist <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a> (MPRP). The MPRP had claimed a majority of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_legislative_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian legislative election, 2008">2008 parliamentary elections</a>, but was accused of fraud and vote rigging by the less-successful parties.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>March 2008 – <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> was in a state of emergency from 2 March 2008 to 20 March 2008, declared by President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests" title="2008 Armenian presidential election protests">protests</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian presidential election, 2008">2008 Armenian presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li>3 November 2007 – <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> was in a <a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">state of emergency</a> from 3 November 2007 to 15 December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> declared emergency "to stop Pakistan from committing suicide". He lifted the state of emergency after he resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">army</a> and took the oath of office as a civilian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>.</li> <li>24 February 2006 – the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> declared a state of emergency via <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Proclamation_1017" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Proclamation 1017">Philippine Proclamation 1017</a> for one week until <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Proclamation_1021" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Proclamation 1021">Philippine Proclamation 1021</a> on 3 March 2006, in response to a supposed <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>'s government in the midst of the 20th anniversary of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> that toppled the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li>28 August 2005 – A state of emergency was declared in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. See <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_bulletin_for_Hurricane_Katrina" title="National Weather Service bulletin for Hurricane Katrina">National Weather Service bulletin for Hurricane Katrina</a>.</li> <li>August 2005 – <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> declares state of emergency, in response to wildfires.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li>Mid-August 2005 – <a href="/wiki/Sucumbios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucumbios">Sucumbios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orellana_Province" title="Orellana Province">Orellana</a>, two provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, because of indigenous protests against oil firms</li> <li>15 April 2005 – <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> of Ecuador due to protests; lifted less than a day later, on 17 April 2005.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li>December 2004 – <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">tsunami</a>.</li> <li>November 2003 – <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, following weeks of civil unrest.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li>August 2003 – <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast blackout of 2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li>March 2003 – <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> after assassination of <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a> (vanredno stanje).<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>15 July 2002 – <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, in response to <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2001 riots (Argentina)">public unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li>November 2001 – <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, in response to increased guerrilla activity.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li>30 November 1999 – The U.S. city of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, stemming from protest of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999</a> and police reaction to it – known as the <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>May–June 1998 – <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> declares state of emergency, due to <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a>.</li> <li>2 March 1997 – The <a href="/wiki/1997_rebellion_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 rebellion in Albania">1997 unrest in Albania</a>, also known as the Lottery Uprising or Anarchy in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, was an uprising sparked by Ponzi scheme failures. Albania descended into anarchy and violence in which the government was toppled and some 2,000 people were killed. On 1 March, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Meksi" title="Aleksandër Meksi">Aleksandër Meksi</a> resigned and on 2 March President <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> declared a state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li>5 August 1995 – <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Occah_Seapaul" title="Occah Seapaul">Occah Seapaul</a> who refused to resign.<a href="#cite_note-Nyt-264">[264]</a></li> <li>Winter 1995 – The U.S. city of <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</a>, after a severe snowstorm buried the city in 6 feet (1.8 m) of snow.</li> <li>April–May 1992 – <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States. state of emergency was declared by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Los Angeles Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>, which were caused by the acquittal of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> officers who had been seen on tape beating <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>March 1992 – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, in response to <a href="/wiki/War_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Transnistria">War of Transnistria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li>1992 to 2011 – <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> endures a 19-year state of emergency enacted at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">1992 coup</a>. The state of emergency, which suspended citizens' rights in lieu of military power, was lifted after the Algerian Government gave in to protester demands during the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-7">[7]</a></li> <li>August 1991 – <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, enemies of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> reforms evoked the state of emergency because Gorbachev, according to them, was destroying both <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the state itself. The coup was led by the acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">president of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a>.</li> <li>July–August 1990 – Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency when a group stormed Parliament and a TV Station holding government officials, including the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, at ransom.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt</a></li> <li>July 1985 to February 1990 – <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, in response to increasing civil unrest and township violence opposing <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li>1975 to 1977 – India, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> declared a state of emergency in 1975 in response to political opposition and her own conviction on charges of electoral fraud. <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a> lasted for 21 months.</li> <li>1972 to 1976 – <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, due to ethnic and labor-related unrest. Elections were suspended during this period, and political rights were broadly <a href="/wiki/Circumscribed" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumscribed">circumscribed</a>.</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia in response to fears over increasing protest over the <a href="/wiki/1971_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia" title="1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia">1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia</a></li> <li>1970 to 1972 – Trinidad and Tobago; a state of emergency was declared to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Revolution" title="Black Power Revolution">Black Power Revolution</a> which also included a mutiny in the Military.</li> <li>1972 – the United Kingdom in response to increasingly <a href="/wiki/Militant_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (word)">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a>.</li> <li>October 1970 – <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> kidnappings of government officials.</li> <li>July 1967 – <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, United States in response to the <a href="/wiki/12th_Street_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Street riot">12th Street riot</a> started on Sunday morning during a <a href="/wiki/Blind_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind pig">blind pig</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_raid" title="Police raid">raid</a>.</li> <li>October 1962 – United States in response to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.</li> <li>1963 to 2011 – <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.</li> <li>1948 to 1960 – <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> in Malaysia and Singapore</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Malta_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Colony">Malta</a> due to riots against the colonial government following <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a>'s resignation.</li> <li>1950 to 1978 – United States due to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, specifically the threat of "world conquest by communist imperialism."<a href="#cite_note-espinoza-270">[270]</a></li> <li>1948 to 1991 – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> declared the state of emergency in response to the communist insurgency during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion" title="Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion">Martial law was declared</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the latter following the <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a> in 1947 but was lifted in 1987. Eventually, Mainland China fell to the victorious <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> who <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">established the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949.</li> <li>1939 to 1952 – United States due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li>1941 to 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">German advance</a> to within 19 miles (31 km) of the city during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>October 1936 – <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a> in response to the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_State_(1934)" title="Catalan State (1934)">Catalan State</a> and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike of 1934</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>18 March 1907 – <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in Romania during the <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuity of Government Plan">Continuity of Government Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">Search and seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_93-549" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Report 93-549">Senate Report 93-549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_emergency" title="Snow emergency">Snow emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">State of exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Action_Documents" title="Presidential Emergency Action Documents">Presidential Emergency Action Documents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.venice.coe.int/files/EmergencyPowersObservatory/T09-E.htm">"Observatory on emergency situations"</a>. Venice Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311234041/https://www.venice.coe.int/files/EmergencyPowersObservatory/T09-E.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observatory+on+emergency+situations&rft.pub=Venice+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.venice.coe.int%2Ffiles%2FEmergencyPowersObservatory%2FT09-E.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> See Judson, 2012, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/handle/10523/2279">Where is R2P grounded in international law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095520/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/2279/">Archived</a> 22 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, Article 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>, Article 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgamben2005">Agamben 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astho.org/Programs/Preparedness/Public-Health-Emergency-Law/Emergency-Authority-and-Immunity-Toolkit/Emergency-Declarations-and-Authorities-Fact-Sheet/">"Emergency Declarations and Authorities Fact Sheet | State Public Health | ASTHO"</a>. www.astho.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101120408/https://astho.org/Programs/Preparedness/Public-Health-Emergency-Law/Emergency-Authority-and-Immunity-Toolkit/Emergency-Declarations-and-Authorities-Fact-Sheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.astho.org&rft.atitle=Emergency+Declarations+and+Authorities+Fact+Sheet+%26%23124%3B+State+Public+Health+%26%23124%3B+ASTHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astho.org%2FPrograms%2FPreparedness%2FPublic-Health-Emergency-Law%2FEmergency-Authority-and-Immunity-Toolkit%2FEmergency-Declarations-and-Authorities-Fact-Sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12546346">"Algeria's state of emergency to be lifted 'imminently'"</a>. BBC News. 22 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225054333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12546346">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Algeria%27s+state+of+emergency+to+be+lifted+%27imminently%27&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12546346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Albania_2016">"Albania 1998 (rev. 2016)"</a>. Constitute Project. <q>During a criminal proceeding, everyone has the right: to be notified immediately and in detail of the charge made against him, of his rights, as well as to have the possibility created to notify his family or those close to him; to have the time and sufficient facilities to prepare his defence; to have free of charge assistance of a translator, when he does not speak or understand the Albanian language; to be defended by himself or with the assistance of a defence lawyer chosen by him; to communicate freely and privately with him, as well as to be assured of free defence when he does not have sufficient means; to ask witnesses who are present and to seek the presentation of witnesses, experts and other persons who can clarify the facts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+1998+%28rev.+2016%29&rft.pub=Constitute+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FAlbania_2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derecho.laguia2000.com/derecho-politico/estado-de-sitio">"State of emergency in Argentina and other Spanish-speaking countries (in Spanish)"</a>. Derecho.laguia2000.com. 22 February 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413105342/https://derecho.laguia2000.com/derecho-politico/estado-de-sitio">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+emergency+in+Argentina+and+other+Spanish-speaking+countries+%28in+Spanish%29&rft.pub=Derecho.laguia2000.com&rft.date=1999-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderecho.laguia2000.com%2Fderecho-politico%2Festado-de-sitio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_Queensland2019" class="citation web cs1">State of Queensland (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/628267/disaster-emergency-incident-plan.pdf">"Disaster and Emergency Incident Plan"</a> (PDF). Queensland Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023655/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/628267/disaster-emergency-incident-plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Government&rft.atitle=Disaster+and+Emergency+Incident+Plan&rft.date=2019-06&rft.au=State+of+Queensland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.qld.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0031%2F628267%2Fdisaster-emergency-incident-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-decl-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decl_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-decl_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nswbar.asn.au/uploads/pdf-documents/biosecurity_emergency.pdf">"Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020"</a> (PDF). New South Wales Bar Association. 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329074727/https://nswbar.asn.au/uploads/pdf-documents/biosecurity_emergency.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Bar+Association&rft.atitle=Biosecurity+%28Human+Biosecurity+Emergency%29+%28Human+Coronavirus+with+Pandemic+Potential%29+Declaration+2020&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnswbar.asn.au%2Fuploads%2Fpdf-documents%2Fbiosecurity_emergency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioact2019-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bioact2019_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00097">"Biosecurity Act 2015"</a>. Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 7 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404024036/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00097">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Biosecurity+Act+2015&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2019C00097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergdec-13"><a href="#cite_ref-emergdec_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee2020" class="citation news cs1">McPhee, Sarah (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/coronavirus-australia-human-biosecurity-emergency-declared/news-story/cd7fbff78297c076c8bb774595459c59">"Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia"</a>. News.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416205159/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/coronavirus-australia-human-biosecurity-emergency-declared/news-story/cd7fbff78297c076c8bb774595459c59">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=Human+biosecurity+emergency+declared+in+Australia&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2Fcoronavirus-australia-human-biosecurity-emergency-declared%2Fnews-story%2Fcd7fbff78297c076c8bb774595459c59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989 (NSW) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/searma1989331/s4.html">s 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-15"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/174823/Bush-Fire-Bulletin-Vol-42-No1.pdf">"Unprecedented season breaks all records"</a> (PDF). Bush Fire Bulletin. 42 (1). Sydney: NSW Rural Fire Service: 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1033-7598">1033-7598</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911151236/https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/174823/Bush-Fire-Bulletin-Vol-42-No1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bush+Fire+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Unprecedented+season+breaks+all+records&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.issn=1033-7598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfs.nsw.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0007%2F174823%2FBush-Fire-Bulletin-Vol-42-No1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2020-02-14-16"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2020-02-14_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao,_Frances2020" class="citation news cs1">Mao, Frances (14 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51498193">"Australia weather: How much rain did it take to put out NSW fires?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215172011/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51498193">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+weather%3A+How+much+rain+did+it+take+to+put+out+NSW+fires%3F&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.au=Mao%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-51498193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/pspa1958298/">Public Safety Preservation Act 1958</a> (VIC) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jan/03/victoria-fires-state-of-disaster-declared-as-evacuation-ordered-and-second-man-found-dead">"Victorian fires: state of disaster declared as evacuation ordered and 28 people missing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Australia" title="Guardian Australia">Guardian Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press" title="Australian Associated Press">Australian Associated Press</a>. 3 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104033503/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jan/03/victoria-fires-state-of-disaster-declared-as-evacuation-ordered-and-second-man-found-dead">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Australia&rft.atitle=Victorian+fires%3A+state+of+disaster+declared+as+evacuation+ordered+and+28+people+missing&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2020%2Fjan%2F03%2Fvictoria-fires-state-of-disaster-declared-as-evacuation-ordered-and-second-man-found-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/esa1958208/">Essential Services Act 1958</a> (VIC) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Essential Services Act 1958 (VIC) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/esa1958208/s5.html">s 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Emergency Management Act 1986 (VIC) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ema1986190/s23.html">s 23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey,_Anne2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (2 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-a-state-of-disaster-and-what-powers-does-it-confer-143807">"Explainer: what is a 'state of disaster' and what powers does it confer?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023743/https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-a-state-of-disaster-and-what-powers-does-it-confer-143807">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+what+is+a+%27state+of+disaster%27+and+what+powers+does+it+confer%3F&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft.au=Twomey%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fexplainer-what-is-a-state-of-disaster-and-what-powers-does-it-confer-143807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 , s 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm">"Presidência da República Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicosur"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530055817/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presid%C3%AAncia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+Casa+Civil+Subchefia+para+Assuntos+Jur%C3%ADdicosur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fconstituicao%2Fconstituicao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105195914/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/E-4.5/bo-ga%3Al_III-gb%3As_35//en#anchorbo-ga:l_III-gb:s_35">"Emergencies Act"</a>. Laws.justice.gc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/E-4.5/bo-ga:l_III-gb:s_35//en#anchorbo-ga:l_III-gb:s_35">the original</a> on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergencies+Act&rft.pub=Laws.justice.gc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.justice.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fshowdoc%2Fcs%2FE-4.5%2Fbo-ga%3Al_III-gb%3As_35%2F%2Fen%23anchorbo-ga%3Al_III-gb%3As_35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105200003/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowTdm/cs/E-4.5///en">"Emergencies Act"</a>. Laws.justice.gc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowTdm/cs/E-4.5///en">the original</a> on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergencies+Act&rft.pub=Laws.justice.gc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.justice.gc.ca%2Fen%2FShowTdm%2Fcs%2FE-4.5%2F%2F%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111456/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/stateofemergency/">"State of Emergency FAQ"</a>. Cbc.ca. 7 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/stateofemergency/">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+of+Emergency+FAQ&rft.date=2003-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Fstateofemergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2022" class="citation news cs1">Major, Darren (21 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-emergencies-act-vote-1.6359243">"Emergencies Act passes crucial House of Commons vote with NDP support"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222000457/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-emergencies-act-vote-1.6359243">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Emergencies+Act+passes+crucial+House+of+Commons+vote+with+NDP+support&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-emergencies-act-vote-1.6359243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallTunney2020" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Chris; Tunney, Catharine (9 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-province-letter-1.5526496">"As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never-used Emergencies Act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817011007/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-province-letter-1.5526496">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=As+supply+concerns+grow%2C+Ottawa+lays+the+groundwork+for+never-used+Emergencies+Act&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Tunney%2C+Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Femergencies-act-province-letter-1.5526496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochraneCullenTunney2020" class="citation news cs1">Cochrane, David; Cullen, Catharine; Tunney, Catharine (10 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-premiers-consensus-1.5529119">"Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715112237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-premiers-consensus-1.5529119">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Need+for+Emergencies+Act+rejected+by+premiers+on+call+with+PM&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cullen%2C+Catharine&rft.au=Tunney%2C+Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Femergencies-act-premiers-consensus-1.5529119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_31-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emerglobal.com/lex/law-1958-162">Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134440/http://www.emerglobal.com/lex/law-1958-162">Archived</a> 19 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Arabic) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerglobal.com/lex">EMERglobal Lex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928102732/https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B7-KFQOKhAl1ZjAxNzkwMWItMGJhMS00NTg1LTk4NjgtOTRhZmIzYmQ4ZTI0&hl=en">Archived</a> 28 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, part of the Edinburgh Middle East Report. Retrieved 2 April 2010.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134440/http://www.emerglobal.com/lex/law-1958-162">"Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law) – Edinburgh Middle East Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emerglobal.com/lex/law-1958-162">the original</a> on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+1958%2F162+%28Emergency+Law%29+%E2%80%93+Edinburgh+Middle+East+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerglobal.com%2Flex%2Flaw-1958-162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shehata-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Shehata_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehata2004" class="citation web cs1">Shehata, Samer (26 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817115206/http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/archives/mideast/shehata/">"Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States"</a>. Contemporary Conflicts. Social Science Research Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/archives/mideast/shehata/">the original</a> on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Conflicts&rft.atitle=Egypt+After+9%2F11%3A+Perceptions+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2004-03-26&rft.aulast=Shehata&rft.aufirst=Samer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconconflicts.ssrc.org%2Farchives%2Fmideast%2Fshehata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Ahram_Weekly-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Ahram_Weekly_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Ahram_Weekly_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919181012/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/759/eg8.htm">"Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Enough is still enough"</a>. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 14 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/759/eg8.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly+%26%23124%3B+Egypt+%26%23124%3B+Enough+is+still+enough&rft.pub=Weekly.ahram.org.eg&rft.date=2005-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2005%2F759%2Feg8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173556/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-egypt-anniversary-idUSBRE90N1E620130128">"Violence flares in Egypt after emergency law imposed"</a>. Reuters. 28 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-egypt-anniversary-idUSBRE90N1E620130128">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Violence+flares+in+Egypt+after+emergency+law+imposed&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fus-egypt-anniversary-idUSBRE90N1E620130128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-35"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/egypt-emergency-law/index.html">"Egypt lifts unpopular emergency law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 31 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226062221/http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/egypt-emergency-law/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+lifts+unpopular+emergency+law&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F05%2F31%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fegypt-emergency-law%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700663">"Egypt declares national emergency"</a>. BBC News. 14 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327000849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700663">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+declares+national+emergency&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-23700663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/egypt-in-state-of-emergency-as-clashes-leave-278-dead-1.1303479">"Egypt in state of emergency as clashes leave 278 dead"</a>. CBC News. 14 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910021155/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/08/14/egypt-mohammed-morsi-sit-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+in+state+of+emergency+as+clashes+leave+278+dead&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fegypt-in-state-of-emergency-as-clashes-leave-278-dead-1.1303479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000695350">"Loi n°55-385 du 3 avril 1955 instituant un état d'urgence et en déclarant l'application en Algérie"</a> (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430174409/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000695350">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+n%C2%B055-385+du+3+avril+1955+instituant+un+%C3%A9tat+d%27urgence+et+en+d%C3%A9clarant+l%27application+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=Legifrance.gouv.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000695350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Weimar constitution technically remained in effect throughout the Nazi era (1933–1945). </li> <li id="cite_note-ReichstagFireDecree-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ReichstagFireDecree_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/reichstag-fire-decree">"Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State"</a>. 28 February 1933. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510205450/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/reichstag-fire-decree">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+of+the+Reich+President+for+the+Protection+of+People+and+State&rft.date=1933-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Freichstag-fire-decree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich">The Coming of the Third Reich</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3"><bdi>0-14-303469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-303469-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basiclaw.gov.hk-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-basiclaw.gov.hk_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-basiclaw.gov.hk_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/pda/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html">"Basic Law Full Text – pda – chapter (2)"</a>. www.basiclaw.gov.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522063206/https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/pda/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.basiclaw.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+Full+Text+%E2%80%93+pda+%E2%80%93+chapter+%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basiclaw.gov.hk%2Fpda%2Fen%2Fbasiclawtext%2Fchapter_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383602.htm">"laws"</a>. www.npc.gov.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009084357/http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383602.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fzgrdw%2Fenglishnpc%2FLaw%2F2007-12%2F11%2Fcontent_1383602.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707053749/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001">"Hong Kong e-Legislation"</a>. www.elegislation.gov.hk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001">the original</a> on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elegislation.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+e-Legislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elegislation.gov.hk%2Fcheckconfig%2FcheckClientConfig.jsp%3FapplicationId%3DRA001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/ord/241/">"CAP 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance"</a>. www.hklii.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421120032/https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/ord/241">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hklii.hk&rft.atitle=CAP+241+Emergency+Regulations+Ordinance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hklii.hk%2Feng%2Fhk%2Flegis%2Ford%2F241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/reg/241K/">"CAP 241K PROHIBITION ON FACE COVERING REGULATION"</a>. www.hklii.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227140120/https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/reg/241K/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hklii.hk&rft.atitle=CAP+241K+PROHIBITION+ON+FACE+COVERING+REGULATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hklii.hk%2Feng%2Fhk%2Flegis%2Freg%2F241K%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201910/04/P2019100400613.htm">"Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation gazetted"</a>. www.info.gov.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009045651/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201910/04/P2019100400613.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.info.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Prohibition+on+Face+Covering+Regulation+gazetted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F201910%2F04%2FP2019100400613.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2019/10/20191004/20191004_181429_379.html">"Anti-mask law gazetted"</a>. Hong Kong's Information Services Department (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920024122/http://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2019/10/20191004/20191004_181429_379.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong%27s+Information+Services+Department&rft.atitle=Anti-mask+law+gazetted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.gov.hk%2Feng%2F2019%2F10%2F20191004%2F20191004_181429_379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1485021-20191008.htm?archive_date=2019-10-08">"Judge explains reason for not allowing injunction – RTHK"</a>. news.rthk.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010054909/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1485021-20191008.htm%3Farchive_date%3D2019-10-08">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.rthk.hk&rft.atitle=Judge+explains+reason+for+not+allowing+injunction+%E2%80%93+RTHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1485021-20191008.htm%3Farchive_date%3D2019-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2019/2820.html">"KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (18 November 2019)"</a>. www.hklii.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704142831/https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2019/2820.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hklii.hk&rft.atitle=KWOK+WING+HANG+AND+OTHERS+v.+CHIEF+EXECUTIVE+IN+COUNCIL+AND+ANOTHER+%5B2019%5D+HKCFI+2820%3B+HCAL+2945%2F2019+%2818+November+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hklii.hk%2Feng%2Fhk%2Fcases%2Fhkcfi%2F2019%2F2820.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=125575&currpage=T">""KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)"</a>. legalref.judiciary.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704142833/https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=125575&currpage=T">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legalref.judiciary.hk&rft.atitle=%22KWOK+WING+HANG+AND+OTHERS+v.+CHIEF+EXECUTIVE+IN+COUNCIL+AND+ANOTHER+%5B2019%5D+HKCFI+2820%3B+HCAL+2945%2F2019+%2822+November+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalref.judiciary.hk%2Flrs%2Fcommon%2Fju%2Fju_frame.jsp%3FDIS%3D125575%26currpage%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2019/2884.html">"KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2884; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)"</a>. www.hklii.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704142833/https://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2019/2884.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hklii.hk&rft.atitle=KWOK+WING+HANG+AND+OTHERS+v.+CHIEF+EXECUTIVE+IN+COUNCIL+AND+ANOTHER+%5B2019%5D+HKCFI+2884%3B+HCAL+2945%2F2019+%2822+November+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hklii.hk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsinodisp%2Feng%2Fhk%2Fcases%2Fhkcfi%2F2019%2F2884.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandard" class="citation web cs1">Standard, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=137669&story_id=137669&d_str=20191126&sid=4">"Anti-mask ruling appeal set for January"</a>. The Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704142835/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/3/137669/Anti-mask-ruling-appeal-set-for-January">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Anti-mask+ruling+appeal+set+for+January&rft.aulast=Standard&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fbreaking-news.php%3Fid%3D137669%26story_id%3D137669%26d_str%3D20191126%26sid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1494828-20191127.htm?">"Court extends anti-mask law suspension, say pan-dems – RTHK"</a>. news.rthk.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128160638/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1494828-20191127.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.rthk.hk&rft.atitle=Court+extends+anti-mask+law+suspension%2C+say+pan-dems+%E2%80%93+RTHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1494828-20191127.htm%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3039657/hong-kong-government-gets-more-time-prepare-case">"Ruling that Hong Kong mask ban is invalid suspended until December 10"</a>. South China Morning Post. 27 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212060640/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3039657/hong-kong-government-gets-more-time-prepare-case">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ruling+that+Hong+Kong+mask+ban+is+invalid+suspended+until+December+10&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Flaw-and-crime%2Farticle%2F3039657%2Fhong-kong-government-gets-more-time-prepare-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3041440/hong-kong-mask-ban-court-refuses-government-request">"Hong Kong court lifts mask ban, refusing government request to suspend earlier ruling"</a>. South China Morning Post. 10 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212060616/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3041440/hong-kong-mask-ban-court-refuses-government-request">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+court+lifts+mask+ban%2C+refusing+government+request+to+suspend+earlier+ruling&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Flaw-and-crime%2Farticle%2F3041440%2Fhong-kong-mask-ban-court-refuses-government-request&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandard" class="citation web cs1">Standard, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=138269&sid=4">"Court of Appeal rejects mask ban ruling suspension"</a>. The Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023624/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/3/138269/Court-of-Appeal-rejects-mask-ban-ruling-suspension">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Court+of+Appeal+rejects+mask+ban+ruling+suspension&rft.aulast=Standard&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fbreaking-news.php%3Fid%3D138269%26sid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1496937-20191210.htm?">"Court deals govt blow over mask ban ruling – RTHK"</a>. news.rthk.hk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211151854/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1496937-20191210.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.rthk.hk&rft.atitle=Court+deals+govt+blow+over+mask+ban+ruling+%E2%80%93+RTHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1496937-20191210.htm%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-59"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1999" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Granville (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ">Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564888-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564888-9"><bdi>0-19-564888-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023701/https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+a+Democratic+Constitution%3A+The+Indian+Experience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-564888-9&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr42bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article28_3_3">"Article 28.3.3°"</a>. Constitution of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article28_3_3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+28.3.3%C2%B0&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.series=Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article28_3_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article38_4_1">"Article 38.4.1°"</a>. Constitution of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article38_4_1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+38.4.1%C2%B0&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.series=Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article38_4_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article40_4_5">"Article 40.4.5°"</a>. Constitution of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article40_4_5">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+40.4.5%C2%B0&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.series=Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article40_4_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/ca/1/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1">"First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1939., Section 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055410/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/ca/1/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=First+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+Act%2C+1939.%2C+Section+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1939%2Fca%2F1%2Fsection%2F1%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1941/ca/2/schedule/enacted/en/html#sched">"Second Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1941., Schedule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. Ref No.22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055407/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1941/ca/2/schedule/enacted/en/html#sched">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Second+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+Act%2C+1941.%2C+Schedule&rft.pages=Ref+No.22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1941%2Fca%2F2%2Fschedule%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sched&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/ca/21/schedule/enacted/en/html#sched-partii">"Twenty-First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2001, Schedule, Part ii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055153/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/ca/21/schedule/enacted/en/html#sched-partii">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. <q>In Article 28.3.3°, to insert "other than Article 15.5.2°" after "Constitution";</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Twenty-First+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+Act%2C+2001%2C+Schedule%2C+Part+ii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2001%2Fca%2F21%2Fschedule%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sched-partii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1939090200001">"Proceedings of 2 September 1939"</a>. Dáil Éireann debates. pp. Vol.77 cc.1–190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061307/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1939090200001">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+2+September+1939&rft.pages=Vol.77+cc.1-190&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1939090200001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/act/28/enacted/en/html">"Emergency Powers Act, 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184714/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/act/28/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Emergency+Powers+Act%2C+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1939%2Fact%2F28%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dail1946061800019-68"><a href="#cite_ref-dail1946061800019_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail1946061800019">"Supplies and Services (Temporary Provisions) Bill, 1946—Second Stage"</a>. Dáil Éireann Debates. 18 June 1946. pp. Vol.101 No.15 p.19 cc.2063–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075908/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail1946061800019">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+Debates&rft.atitle=Supplies+and+Services+%28Temporary+Provisions%29+Bill%2C+1946%E2%80%94Second+Stage.&rft.pages=Vol.101+No.15+p.19+cc.2063-94&rft.date=1946-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2FDebatesWebPack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1946061800019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1957/act/3/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2">"Supplies and Services (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1946 (Continuance) Act, 1957, Section 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055241/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1957/act/3/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Supplies+and+Services+%28Temporary+Provisions%29+Act%2C+1946+%28Continuance%29+Act%2C+1957%2C+Section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1957%2Fact%2F3%2Fsection%2F2%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sec2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1976083100004">"National Emergency: Motion"</a>. Dáil debates. 31 August 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061305/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1976083100004">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+debates&rft.atitle=National+Emergency%3A+Motion&rft.date=1976-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1976083100004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1976090100004">"National Emergency: Motion (Resumed)"</a>. Dáil debates. 1 September 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061321/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1976090100004">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+debates&rft.atitle=National+Emergency%3A+Motion+%28Resumed%29.&rft.date=1976-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1976090100004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1976/act/33/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2">"Emergency Powers Act, 1976, Section 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060151/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1976/act/33/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Emergency+Powers+Act%2C+1976%2C+Section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1976%2Fact%2F33%2Fsection%2F2%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sec2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/%28WebFiles%29/8AE4D75D995AA3FA802575F3002D5D4F/$FILE/Emergency%20Powers_%5B1977%5D%20IR%20159.htm">In re Article 26 and the Emergency Powers Bill 1976</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817220022/http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/8AE4D75D995AA3FA802575F3002D5D4F/$FILE/Emergency%20Powers_%5B1977%5D%20IR%20159.htm">Archived</a> 17 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Supreme Court </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1995020700023">"Cessation of State of Emergency: Motion"</a>. Dáil debates. 7 February 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061158/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1995020700023">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+debates&rft.atitle=Cessation+of+State+of+Emergency%3A+Motion.&rft.date=1995-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1995020700023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oas1939-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oas1939_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oas1939_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/act/13/enacted/en/html">"Offences Against the State Act, 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727204900/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1939/act/13/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Offences+Against+the+State+Act%2C+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1939%2Fact%2F13%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1940/act/2/enacted/en/index.html">"Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1940"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126050814/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1940/act/2/enacted/en/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Offences+Against+the+State+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+1940&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1940%2Fact%2F2%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongaigh2006" class="citation book cs1">Longaigh, Seosamh Ó (2006). Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, 1922–1948. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-922-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-922-4"><bdi>978-1-85182-922-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Law+in+Independent+Ireland%2C+1922%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-922-4&rft.aulast=Longaigh&rft.aufirst=Seosamh+%C3%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article38_3_1">"Article 38.3.1°"</a>. Constitution of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article38_3_1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+38.3.1%C2%B0&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.series=Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article38_3_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Mahony2002-77"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Mahony2002_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zx422jZOYfkC&pg=PA7">Criminal Justice in Ireland</a>. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902448-71-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902448-71-8"><bdi>978-1-902448-71-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+in+Ireland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902448-71-8&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzx422jZOYfkC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Hederman Report 2002, Chapter 5 generally, especially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/hederman%20report.pdf/Files/hederman%20report.pdf#page=75">§§ 5.28–33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911062112/http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/hederman%20report.pdf/Files/hederman%20report.pdf#page=75">Archived</a> 11 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis2005-79"><a href="#cite_ref-davis2005_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Fergal Francis (2007). The History and Development of the Special Criminal Court 1922–2005. Dublin: Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-013-7"><bdi>978-1-84682-013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Development+of+the+Special+Criminal+Court+1922%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84682-013-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Fergal+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1972/si/147/made/en/print">"S.I. No. 147/1972 – Offences Against The State Act, 1939 (No. 13 of 1939) Special Criminal Court Rules, 1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165820/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1972/si/147/made/en/print">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=S.I.+No.+147%2F1972+%E2%80%93+Offences+Against+The+State+Act%2C+1939+%28No.+13+of+1939%29+Special+Criminal+Court+Rules%2C+1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1972%2Fsi%2F147%2Fmade%2Fen%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Fergal (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/special-criminal-court-is-necessary-in-flawed-justice-system-1.2534450">"Special Criminal Court is necessary in flawed justice system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512093954/http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/special-criminal-court-is-necessary-in-flawed-justice-system-1.2534450">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Special+Criminal+Court+is+necessary+in+flawed+justice+system&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Fergal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fspecial-criminal-court-is-necessary-in-flawed-justice-system-1.2534450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAll-Party_Oireachtas_Committee_on_the_Constitution2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184650/https://www.constitution.ie/Documents/Oireachtas%208th-Report-Government%202003.pdf#page=16">"Article 28.3.3°: state of emergency and time-limit"</a> (PDF). Eighth Progress Report: Government. Official publications. Vol. Pn 3795. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7076-3858-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7076-3858-5"><bdi>0-7076-3858-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitution.ie/Documents/Oireachtas%208th-Report-Government%202003.pdf#page=16">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+28.3.3%C2%B0%3A+state+of+emergency+and+time-limit&rft.btitle=Eighth+Progress+Report%3A+Government&rft.place=Dublin&rft.series=Official+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7076-3858-5&rft.au=All-Party+Oireachtas+Committee+on+the+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ie%2FDocuments%2FOireachtas%25208th-Report-Government%25202003.pdf%23page%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitution_Review_Group1996" class="citation web cs1">Constitution Review Group (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184547/http://archive.constitution.ie/reports/crg.pdf#page=84">"Report"</a> (PDF). "The Government, § 3: whether Article 28.3 should be amended to provide for a limit on the period during which a law enacting a state of emergency continues to have effect and for preserving certain rights during that period" and "Trial of Offences, § 4: special courts". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.constitution.ie/reports/crg.pdf#page=84">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report&rft.pages=%22The+Government%2C+%C2%A7+3%3A+whether+Article+28.3+should+be+amended+to+provide+for+a+limit+on+the+period+during+which+a+law+enacting+a+state+of+emergency+continues+to+have+effect+and+for+preserving+certain+rights+during+that+period%22+and+%22Trial+of+Offences%2C+%C2%A7+4%3A+special+courts%22&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Constitution+Review+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.constitution.ie%2Freports%2Fcrg.pdf%23page%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Hederman Report 2002, Chapter 9 generally, especially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/hederman%20report.pdf/Files/hederman%20report.pdf#page=213">§ 9.44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911062112/http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/hederman%20report.pdf/Files/hederman%20report.pdf#page=213">Archived</a> 11 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/home#eme_ambientale">Stati di emergenza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225740/http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/home#eme_ambientale">Archived</a> 2 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Protezione Civile </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Le situazioni di emergenza e di grave necessità pubblica, in La pubblica sicurezza, G. Motzo, <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, 1967 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12431137/stato_di_eccezione_ed_ordinamento_democratico">Lo stato di eccezione ed ordinamento democratico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106140150/https://www.academia.edu/12431137/stato_di_eccezione_ed_ordinamento_democratico">Archived</a> 6 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Giampiero Buonomo </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-28/conte-says-italy-to-extend-state-of-emergency-to-october">Conte Says Italy to Extend State of Emergency to October</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729104210/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-28/conte-says-italy-to-extend-state-of-emergency-to-october">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bloomberg </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Clause 1(A), Article 150, Constitution of Malaysia </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071115004942/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-30475820071113?pageNumber=1">"Malaysia lives under state of emergency — EU envoy"</a>. Reuters. 13 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-30475820071113?pageNumber=1">the original</a> on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Malaysia+lives+under+state+of+emergency+%E2%80%94+EU+envoy&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidINIndia-30475820071113%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018014417/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/749914">"PM declares haze emergency in Muar and Ledang"</a>. theSundaily. 23 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaily.my/news/749914">the original</a> on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+declares+haze+emergency+in+Muar+and+Ledang&rft.pub=theSundaily&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaily.my%2Fnews%2F749914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/12/malaysia-declares-covid-state-of-emergency-amid-political-turmoil">"Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political turmoil"</a>. the Guardian. 12 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016184552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/12/malaysia-declares-covid-state-of-emergency-amid-political-turmoil">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Malaysia+declares+Covid+state+of+emergency+amid+political+turmoil&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjan%2F12%2Fmalaysia-declares-covid-state-of-emergency-amid-political-turmoil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalansamy2021" class="citation web cs1">Palansamy, Yiswaree (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/15/emergency-ordinance-allows-agong-to-take-temporary-possession-of-land-build/1940712">"Emergency Ordinance allows Agong to take temporary possession of any private property | Malay Mail"</a>. Malay Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212530/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/15/emergency-ordinance-allows-agong-to-take-temporary-possession-of-land-build/1940712">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Emergency+Ordinance+allows+Agong+to+take+temporary+possession+of+any+private+property+%7C+Malay+Mail&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Palansamy&rft.aufirst=Yiswaree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2021%2F01%2F15%2Femergency-ordinance-allows-agong-to-take-temporary-possession-of-land-build%2F1940712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/maldives-chief-justice-abdulla-saeed-arrested-as-president-abdulla-yameen-declares-state-of-emergenc-1809050">"Maldives Chief Justice Abdulla Saeed Arrested As President Abdulla Yameen declares state of emergency"</a>. NDTV news. 6 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206042912/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/maldives-chief-justice-abdulla-saeed-arrested-as-president-abdulla-yameen-declares-state-of-emergenc-1809050">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maldives+Chief+Justice+Abdulla+Saeed+Arrested+As+President+Abdulla+Yameen+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.pub=NDTV+news&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fmaldives-chief-justice-abdulla-saeed-arrested-as-president-abdulla-yameen-declares-state-of-emergenc-1809050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> 0,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2016/6056.pdf">Declaration of State of Emergency: National Disaster (Drought): Namibian Constitution. Government Gazette, Republic of Namibia, No 6056, 28 June 2016.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111202/http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2016/6056.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0033/latest/DLM149789.html">"Civil Defense Emergency Management Act 2002"</a>. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309141947/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0033/latest/DLM149789.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Defense+Emergency+Management+Act+2002&rft.pub=Legislation.govt.nz&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F2002%2F0033%2Flatest%2FDLM149789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/nz/legis/num_reg/wser1951422.pdf">"Waterfront Strike Emergency Regulations 1951"</a> (PDF). New Zealand Legal Information Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034453/http://www.nzlii.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/nz/legis/num_reg/wser1951422.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterfront+Strike+Emergency+Regulations+1951&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdownload.cgi%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdownload.cgi%2Fdownload%2Fnz%2Flegis%2Fnum_reg%2Fwser1951422.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergency-98"><a href="#cite_ref-emergency_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/death-toll-75-national-emergency-declared-4038747">"Death toll at 75, national emergency declared"</a>. Television New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225195444/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/death-toll-75-national-emergency-declared-4038747">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+toll+at+75%2C+national+emergency+declared&rft.pub=Television+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Fnational-news%2Fdeath-toll-75-national-emergency-declared-4038747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLSocRP10051/canterbury-earthquake-timeline-government-s-and-parliament-s">"Canterbury earthquake timeline: Government's and Parliament's response – New Zealand Parliament"</a>. www.parliament.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213104/https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLSocRP10051/canterbury-earthquake-timeline-government-s-and-parliament-s">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.nz&rft.atitle=Canterbury+earthquake+timeline%3A+Government%27s+and+Parliament%27s+response+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fen%2Fpb%2Fresearch-papers%2Fdocument%2F00PLSocRP10051%2Fcanterbury-earthquake-timeline-government-s-and-parliament-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerald" class="citation web cs1">Herald, N. Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/coronavirus-covid-19-state-of-emergency-declared-in-new-zealand-50-new-cases-confirmed/">"Covid-19: State of emergency declared in New Zealand"</a>. ZB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325014330/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/coronavirus-covid-19-state-of-emergency-declared-in-new-zealand-50-new-cases-confirmed/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZB&rft.atitle=Covid-19%3A+State+of+emergency+declared+in+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Herald&rft.aufirst=N.+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalkzb.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-state-of-emergency-declared-in-new-zealand-50-new-cases-confirmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenare2020" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Henare, Peeni (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/state-national-emergency-extended-4">"State of National Emergency extended"</a> (Press release). Beehive.govt.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427004212/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/state-national-emergency-extended-4">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+National+Emergency+extended&rft.pub=Beehive.govt.nz&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Henare&rft.aufirst=Peeni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2Frelease%2Fstate-national-emergency-extended-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213220210/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64630183">"Cyclone Gabrielle: New Zealand declares state of emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64630183">the original</a> on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cyclone+Gabrielle%3A+New+Zealand+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-64630183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAnulty2023" class="citation web cs1">McAnulty, Kieran (14 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/state-national-emergency-declared">"State of National Emergency Declared"</a>. Beehive.govt.nz. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214025516/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/state-national-emergency-declared">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beehive.govt.nz&rft.atitle=State+of+National+Emergency+Declared&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=McAnulty&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2Frelease%2Fstate-national-emergency-declared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018014417/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/14/us-nigeria-emergency-idUSBRE94D0ZH20130514">"Nigeria declares emergency in areas hit by Islamists"</a>. Reuters. 14 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/14/us-nigeria-emergency-idUSBRE94D0ZH20130514">the original</a> on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+declares+emergency+in+areas+hit+by+Islamists&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F14%2Fus-nigeria-emergency-idUSBRE94D0ZH20130514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16373531">"Boko Haram attacks prompt Nigeria state of emergency"</a>. BBC News. 1 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234424/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16373531">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boko+Haram+attacks+prompt+Nigeria+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-16373531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRP134-106"><a href="#cite_ref-CRP134_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/part-iii">"Article 134 (Personal competences)"</a>. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023740/https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/error">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Article+134+%28Personal+competences%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fpart-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRP19-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRP19_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRP19_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/part-i">"Article 19 (Suspension of the exercise of rights)"</a>. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204164538/https://dre.pt/part-i">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Article+19+%28Suspension+of+the+exercise+of+rights%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fpart-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRP172-108"><a href="#cite_ref-CRP172_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/part-iii">"Article 172 (Dissolution)"</a>. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144902/https://dre.pt/part-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Article+172+%28Dissolution%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fpart-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRP289-109"><a href="#cite_ref-CRP289_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/part-iv">"Article 289 (Circumstances in which revision is restricted)"</a>. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170358/https://dre.pt/part-iv">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Article+289+%28Circumstances+in+which+revision+is+restricted%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fpart-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRP138-110"><a href="#cite_ref-CRP138_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/part-iii">"Article 138 (Declaration of a state of siege or of a state of emergency)"</a>. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144902/https://dre.pt/part-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Article+138+%28Declaration+of+a+state+of+siege+or+of+a+state+of+emergency%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fpart-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2020/03/18/politica/noticia/papel-militares-muda-estado-sitio-estado-emergencia-1908257">"Papel dos militares muda entre estado de sítio e estado de emergência"</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Portugal)" title="Público (Portugal)">Público</a> (in Portuguese). 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320025324/https://www.publico.pt/2020/03/18/politica/noticia/papel-militares-muda-estado-sitio-estado-emergencia-1908257">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=Papel+dos+militares+muda+entre+estado+de+s%C3%ADtio+e+estado+de+emerg%C3%AAncia&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2020%2F03%2F18%2Fpolitica%2Fnoticia%2Fpapel-militares-muda-estado-sitio-estado-emergencia-1908257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeiDeBasesProCiv-112"><a href="#cite_ref-LeiDeBasesProCiv_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/66285526/indice">"Lei de Bases da Protecção Civil (Lei n.º 27/2006)"</a>. Diário da República Eletrónico. Diário da República n.º 126/2006, Série I de 3 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807145005/https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/66285526/indice">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+Eletr%C3%B3nico&rft.atitle=Lei+de+Bases+da+Protec%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Civil+%28Lei+n.%C2%BA+27%2F2006%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Flegislacao-consolidada%2F-%2Flc%2F66285526%2Findice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zona-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zona_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zona_113-1">b</a> Silviu Molnar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/chevron-shale-security-zone-pungesti-romania">Security Zone in Pungesti Heavily Criticized by European Greens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120250/http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/chevron-shale-security-zone-pungesti-romania">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Natural Gas Europe, 19 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> (in Romanian)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adevarul.ro/locale/vaslui/video-comuna-pungesti-declarata-zona-speciala-siguranta-publica-1_52a46389c7b855ff568bb1f6/index.html">Comuna Pungești, declarată "zonă specială de siguranță publică</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214010425/http://adevarul.ro/locale/vaslui/video-comuna-pungesti-declarata-zona-speciala-siguranta-publica-1_52a46389c7b855ff568bb1f6/index.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Adevărul, 19 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Gabriel Petrescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/riot-police-special-security-zone-chevron-romania">Chevron Moves Forward in Romania Following Establishment of Special Security Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092801/http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/riot-police-special-security-zone-chevron-romania">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Natural Gas Europe, 14 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114141012/https://statehouse.gov.sl/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Statement-by-His-Excellency-Julius-Maada-Bio-President-of-the-Republic-of-Sierra-Leone-on-the-Declaration-of-Rape-and-Sexual-Violence-as-Public-Emergency-Freetown-7-February-2019.pdf">"Statement for the Declaration of Rape and Sexual Violence as a National Emergency by His Excellency President Julius Maada Bio State House, 7th February 2019"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statehouse.gov.sl/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Statement-by-His-Excellency-Julius-Maada-Bio-President-of-the-Republic-of-Sierra-Leone-on-the-Declaration-of-Rape-and-Sexual-Violence-as-Public-Emergency-Freetown-7-February-2019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+for+the+Declaration+of+Rape+and+Sexual+Violence+as+a+National+Emergency+by+His+Excellency+President+Julius+Maada+Bio+State+House%2C+7th+February+2019.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatehouse.gov.sl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FStatement-by-His-Excellency-Julius-Maada-Bio-President-of-the-Republic-of-Sierra-Leone-on-the-Declaration-of-Rape-and-Sexual-Violence-as-Public-Emergency-Freetown-7-February-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2020-03/Declaration%20of%20a%20State%20of%20Public%20Emergency%20by%20His%20Excellency%2C%20Dr.%20Julius%20Maada%20Bio%2C%20President%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Sierra%20Leone.%20Freetown%2C%20Sierra%20Leone%20%E2%80%93%2024%20March%202020.pdf">"Declaration of a State of Public Emergency by His Excellency, Dr. Julius Maada Bio, President of the Republic of Sierra Leone"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182708/https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2020-03/Declaration%20of%20a%20State%20of%20Public%20Emergency%20by%20His%20Excellency,%20Dr.%20Julius%20Maada%20Bio,%20President%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Sierra%20Leone.%20Freetown,%20Sierra%20Leone%20%E2%80%93%2024%20March%202020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+a+State+of+Public+Emergency+by+His+Excellency%2C+Dr.+Julius+Maada+Bio%2C+President+of+the+Republic+of+Sierra+Leone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.who.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-03%2FDeclaration%2520of%2520a%2520State%2520of%2520Public%2520Emergency%2520by%2520His%2520Excellency%252C%2520Dr.%2520Julius%2520Maada%2520Bio%252C%2520President%2520of%2520the%2520Republic%2520of%2520Sierra%2520Leone.%2520Freetown%252C%2520Sierra%2520Leone%2520%25E2%2580%2593%252024%2520March%25202020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr150-&ViewType=Within&Phrase=emergency&WiAl=1">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr150-&ViewType=Within&Phrase=emergency&WiAl=1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act-Rev/EEPA1964/Published/19870330?DocDate=19870330">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act-Rev/EEPA1964/Published/19870330?DocDate=19870330</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/EEPA1964/Repealed/20210301?DocDate=20210218">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/EEPA1964/Repealed/20210301?DocDate=20210218</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=5896ad6b-03ab-4d31-80a7-dbebb2bb17d7">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=5896ad6b-03ab-4d31-80a7-dbebb2bb17d7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19600420-1.2.72">https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19600420-1.2.72</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960">https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-bor-handbook-124"><a href="#cite_ref-sa-bor-handbook_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurriede_Waal2005" class="citation book cs1">Currie, Iain; de Waal, Johan (2005). "Chapter Thirty-three: States of Emergency". The Bill of Rights Handbook (5th ed.). Cape Town: Juta & Company Ltd. pp. 798–806. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7021-5923-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7021-5923-7"><bdi>978-0-7021-5923-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Thirty-three%3A+States+of+Emergency&rft.btitle=The+Bill+of+Rights+Handbook&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E798-%3C%2Fspan%3E806&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Juta+%26+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7021-5923-7&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=de+Waal%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsRomeroÁlvarez2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mars, A.; Romero, A.; Álvarez, P. (4 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2010/12/04/actualidad/1291454218_850215.html">"El Gobierno declara el estado de alarma y moviliza a los controladores"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Prisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisa">Prisa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026220505/https://elpais.com/elpais/2010/12/04/actualidad/1291454218_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Gobierno+declara+el+estado+de+alarma+y+moviliza+a+los+controladores&rft.date=2010-12-04&rft.aulast=Mars&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Romero%2C+A.&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2010%2F12%2F04%2Factualidad%2F1291454218_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/12/04/espana/1291425368.html">"El Gobierno declara el estado de alarma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Unidad_Editorial" title="Unidad Editorial">Unidad Editorial</a> Internet, S.L. 5 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006202147/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/12/04/espana/1291425368.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+Gobierno+declara+el+estado+de+alarma&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2010%2F12%2F04%2Fespana%2F1291425368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11918008">"Striking Spain air traffic controllers return to work"</a>. BBC. 4 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516152922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11918008">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Striking+Spain+air+traffic+controllers+return+to+work&rft.date=2010-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11918008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2020" class="citation web cs1">Hernández, Marisol (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2020/03/13/5e6b844e21efa0dd258b45a5.html">"Pedro Sánchez decreta el estado de alarma en toda España para frenar la expansión del coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320094302/https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2020/03/13/5e6b844e21efa0dd258b45a5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Pedro+S%C3%A1nchez+decreta+el+estado+de+alarma+en+toda+Espa%C3%B1a+para+frenar+la+expansi%C3%B3n+del+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Marisol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fespana%2F2020%2F03%2F13%2F5e6b844e21efa0dd258b45a5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenayas2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benayas, Victoria Torres (24 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2020-10-24/el-bocm-preve-amplias-excepciones-al-toque-de-queda-blando-de-madrid.html">"Así son las medidas en la Comunidad de Madrid tras agotarse el estado de alarma"</a>. EL PAÍS (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023654/https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2020-10-24/el-bocm-preve-amplias-excepciones-al-toque-de-queda-blando-de-madrid.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+son+las+medidas+en+la+Comunidad+de+Madrid+tras+agotarse+el+estado+de+alarma&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft.aulast=Benayas&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fespana%2Fmadrid%2F2020-10-24%2Fel-bocm-preve-amplias-excepciones-al-toque-de-queda-blando-de-madrid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl-nat/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/afad7ae740f9b625c12577370039c9e1/$FILE/Public%20Security%20Ordinance.pdf">"Constitution of Sri Lanka"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041546/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl-nat/a24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142/afad7ae740f9b625c12577370039c9e1/$FILE/Public%20Security%20Ordinance.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihl-databases.icrc.org%2Fihl-nat%2Fa24d1cf3344e99934125673e00508142%2Fafad7ae740f9b625c12577370039c9e1%2F%24FILE%2FPublic%2520Security%2520Ordinance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20110421-syrian-president-assad-proclaims-end-nearly-five-decades-emergency-law-rule">"Assad ends five decades of emergency rule"</a>. France 24. 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad+ends+five+decades+of+emergency+rule&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110421-syrian-president-assad-proclaims-end-nearly-five-decades-emergency-law-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/Constitution.pdf">"Constitution.pdf"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Legal Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031353/https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Legal+Affairs&rft.atitle=Constitution.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt%2Flaws2%2FConstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/BREAKING-NEWS-State-of-Emergency-declared-128160123">http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/BREAKING-NEWS-State-of-Emergency-declared-128160123</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/STATE-OF-EMERGENCY-DAY-3-128333238">http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/STATE-OF-EMERGENCY-DAY-3-128333238</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagoo2011" class="citation web cs1">Bagoo, Andre (5 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810231345/http://www.newsday.co.tt/crime_and_court/0,146738.html">"Moonilal knocks Rowley for locking up Seepaul"</a>. Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsday.co.tt/crime_and_court/0,146738.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago%27s+Newsday&rft.atitle=Moonilal+knocks+Rowley+for+locking+up+Seepaul&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft.aulast=Bagoo&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsday.co.tt%2Fcrime_and_court%2F0%2C146738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/05/world/world-news-briefs-trinidad-house-speaker-put-under-house-arrest.html">"World News Briefs; Trinidad House Speaker Put Under House Arrest"</a>. The New York Times. 5 August 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810200815/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/05/world/world-news-briefs-trinidad-house-speaker-put-under-house-arrest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World+News+Briefs%3B+Trinidad+House+Speaker+Put+Under+House+Arrest&rft.date=1995-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F08%2F05%2Fworld%2Fworld-news-briefs-trinidad-house-speaker-put-under-house-arrest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson-Jafar2011" class="citation news cs1">Hutchinson-Jafar, Linda (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trinidad-crime-idUSTRE77L6EQ20110822">"Trinidad declares state of emergency to fight crime"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200419/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trinidad-crime-idUSTRE77L6EQ20110822">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trinidad+declares+state+of+emergency+to+fight+crime&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.aulast=Hutchinson-Jafar&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-trinidad-crime-idUSTRE77L6EQ20110822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/state-of-emergency---curfew-9p-m--5a-m/article_032631d6-b5a9-11eb-b07c-ab4e6a08dbe7.html">"STATE OF EMERGENCY – CURFEW 9P.M −5A.M"</a>. Trinidad Express Newspapers. 15 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515190747/https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/state-of-emergency---curfew-9p-m--5a-m/article_032631d6-b5a9-11eb-b07c-ab4e6a08dbe7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+Express+Newspapers&rft.atitle=STATE+OF+EMERGENCY+%E2%80%93+CURFEW+9P.M+%E2%88%925A.M&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinidadexpress.com%2Fnewsextra%2Fstate-of-emergency---curfew-9p-m--5a-m%2Farticle_032631d6-b5a9-11eb-b07c-ab4e6a08dbe7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsday.co.tt/2021/05/15/pm-implements-state-of-emergency-to-combat-covid-spread/">"Trinidad and Tobago implements State of Emergency to combat covid19 spread"</a>. Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 15 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515190549/https://newsday.co.tt/2021/05/15/pm-implements-state-of-emergency-to-combat-covid-spread/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+Newsday&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+implements+State+of+Emergency+to+combat+covid19+spread&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsday.co.tt%2F2021%2F05%2F15%2Fpm-implements-state-of-emergency-to-combat-covid-spread%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200420/http://www.looptt.com/content/pm-announces-state-emergency">"PM announces state of emergency"</a>. www.looptt.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looptt.com/content/pm-announces-state-emergency">the original</a> on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.looptt.com&rft.atitle=PM+announces+state+of+emergency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.looptt.com%2Fcontent%2Fpm-announces-state-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/it-s-not-just-india-new-virus-waves-deluge-developing-countries">"It's Not Just India: New Virus Waves Hit Developing Countries"</a>. BloombergQuint. 3 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200420/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/it-s-not-just-india-new-virus-waves-deluge-developing-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BloombergQuint&rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+Just+India%3A+New+Virus+Waves+Hit+Developing+Countries&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fbusiness%2Fit-s-not-just-india-new-virus-waves-deluge-developing-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trinidad-tobago-tightens-lockdown-covid-19-cases-surge-2021-05-03/">"Trinidad and Tobago tightens lockdown as COVID-19 cases surge"</a>. Reuters. 3 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200420/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trinidad-tobago-tightens-lockdown-covid-19-cases-surge-2021-05-03/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+tightens+lockdown+as+COVID-19+cases+surge&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftrinidad-tobago-tightens-lockdown-covid-19-cases-surge-2021-05-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunte2021" class="citation web cs1">Hunte, Camille (25 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/soe-for-3-more-months/article_fc36437e-0608-11ec-aac3-731c78a0f9e1.html">"SoE for 3 more months"</a>. T&T Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916044506/https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/soe-for-3-more-months/article_fc36437e-0608-11ec-aac3-731c78a0f9e1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%26T+Express&rft.atitle=SoE+for+3+more+months&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft.aulast=Hunte&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinidadexpress.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsoe-for-3-more-months%2Farticle_fc36437e-0608-11ec-aac3-731c78a0f9e1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgnzg40p7eo">"Trinidad and Tobago declares state of emergency as murders soar"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 31 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+declares+state+of+emergency+as+murders+soar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcvgnzg40p7eo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2024" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed, Kenneth (30 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/dec/30/trinidad-and-tobago-state-of-emergency-murders-killings-caribbean-2024">"Trinidad and Tobago declares state of emergency after weekend of violence"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+declares+state+of+emergency+after+weekend+of+violence&rft.date=2024-12-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2024%2Fdec%2F30%2Ftrinidad-and-tobago-state-of-emergency-murders-killings-caribbean-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/trinidad-tobago-emergency-gang-violence-rcna185805">"State of emergency declared in Trinidad and Tobago as government launches anti-gang crackdown"</a>. NBC News. 30 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+declared+in+Trinidad+and+Tobago+as+government+launches+anti-gang+crackdown&rft.date=2024-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftrinidad-tobago-emergency-gang-violence-rcna185805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> The sovereign of the UK always follows the advice of the Prime Minister on any action with constitutional significance </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a> (1953) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/12/10/washington-gov-declares-weather-emergency/77081310/">"Washington gov. declares weather emergency"</a>. USA Today. 10 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407133151/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/12/10/washington-gov-declares-weather-emergency/77081310/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Washington+gov.+declares+weather+emergency&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fwashington-gov-declares-weather-emergency%2F77081310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> US Presidential Proclamation 7463 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDress2022" class="citation web cs1">Dress, Brad (12 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3638892-these-10-states-still-have-covid-emergency-orders-in-place/">"These 10 states still have COVID emergency orders in place"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303033554/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3638892-these-10-states-still-have-covid-emergency-orders-in-place/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=These+10+states+still+have+COVID+emergency+orders+in+place&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Dress&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fhealthcare%2F3638892-these-10-states-still-have-covid-emergency-orders-in-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStabilization1983" class="citation book cs1">Stabilization, United States Congress House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Economic (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PkUGY7FfrQC">Briefing on the Defense Production Act of 1950: Briefing Before the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, March 2, 1983</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Briefing+on+the+Defense+Production+Act+of+1950%3A+Briefing+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Economic+Stabilization+of+the+Committee+on+Banking%2C+Finance%2C+and+Urban+Affairs%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-eighth+Congress%2C+First+Session%2C+March+2%2C+1983&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Stabilization&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+Banking%2C+Finance%2C+and+Urban+Affairs+Subcommittee+on+Economic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PkUGY7FfrQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2024" class="citation news cs1">Daniels, Joe (30 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/70442416-d1ff-4acc-afa3-46be57f33c3d">"Trinidad and Tobago declares state of emergency over surging violence"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 31 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+declares+state+of+emergency+over+surging+violence&rft.date=2024-12-30&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F70442416-d1ff-4acc-afa3-46be57f33c3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsaz.com/2024/07/26/gov-justice-announces-state-emergency-due-dangerous-drought-conditions/">"Gov. Justice announces State of Emergency due to dangerous drought conditions"</a>. 26 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov.+Justice+announces+State+of+Emergency+due+to+dangerous+drought+conditions&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsaz.com%2F2024%2F07%2F26%2Fgov-justice-announces-state-emergency-due-dangerous-drought-conditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsaz.com/2024/08/23/wva-gov-justice-extends-drought-state-emergency/">"W.Va. Gov. Justice extends drought State of Emergency"</a>. 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.Va.+Gov.+Justice+extends+drought+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=2024-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsaz.com%2F2024%2F08%2F23%2Fwva-gov-justice-extends-drought-state-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/03/26/key-bridge-collapses-into-patapsco/">"Key Bridge collapses into Patapsco River in Baltimore after vessel hits support column; state of emergency declared"</a>. Baltimore Sun. 26 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326073027/https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/03/26/key-bridge-collapses-into-patapsco/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Key+Bridge+collapses+into+Patapsco+River+in+Baltimore+after+vessel+hits+support+column%3B+state+of+emergency+declared&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F2024%2F03%2F26%2Fkey-bridge-collapses-into-patapsco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2023" class="citation news cs1">Stout, Nolan (8 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/biden-extends-9-11-state-of-emergency-by-a-year/">"Biden extends 9/11 state of emergency by a year"</a>. Courthouse News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012004656/https://www.courthousenews.com/biden-extends-9-11-state-of-emergency-by-a-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Courthouse+News+Service&rft.atitle=Biden+extends+9%2F11+state+of+emergency+by+a+year&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fbiden-extends-9-11-state-of-emergency-by-a-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/premier/projekt-uchwaly-rady-ministrow-o-skierowaniu-do-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-wniosku-o-wprowadzenie-stanu-wyjatkowego-na-obszarze-czesci-wojewodztwa-podlaskiego-oraz-czesci-wojewodztwa-lubelskiego">"Projekt uchwały Rady Ministrów o skierowaniu do Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wniosku o wprowadzenie stanu wyjątkowego na obszarze części województwa podlaskiego oraz części województwa lubelskiego – Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów – Portal Gov.pl"</a>. Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030033943/https://www.gov.pl/web/premier/projekt-uchwaly-rady-ministrow-o-skierowaniu-do-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-wniosku-o-wprowadzenie-stanu-wyjatkowego-na-obszarze-czesci-wojewodztwa-podlaskiego-oraz-czesci-wojewodztwa-lubelskiego">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kancelaria+Prezesa+Rady+Ministr%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Projekt+uchwa%C5%82y+Rady+Ministr%C3%B3w+o+skierowaniu+do+Prezydenta+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+wniosku+o+wprowadzenie+stanu+wyj%C4%85tkowego+na+obszarze+cz%C4%99%C5%9Bci+wojew%C3%B3dztwa+podlaskiego+oraz+cz%C4%99%C5%9Bci+wojew%C3%B3dztwa+lubelskiego+%E2%80%93+Kancelaria+Prezesa+Rady+Ministr%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Portal+Gov.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fpremier%2Fprojekt-uchwaly-rady-ministrow-o-skierowaniu-do-prezydenta-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-wniosku-o-wprowadzenie-stanu-wyjatkowego-na-obszarze-czesci-wojewodztwa-podlaskiego-oraz-czesci-wojewodztwa-lubelskiego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,27525811,stan-wyjatkowy-prezydent-bezobjawowy-podlosc-polskich-wladz.html">"Stan wyjątkowy. "Prezydent bezobjawowy", "Podłość polskich władz". Fala komentarzy"</a>. gazetapl. 2 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043537/https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,27525811,stan-wyjatkowy-prezydent-bezobjawowy-podlosc-polskich-wladz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazetapl&rft.atitle=Stan+wyj%C4%85tkowy.+%22Prezydent+bezobjawowy%22%2C+%22Pod%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87+polskich+w%C5%82adz%22.+Fala+komentarzy&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F7%2C114883%2C27525811%2Cstan-wyjatkowy-prezydent-bezobjawowy-podlosc-polskich-wladz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A60Otogk0k">Alberta declares state of public health emergency, implements vaccine passport</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/0A60Otogk0k">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alberta+declares+state+of+public+health+emergency%2C+implements+vaccine+passport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0A60Otogk0k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/2/ethiopia-declares-nationwide-state-of-emergency">"Ethiopia declares nationwide state of emergency"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102163758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/2/ethiopia-declares-nationwide-state-of-emergency">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+declares+nationwide+state+of+emergency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F2%2Fethiopia-declares-nationwide-state-of-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1537044/lithuania-moves-to-declare-state-of-emergency-on-border-with-belarus">"Lithuania declares state of emergency on border with Belarus"</a>. www.lrt.lt. 9 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113123240/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1537044/lithuania-moves-to-declare-state-of-emergency-on-border-with-belarus">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lrt.lt&rft.atitle=Lithuania+declares+state+of+emergency+on+border+with+Belarus&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fen%2Fnews-in-english%2F19%2F1537044%2Flithuania-moves-to-declare-state-of-emergency-on-border-with-belarus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/kenosha-wis-sees-second-night-of-violence-as-unrest-spreads-11598362900">"Wisconsin's Governor Declares State of Emergency Amid Protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 26 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202064309/https://www.wsj.com/articles/kenosha-wis-sees-second-night-of-violence-as-unrest-spreads-11598362900">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Wisconsin%27s+Governor+Declares+State+of+Emergency+Amid+Protests&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fkenosha-wis-sees-second-night-of-violence-as-unrest-spreads-11598362900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/08/18/governor-newsom-declares-statewide-emergency-due-to-fires-extreme-weather-conditions-2/">"Governor Newsom Declares Statewide Emergency Due to Fires, Extreme Weather Conditions"</a>. California Governor. 18 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909042247/https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/08/18/governor-newsom-declares-statewide-emergency-due-to-fires-extreme-weather-conditions-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Governor&rft.atitle=Governor+Newsom+Declares+Statewide+Emergency+Due+to+Fires%2C+Extreme+Weather+Conditions&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ca.gov%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Fgovernor-newsom-declares-statewide-emergency-due-to-fires-extreme-weather-conditions-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/07/06/georgia-governor-declares-state-of-emergency/">"Georgia governor declares state of emergency"</a>. The Mercury News. 6 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707140806/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/07/06/georgia-governor-declares-state-of-emergency/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+governor+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2020%2F07%2F06%2Fgeorgia-governor-declares-state-of-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327205807/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2020/03/government-officials-declare-state-of-national-emergency-in-new-zealand-amid-covid-19-pandemic.html">"Government officials declare state of national emergency in New Zealand amid COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. Newshub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2020/03/government-officials-declare-state-of-national-emergency-in-new-zealand-amid-covid-19-pandemic.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=Government+officials+declare+state+of+national+emergency+in+New+Zealand+amid+COVID-19+pandemic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F03%2Fgovernment-officials-declare-state-of-national-emergency-in-new-zealand-amid-covid-19-pandemic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1885700/govt-to-invoke-emergency-rule">"Govt to invoke emergency rule"</a>. Bangkok Post. 25 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326012230/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1885700/govt-to-invoke-emergency-rule">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Govt+to+invoke+emergency+rule&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1885700%2Fgovt-to-invoke-emergency-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrie2020" class="citation news cs1">Currie, Brooklyn (22 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-to-provide-covid-19-update-sunday-march-22-1.5505859">"N.S. declares state of emergency in response to COVID-19"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725235307/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-to-provide-covid-19-update-sunday-march-22-1.5505859">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=N.S.+declares+state+of+emergency+in+response+to+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Brooklyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Fnova-scotia-to-provide-covid-19-update-sunday-march-22-1.5505859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/obschestvo/8043667">"В Киргизии вводится режим чрезвычайной ситуации"</a>. Tacc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321230716/https://tass.ru/obschestvo/8043667">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tacc&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fobschestvo%2F8043667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=22&idi=176060">"Mensagem do Presidente da República ao País sobre a declaração do estado de emergência (Palácio de Belém, 18 de março de 2020)"</a> [Message of the President of the Republic to the Country on the declaration of a state of emergency]. Presidency of the Portuguese Republic (in Portuguese). 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212455/http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=22&idi=176060">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidency+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.atitle=Mensagem+do+Presidente+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+ao+Pa%C3%ADs+sobre+a+declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+estado+de+emerg%C3%AAncia+%28Pal%C3%A1cio+de+Bel%C3%A9m%2C+18+de+mar%C3%A7o+de+2020%29&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidencia.pt%2F%3Fidc%3D22%26idi%3D176060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2020/04/28/politica/noticia/marcelo-abre-caminho-costa-regresso-timido-normalidade-1914283">"Marcelo abre caminho a Costa para regresso tímido à normalidade"</a> [Marcelo clears the way for Costa to lead a timid return to normal]. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Portugal)" title="Público (Portugal)">Público</a> (in Portuguese). 28 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504100214/https://www.publico.pt/2020/04/28/politica/noticia/marcelo-abre-caminho-costa-regresso-timido-normalidade-1914283">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=Marcelo+abre+caminho+a+Costa+para+regresso+t%C3%ADmido+%C3%A0+normalidade&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2020%2F04%2F28%2Fpolitica%2Fnoticia%2Fmarcelo-abre-caminho-costa-regresso-timido-normalidade-1914283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/portugal-despede-se-do-confinamento-sem-voltar-a-normalidade-582777">"Portugal despede-se do confinamento sem voltar à normalidade"</a> [Portugal says farewell to confinement without returning to normal]. Jornal Económico (in Portuguese). 3 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504052631/https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/portugal-despede-se-do-confinamento-sem-voltar-a-normalidade-582777">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jornal+Econ%C3%B3mico&rft.atitle=Portugal+despede-se+do+confinamento+sem+voltar+%C3%A0+normalidade&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjornaleconomico.sapo.pt%2Fnoticias%2Fportugal-despede-se-do-confinamento-sem-voltar-a-normalidade-582777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-premier-jason-kenney-announces-state-of-public-emergency-1.5500562">"'This is a serious moment in our history': Alberta Premier Jason Kenney declares public health emergency"</a>. www.cbc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318155332/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-premier-jason-kenney-announces-state-of-public-emergency-1.5500562">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cbc.ca&rft.atitle=%27This+is+a+serious+moment+in+our+history%27%3A+Alberta+Premier+Jason+Kenney+declares+public+health+emergency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Falberta-premier-jason-kenney-announces-state-of-public-emergency-1.5500562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/coronavirus-covid-19-ontario-tuesday-1.5500006">"'We must act decisively': Ontario Premier Doug Ford declares state of emergency amid COVID-19 outbreak"</a>. www.cbc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012022/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/coronavirus-covid-19-ontario-tuesday-1.5500006">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cbc.ca&rft.atitle=%27We+must+act+decisively%27%3A+Ontario+Premier+Doug+Ford+declares+state+of+emergency+amid+COVID-19+outbreak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-ontario-tuesday-1.5500006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuna2020" class="citation web cs1">Luna, Franco (17 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/03/17/2001649/duterte-declares-nationwide-state-calamity">"Duterte declares nationwide state of calamity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318021519/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/03/17/2001649/duterte-declares-nationwide-state-calamity">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duterte+declares+nationwide+state+of+calamity&rft.pub=The+Philippine+Star&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2020%2F03%2F17%2F2001649%2Fduterte-declares-nationwide-state-calamity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/7992841">"В Армении ввели режим чрезвычайного положения"</a>. ТАСС. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321232214/https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/7992841">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fmezhdunarodnaya-panorama%2F7992841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/151398/state-of-emergency-declared-throughout-serbia.php">"State of emergency declared throughout Serbia"</a>. www.srbija.gov.rs. 15 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330130601/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/151398/state-of-emergency-declared-throughout-serbia.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srbija.gov.rs&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+declared+throughout+Serbia&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srbija.gov.rs%2Fvest%2Fen%2F151398%2Fstate-of-emergency-declared-throughout-serbia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=32648341#pos=4;-243">"Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 15 марта 2020 года № 285 "О введении чрезвычайного положения в Республике Казахстан""</a>. Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403011713/https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=32648341#pos=4;-243">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A4&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+15+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+285+%22%D0%9E+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.zakon.kz%2Fdocument%2F%3Fdoc_id%3D32648341%23pos%3D4%3B-243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/covid-19-legault-declares-a-public-health-emergency-1.4853119">"COVID-19: Legault declares a public health emergency"</a>. montreal.ctvnews.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317211654/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/covid-19-legault-declares-a-public-health-emergency-1.4853119">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=montreal.ctvnews.ca&rft.atitle=COVID-19%3A+Legault+declares+a+public+health+emergency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontreal.ctvnews.ca%2Fcovid-19-legault-declares-a-public-health-emergency-1.4853119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuéPérezBlas2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cué, Carlos E.; Pérez, Claudi; Blas, Elsa García de (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/espana/2020-03-13/el-gobierno-debate-decretar-el-estado-de-alarma.html">"Sánche decreta el estado de alarma durante 15 días"</a>. EL PAÍS (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420232123/https://elpais.com/espana/2020-03-13/el-gobierno-debate-decretar-el-estado-de-alarma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS&rft.atitle=S%C3%A1nche+decreta+el+estado+de+alarma+durante+15+d%C3%ADas&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Cu%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carlos+E.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+Claudi&rft.au=Blas%2C+Elsa+Garc%C3%ADa+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fespana%2F2020-03-13%2Fel-gobierno-debate-decretar-el-estado-de-alarma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2020" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Claire (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2020-03-13/trump-reportedly-planning-to-declare-national-emergency-over-coronavirus-pandemic">"Trump Reportedly Planning to Declare National Emergency Over Coronavirus Pandemic"</a>. www.usnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313232519/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2020-03-13/trump-reportedly-planning-to-declare-national-emergency-over-coronavirus-pandemic">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usnews.com&rft.atitle=Trump+Reportedly+Planning+to+Declare+National+Emergency+Over+Coronavirus+Pandemic&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2020-03-13%2Ftrump-reportedly-planning-to-declare-national-emergency-over-coronavirus-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2020" class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Michael (15 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangordailynews.com/2020/03/15/politics/janet-mills-declares-civil-emergency-after-maine-announces-new-coronavirus-cases/">"Janet Mills declares state of emergency after Maine announces new coronavirus cases"</a>. Bangor Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305164321/https://www.bangordailynews.com/2020/03/15/politics/janet-mills-declares-civil-emergency-after-maine-announces-new-coronavirus-cases/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Janet+Mills+declares+state+of+emergency+after+Maine+announces+new+coronavirus+cases&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangordailynews.com%2F2020%2F03%2F15%2Fpolitics%2Fjanet-mills-declares-civil-emergency-after-maine-announces-new-coronavirus-cases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/governor/assets/EO%2020-01_tcm1055-422957.pdf">"Minnesota Executive Order 20-01 Declaring a Peacetime Emergency"</a> (PDF). State of Minnesota Executive Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419173219/http://validate.perfdrive.com/d5bd5333eafe8b0ccd6023ba818d1aa6/?ssa=3e704594-bde3-45c6-82dc-b4f08bfc5c5c&ssb=30243296009&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fgovernor%2Fassets%2FEO%252020-01_tcm1055-422957.pdf&ssi=56042f05-bf56-49af-8246-83b3924fcdf5&ssk=support%40shieldsquare.com&ssm=52402088169551487100529874085601&ssn=dddba5977adde1d3ea945ef8e6211ce5eca2efd17fdc-443a-4964-a43314&sso=8c37eec8-bf6669a4e6314897e7b7a45f22bf0c01afdcbd9f943e9496&ssp=24876219611618825352161886529786342&ssq=92370515353963140145653539826835642582299&ssr=MjA3LjI0MS4yMjcuMTA1&sst=Mozilla%2F5.0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Executive+Order+20-01+Declaring+a+Peacetime+Emergency&rft.pub=State+of+Minnesota+Executive+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fgovernor%2Fassets%2FEO%252020-01_tcm1055-422957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/louisiana/articles/2020-03-11/louisiana-declares-public-health-emergency-for-coronavirus">"Louisiana Declares Public Health Emergency for Coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. 11 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314032322/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/louisiana/articles/2020-03-11/louisiana-declares-public-health-emergency-for-coronavirus">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Declares+Public+Health+Emergency+for+Coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Flouisiana%2Farticles%2F2020-03-11%2Flouisiana-declares-public-health-emergency-for-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://governor.alabama.gov/assets/2020/06/2020-06-30-12th-Supplemental-SOE-COVID-19.pdf">"Proclamation by the Governor"</a> (PDF). State of Alabama Executive Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710144833/https://governor.alabama.gov/assets/2020/06/2020-06-30-12th-Supplemental-SOE-COVID-19.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+by+the+Governor&rft.pub=State+of+Alabama+Executive+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovernor.alabama.gov%2Fassets%2F2020%2F06%2F2020-06-30-12th-Supplemental-SOE-COVID-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Zoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401224810/https://www.kctv5.com/coronavirus/kansas-sees-first-coronavirus-death-governor-declares-state-of-emergency/article_fa47fefa-64b9-11ea-af09-d763e0e77a73.html">"Kansas sees first coronavirus death, governor declares state of emergency"</a>. KCTV Kansas City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kctv5.com/coronavirus/kansas-sees-first-coronavirus-death-governor-declares-state-of-emergency/article_fa47fefa-64b9-11ea-af09-d763e0e77a73.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCTV+Kansas+City&rft.atitle=Kansas+sees+first+coronavirus+death%2C+governor+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kctv5.com%2Fcoronavirus%2Fkansas-sees-first-coronavirus-death-governor-declares-state-of-emergency%2Farticle_fa47fefa-64b9-11ea-af09-d763e0e77a73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/all-releases/2020/march/headline-853537-en.html">"Virginia Governor Ralph Northam – March"</a>. www.governor.virginia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328000056/https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/all-releases/2020/march/headline-853537-en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.governor.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Virginia+Governor+Ralph+Northam+%E2%80%93+March&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.virginia.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fall-releases%2F2020%2Fmarch%2Fheadline-853537-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox6now.com/news/gov-evers-declares-public-health-emergency-over-coronavirus-risk-to-residents-remains-low">"Gov. Evers declares public health emergency over coronavirus, risk to residents remains 'low'"</a>. Associated Press. 12 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109233308/https://www.fox6now.com/news/gov-evers-declares-public-health-emergency-over-coronavirus-risk-to-residents-remains-low">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Gov.+Evers+declares+public+health+emergency+over+coronavirus%2C+risk+to+residents+remains+%27low%27&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox6now.com%2Fnews%2Fgov-evers-declares-public-health-emergency-over-coronavirus-risk-to-residents-remains-low&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governor.state.nm.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Executive-Order-2020-004.pdf">"Executive Order 2020-004"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">Governor of New Mexico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319225203/https://www.governor.state.nm.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Executive-Order-2020-004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governor+of+New+Mexico&rft.atitle=Executive+Order+2020-004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.state.nm.us%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FExecutive-Order-2020-004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/first-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-michigan-one-each-in-oakland-and-wayne-counties">"First cases of coronavirus confirmed in Michigan; Whitmer declares state of emergency"</a>. WXYZ. 11 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311025008/https://www.wxyz.com/news/coronavirus/first-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-michigan-one-each-in-oakland-and-wayne-counties">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WXYZ&rft.atitle=First+cases+of+coronavirus+confirmed+in+Michigan%3B+Whitmer+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wxyz.com%2Fnews%2Fcoronavirus%2Ffirst-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-michigan-one-each-in-oakland-and-wayne-counties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2020/03/10/baker-declares-state-of-emergency-92-total-coronavirus-cases-in-massachusetts">"Baker Declares State Of Emergency; 92 Total Coronavirus Cases In Massachusetts"</a>. News. 10 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428193422/https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2020/03/10/baker-declares-state-of-emergency-92-total-coronavirus-cases-in-massachusetts">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Baker+Declares+State+Of+Emergency%3B+92+Total+Coronavirus+Cases+In+Massachusetts&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgbh.org%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2020%2F03%2F10%2Fbaker-declares-state-of-emergency-92-total-coronavirus-cases-in-massachusetts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/governor-cooper-declares-state-emergency-respond-coronavirus-covid-19">"Governor Cooper Declares State Of Emergency To Respond To Coronavirus COVID-19"</a>. www.ncdhhs.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314164858/https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/governor-cooper-declares-state-emergency-respond-coronavirus-covid-19">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncdhhs.gov&rft.atitle=Governor+Cooper+Declares+State+Of+Emergency+To+Respond+To+Coronavirus+COVID-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdhhs.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fgovernor-cooper-declares-state-emergency-respond-coronavirus-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-colorado-state-of-emergency/">"State of emergency in Colorado as coronavirus cases rise to 17"</a>. 10 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310193128/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-colorado-state-of-emergency/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+emergency+in+Colorado+as+coronavirus+cases+rise+to+17&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2020%2F03%2F10%2Fcoronavirus-colorado-state-of-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoff" class="citation web cs1">Bischoff, Laura A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/new-ohioans-test-positive-for-coronavirus/Ah7HnacXAzUfjERHu9xfRP/">"Gov. DeWine declares state of emergency after 3 residents contract coronavirus"</a>. dayton-daily-news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310215743/https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/new-ohioans-test-positive-for-coronavirus/Ah7HnacXAzUfjERHu9xfRP/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dayton-daily-news&rft.atitle=Gov.+DeWine+declares+state+of+emergency+after+3+residents+contract+coronavirus&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daytondailynews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnew-ohioans-test-positive-for-coronavirus%2FAh7HnacXAzUfjERHu9xfRP%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregon.gov/newsroom/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?newsid=36109">"State of Oregon Newsroom : NewsDetail: State of Oregon"</a>. www.oregon.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404180710/https://www.oregon.gov/newsroom/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?newsid=36109">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oregon.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+Oregon+Newsroom+%3A+NewsDetail%3A+State+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2Fnewsroom%2FPages%2FNewsDetail.aspx%3Fnewsid%3D36109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated22-196"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated22_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinleySandoval2020" class="citation news cs1">McKinley, Jesse; Sandoval, Edgar (7 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/07/nyregion/coronavirus-new-york-queens.html">"Coronavirus in N.Y.: Cuomo Declares State of Emergency"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309082540/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/07/nyregion/coronavirus-new-york-queens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+in+N.Y.%3A+Cuomo+Declares+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F07%2Fnyregion%2Fcoronavirus-new-york-queens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/newsletter/2020-03-05/coronavirus-cruise-emergency-newsletter">"Newsletter: State of emergency declared over coronavirus"</a>. 5 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311173736/https://www.latimes.com/california/newsletter/2020-03-05/coronavirus-cruise-emergency-newsletter">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newsletter%3A+State+of+emergency+declared+over+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fnewsletter%2F2020-03-05%2Fcoronavirus-cruise-emergency-newsletter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeins2020" class="citation news cs1">Leins, Casey (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2020-03-02/washington-florida-governors-declare-state-of-emergency-for-coronavirus">"Washington, Florida Governors Declare State of Emergency for Coronavirus"</a>. US News and World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331193400/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2020-03-02/washington-florida-governors-declare-state-of-emergency-for-coronavirus">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News+and+World+Report&rft.atitle=Washington%2C+Florida+Governors+Declare+State+of+Emergency+for+Coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Leins&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Farticles%2F2020-03-02%2Fwashington-florida-governors-declare-state-of-emergency-for-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koronavirus.gov.hu/cikkek/veszelyhelyzetet-hirdet-az-orszag-teljes-teruletere-kormany">"Veszélyhelyzetet hirdet az ország teljes területére a kormány"</a>. koronavirus.gov.hu (in Hungarian). Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. 11 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319220232/https://koronavirus.gov.hu/cikkek/veszelyhelyzetet-hirdet-az-orszag-teljes-teruletere-kormany">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=koronavirus.gov.hu&rft.atitle=Vesz%C3%A9lyhelyzetet+hirdet+az+orsz%C3%A1g+teljes+ter%C3%BClet%C3%A9re+a+korm%C3%A1ny&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoronavirus.gov.hu%2Fcikkek%2Fveszelyhelyzetet-hirdet-az-orszag-teljes-teruletere-kormany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/">"State of emergency declared for Tennessee after deadly tornadoes"</a>. 3 March 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.https://www.wvlt.tv/content/news/Level-three-sate-of-emergency-declared-for-state-of-Tennessee-after-deadly-tornadoes-568434841.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+declared+for+Tennessee+after+deadly+tornadoes&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvlt.tv%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FLevel-three-sate-of-emergency-declared-for-state-of-Tennessee-after-deadly-tornadoes-568434841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/asia/malaysia-state-of-emergency-covid-intl-hnk/index.html">"Malaysia's king declares state of emergency to curb spread of Covid-19"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 12 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112115054/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/asia/malaysia-state-of-emergency-covid-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Malaysia%27s+king+declares+state+of+emergency+to+curb+spread+of+Covid-19&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia-state-of-emergency-covid-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2021" class="citation news cs1">Kageyama, Yuri (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/tokyo-emergency-coronavirus-spike-japan-01e0916762eaa06d3d65510bcd271967">"Japan declares emergency for Tokyo area as cases spike"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129112134/https://apnews.com/article/tokyo-emergency-coronavirus-spike-japan-01e0916762eaa06d3d65510bcd271967">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Japan+declares+emergency+for+Tokyo+area+as+cases+spike&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftokyo-emergency-coronavirus-spike-japan-01e0916762eaa06d3d65510bcd271967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-mexico/articles/2021-01-14/new-mexico-declares-security-emergency-ahead-of-inauguration">"New Mexico Declares Security Emergency Ahead of Inauguration"</a>. US News and World Report. Associated Press. 14 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115432/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-mexico/articles/2021-01-14/new-mexico-declares-security-emergency-ahead-of-inauguration">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News+and+World+Report&rft.atitle=New+Mexico+Declares+Security+Emergency+Ahead+of+Inauguration&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Fnew-mexico%2Farticles%2F2021-01-14%2Fnew-mexico-declares-security-emergency-ahead-of-inauguration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2021" class="citation news cs1">Axelrod, Tal (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/534510-maryland-governor-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-bidens">"Maryland governor declares state of emergency ahead of Biden's inauguration"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613185228/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/534510-maryland-governor-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-bidens">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Maryland+governor+declares+state+of+emergency+ahead+of+Biden%27s+inauguration&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fstate-watch%2F534510-maryland-governor-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-bidens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosario2021" class="citation web cs1">Rosario, Nicole Del (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2021/01/06/gov-ralph-northam-issues-new-curfew-state-of-emergency-in-virginia/">"Gov. Ralph Northam issues new curfew, State of Emergency in Virginia"</a>. WSLS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107043750/https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2021/01/06/gov-ralph-northam-issues-new-curfew-state-of-emergency-in-virginia/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSLS&rft.atitle=Gov.+Ralph+Northam+issues+new+curfew%2C+State+of+Emergency+in+Virginia&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Rosario&rft.aufirst=Nicole+Del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsls.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fgov-ralph-northam-issues-new-curfew-state-of-emergency-in-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2021" class="citation news cs1">Woodward, Alex (12 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-fema-emergency-biden-inauguration-b1785782.html">"Trump approves emergency declaration for Biden inauguration"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-fema-emergency-biden-inauguration-b1785782.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Trump+approves+emergency+declaration+for+Biden+inauguration&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Ftrump-fema-emergency-biden-inauguration-b1785782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/15/924031210/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-anti-government-protests">"Thailand Declares State Of Emergency Amid Anti-Government Protests"</a>. NPR. 16 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016021539/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/15/924031210/thailand-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-anti-government-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Thailand+Declares+State+Of+Emergency+Amid+Anti-Government+Protests&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F10%2F15%2F924031210%2Fthailand-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-anti-government-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/913482/politique/coronavirus-le-maroc-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire/">"Coronavirus: le Maroc déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire – Jeune Afrique"</a>. JeuneAfrique.com (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427132325/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/913482/politique/coronavirus-le-maroc-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JeuneAfrique.com&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+le+Maroc+d%C3%A9clare+l%27%C3%A9tat+d%27urgence+sanitaire+%E2%80%93+Jeune+Afrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F913482%2Fpolitique%2Fcoronavirus-le-maroc-declare-letat-durgence-sanitaire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-11/nsw-premier-declares-state-of-emergency-for-catastrophic-fire/11691550">"NSW Premier declares state of emergency for catastrophic fire conditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News Australia">ABC News Australia</a>. Sydney. 10 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111013307/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-11/nsw-premier-declares-state-of-emergency-for-catastrophic-fire/11691550">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Australia&rft.atitle=NSW+Premier+declares+state+of+emergency+for+catastrophic+fire+conditions&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-11-11%2Fnsw-premier-declares-state-of-emergency-for-catastrophic-fire%2F11691550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-49929272">"Ecuador protests: State of emergency declared as fuel subsidies end"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008110203/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-49929272">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ecuador+protests%3A+State+of+emergency+declared+as+fuel+subsidies+end&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-49929272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-49942390">"Ecuador protests: Hundreds held as president decries 'criminals'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603023709/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49942390">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ecuador+protests%3A+Hundreds+held+as+president+decries+%27criminals%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-49942390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/19/chile-protests-state-of-emergency-declared-in-santiago-as-violence-escalates">"Chile protests: state of emergency declared in Santiago as violence escalates"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024200/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/19/chile-protests-state-of-emergency-declared-in-santiago-as-violence-escalates">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chile+protests%3A+state+of+emergency+declared+in+Santiago+as+violence+escalates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F19%2Fchile-protests-state-of-emergency-declared-in-santiago-as-violence-escalates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/22/americas/chile-protests-inequality-curfew-intl-hnk/index.html">"Chile extends curfew again as violent unrest paralyzes one of Latin America's biggest cities"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025024135/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/22/americas/chile-protests-inequality-curfew-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chile+extends+curfew+again+as+violent+unrest+paralyzes+one+of+Latin+America%27s+biggest+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2Famericas%2Fchile-protests-inequality-curfew-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-chile-nearly-a-month-of-protests">"Chile: nearly a month of protests"</a>. France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115223330/https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-chile-nearly-a-month-of-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chile%3A+nearly+a+month+of+protests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191115-chile-nearly-a-month-of-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422100851/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka-government-says-local-islamist-group-behind-blasts-to-declare-emergency">"Sri Lanka government says local Islamist group behind blasts, to declare emergency from midnight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka-government-says-local-islamist-group-behind-blasts-to-declare-emergency">the original</a> on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+government+says+local+Islamist+group+behind+blasts%2C+to+declare+emergency+from+midnight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fsouth-asia%2Fsri-lanka-government-says-local-islamist-group-behind-blasts-to-declare-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424035258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/death-toll-rises-to-359-in-sri-lanka-bombings-more-arrested/2019/04/23/95c5a33c-6641-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html">"Death toll rises to 359 in Sri Lanka bombings, more arrested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 24 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/death-toll-rises-to-359-in-sri-lanka-bombings-more-arrested/2019/04/23/95c5a33c-6641-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Death+toll+rises+to+359+in+Sri+Lanka+bombings%2C+more+arrested&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fdeath-toll-rises-to-359-in-sri-lanka-bombings-more-arrested%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2F95c5a33c-6641-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adaderana.lk-217"><a href="#cite_ref-adaderana.lk_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54578/death-toll-from-easter-sunday-attacks-climbs-to-321">"Death toll from Easter Sunday attacks climbs to 321"</a>. AdaDerana. 23 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423231000/https://www.adaderana.lk/news/54578/death-toll-from-easter-sunday-attacks-climbs-to-321">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Death+toll+from+Easter+Sunday+attacks+climbs+to+321&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaderana.lk%2Fnews%2F54578%2Fdeath-toll-from-easter-sunday-attacks-climbs-to-321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827082515/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_19B/Aug25_1566744947CH.php">"Sri Lanka: State of emergency lifted as security established – Minister"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombopage.com/archive_19B/Aug25_1566744947CH.php">the original</a> on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+State+of+emergency+lifted+as+security+established+%E2%80%93+Minister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombopage.com%2Farchive_19B%2FAug25_1566744947CH.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-declaring-national-emergency-concerning-southern-border-united-states/">"Presidential Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303165441/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-declaring-national-emergency-concerning-southern-border-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Presidential+Proclamation+on+Declaring+a+National+Emergency+Concerning+the+Southern+Border+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fpresidential-actions%2Fpresidential-proclamation-declaring-national-emergency-concerning-southern-border-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/us/politics/trump-national-emergency-border.html">"As Congress Passes Spending Bill, Trump Plans National Emergency to Build Border Wall"</a>. The New York Times. 14 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155021/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/us/politics/trump-national-emergency-border.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Congress+Passes+Spending+Bill%2C+Trump+Plans+National+Emergency+to+Build+Border+Wall&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-national-emergency-border.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal_AmasManveena_SuriSteve_George2018" class="citation web cs1">Iqbal Amas; Manveena Suri; Steve George (7 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/06/asia/sri-lanka-state-of-emergency-intl/index.html">"Sri Lanka declares state of emergency in wake of communal violence"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310215424/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/06/asia/sri-lanka-state-of-emergency-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+declares+state+of+emergency+in+wake+of+communal+violence&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.au=Iqbal+Amas&rft.au=Manveena+Suri&rft.au=Steve+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F03%2F06%2Fasia%2Fsri-lanka-state-of-emergency-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43113770">"Why has Ethiopia imposed a state of emergency?"</a>. BBC News. 21 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622152941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43113770">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+has+Ethiopia+imposed+a+state+of+emergency%3F&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-43113770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_SterlingSarah_SirganyIan_Lee2017" class="citation web cs1">Joe Sterling; Sarah Sirgany; Ian Lee (10 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/10/middleeast/egypt-church-explosion/">"Egypt Cabinet OKs state of emergency after Palm Sunday church bombings"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226074841/https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/10/middleeast/egypt-church-explosion/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Cabinet+OKs+state+of+emergency+after+Palm+Sunday+church+bombings&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.au=Joe+Sterling&rft.au=Sarah+Sirgany&rft.au=Ian+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F10%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-church-explosion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstorCaronVictor2017" class="citation web cs1">Astor, Maggie; Caron, Christina; Victor, Daniel (13 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-virginia-overview.html">"A Guide to the Charlottesville Aftermath"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814223430/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-virginia-overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+Charlottesville+Aftermath&rft.date=2017-08-13&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Caron%2C+Christina&rft.au=Victor%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F13%2Fus%2Fcharlottesville-virginia-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/09/04/proclamation-no-55-s-2016">"Proclamation No. 55, s. 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette</a>. 4 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015947/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/09/04/proclamation-no-55-s-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Proclamation+No.+55%2C+s.+2016&rft.date=2016-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2016%2F09%2F04%2Fproclamation-no-55-s-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManahan2023" class="citation news cs1">Manahan, Job (27 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/27/23/marcos-lifts-natl-emergency-due-to-mindanao-violence">"Marcos lifts state of national emergency due to lawless violence in Mindanao"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727100033/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/27/23/marcos-lifts-natl-emergency-due-to-mindanao-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Marcos+lifts+state+of+national+emergency+due+to+lawless+violence+in+Mindanao&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.aulast=Manahan&rft.aufirst=Job&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F07%2F27%2F23%2Fmarcos-lifts-natl-emergency-due-to-mindanao-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordey2023" class="citation news cs1">Bordey, Hana (27 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/877109/marcos-lifts-state-of-nat-l-emergency-due-to-lawless-violence-in-mindanao/story/">"Marcos lifts state of nat'l emergency due to lawless violence in Mindanao"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMA News Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727083730/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/877109/marcos-lifts-state-of-nat-l-emergency-due-to-lawless-violence-in-mindanao/story/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Marcos+lifts+state+of+nat%27l+emergency+due+to+lawless+violence+in+Mindanao&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.aulast=Bordey&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2Fnation%2F877109%2Fmarcos-lifts-state-of-nat-l-emergency-due-to-lawless-violence-in-mindanao%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/16142.pdf">"State of Florida: Executive order number 16-142"</a> (PDF). Flgov.com. 12 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721230058/http://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/16142.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flgov.com&rft.atitle=State+of+Florida%3A+Executive+order+number+16-142&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flgov.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2F16142.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-229"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitrago,_DeisyUlmer,_Alexandra2016" class="citation news cs1">Buitrago, Deisy; Ulmer, Alexandra (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0Y501X">"Venezuela president declares emergency, cites U.S., domestic 'threats'"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101152145/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0Y501X">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+president+declares+emergency%2C+cites+U.S.%2C+domestic+%27threats%27&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.au=Buitrago%2C+Deisy&rft.au=Ulmer%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0Y501X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guar-230"><a href="#cite_ref-guar_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/14/venezuela-president-declares-60-day-state-of-emergency-blaming-us-for-instability">"Venezuela president declares 60-day state of emergency, blaming US for instability"</a>. The Guardian. 14 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101131607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/14/venezuela-president-declares-60-day-state-of-emergency-blaming-us-for-instability">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuela+president+declares+60-day+state+of+emergency%2C+blaming+US+for+instability&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmay%2F14%2Fvenezuela-president-declares-60-day-state-of-emergency-blaming-us-for-instability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-231"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/14/venezuela-president-declares-emergency-citing-us-domestic-threat/">"Venezuela president declares emergency, citing U.S. domestic 'threats'"</a>. The Telegraph. 14 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/14/venezuela-president-declares-emergency-citing-us-domestic-threat/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Venezuela+president+declares+emergency%2C+citing+U.S.+domestic+%27threats%27&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F05%2F14%2Fvenezuela-president-declares-emergency-citing-us-domestic-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bush_2015-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Bush_2015_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2015" class="citation web cs1">Bush, Jason (22 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-crisis-state-of-emergency-declared-in-crimea-after-electricity-pylons-blown-up-a6743941.html">"A state of emergency has been declared in Crimea after electricity pylons were 'blown up'"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-crisis-state-of-emergency-declared-in-crimea-after-electricity-pylons-blown-up-a6743941.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+state+of+emergency+has+been+declared+in+Crimea+after+electricity+pylons+were+%27blown+up%27&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-crisis-state-of-emergency-declared-in-crimea-after-electricity-pylons-blown-up-a6743941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20170524-france-president-macron-seeks-extend-state-emergency-manchester">"France's Macron seeks to extend state of emergency to November"</a>. 24 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207085307/http://www.france24.com/en/20170524-france-president-macron-seeks-extend-state-emergency-manchester">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%27s+Macron+seeks+to+extend+state+of+emergency+to+November&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20170524-france-president-macron-seeks-extend-state-emergency-manchester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21894339">"Burma: State of emergency imposed in Meiktila"</a>. BBC News. 22 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105175230/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21894339">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Burma%3A+State+of+emergency+imposed+in+Meiktila&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-21894339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8675856.stm">"Egypt renews tough emergency laws"</a>. BBC News. 12 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018014417/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8675856.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+renews+tough+emergency+laws&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8675856.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18283635">"Egypt state of emergency lifted after 31 years"</a>. BBC News. 31 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816221117/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18283635">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+state+of+emergency+lifted+after+31+years&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18283635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12198106">"Tunisia: Ex-President Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia"</a>. BBC News. 15 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115052650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12198106">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tunisia%3A+Ex-President+Ben+Ali+flees+to+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12198106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sme.sk/c/6159614/vlada-schvalila-nudzovy-stav.html">"Vláda schválila núdzový stav"</a>. Petit Press a.s. 28 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230412/http://www.sme.sk/c/6159614/vlada-schvalila-nudzovy-stav.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vl%C3%A1da+schv%C3%A1lila+n%C3%BAdzov%C3%BD+stav&rft.pub=Petit+Press+a.s.&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sme.sk%2Fc%2F6159614%2Fvlada-schvalila-nudzovy-stav.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/trinidad-and-tobago-state-emergency">"100 held in Trinidad and Tobago's state of emergency"</a>. the Guardian. 25 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024235/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/trinidad-and-tobago-state-emergency">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=100+held+in+Trinidad+and+Tobago%27s+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F25%2Ftrinidad-and-tobago-state-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ebff6924-4efb-11e0-9c25-00144feab49a.html#axzz1GiqjspDm">"Bahrain Declares State of Emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 15 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211255/https://www.ft.com/content/ebff6924-4efb-11e0-9c25-00144feab49a#axzz1GiqjspDm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bahrain+Declares+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Febff6924-4efb-11e0-9c25-00144feab49a.html%23axzz1GiqjspDm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414062825/http://uk.reuters.com/article/UKNews1/idUKTRE53A06P20090411">"Thai protests force Asia summit cancellation"</a>. Reuters. 11 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/UKNews1/idUKTRE53A06P20090411">the original</a> on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thai+protests+force+Asia+summit+cancellation&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FUKNews1%2FidUKTRE53A06P20090411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKTRE53B0FU20090412">Thai govt declares state of emergency in Bangkok</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415084554/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKTRE53B0FU20090412">Archived</a> 15 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 12 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-ukraine-gas-slovakia-idUKL661291820090106">"UPDATE 1-Slovakia to call state of emergency over gas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 6 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024341/https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-ukraine-gas-slovakia-idUKL661291820090106">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UPDATE+1-Slovakia+to+call+state+of+emergency+over+gas&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-gas-slovakia-idUKL661291820090106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/11/world/asia/11cnd-bengla.html">"Bangladesh Leader Declares State of Emergency"</a>. The New York Times. 12 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024349/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/11/world/asia/11cnd-bengla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Leader+Declares+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F11cnd-bengla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/03/thailand">"Thailand: State of emergency declared in Bangkok"</a>. The Guardian. 2 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024751/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/03/thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+State+of+emergency+declared+in+Bangkok&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fsep%2F03%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-idUSBKK27312220080914">"Thai emergency lifted, search for new PM goes on"</a>. Reuters. 14 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024349/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-idUSBKK27312220080914">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+emergency+lifted%2C+search+for+new+PM+goes+on&rft.date=2008-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thailand-idUSBKK27312220080914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/07/200871164712383653.html">"Mongolia under state of emergency"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830093519/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/07/200871164712383653.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mongolia+under+state+of+emergency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2008%2F07%2F200871164712383653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Armenian_President_Kocharyan_declares_state_of_emergency" class="extiw" title="n:Armenian President Kocharyan declares state of emergency">n:Armenian President Kocharyan declares state of emergency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/03/world/asia/04pakistan.html">"Musharraf Declares State of Emergency"</a>. The New York Times. 3 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024334/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/03/world/asia/04pakistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Musharraf+Declares+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F03%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/24/world/asia/arroyo-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-coup-rumors.html">"Arroyo declares state of emergency amid coup rumors"</a>. The New York Times. 24 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928082927/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/24/world/asia/arroyo-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-coup-rumors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arroyo+declares+state+of+emergency+amid+coup+rumors&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F24%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farroyo-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-coup-rumors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/02/24/proclamation-no-1017-s-2006">"Proclamation No. 1017, s. 2006"</a>. Official Gazette. 24 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015944/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/02/24/proclamation-no-1017-s-2006/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Proclamation+No.+1017%2C+s.+2006&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2006%2F02%2F24%2Fproclamation-no-1017-s-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/philippines">"State of emergency declared in Philippines"</a>. The Guardian. 24 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024711/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/philippines">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+declared+in+Philippines&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fphilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4175922.stm">"Portugal fires threaten thousands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4175922.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Portugal+fires+threaten+thousands&rft.date=2005-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4175922.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/04/18/protests-escalate-in-ecuadors-capital/5263e3b1-9261-489b-9d04-2dbb3a3a5554/">"Protests Escalate in Ecuador's Capital"</a>. The Washington Post. 18 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/04/18/protests-escalate-in-ecuadors-capital/5263e3b1-9261-489b-9d04-2dbb3a3a5554/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Protests+Escalate+in+Ecuador%27s+Capital&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2005%2F04%2F18%2Fprotests-escalate-in-ecuadors-capital%2F5263e3b1-9261-489b-9d04-2dbb3a3a5554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/11/22/georgia.protests/index.html">"State of emergency in Georgia"</a>. CNN. 22 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015936/https://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/11/22/georgia.protests/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+in+Georgia&rft.date=2003-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F11%2F22%2Fgeorgia.protests%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/08/14/nyc.powerout/index.html">"New Yorkers face new emergency"</a>. CNN. 14 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728230307/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/08/14/nyc.powerout/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=New+Yorkers+face+new+emergency&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2FNortheast%2F08%2F14%2Fnyc.powerout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,4584,7-212-96477_57648_21974-73614--,00.html">"Governor Declares State of Emergency in Southeast Michigan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Michigan" title="Government of Michigan">Government of Michigan</a>. 15 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015934/https://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,4584,7-212-96477_57648_21974-73614--,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Michigan&rft.atitle=Governor+Declares+State+of+Emergency+in+Southeast+Michigan&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fformergovernors%2F0%2C4584%2C7-212-96477_57648_21974-73614--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario-declares-state-of-emergency-1.381209">"Ontario declares state of emergency"</a>. CBC News. 14 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015937/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario-declares-state-of-emergency-1.381209">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Ontario+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fontario-declares-state-of-emergency-1.381209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/serbia/acting-serbian-president-declares-state-emergency">"Acting Serbian President declares state of emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>. 12 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015945/https://reliefweb.int/report/serbia/acting-serbian-president-declares-state-emergency">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Acting+Serbian+President+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fserbia%2Facting-serbian-president-declares-state-emergency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/16/world/state-of-emergency-in-paraguay-1-dies-in-unrest-over-economy.html">"State of Emergency in Paraguay; 1 Dies in Unrest Over Economy"</a>. The New York Times. 15 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015933/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/16/world/state-of-emergency-in-paraguay-1-dies-in-unrest-over-economy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=State+of+Emergency+in+Paraguay%3B+1+Dies+in+Unrest+Over+Economy&rft.date=2002-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F16%2Fworld%2Fstate-of-emergency-in-paraguay-1-dies-in-unrest-over-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/11/26/nepal.rebels.1113/index.html">"Nepal considers state of emergency"</a>. CNN. 26 November 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015934/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/11/26/nepal.rebels.1113/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Nepal+considers+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2001-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Fsouth%2F11%2F26%2Fnepal.rebels.1113%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/01/wto">"State of emergency in Seattle"</a>. The Guardian. 1 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024628/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/01/wto">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+in+Seattle&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fdec%2F01%2Fwto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-03-03-mn-34340-story.html">"Albania Declares State of Emergency"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 3 March 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015934/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-03-03-mn-34340-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Albania+Declares+State+of+Emergency&rft.date=1997-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-03-03-mn-34340-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyt-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Nyt_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3DD103FF936A3575BC0A963958260">"Trinidad House Speaker Put Under House Arrest"</a>. The New York Times. Trinidad And Tobago. 5 August 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024749/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/05/world/world-news-briefs-trinidad-house-speaker-put-under-house-arrest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trinidad+House+Speaker+Put+Under+House+Arrest&rft.date=1995-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CE3DD103FF936A3575BC0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17878180">"LA riots: How 1992 changed the police"</a>. BBC News. 29 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928020119/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17878180">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=LA+riots%3A+How+1992+changed+the+police&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-17878180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timelines.latimes.com/los-angeles-riots">"The L.A. Riots: 25 years later"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 26 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922031951/https://timelines.latimes.com/los-angeles-riots/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+L.A.+Riots%3A+25+years+later&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimelines.latimes.com%2Flos-angeles-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/29/state-of-emergency-imposed-in-moldova/4c7d710f-d197-4131-9b1e-924111c8e36d/">"STATE OF EMERGENCY IMPOSED IN MOLDOVA"</a>. The Washington Post. 29 March 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/29/state-of-emergency-imposed-in-moldova/4c7d710f-d197-4131-9b1e-924111c8e36d/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=STATE+OF+EMERGENCY+IMPOSED+IN+MOLDOVA&rft.date=1992-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1992%2F03%2F29%2Fstate-of-emergency-imposed-in-moldova%2F4c7d710f-d197-4131-9b1e-924111c8e36d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-10774647">"Trinidad marks 1990 coup attempt"</a>. BBC News. 27 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603024716/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-10774647">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trinidad+marks+1990+coup+attempt&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-10774647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/state-emergency-1985">"State of Emergency – 1985"</a>. South African History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928015941/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/state-emergency-1985">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=State+of+Emergency+%E2%80%93+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fstate-emergency-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-espinoza-270"><a href="#cite_ref-espinoza_270-0">^</a> <cite>Espinoza-Castro v. I.N.S.</cite>, 242 F.3d 1181, 30 (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> McRoberts, Kenneth. Catalonia: Nation Building Without a State. Oxford University Press. New York. 2001. pp.36 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben, Giorgio</a> (2005). State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00925-4"><bdi>978-0-226-00925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Exception&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00925-4&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"> Excerpt online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/009254.html">"A Brief History of the State of Exception"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilai1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gad_Barzilai" title="Gad Barzilai">Barzilai, Gad</a> (1996). Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2943-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2943-1"><bdi>0-7914-2943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars%2C+Internal+Conflicts%2C+and+Political+Order&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-2943-1&rft.aulast=Barzilai&rft.aufirst=Gad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Walter Benjamin, Zur Kritik der Gewalt ("Critique of Violence").</li> <li>Fabbri, Lorenzo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1870908/Chronotopologies_of_the_Exception_Agamben_and_Derrida_before_the_Camps">"Chronotopologies of the Exception. Agamben and Derrida before the Camps"</a>, Diacritics, Volume 39, Number 3 (2009): 77–95.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedermanCommittee_to_Review_the_Offences_against_the_State_Acts_1939_to_19982002" class="citation web cs1">Hederman, Anthony J.; Committee to Review the Offences against the State Acts 1939 to 1998 (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/hederman%20report.pdf/Files/hederman%20report.pdf#page=213">"Report"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report&rft.date=2002-08&rft.aulast=Hederman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Offences+against+the+State+Acts+1939+to+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.ie%2Fen%2FJELR%2Fhederman%2520report.pdf%2FFiles%2Fhederman%2520report.pdf%23page%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Carl Schmitt, On Dictatorship and Political Theology.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2005" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Conradin (2005). Ausnahmezustand und Menschenrecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ausnahmezustand+und+Menschenrecht&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Conradin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein2003" class="citation book cs1">Hussein, Nassar (2003). The Jurisprudence of Emergency. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jurisprudence+of+Emergency&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Nassar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+emergency" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rooney, Bryan. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2053168019892436">Emergency powers in democratic states: Introducing the Democratic Emergency Powers dataset.</a>" Research & Politics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrc29.html">General Comment 29, States of Emergency (article 4), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212154938/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc09/EDOC11858.pdf">The protection of human rights in emergency situations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">PACE</a> report (2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625032056/http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2006/CDL-AD%282006%29015-e.asp">Opinion on the protection of human rights in emergency situations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216227#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128998-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170460&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&oldid=1276136845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&oldid=1276136845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitutional_law" title="Category:Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_laws" title="Category:Emergency laws">Emergency laws</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_management" title="Category:Emergency management">Emergency management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government" title="Category:Government">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inclement_weather_management" title="Category:Inclement weather management">Inclement weather management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement" title="Category:Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dictatorship" title="Category:Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:Articles with Arabic-language sources (ar)">Articles with Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(Hong_Kong)-language_sources_(zh-hk)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)">CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)">Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2012" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2012">Articles with dead external links from March 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_June_2015" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from June 2015">Accuracy disputes from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 02:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_emergency&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >State of emergency</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 63 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-vl8v5","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.100","walltime":"2.269","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16102,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":532749,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10741,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":900413,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1929.129 1 -total"," 67.18% 1296.047 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.30% 603.869 134 Template:Cite_web"," 16.31% 314.612 86 Template:Cite_news"," 6.56% 126.490 1 Template:Harvnb"," 5.35% 103.192 7 Template:Langx"," 4.85% 93.508 13 Template:Fix"," 4.80% 92.569 10 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.66% 89.973 1 Template:Authority_control"," 3.50% 67.538 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.391","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19567184,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgamben2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAll-Party_Oireachtas_Committee_on_the_Constitution2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstorCaronVictor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxelrod2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagoo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilai1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenayas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBischoff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuitrago,_DeisyUlmer,_Alexandra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochraneCullenTunney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstitution_Review_Group1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurriede_Waal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuéPérezBlas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDress2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallTunney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedermanCommittee_to_Review_the_Offences_against_the_State_Acts_1939_to_19982002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenare2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerald\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunte2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson-Jafar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal_AmasManveena_SuriSteve_George2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe_SterlingSarah_SirganyIan_Lee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongaigh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuna2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManahan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMao,_Frances2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsRomeroÁlvarez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAnulty2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinleySandoval2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Mahony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalansamy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosario2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehata2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStabilization1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandard\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_Queensland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey,_Anne2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Legislation AU\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 134,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 14,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","180","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.9"],["type","80","5.9"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","60","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","380","27.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-bl5s6","timestamp":"20250217023852","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"State of emergency","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_of_emergency","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216227","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q216227","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-17T21:47:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T02:38:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Malay_Regiment_operatives_1949.JPG","headline":"legal declaration or de facto acts by a government allowing assumption of extraordinary powers"}</script> </body> </html>