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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"County of Sussex" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sussex County (disambiguation)">Sussex County</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historic county in England. For the administrative counties into which Sussex is divided, see <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sussex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sussex (disambiguation)">Sussex (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style>Sussex (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsʌsɪks/</a>; from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Sūþseaxe; <abbr>lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/South_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="South Saxons">South Saxons</a>'; 'Sussex') is an area within <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> which was historically a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">kingdom</a> and, later, a <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">county</a>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>. <table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Sussex</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic county</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg/238px-View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg/357px-View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg/476px-View_from_Devil%27s_Dyke_towards_Poynings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg/84px-Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg/126px-Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg/168px-Chichester_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6217492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastbourne_Pier_(geograph_6773225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg/150px-Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg/225px-Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg/300px-Eastbourne_Pier_%28geograph_6773225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">A view from <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dyke,_Sussex" title="Devil's Dyke, Sussex">Devil's Dyke</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_Pier" title="Eastbourne Pier">Eastbourne Pier</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sussex.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sussex"><img alt="Flag of Sussex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Sussex.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sussex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Sussex.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sussex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Sussex.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sussex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="260"></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sussex" title="Flag of Sussex">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Sussex"><img alt="Location of Sussex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg/250px-Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg/375px-Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg/500px-Sussex_-_British_Isles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1835"></a> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sussex&params=51_N_0_E_type:landmark">51°N 0°E / 51°N 0°E / 51; 0</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">5th century</a> (traditionally 477)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chapman_code" title="Chapman code">Chapman code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SSX</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">HQ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">Various</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/We_wunt_be_druv" title="We wunt be druv">We wunt be druv</a>"</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contained within</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Ceremonial counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> • <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">Rapes</a> (largest & most notable of differing former subdivisions)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Units</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Chichester" title="Rape of Chichester">1 Chichester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Arundel" title="Rape of Arundel">2 Arundel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Bramber" title="Rape of Bramber">3 Bramber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Lewes" title="Rape of Lewes">4 Lewes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Pevensey" title="Rape of Pevensey">5 Pevensey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Hastings" title="Rape of Hastings">6 Hastings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapes_of_Sussex.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rapes of Sussex"><img alt="Rapes of Sussex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rapes_of_Sussex.svg/250px-Rapes_of_Sussex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rapes_of_Sussex.svg/375px-Rapes_of_Sussex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rapes_of_Sussex.svg/500px-Rapes_of_Sussex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="372"></a> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The area borders the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to the north-east, and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> to the west. Sussex contains the city of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a> and its wider <a href="/wiki/Greater_Brighton_City_Region" title="Greater Brighton City Region">city region</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs_National_Park" title="South Downs National Park">South Downs National Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="National Landscape">National Landscapes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Weald_National_Landscape" title="High Weald National Landscape">High Weald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Harbour" title="Chichester Harbour">Chichester Harbour</a>. Its coastline is 137 miles (220 km) long. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a> emerged in the 5th century; during <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> the area was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a> tribe. In about 827, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellendun" title="Battle of Ellendun">Battle of Ellendun</a>, Sussex was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. From 860 it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Wessex">kings of Wessex</a>, and in 927 it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Sussex in the High Middle Ages">Norman period</a>, Sussex was subdivided into six administrative districts known as <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">rapes</a>, which were themselves divided into <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundreds</a>. By the sixteenth century, the eastern three rapes and the western three rapes had been combined for most meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_quarter_sessions" title="Court of quarter sessions">court of quarter sessions</a>, a division which was reinforced when the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative counties</a> of East Sussex and West Sussex were established in 1889. Subsequent local government reforms maintained the division into east and west. The county retained a single <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Sussex">lord lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Sussex" title="Sheriff of Sussex">sheriff</a> until 1974, when they were replaced with separate posts for <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_East_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_West_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of West Sussex">West Sussex</a> and Sussex lost its status as a ceremonial county. Sussex is widely regarded as a single unified entity for some purposes, such as the environment,<a href="#cite_note-1">[nb 1]</a> food and drink<a href="#cite_note-2">[nb 2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sussex" title="Sport in Sussex">sport</a>. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Day" title="Sussex Day">Sussex Day</a> was created to celebrate the county's <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sussex" title="Culture of Sussex">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sussex" title="History of Sussex">history</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Toponymy">1 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Symbols">2 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Landscape">3.1 Landscape</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Conurbations">3.3 Conurbations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Population">4 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Beginnings">5.1 Beginnings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Roman_canton">5.2 Roman canton</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Kingdom_of_Sussex">5.3 Kingdom of Sussex</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Norman_Sussex">5.4 Norman Sussex</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sussex_under_the_Plantagenets">5.5 Sussex under the Plantagenets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Early_modern_Sussex">5.6 Early modern Sussex</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary_Sussex">5.7 Late modern and contemporary Sussex</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Governance">6 Governance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Politics">6.1 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Law">6.2 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">6.3 Administrative divisions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Historic_sub-divisions">6.3.1 Historic sub-divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Modern_local_authority_areas">6.3.2 Modern local authority areas</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Healthcare">9 Healthcare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Culture">10 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Architecture">10.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Dialect">10.2 Dialect</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Literature">10.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Music">10.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Television">10.5 Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Religion">10.6 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Science">10.7 Science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sport">10.8 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Cuisine">10.9 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Visual_arts">10.10 Visual arts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notable_people">11 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Footnotes">13 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name "Sussex" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> Suth-sæxe, which is in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Sūþseaxe, meaning "(land or people) of the <a href="/wiki/South_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="South Saxons">South Saxons</a>" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Essex#History" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex#Origin_and_toponymy" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>). The South Saxons were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribe</a> that settled in the region from the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a> during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest-known usage of the term South Saxons (Latin: Australes Saxones) is in a royal charter of 689 which names them and their king, <a href="/wiki/Nothhelm_of_Sussex" title="Nothhelm of Sussex">Noðhelm</a>, although the term may well have been in use for some time before that. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong; recent scholars have suggested he might have been a quarter of a century too late.<a href="#cite_note-lowerson-3">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, Sussex is recorded as Sudsexe.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware" title="Sussex County, Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Sussex County, New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Virginia" title="Sussex County, Virginia">Virginia</a>), and a former <a href="/wiki/Lands_administrative_divisions_of_Western_Australia" title="Lands administrative divisions of Western Australia">county/land division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Western_Australia" title="Sussex County, Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, are named after Sussex. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Sussex" title="Symbols of Sussex">Symbols of Sussex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sussex_shield.svg/170px-Sussex_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sussex_shield.svg/170px-Sussex_shield.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sussex_shield.svg/255px-Sussex_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sussex_shield.svg/340px-Sussex_shield.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The traditional Sussex emblem first-known recording in 1611 by John Speed: <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">martlets</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sussex" title="Flag of Sussex">flag of Sussex</a> consists of six gold <a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">martlets</a>, or heraldic <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>, on a blue background, <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> as <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, six martlets <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a>. Recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Institute" title="Flag Institute">Flag Institute</a> on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sussex" title="Coat of arms of Sussex">heraldic shield of Sussex</a>. The first-known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a> deployed it to represent the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of the South Saxons</a>. However, it seems that Speed was repeating an earlier association between the emblem and the county, rather than being the inventor of the association. It is now firmly regarded that the county emblem originated and derived from the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Shire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Shire">Knight of the Shire</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_de_Radynden" title="John de Radynden">John de Radynden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> Sussex's six martlets are today held to symbolise the traditional six sub-divisions of the county known as <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">rapes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG/220px-Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="769"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG/220px-Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG/330px-Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG/440px-Campanulaceae_-_Phyteuma_orbiculare.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phyteuma_orbiculare" title="Phyteuma orbiculare">round-headed rampion</a>, or Pride of Sussex, is Sussex's county flower.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sussex_by_the_Sea" title="Sussex by the Sea">Sussex by the Sea</a> is regarded as the unofficial anthem of Sussex; it was composed by <a href="/wiki/William_Ward-Higgs" title="William Ward-Higgs">William Ward-Higgs</a> in 1907, perhaps originally from the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem entitled Sussex. Adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_Regiment" title="Royal Sussex Regiment">Royal Sussex Regiment</a> and popularised in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it is sung at celebrations across the county, including those at <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Bonfire" title="Lewes Bonfire">Lewes Bonfire</a>, and at sports matches, including those of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_Albion_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club">Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Sussex County Cricket Club">Sussex County Cricket Club</a>. The county day, called <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Day" title="Sussex Day">Sussex Day</a>, is celebrated annually on 16 June, the feast day of <a href="/wiki/St_Richard_of_Chichester" class="mw-redirect" title="St Richard of Chichester">St Richard of Chichester</a>, Sussex's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, whose shrine at <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> was an important place of pilgrimage in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Sussex's motto, <a href="/wiki/We_wunt_be_druv" title="We wunt be druv">We wunt be druv</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a> expression meaning "we will not be pushed around" and reflects the traditionally independent nature of Sussex men and women. The <a href="/wiki/Round-headed_Rampion" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-headed Rampion">round-headed rampion</a>, also known as the "Pride of Sussex", was adopted as Sussex's <a href="/wiki/County_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="County flower">county flower</a> in 2002. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sussex" title="Geography of Sussex">Geography of Sussex</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_East_Sussex" title="Geology of East Sussex">Geology of East Sussex</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape">Landscape</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Landscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages,_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_(looking_east_-_2003-05-26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg/220px-Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg/220px-Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg/330px-Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg/440px-Seven_Sisters_cliffs_and_the_coastguard_cottages%2C_from_Seaford_Head_showing_Cuckmere_Haven_%28looking_east_-_2003-05-26%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The South Downs meets the sea at the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters, Sussex">Seven Sisters</a>.</figcaption></figure>The physical geography of Sussex relies heavily on its lying on the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Weald%E2%80%93Artois_anticline" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald–Artois anticline">Wealden anticline</a>, the major features of which are the high lands that cross the county in a west to east direction: the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> itself and the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a> has identified the following seven <a href="/wiki/National_character_area" class="mw-redirect" title="National character area">national character areas</a> in Sussex:<a href="#cite_note-NE-NCAs-7">[5]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plain" title="South Coast Plain">South Coast Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensand_Ridge" title="Greensand Ridge">Wealden Greensand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Weald" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Weald">Low Weald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Weald" class="mw-redirect" title="High Weald">High Weald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pevensey_Levels" title="Pevensey Levels">Pevensey Levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marshes</a></li></ul> At 280 metres (920 feet), <a href="/wiki/Blackdown,_West_Sussex" title="Blackdown, West Sussex">Blackdown</a> is the highest point in Sussex, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_counties_by_highest_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English counties by highest point">county top</a>. With a height of 248 metres (814 ft) <a href="/wiki/Ditchling_Beacon" title="Ditchling Beacon">Ditchling Beacon</a> is the highest point in East Sussex. At 113 kilometres (70 miles) long, the <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">River Medway</a> is the longest river flowing through Sussex. The longest river entirely in Sussex is the <a href="/wiki/River_Arun" title="River Arun">River Arun</a>, which is 60 kilometres (37 mi) long. Sussex's largest lakes are man-made reservoirs. The largest is <a href="/wiki/Bewl_Water" title="Bewl Water">Bewl Water</a> on the Kent border, while the largest wholly within Sussex is <a href="/wiki/Ardingly_Reservoir" title="Ardingly Reservoir">Ardingly Reservoir</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-MetOff-8">[6]</a> The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas: sea breezes, blowing off the sea, tend to clear any cloud from the coast.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> The sunshine average is approximately 1,900 hours a year; this is much higher than the UK average of 1,340 hours a year. Most of Sussex lies in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> 8; the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton, which lies in the milder zone 9. Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with 950 mm (37 in) of rainfall per year.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> The close proximity of Sussex to <a href="/wiki/The_Continent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Continent">the Continent</a> of Europe, results in cold spells in winter and hot, humid weather in summer.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> The climate of the coastal districts is strongly influenced by the sea, which, because of its tendency to warm up slower than land, can result in cooler temperatures than inland in the summer. In the autumn months, the coast sometimes has higher temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> Rainfall during the summer months is mainly from thunderstorms and thundery showers; from January to March the heavier rainfall is due to prevailing south-westerly frontal systems.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> In winter, the east winds can be as cold as further inland.<a href="#cite_note-VisSx-9">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selsey" title="Selsey">Selsey</a> is known as a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> hotspot, with small tornadoes hitting the town in 1986, 1998 and 2000,<a href="#cite_note-MetOff-8">[6]</a> with the 1998 tornado causing an estimated £10 million of damage to 1,000 buildings.<a href="#cite_note-MetOff-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conurbations">Conurbations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conurbations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most of Sussex's population is distributed in an east–west line along the English Channel coast or on the east–west line of the <a href="/wiki/A272" class="mw-redirect" title="A272">A272</a>. The exception to this pattern is the 20th-century north–south development on the <a href="/wiki/A23_road" title="A23 road">A23</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line" title="Brighton Main Line">Brighton line</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_corridor" title="Transport corridor">corridor</a>, Sussex's main link to London. Sussex's population is dominated by the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation that, with a population of over 470,000, is home to almost 1 in 3 of Sussex's population. According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> urban area populations for continuous built-up areas, these are the five largest conurbations: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2" width="100px">Urban area<a href="#cite_note-FOPM_UrbanAreas-10">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Population </th> <th rowspan="2">Statistical localities<a href="#cite_note-KS01-KSUA-11">[9]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th width="60px">2001 Census<a href="#cite_note-FOPM_UrbanAreas-10">[8]</a> </th> <th width="60px">2011 Census<a href="#cite_note-BUA-12">[10]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton">Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton</a> </td> <td>461,181 </td> <td>474,485 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Sometimes referred to as two <a href="/wiki/Primary_urban_area" title="Primary urban area">primary urban areas</a> – Brighton Urban Area and Worthing Urban Area<a href="#cite_note-PUAs-DCLG-13">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a> </td> <td>180,177 </td> <td>180,508 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Includes approx. 30,000 people living in Surrey. In the 2001 census this urban area included <a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a> in Surrey but in the 2011 census it did not. <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a> was part of this urban area for the 2011 census but it was not for previous censuses. </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill</a> </td> <td>126,386 </td> <td>133,422 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a> </td> <td>106,562 </td> <td>118,219 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bognor_Regis" title="Bognor Regis">Bognor Regis</a> </td> <td>62,141 </td> <td>63,885 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The combined population of Sussex as of 2021 was about 1.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-14">[nb 3]</a> In 2021, Sussex had a population density of 451 per km2, higher than the average for England of 434 per km2. <ul><li>The earliest statement as to the population of Sussex is made by <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Bede">Bede</a>, who describes the county in the year 681 as containing land for 7,000 families; allowing ten to a family (a reasonable estimate at that date), the total population would be 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15">[12]</a></li> <li>In 1693 the county is said to have contained 21,537 houses.</li> <li>The 1801 census found that the population was 159,311.</li></ul> The decline of the Sussex ironworks probably accounts for the small increase in population during several centuries, although after the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_St_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of St Bartholomew">Massacre of St Bartholomew</a> upwards of 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> landed at Rye, and in 1685, after the revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, many more refugees were added to the county.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15">[12]</a> The population of Sussex was 550,446 in 1891 and 605,202 in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sussex" title="History of Sussex">History of Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sussex_history" title="Timeline of Sussex history">Timeline of Sussex history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beginnings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Finds at <a href="/wiki/Eartham_Pit,_Boxgrove" class="mw-redirect" title="Eartham Pit, Boxgrove">Eartham Pit</a> in Boxgrove show that the area has some of the earliest hominid remains in Europe, dating back some 500,000 years and known as Boxgrove Man or <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>. At a site near Pulborough called The Beedings, tools have been found that date from around 35,000 years ago and that are thought to be from either the last <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> The thriving population lived by hunting game such as horses, bison, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolly rhino">woolly rhinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Around 6000 BC the ice sheet over the North Sea melted, sea levels rose and the meltwaters burst south and westwards, creating the English Channel and cutting the people of Sussex off from their <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> kinsmen to the south. Later in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the area of the South Downs above Worthing was one of Britain's largest and most important <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>-mining centres.<a href="#cite_note-SSST10-18">[15]</a> The flints were used to help fell trees for agriculture. The oldest of these mines, at Church Hill in Findon, has been carbon-dated to 4500 BC to 3750 BC, making it one of the earliest known mines in Britain. Flint tools from <a href="/wiki/Cissbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cissbury">Cissbury</a> have been found as far away as the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-SteyningMus-19">[16]</a> Sussex is rich in remains from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a>, in particular the Bronze Age barrows known as the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Jumps,_Treyford" title="Devil's Jumps, Treyford">Devil's Jumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cissbury_Ring" title="Cissbury Ring">Cissbury Ring</a>, one of Britain's largest hillforts. Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75 BC people from the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>, one of the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>, a mix of Celtic and German stock, invaded and occupied southern Britain.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong24-20">[17]</a> This was followed by an invasion by the Roman army under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> that temporarily occupied south-eastern Britain in 55 BC.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong24-20">[17]</a> Soon after the first Roman invasion had ended, the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a> tribe under their leader <a href="/wiki/Commius" title="Commius">Commius</a> initially occupied the <a href="/wiki/Manhood_Peninsula" title="Manhood Peninsula">Manhood Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong24-20">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eppillus" title="Eppillus">Eppillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verica" title="Verica">Verica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cogidubnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogidubnus">Cogidubnus</a> followed Commius as rulers of the Regni<a href="#cite_note-armstrong24-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21">[18]</a> or southern Atrebates, a region which included most of Sussex, with their capital in the Selsey area.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-cunliffe169-23">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_canton">Roman canton</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roman canton" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishbourne_model.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/220px-Fishbourne_model.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/220px-Fishbourne_model.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/330px-Fishbourne_model.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/440px-Fishbourne_model.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Museum model of how Fishbourne Roman Palace may have appeared</figcaption></figure> A number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a> in AD 43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of <a href="/wiki/Richborough" title="Richborough">Richborough</a> in Kent. According to this theory, the Romans were called to restore the refugee <a href="/wiki/Verica" title="Verica">Verica</a>, a king whose capital was in the Selsey and Chichester area,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-21">[18]</a> who had been driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a>, a tribe based around modern Hertfordshire.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Much of Sussex was a Roman canton of the <a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a>, probably taking a similar area to the pre-Roman tribal area and kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[19]</a> Its capital was at <a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a>, modern-day Chichester, close to the pre-Roman capital of the area, around Selsey. Sussex was home to the magnificent <a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Roman Palace at Fishbourne</a>, by far the largest Roman residence known north of the Alps. The Romans built villas, especially on the coastal plain and around Chichester, one of the best preserved being that at <a href="/wiki/Bignor" title="Bignor">Bignor</a>. Christianity first came to Sussex at this time, but faded away when the Romans left in the 5th century. The nationally important Patching hoard of Roman coins that was found in 1997 is the latest find of Roman coins found in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, probably deposited after 475 AD, well after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure from Britain</a> around 410 AD.<a href="#cite_note-white351-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Sussex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the Kingdom of Sussex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/220px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1190"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 390px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/220px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png" data-alt="Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the Kingdom of Sussex" data-width="220" data-height="390" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/330px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/440px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Britain around 800 AD showing the Kingdom of Sussex</figcaption></figure> The foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which states that in the year AD 477 <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lle_of_Sussex" title="Ælle of Sussex">Ælle</a> landed with his three sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch19929-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-asc477-27">[24]</a> Having fought on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne" title="Battle of Mercredesburne">Mearcredesburna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> it seems Ælle secured the area between the Ouse and Cuckmere in a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon197823%E2%80%9325-29">[26]</a> Traditionally this is thought to have been against native Britons, but it may have been to secure the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a> fort of <a href="/wiki/Anderida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderida">Anderida</a> from the influence of the Kingdom of Kent, with whom the South Saxons may have had occasional disputes.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[19]</a> Ælle was recognised as the first '<a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a>' or overlord of southern Britain. He was probably the most senior of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kings and led the ill-fated campaign against <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Badon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Badon">Mount Badon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the 7th century, South Saxon kings were ruling from sites around Selsey (the pre-Roman capital of the area) and Chichester (the Roman capital of the area) initially with similar borders to the pre-Roman kingdom and Roman canton.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[19]</a> For much of the 7th and 8th centuries, Sussex suffered attempts at invasion from the Kingdom of Wessex to its west. King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwealh_of_Sussex" title="Æthelwealh of Sussex">Æðelwealh</a> formed an alliance with Christian <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> against Wessex, becoming Sussex's first Christian king. With support from <a href="/wiki/St_Wilfrid" class="mw-redirect" title="St Wilfrid">St Wilfrid</a>, Sussex became the last major Anglo Saxon kingdom to become Christian. South Saxon and Mercian forces took control of what is now east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla of Wessex</a> killed Æðelwealh and "ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation". The South Saxons forced Cædwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, replacing its king. At this time Sussex could have re-emerged into a regional power.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby114-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venning45-46-31">[28]</a> Shortly afterwards, Cædwalla returned to Sussex, killing its king and oppressing its people, putting them in what Bede called "a worse state of slavery".<a href="#cite_note-Brandon_1978_32-32">[29]</a> The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon_1978_32-32">[29]</a> Only around 715 was <a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Selsey" title="Eadberht of Selsey">Eadberht of Selsey</a> made the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">bishop of the South Saxons</a>, after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued. Following a period of rule by King <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a>, Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the crown of Wessex in 860,<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2000_169-34">[31]</a> which later grew into the Kingdom of England. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_Sussex">Norman Sussex</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Norman Sussex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sussex_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Sussex in the High Middle Ages">Sussex in the High Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_stone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harold_stone.JPG/220px-Harold_stone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harold_stone.JPG/220px-Harold_stone.JPG" data-alt="Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harold_stone.JPG/330px-Harold_stone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harold_stone.JPG/440px-Harold_stone.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Battle Abbey was founded to commemorate William's victory in the Battle of Hastings. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> was fought in Sussex, the victory that led to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>. In September 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Normandy">William of Normandy</a> landed with his forces at <a href="/wiki/Pevensey" title="Pevensey">Pevensey</a> and erected a wooden castle at <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, from which they raided the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-Bates79-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, who had strong connections with Sussex and whose chief <a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">seat</a> was probably in <a href="/wiki/Bosham" title="Bosham">Bosham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> After having marched his exhausted army 250 miles (400 km) from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's <a href="/wiki/Thegns" class="mw-redirect" title="Thegns">thegns</a> were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-seward5-38">[35]</a> William built <a href="/wiki/Battle_Abbey" title="Battle Abbey">Battle Abbey</a> at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar.<a href="#cite_note-seward5-38">[35]</a> Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any English county under the Normans, for it was the heartland of King Harold and was potentially vulnerable to further invasion.<a href="#cite_note-SxLand-39">[36]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings and to put an end to any rebellion, the Norman army destroyed estates and other assets on their route through Sussex, leading to a 40 per cent reduction in Sussex's wealth, a situation worse than any other southern or midland county. By 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10 to 25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066.<a href="#cite_note-Econ-Norman_rule-40">[37]</a> It was also during the Norman period that Sussex achieved its greatest importance in comparison with other English counties.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[38]</a> Sussex was on the main route between England and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, and the lands of the Anglo-Norman nobility in what is now western France. The growth in Sussex's population, the importance of its ports and the increased colonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> were all part of changes as significant to Sussex as those brought by the neolithic period, by the Romans and the Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[38]</a> Sussex also experienced the most radical and thorough reorganisation of land in England. The county's existing sub-divisions, known as rapes, were made into castleries and each territory was given to one of William's most trusted barons. Castles were built to defend the territories including at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. Sussex's bishop, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelric_II" title="Æthelric II">Æthelric II</a>, was deposed and imprisoned and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Stigand_of_Selsey" title="Stigand of Selsey">Stigand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kelly9-42">[39]</a> The Normans also built <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> and moved the seat of Sussex's bishopric from Selsey to Chichester. The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.<a href="#cite_note-SxLand-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sussex_under_the_Plantagenets">Sussex under the Plantagenets</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sussex under the Plantagenets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1264, the Sussex Downs were the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes" title="Battle of Lewes">Battle of Lewes</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> and his fellow barons captured Prince Edward (later <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a>), the son and heir of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. The subsequent treaty, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mise_of_Lewes" title="Mise of Lewes">Mise of Lewes</a>, led to Montfort summoning the <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">first parliament</a> in English history without any prior royal authorisation. A provisional administration was set up, consisting of Montfort, the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bersted" title="Stephen Bersted">Bishop of Chichester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Earl of Gloucester</a>. These three were to elect a council of nine, to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, Sussex found itself on the frontline, convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates.<a href="#cite_note-lowerson-3">[1]</a> Hastings, Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period<a href="#cite_note-lowerson-3">[1]</a> and all three towns became part of the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>, a loose federation for supplying ships for the country's security. Also at this time, <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Castle" title="Amberley Castle">Amberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodiam_Castle" title="Bodiam Castle">Bodiam</a> castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers.<a href="#cite_note-lowerson-3">[1]</a> One of the impacts of the war and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, which killed around half of the population of Sussex,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> was the perceived injustice that led many Sussex people to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> of 1381. Coastal areas suffered most from the Black Death, and took longest to recover. Instead much economic activity in Sussex was focused on the Weald. Merchants moved north from the coastal towns and many Continental craftsmen, fleeing religious persecution, brought their expertise to the timber, iron, clothmaking and glass industries.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Economic and social tensions continued for many years as Sussex people were also involved in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a>'s rebellion of 1450, in which Cade may have been killed at <a href="/wiki/Cade_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Cade Street">Cade Street</a>, near Heathfield. Demands grew more radical in Sussex in 1451 when <a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold" title="John and William Merfold">John and William Merfold</a> advocated rule by common people. They also demanded that <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> be deposed and publicly incited the killing of the nobility and clergy.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_Sussex">Early modern Sussex</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early modern Sussex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Wealden_iron_industry" title="Wealden iron industry">Wealden iron industry</a> expanded rapidly, especially after the first <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> arrived in Sussex in 1496, from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, which greatly improved efficiency. Skilled Flemish workers moved to Sussex, followed again by <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> craftsmen from France, who brought new techniques. The industry was strategically important and flourished into the 17th century, after which it began to decline. It also brought widespread <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of parts of the Sussex Weald.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg/250px-Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9709" data-file-height="7301"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg/250px-Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg/375px-Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg/500px-Cantium_southsexia_surria_meddlesexia_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hand-drawn map of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Middlesex from 1575.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s separation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a> led to the demolition of <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Priory" title="Lewes Priory">Lewes Priory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_Abbey" title="Battle Abbey">Battle Abbey</a> and the sites being given to Henry's supporters. The shrine to <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">St Richard</a> at Chichester Cathedral was also destroyed. <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">41 Protestants were burned to death</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, religious intolerance continued albeit on a lesser scale, with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-lowerson-3">[1]</a> In Elizabeth's reign, Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe; combined with a significant Catholic presence, Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmockQuinnHadfield2013205-48">[45]</a> Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, although control of the Wealden iron industry was strategically important to both sides. In 1642 there was a skirmish at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muster_Green" title="Battle of Muster Green">Haywards Heath</a> when <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a> marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a>. The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-CivWar-49">[46]</a> Shortly after there were <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chichester" title="Siege of Chichester">Chichester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arundel" title="Siege of Arundel">Arundel</a>, and a smaller battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bramber_Bridge" title="Battle of Bramber Bridge">Bramber Bridge</a>. Despite its being under Parliamentarian control, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was able to <a href="/wiki/Escape_of_Charles_II" title="Escape of Charles II">journey through the county</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Battle of Worcester</a> in 1651 to make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham. In 1681 Charles II granted <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> lands in what became <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. Amongst those whom he carried to North America as colonists were 200 people from Sussex, mostly Quakers,<a href="#cite_note-lower341-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> who founded settlements named after places in Sussex including <a href="/wiki/Lewes,_Delaware" title="Lewes, Delaware">Lewes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaford,_Delaware" title="Seaford, Delaware">Seaford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware" title="Sussex County, Delaware">Sussex County</a>, Delaware and <a href="/wiki/Horsham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Horsham Township</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Friends_Meetinghouse" title="Chichester Friends Meetinghouse">Chichester</a> in Pennsylvania. The Sussex coast was greatly modified by the social movement of <a href="/wiki/Sea_bathing" title="Sea bathing">sea bathing</a> for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-SxLand-39">[36]</a> Resorts developed all along the coast, including at Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Bognor.<a href="#cite_note-SxLand-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary_Sussex">Late modern and contemporary Sussex</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Late modern and contemporary Sussex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Poverty increased and by 1801 Sussex had the highest <a href="/wiki/Poor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor law">poor law</a> rates in England, with 23 per cent of its population (37,000 people out of 160,000) living on the breadline and receiving regular relief.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Socially acceptable crimes, including protest, riot, collective action and <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> were commonplace in Sussex and were seen by many as a legitimate way to address grievances and assert freedoms. At this time, Sussex became a centre for <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> developed his political ideas in Lewes, and later wrote <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a> which was influential in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Known as 'the radical duke',<a href="#cite_note-radical-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_3rd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond</a>, was an early supporter of parliamentary reform and US independence.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> was a product of Sussex's rural radicalism,<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> and became a campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and peace. Poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> was another influential radical from Sussex. At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers' conditions took a turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed, those in work faced their wages being forced down.<a href="#cite_note-harrison249-59">[56]</a> Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in 1830 that four harvest labourers (seasonal workers) had been found dead of starvation.<a href="#cite_note-harrison249-59">[56]</a> The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots, first in neighbouring Kent, and then in Sussex, where they lasted for several weeks, although the unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harrison249-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-horspool339-60">[57]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, on 30 June 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_Regiment" title="Royal Sussex Regiment">Royal Sussex Regiment</a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Battle of the Boar's Head</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richebourg-l%27Avou%C3%A9" title="Richebourg-l'Avoué">Richebourg-l'Avoué</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richebourg-61">[58]</a> The day subsequently became known as The Day Sussex Died.<a href="#cite_note-Richebourg-61">[58]</a> Within five hours the 17 officers and 349 men were killed,<a href="#cite_note-Richebourg-61">[58]</a> and 1,000 men were wounded or taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Richebourg-61">[58]</a> In 1918 the terms of the armistice to be offered to Germany at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> were agreed at a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Danny_House" title="Danny House">Danny House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurstpierpoint" title="Hurstpierpoint">Hurstpierpoint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> With the declaration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Sussex found itself part of the country's frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed.<a href="#cite_note-leslie118-63">[60]</a> Sussex was garrisoned by multiple British and Canadian Army units from 1940 until at least May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> During the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> and <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> landings, the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials, including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a> off the county's coast.<a href="#cite_note-brandon302-65">[62]</a> In the post-war era, the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns Act 1946">New Towns Act 1946</a> designated Crawley as the site of a <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">new town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SuppMem-66">[63]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into the ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974. Boundaries were changed and a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Lewes" title="Rape of Lewes">rape of Lewes</a> was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex, along with Gatwick Airport, historically part of the county of Surrey. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Sussex" title="History of local government in Sussex">History of local government in Sussex</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner">Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)">Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff of Sussex">High Sheriff of Sussex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Sussex">Lord Lieutenant of Sussex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Sussex" title="Custos Rotulorum of Sussex">Custos Rotulorum of Sussex</a></div> From 1290, Sussex returned two <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>. Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs. After the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">union</a> with Scotland two members represented the county in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons of Great Britain</a> from 1707 to 1800 and of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> from 1801 to 1832. The Reform Act 1832 led to the disenfranchisement of some of the smaller Sussex boroughs<a href="#cite_note-leslie72-67">[64]</a> and divided what had been a single county constituency into <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)">western</a> divisions, with two representatives elected for each division.<a href="#cite_note-horsefieldapp23-68">[65]</a> The reforms of the 19th century made the electoral system more representative, but it was not until 1928 that there was universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-leslie72-67">[64]</a> There was a strong <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republican</a> tradition in Sussex from the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> For most of the 20th century Sussex was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> stronghold—from the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> to <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a> general elections the only seats in Sussex won by parties other than the Conservatives were in the constituencies of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Brighton (UK Parliament constituency)">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Kemptown_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Kemptown (UK Parliament constituency)">Brighton Kemptown</a>. Since 1997 there has been a gradual shift to the left, especially in more urban areas. This has been most notable in Brighton and Hove, where in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Pavilion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Brighton Pavilion (UK Parliament constituency)">Brighton Pavilion</a> the UK's first <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> MP, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a>, was elected in 2010 and the UK's first Green-led local authority was elected in 2011. In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a>, Sussex is represented by 17 MPs. At the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, 6 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-op</a> MPs, 5 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MPs, 5 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dem</a> MPs and 1 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> MP were elected from Sussex constituencies. Amongst top-tier local authorities, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex_County_Council" title="West Sussex County Council">West Sussex County Councils</a> are both held by the Conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove City Council</a> is led by Labour. Amongst district councils, as of June 2024, the Lib Dems had a majority in three local authorities (<a href="/wiki/Chichester_District" title="Chichester District">Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_Council" title="Eastbourne Borough Council">Eastbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsham_District" title="Horsham District">Horsham</a>) and the Labour Party had a majority in three local authorities (<a href="/wiki/Adur_District" title="Adur District">Adur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawley_Borough_Council" title="Crawley Borough Council">Crawley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worthing_Borough_Council" title="Worthing Borough Council">Worthing</a>). Of the six local authorities in <a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</a>, one had a minority Green administration (<a href="/wiki/Hastings_Borough_Council" title="Hastings Borough Council">Hastings</a>), one was run by a Lib Dem-Labour-Green coalition (<a href="/wiki/Arun_District" title="Arun District">Arun</a>), one was run by a Green-Labour coalition (<a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a>), one as run by a Lib Dem-Independent coalition (<a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District" title="Mid Sussex District">Mid Sussex</a>) one was run by an Independent-Labour-Lib Dem-Green coalition (<a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a>) and one had a Lib Dem-Green coalition (<a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a>). Conservative <a href="/wiki/Katy_Bourne" title="Katy Bourne">Katy Bourne</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner">Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner</a>, having first been elected in 2012. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU</a>, the people of Sussex voted to leave the EU by the narrowest of margins, by 50.23% to 49.77% or 4,413 votes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Headquartered in Lewes, <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> policing in Sussex has been provided by <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police" title="Sussex Police">Sussex Police</a> since 1968.<a href="#cite_note-SxPolRec-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Courts,_High_Street,_Lewes_(NHLE_Code_1043780)_(March_2022).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG/220px-Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG/220px-Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG/330px-Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG/440px-Law_Courts%2C_High_Street%2C_Lewes_%28NHLE_Code_1043780%29_%28March_2022%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lewes Crown Court is the first-tier Crown Court for Sussex.</figcaption></figure> The first-tier <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> for all of Sussex is <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Crown_Court" title="Lewes Crown Court">Lewes Crown Court</a>, which has courts in Lewes, Brighton and Hove. Like other first-tier Crown Courts it has its own resident <a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court Judge</a>. There is also a third-tier Crown Court at Chichester. The <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_security_categories_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prisoner security categories in the United Kingdom">local</a> prison in Sussex for men is <a href="/wiki/Lewes_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewes (HM Prison)">Lewes Prison</a><a href="#cite_note-Old_Pol-74">[71]</a> and there is also a Category D prison at <a href="/wiki/Ford_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford (HM Prison)">Ford</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic_sub-divisions">Historic sub-divisions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historic sub-divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">Rape (county subdivision)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png/220px-Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1073"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png/220px-Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png/330px-Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png/440px-Sussex_administrative_map_1832.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Sussex in 1851 showing the six Rapes</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Rape_(county_subdivision)" title="Rape (county subdivision)">rape</a> is a traditional territorial sub-division of Sussex, formerly used for various administrative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm_1911,_p._900-75">[72]</a> Their origin is unknown, but they appear to predate the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Each rape was split into several <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (division)">hundreds</a> and may be <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> in origin.<a href="#cite_note-EPNS-AMetc-77">[74]</a> At the time of the Norman Conquest, there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. The <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Bramber" title="Rape of Bramber">rape of Bramber</a> was created later in the 11th century and the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Chichester" title="Rape of Chichester">rape of Chichester</a> was created in the 13th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_local_authority_areas">Modern local authority areas</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern local authority areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Local government in Sussex has been <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Sussex" title="History of local government in Sussex">subject to periodic review over time</a>. Currently, Sussex is currently divided into <ul><li>two counties for ceremonial purposes,</li> <li>for administrative purposes, into two <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-metropolitan counties">county council areas</a> (East and West Sussex) and one unitary authority, the city of Brighton and Hove.</li></ul> There is a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">two-tier structure</a> for East Sussex and West Sussex with <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>, libraries, public transport and <a href="/wiki/Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">waste disposal</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/County_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="County councils">county councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">local planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Building regulations in the United Kingdom">building control</a> carried out by the district and borough councils. For the governance of a long narrow territory it became practical to divide the county into two sections. The three eastern rapes of Sussex became east Sussex and the three western rapes became west Sussex. This began in 1504, with separate administrations (<a href="/wiki/Quarter_Sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter Sessions">Quarter Sessions</a>) for east and west, a situation recognised by the County of Sussex Act 1865. Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, the two divisions became two <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative counties</a> (along with three <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a> (Brighton, <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> and, from 1911, <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>) that were independent of the administrative counties).<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ceremonial county (post 1974) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-West_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-East_Sussex_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Upper tier </th> <td>1. West Sussex </td> <td>2. East Sussex </td> <td rowspan="2">3. <a href="/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton & Hove">Brighton & Hove</a> (unitary, post 1997) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower tier </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_District" title="Arun District">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester (district)">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsham (district)">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District" title="Mid Sussex District">Mid Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adur (district)">Adur</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewes (district)">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Despite its location in the prosperous South East of England, there is considerable economic variation within Sussex. In most areas within Sussex, economic output is close to or significantly lower than the UK average and is far below the average for South East England. For statistical purposes, the UK Government pairs Sussex at the <a href="/wiki/NUTS2" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS2">NUTS2</a> level with Surrey, a significantly better off region, which to some degree masks the level of deprivation in Sussex. In 2018 the four Sussex statistical areas at the NUTS3 level had a GDP per head that varied between £18,852 (58.6% of the UK average) and £33,711 (104.6% of the UK average), and was typically below the UK average of £32,216. This was in contrast to the two areas in Surrey, which had a GDP per head of £37,429 and £42,433, well above the UK average.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> There is also serious deprivation in Sussex comparable to the most deprived UK inner city areas. Some areas of Sussex are in the top 5 per cent most deprived in the UK and, in some areas, two-thirds of children are living in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-SxUnc-80">[77]</a> In 2011, two <a href="/wiki/Local_Enterprise_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Enterprise Partnership">Local Enterprise Partnerships</a> were formed to improve the economy in Sussex. These were the Coast to Capital LEP, covering West Sussex, Brighton and Hove and the Lewes district in the west of East Sussex, as well as parts of Surrey and South London; and the South East LEP, which covers the local authority area of East Sussex, as well as Kent and Essex. In the most populous part of Sussex, around the <a href="/wiki/Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton">Brighton and Hove Built-up area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Brighton_City_Region" title="Greater Brighton City Region">Greater Brighton City Deal</a> was formed to enable the area to fulfil its economic potential, into one of the highest performing urban economies in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-GBCD-81">[78]</a> Tourism in Sussex is well established, and includes seaside resorts and the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs_National_Park" title="South Downs National Park">South Downs National Park</a>. Brighton and Hove has a high density of businesses involved in media, particularly digital or "<a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>"; since the 1990s Brighton has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Greater Brighton City Deal seeks to develop Brighton's creative-tech cluster under the name Tech City South.<a href="#cite_note-GBCD-81">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> provide employment for many more. A large part of the county, centred on <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> has been recognised as a key economic growth area for South East England<a href="#cite_note-GwkDi-83">[80]</a> whilst reasonable rail connections allow many people to work in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Several large companies are based in Sussex including <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> (Brighton),<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Body_Shop" title="The Body Shop">The Body Shop</a> (Littlehampton), <a href="/wiki/Bowers_%26_Wilkins" title="Bowers & Wilkins">Bowers & Wilkins</a> (Worthing), <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Insurance" title="Hastings Insurance">Hastings Insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Holidays_UK" title="Park Holidays UK">Park Holidays UK</a> (Bexhill), <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo plc">Ricardo plc</a> (Shoreham-by-Sea), <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce Motor Cars</a> (Goodwood), <a href="/wiki/Thales_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales UK">Thales UK</a> (Crawley), <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Laval" title="Alfa Laval">Alfa Laval</a> (Eastbourne) and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> (Crawley). The Sussex Weald had an <a href="/wiki/Wealden_iron_industry" title="Wealden iron industry">iron working industry</a> from the Iron Age until the 19th century. The glass making industry started on the Sussex/Surrey border throughout the late medieval period until the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-brandon175-85">[82]</a> Agriculture in Sussex depended on the terrain, so in the sticky clays and acid sands of the Sussex Weald, pastoral and mixed farming took place, with sheep farming being common on the chalk downland. Fishing fleets continue to operate along the coast, notably at Rye and Hastings. There are working harbours at Rye, Hastings, Newhaven and Shoreham; whilst Pagham, Eastbourne and Chichester harbours cater for leisure craft, as does Brighton Marina. The Mid Sussex area had a thriving clay industry in the early 20th century. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The oldest university in Sussex is the research intensive <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>, founded in 1961<a href="#cite_note-USx-86">[83]</a> at Falmer in Brighton, the first new university in England since World War II. The university consistently ranks among the top 20 universities in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> It is home to the renowned <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studies" title="Institute of Development Studies">Institute of Development Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Science_Policy_Research_Unit" title="Science Policy Research Unit">Science Policy Research Unit</a>, alongside over 40 other established research centres.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> In 1992 it was joined by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> (with campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_Hastings" title="University Centre Hastings">Hastings</a>) and in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">University of Chichester</a> (with campuses in Chichester and Bognor Regis).<a href="#cite_note-UChi-90">[87]</a> Validated by <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> is also provided at <a href="/wiki/Greater_Brighton_Metropolitan_College" title="Greater Brighton Metropolitan College">Greater Brighton Metropolitan College</a>, whose campuses in Brighton, Worthing and Shoreham-by-Sea are referred to as MET University Centre.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Prebendal_School" title="The Prebendal School">The Prebendal School</a> in Chichester is the oldest known school in Sussex<a href="#cite_note-Preb-92">[89]</a> and probably dates to when the Normans moved the Sussex bishopric from <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Abbey" title="Selsey Abbey">Selsey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Preb-92">[89]</a> Primary and secondary education in the state sector in Sussex is provided by its three <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">local education authorities</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex_County_Council" title="East Sussex County Council">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex_County_Council" title="West Sussex County Council">West Sussex County Councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove City Council</a>. Sussex also has some of the best-known <a href="/wiki/Independent_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent schools">independent schools</a> in England including <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_College" title="Brighton College">Brighton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_College" title="Eastbourne College">Eastbourne College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancing_College" title="Lancing College">Lancing College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_Abbey_School" title="Battle Abbey School">Battle Abbey School</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Healthcare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png/220px-Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1086"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png/220px-Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png/330px-Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png/440px-Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The main building of the Royal Sussex County Hospital</figcaption></figure> The Sussex County Hospital (now the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital" title="Royal Sussex County Hospital">Royal Sussex County Hospital</a>) was founded in 1828 at Brighton<a href="#cite_note-RSCH-History-93">[90]</a> whilst the Sussex County Mental Asylum (later 'St. Francis Hospital' and now the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal_Hospital,_Haywards_Heath" title="Princess Royal Hospital, Haywards Heath">Princess Royal Hospital</a>) was founded in 1859 in the centre of county at Haywards Heath.<a href="#cite_note-TheTimeChamber-SxCA-94">[91]</a> Sussex's first <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Sussex_Medical_School" title="Brighton and Sussex Medical School">Brighton and Sussex Medical School</a>, was set up in 2002. In 2011 the four Sussex NHS <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary care trust">primary care trusts</a> (PCTs) joined forces to become NHS Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-NHSSx-95">[92]</a> The Major Trauma Centre at the Royal Sussex County Hospital is the <a href="/wiki/Trauma_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma centre">Major Trauma Centre</a> for Sussex with the Sussex's other hospitals acting as trauma units. It is one of only five major trauma centres across the NHS's South of England area.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-TC-96">[93]</a> The hospital also houses the Sussex Cancer Centre which serves most of Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-Sx_Cancer_Centre-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-SxCancerNetwork-98">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sussex" title="Culture of Sussex">Culture of Sussex</a></div> Sussex has a centuries-old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England.<a href="#cite_note-SxPeople-99">[96]</a> The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought<a href="#cite_note-ESx-100">[97]</a> and have an aversion to being pushed around, as expressed through the Sussex motto, <a href="/wiki/We_wunt_be_druv" title="We wunt be druv">We wunt be druv</a>. Sussex is known for its strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Bonfire_Societies" title="Sussex Bonfire Societies">bonfire celebrations</a> and its proud musical heritage. Sussex in the first half of the 20th century was a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, and saw many radical artists and writers move to its seaside towns and countryside.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The county is home to the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Festival" title="Brighton Festival">Brighton Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Fringe" title="Brighton Fringe">Brighton Fringe</a>, England's largest arts festival.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Pride" title="Brighton Pride">Brighton Pride</a> is one of the UK's largest and oldest <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">parades</a> and other pride events take place at most other major towns including Crawley,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Eastbourne,<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Hastings<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worthing_Pride" title="Worthing Pride">Worthing</a>. Chichester is home to the <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre" title="Chichester Festival Theatre">Chichester Festival Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallant_House_Gallery" title="Pallant House Gallery">Pallant House Gallery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sussex's building materials reflect its geology, being made of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> on and near the South Downs and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in the Weald.<a href="#cite_note-NandP17-106">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a> is used across the county.<a href="#cite_note-NandP17-106">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg/220px-Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg/220px-Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg/330px-Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg/440px-Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Royal Pavilion, Brighton</figcaption></figure> Typically conservative and moderate,<a href="#cite_note-NandP56-107">[104]</a> the architecture of Sussex also has elaborate and eccentric buildings rarely matched elsewhere in England including the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon architecture">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Blessed_Virgin,_Sompting" title="Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting">Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Goring" title="Castle Goring">Castle Goring</a>, which has a front and rear of entirely different styles and Brighton's <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pavilion" title="Royal Pavilion">Royal Pavilion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dialect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a></div> Historically, Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history. It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex, the two eastern rapes of Lewes and Pevensey and an area approximate to the easternmost rape of Hastings.<a href="#cite_note-SxPeople-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The Sussex dialect is also notable in having an unusually large number of words for mud, in a way similar to the popular belief which exists that the Inuit have an <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_words_for_snow" title="Eskimo words for snow">unusually large number of words for snow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SxMisc-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Writers born in Sussex include the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Thomas_May" title="Thomas May">Thomas May</a> and playwrights <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Otway" title="Thomas Otway">Thomas Otway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>. One of the most prolific playwrights of his day, Fletcher is thought to have collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. Notable Sussex poets include <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_(poet)" title="William Collins (poet)">William Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hayley" title="William Hayley">William Hayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-PBS-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Scawen Blunt">Wilfrid Scawen Blunt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FWM-WSB-111">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Scott" title="John A. Scott">John Scott</a>. Other writers from Sussex include <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Kaye-Smith" title="Sheila Kaye-Smith">Sheila Kaye-Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Streatfeild" title="Noel Streatfeild">Noel Streatfeild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(writer)" title="Patrick Hamilton (writer)">Patrick Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumer_Godden" title="Rumer Godden">Rumer Godden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Innes" title="Hammond Innes">Hammond Innes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus_Wilson" title="Angus Wilson">Angus Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Duffy" title="Maureen Duffy">Maureen Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Carter" title="Angela Carter">Angela Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(writer)" title="William Nicholson (writer)">William Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)" title="Peter James (writer)">Peter James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Mosse" title="Kate Mosse">Kate Mosse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Preston_(author)" title="Alex Preston (author)">Alex Preston</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/220px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/220px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/330px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/440px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of Sussex's best-known poets.</figcaption></figure> In addition there are writers, who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection. This includes <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Turner_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Turner Smith">Charlotte Turner Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.F._Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.F. Benson">E.F. Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Roman_Baker" title="John Roman Baker">John Roman Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Herbert" title="James Herbert">James Herbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/AA_Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="AA Milne">AA Milne</a>, who lived in Ashdown Forest for much of his life and set his Winnie-the-Pooh stories in the forest. Sussex has been home to four winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> spent much of his life in Sussex, living in Rottingdean and later at Burwash.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Irishman <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> spent three winters living with American poet <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> at Colemans Hatch in the Ashdown Forest<a href="#cite_note-OddCouple-113">[110]</a> and towards the end of his life spent much time at Steyning and Withyham;<a href="#cite_note-CritComp-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> spent much of his life in Bury in the Sussex Downs;<a href="#cite_note-SD-Oth-115">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> lived in Worthing in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-ParRev-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sussex" title="Music of Sussex">Music of Sussex</a></div> Sussex's rich musical heritage encompasses folk, classical and popular genres amongst others. Composed by William Ward-Higgs, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_by_the_Sea" title="Sussex by the Sea">Sussex by the Sea</a> is the county's unofficial <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SxMusic-117">[114]</a> Passed on through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, many of Sussex's traditional songs may not have changed significantly for centuries, with their origins perhaps dating as far back as the time of the <a href="/wiki/South_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="South Saxons">South Saxons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SxPeople-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson" title="William Henry Hudson">William Henry Hudson</a> compared the singing of the Sussexians with that of the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, both peoples with ancient cultures.<a href="#cite_note-NIDnland-118">[115]</a> The songs sung by the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Family" title="Copper Family">Copper Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burstow" title="Henry Burstow">Henry Burstow</a>, Samuel Willett, Peter and Harriett Verrall, David Penfold and others were collected by John Broadwood and his niece <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Broadwood" title="Lucy Broadwood">Lucy Broadwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Lee_(English_singer)" title="Kate Lee (English singer)">Kate Lee</a> and composers <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Butterworth" title="George Butterworth">George Butterworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SxMusic-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Sussex also played a major part in the folk music revival of the 1960s and 1970s with various singers including <a href="/wiki/Pop_Maynard" title="Pop Maynard">George 'Pop' Maynard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scan_Tester" title="Scan Tester">Scan Tester</a>, Tony Wales and the sisters <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Collins" title="Dolly Collins">Dolly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Collins" title="Shirley Collins">Shirley Collins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SxMusic-117">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg/220px-The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg/220px-The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg/330px-The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg/440px-The_Cure_Live_in_Singapore_2-_1st_August_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Cure performing live in Singapore</figcaption></figure> Sussex has also been home to many composers of classical music including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weelkes" title="Thomas Weelkes">Thomas Weelkes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(composer)" title="John Ireland (composer)">John Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bridge" title="Frank Bridge">Frank Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hubert_Parry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hubert Parry">Sir Hubert Parry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, who played a major part in recording Sussex's traditional music.<a href="#cite_note-SxMusic-117">[114]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne" title="Glyndebourne">Glyndebourne</a> is one of the world's best known opera houses, the county is home to professional orchestras the Brighton Philharmonic Orchestra<a href="#cite_note-BPO-120">[117]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Worthing_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Worthing Symphony Orchestra">Worthing Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WSO-121">[118]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, Sussex has produced artists including <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sayer" title="Leo Sayer">Leo Sayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levellers_(band)" title="Levellers (band)">The Levellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brett_Anderson" title="Brett Anderson">Brett Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keane_(band)" title="Keane (band)">Keane</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kooks" title="The Kooks">The Kooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Feeling" title="The Feeling">The Feeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizzle_Kicks" title="Rizzle Kicks">Rizzle Kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conor_Maynard" title="Conor Maynard">Conor Maynard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Odell" title="Tom Odell">Tom Odell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Blood_(band)" title="Royal Blood (band)">Royal Blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rag%27n%27Bone_Man" title="Rag'n'Bone Man">Rag'n'Bone Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celeste_(singer)" title="Celeste (singer)">Celeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architects_(British_band)" title="Architects (British band)">Architects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maisie_Peters" title="Maisie Peters">Maisie Peters</a>. In the 1970s, Sussex was home to <a href="/wiki/Phun_City" title="Phun City">Phun City</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UKRF-PhunCity-122">[119]</a> the UK's first large-scale free music festival and hosted the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1974">1974 Eurovision Song Contest</a> which propelled <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a> to worldwide fame. Major festivals include <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Escape_Festival" title="The Great Escape Festival">The Great Escape Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardTGE-123">[120]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne Festival Opera</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Television" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to the size of the county, it is covered by more than one TV station: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_South_East" title="BBC South East">BBC South East</a> covers <a href="/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton & Hove">Brighton & Hove</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Haywards_Heath" title="Haywards Heath">Haywards Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Hill" title="Burgess Hill">Burgess Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea" title="Shoreham-by-Sea">Shoreham-by-Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_South" title="BBC South">BBC South</a> covers the remainder of <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">ITV Meridian</a> is another regional news which covers the county.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a> is covered by both regions, but receives a better TV signal from <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_London" title="ITV London">ITV London</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sussex" title="Religion in Sussex">Religion in Sussex</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Sussex" title="History of Christianity in Sussex">History of Christianity in Sussex</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in Sussex with 57.8 per cent of the population identifying as Christian in the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ks2011-124">[121]</a> Other results from the 2011 census are: 1.4 per cent as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, 0.7 per cent as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and 30.5 per cent as having <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ks2011-124">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral,_West_Sussex,_at_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg/220px-Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg/220px-Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg/330px-Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg/440px-Chichester_Cathedral%2C_West_Sussex%2C_at_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> became the seat of Sussex's cathedral in 1075 after it was moved from <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Abbey" title="Selsey Abbey">Selsey</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sussex has been a single diocese of the established church since the eighth century, after St Wilfrid founded <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Abbey" title="Selsey Abbey">Selsey Abbey</a> on land granted by <a href="/wiki/Aethelwalh_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethelwalh of Sussex">King Æðelwealh</a>, Sussex's first Christian king. The Normans moved the location of Sussex's cathedral to <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester</a> in 1075. Since 1965 <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Cathedral" title="Arundel Cathedral">Arundel Cathedral</a> has been the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Arundel_and_Brighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Arundel and Brighton">Bishops of Arundel and Brighton</a>, which covers Sussex and Surrey. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">established church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church</a> were historically strongest in western and southern areas.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-125">[122]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">non-conformity</a> was historically strongest in areas furthest from diocesan authorities in Chichester, in the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Kp-126">[123]</a> This included in the Weald and in the east, where there were also links to Protestant northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Dimmock_2013_205-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Kp-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Richard_of_Chichester" class="mw-redirect" title="St Richard of Chichester">St Richard of Chichester</a> is Sussex's patron saint. According to the 2011 census there were about 23,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> in Sussex, constituting 1.4 per cent of the population. Within Sussex, Crawley had the highest proportion of Muslims with 7.2 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-ks2011-124">[121]</a> Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 <a href="/wiki/Pipe_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe roll">pipe roll</a> for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. All Sussex's Jews would have been expelled in 1290 when <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>. A Jewish population had returned to Sussex by the late 18th century in Brighton and Arundel. A wide variety of non-traditional religious and belief groups have bases in and around <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Groups include the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucian Order">Rosicrucian Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MormonEG-131">[n 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Pell%27s_equation" title="Pell's equation">Pell's equation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pell_number" title="Pell number">Pell number</a> are both named after 17th century mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)" title="John Pell (mathematician)">John Pell</a>. Pell is sometimes credited with inventing the division sign, which has also been attributed to Swiss mathematician <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Rahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Heinrich Rahn">Johann Heinrich Rahn</a>, one of his students. In the 19th century, geologist and palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a> began the scientific study of dinosaurs. In 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and eventual identification of the first fossil teeth, and later much of the skeleton of <a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Hicks_contractions" title="Braxton Hicks contractions">Braxton Hicks contractions</a> are named after <a href="/wiki/John_Braxton_Hicks" title="John Braxton Hicks">John Braxton Hicks</a>, the Sussex doctor who in 1872 first described the uterine contractions not resulting in childbirth. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg/220px-John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg/220px-John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/John_Maynard_Keynes.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>JM Keynes lived at Tilton near <a href="/wiki/Firle" title="Firle">Firle</a> from 1925 to 1946.</figcaption></figure> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel1921-132">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1929 with <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, for discovering the growth-stimulating <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel1929-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> in 1974<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-134">[130]</a> with Cornishman <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research. While working at the University of Sussex, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> won the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> in the US for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Fullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullerenes">fullerenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel1996-135">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a> is a mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory. He won the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">International Mathematical Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> in 1974 and in 2010 was awarded the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, Sussex was home to <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> from 1925 to 1946. The founding father of <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, he is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Pilbeam" title="David Pilbeam">David Pilbeam</a> won the 1986 <a href="/wiki/International_Prize_(Fyssen_Foundation)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prize (Fyssen Foundation)">International Prize</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fyssen_Foundation" title="Fyssen Foundation">Fyssen Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fond_Fyss-140">[136]</a> In the early 20th century, Sussex was at the centre of one of what has been described as 'British archaeology's greatest hoax'.<a href="#cite_note-GuardPiltdn-141">[137]</a> Bone fragments said to have been collected in 1912 were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Man</a>. In 1953 the bone fragments were exposed as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of an <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human. From 1967 to 1979, Sussex was home to the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sussex" title="Sport in Sussex">Sport in Sussex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Sussex" title="Cricket in Sussex">Cricket in Sussex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Sussex" title="Football in Sussex">Football in Sussex</a></div> Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">stoolball</a>. Cricket is recognised as having been formed in the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> and Sussex is where cricket was first recorded as being played by men (in 1611),<a href="#cite_note-auto4-142">[138]</a> and by women (in 1677),<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> as well as being the location of the first reference to a <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">cricket bat</a> (in 1622)<a href="#cite_note-auto4-142">[138]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Wicket" title="Wicket">wicket</a> (in 1680).<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Founded in 1839, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_CCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex CCC">Sussex CCC</a> is England's oldest county cricket club and is the oldest professional sports club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slindon_Cricket_Club" title="Slindon Cricket Club">Slindon Cricket Club</a> dominated the sport for a while in the 18th century. The cricket ground at <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle_Cricket_Ground" title="Arundel Castle Cricket Ground">Arundel Castle</a> traditionally plays host to a <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk%27s_XI" title="Duke of Norfolk's XI">Duke of Norfolk's XI</a> which plays the national <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">test</a> sides touring England.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Founded in 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Cricket_League" title="Sussex Cricket League">Sussex Cricket League</a> is believed to be the largest adult cricket league in the world, with 335 teams in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Chi-SCL-148">[144]</a> Referred to as Sussex's <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">'national' sport</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> and a Sussex game or pastime,<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Locke_2011_203-151">[147]</a> Sussex may be where the sport of <a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">stoolball</a> originated and is where the sport was formalised in the 19th century and its revival took place in the early 20th century. Sussex is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton & Hove Albion">Brighton & Hove Albion</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C." title="Crawley Town F.C.">Crawley Town</a>. Brighton has been a League member since 1920, whereas Crawley was promoted to the League in 2011. <a href="/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_W.F.C." title="Brighton & Hove Albion W.F.C.">Brighton & Hove Albion</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/FA_Women%27s_Super_League" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Women's Super League">FA Women's Super League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewes_F.C._Women" title="Lewes F.C. Women">Lewes</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/FA_Women%27s_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Women's Championship">FA Women's Championship</a>. Sussex has had its own <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_Football_Association" title="Sussex County Football Association">football association</a>, since 1882<a href="#cite_note-1st100-152">[148]</a> and its own <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex County League">football league</a>, which has since expanded into Surrey, since 1920.<a href="#cite_note-SCFLAbout-153">[149]</a> In horse racing, Sussex is home to <a href="/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse" title="Goodwood Racecourse">Goodwood</a>, Fontwell Park, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse" title="Brighton Racecourse">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plumpton_Racecourse" title="Plumpton Racecourse">Plumpton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/All_England_Jumping_Course_at_Hickstead" title="All England Jumping Course at Hickstead">All England Jumping Course</a> show jumping facility hosts the <a href="/wiki/British_Jumping_Derby" title="British Jumping Derby">British Jumping Derby</a><a href="#cite_note-Debretts-154">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Horse_Show" title="Royal International Horse Show">Royal International Horse Show</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne_Eagles" title="Eastbourne Eagles">Eastbourne Eagles</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> team race in the <a href="/wiki/SGB_Championship" title="SGB Championship">SGB Championship</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sussex" title="Beer in Sussex">Beer in Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex_wine" title="Sussex wine">Sussex wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg/220px-Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg/220px-Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg/330px-Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg/440px-Sussex_Pond_Pudding_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sliced Sussex Pond Pudding</figcaption></figure> The historic county is known for its "seven good things of Sussex".<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> These seven things are Pulborough eel, Selsey cockle, Chichester lobster, Rye herring, Arundel mullet, Amberley trout and Bourne <a href="/wiki/Wheatear" title="Wheatear">wheatear</a>. Sussex is also known for Ashdown Partridge Pudding, <a href="/wiki/Chiddingly" title="Chiddingly">Chiddingly</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">Hot pot</a>, Sussex Bacon Pudding, Sussex Hogs' Pudding, Huffed Chicken, Sussex Churdles, Sussex Shepherds Pie, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Pond_Pudding" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex Pond Pudding">Sussex Pond Pudding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Sussex Blanket Pudding, Sussex Well Pudding, and Chichester Pudding. Sussex is also known for its cakes and biscuits known as Sussex Plum Heavies<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> and Sussex Lardy Johns, while <a href="/wiki/Banoffee_pie" title="Banoffee pie">banoffee pie</a> was first created in 1972 in <a href="/wiki/Jevington" class="mw-redirect" title="Jevington">Jevington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArgBP-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGDishes-161">[157]</a> The county has vineyards and a long history of <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sussex" title="Beer in Sussex">brewing of beer</a>. It is home to the 18th century beer brewers, <a href="/wiki/Harveys_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Harveys Brewery">Harveys of Lewes</a> as well as many more recently established breweries.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> There are also many cider makers in Sussex, Hunts Sussex Cider<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> and SeaCider<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> are the largest cider producers. With 138 vineyards in 2023, Sussex has a quarter of the UK's vineyards.<a href="#cite_note-SxWinePlan-165">[161]</a> In 2022, Sussex wine gained <a href="/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Designation of Origin">Protected Designation of Origin</a> status following decades of international acclaim with Sussex wines winning awards around the world. Many vineyards make wines using traditional <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> varieties and methods,<a href="#cite_note-IndWin-166">[162]</a> and there are similarities between the topography and chalk and clay soils<a href="#cite_note-SxLifeWin-167">[163]</a> of Sussex downland and that of the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne region">Champagne region</a> which lies on a latitude 100 miles (161 km) to the south.<a href="#cite_note-IndWin-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCC-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Visual arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg/170px-Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg/170px-Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg/255px-Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg/340px-Long_Man_of_Wilmington.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Long_Man_of_Wilmington" title="Long Man of Wilmington">Long Man of Wilmington</a> is Europe's largest representation of the human form.</figcaption></figure> Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> flint mines at <a href="/wiki/Cissbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cissbury">Cissbury</a> on the South Downs near Worthing.<a href="#cite_note-UBth-FM-169">[165]</a> From the Roman period, the palace at <a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a> has the largest in situ collection of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-SxPast=Fb-170">[166]</a> while the villa at <a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a> contains some of the best preserved <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaics</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-HTBignor-171">[167]</a> Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of <a href="/wiki/Wall_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall painting">wall paintings</a> can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, some of which are celebrated for their age, extent and quality. Of uncertain origin, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Man_of_Wilmington" title="Long Man of Wilmington">Long Man of Wilmington</a> is Europe's largest representation of the human form.<a href="#cite_note-SxPast-LM-172">[168]</a> In the late 18th century three men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas. <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Burrell,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet">William Burrell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knepp_Castle" title="Knepp Castle">Knepp Castle</a> commissioned Swiss-born watercolourist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hieronymus_Grimm" title="Samuel Hieronymus Grimm">Samuel Hieronymus Grimm</a> to tour Sussex, producing 900 watercolours of the county's buildings.<a href="#cite_note-SRS-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham,_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont">George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petworth_House" title="Petworth House">Petworth House</a> was a patron of painters such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SDNP-PP-174">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_%27Mad_Jack%27_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="John 'Mad Jack' Fuller">John 'Mad Jack' Fuller</a> also commissioned Turner to make a series of paintings which resulted in thirteen finished watercolours of Fuller's house at <a href="/wiki/Brightling" title="Brightling">Brightling</a> and the area around it.<a href="#cite_note-BM-Turner-175">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichester_Canal_(1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg/220px-Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="742"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg/220px-Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg/330px-Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg/440px-Chichester_Canal_%281828%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Canal_(painting)" title="Chichester Canal (painting)">Chichester Canal</a>, 1828, by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a></figcaption></figure> In the 19th century landscape watercolourist <a href="/wiki/Copley_Fielding" title="Copley Fielding">Copley Fielding</a> lived in Sussex and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> and painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a> were born in Brighton. Gill went on to found an <a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">art colony</a> in Ditchling known as <a href="/wiki/The_Guild_of_St_Joseph_and_St_Dominic" title="The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic">The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic</a>, which survived until 1989. The 1920s and 1930s saw the creation of some of the best-known works by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burra" title="Edward Burra">Edward Burra</a> who was known for his work of Sussex, Paris and Harlem<a href="#cite_note-Guard-Burra-176">[172]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ravilious" title="Eric Ravilious">Eric Ravilious</a> who is known for his paintings of the South Downs.<a href="#cite_note-SxLife-Rav-177">[173]</a> In the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell">Vanessa Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>, lived and worked at <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Farmhouse" title="Charleston Farmhouse">Charleston Farmhouse</a> near <a href="/wiki/Firle" title="Firle">Firle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Charleston-178">[174]</a> Sussex also became a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Pall-Surr-179">[175]</a> At <a href="/wiki/West_Dean,_West_Sussex" title="West Dean, West Sussex">West Dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_James" title="Edward James">Edward James</a> was patron to artists including <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a><a href="#cite_note-Pall-Surr-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-WDnColl-180">[176]</a> while at <a href="/wiki/Farley_Farm_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Farley Farm House">Farley Farm House</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chiddingly" title="Chiddingly">Chiddingly</a> the home of <a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Roland Penrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a> was frequented by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Agar" title="Eileen Agar">Eileen Agar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning" title="Dorothea Tanning">Dorothea Tanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pall-Surr-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FFHse-181">[177]</a> Both collections form one of the most important bodies of Surrealist art in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Pall=SurrSx-182">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main listing: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sussex" title="List of people from Sussex">List of people from Sussex</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EnglandWestSussex.svg/23px-EnglandWestSussex.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EnglandWestSussex.svg/34px-EnglandWestSussex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EnglandWestSussex.svg/45px-EnglandWestSussex.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:West_Sussex" title="Portal:West Sussex">West Sussex portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sussex" title="Culture of Sussex">Culture of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sussex" title="Geography of Sussex">Geography of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sussex" title="History of Sussex">History of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sussex_history" title="Timeline of Sussex history">Timeline of Sussex history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sussex" title="Flag of Sussex">Flag of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sussex" title="Coat of arms of Sussex">Coat of arms of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Sussex">List of Lord Lieutenants of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff of Sussex">List of High Sheriffs of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Sussex" title="Custos Rotulorum of Sussex">Custos Rotulorum of Sussex</a> – Keepers of the Rolls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)">Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)</a> – Historical list of MPs for Sussex constituency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_East_Sussex" title="Geology of East Sussex">Geology of East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_by_the_Sea" title="Sussex by the Sea">Sussex by the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_walks_in_East_Sussex" title="Recreational walks in East Sussex">Recreational walks in East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Sussex County Cricket Club">Sussex County Cricket Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitten" class="mw-redirect" title="Twitten">Twitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sussex_Newspaper" title="The Sussex Newspaper">The Sussex Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_Regiment" title="Royal Sussex Regiment">Royal Sussex Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police" title="Sussex Police">Sussex Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner">Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">Stoolball</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> e.g. for the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Wildlife_Trust" title="Sussex Wildlife Trust">Sussex Wildlife Trust</a>, Sussex IFCA, Sussex Kelp Recovery Project </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_wine" title="Sussex wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sussex" title="Beer in Sussex">beer</a>, cheese </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Combined population of local authority areas of Brighton and Hove (277,103), East Sussex, (557,229) and West Sussex (858,852) </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MormonEG-131"><a href="#cite_ref-MormonEG_131-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_England_Temple" title="London England Temple">London England Temple</a> of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located 3 miles (5 km) north of East Grinstead, just over the <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> border. </li> </ol></div></div> References <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lowerson-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowerson_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowerson_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowerson_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowerson_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowerson_3-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charleston+%E2%80%93+an+Artists%27+Home+and+Garden&rft.pub=The+Charleston+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charleston.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pall-Surr-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pall-Surr_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pall-Surr_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pall-Surr_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014042955/http://pallant.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2010/surreal-friends/surreal-friends/related-displays1/surrealism-in-sussex">"Surreal Friends"</a>. Pallant House Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pallant.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2010/surreal-friends/surreal-friends/related-displays1/surrealism-in-sussex">the original</a> on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surreal+Friends&rft.pub=Pallant+House+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pallant.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fexhibitions%2Fpast-exhibitions%2F2010%2Fsurreal-friends%2Fsurreal-friends%2Frelated-displays1%2Fsurrealism-in-sussex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDnColl-180"><a href="#cite_ref-WDnColl_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911202908/http://www.westdean.org.uk/CollegeChannel/College/History/EdwardJamesandSalvadorDali.aspx">"Edward James and Salvador Dalí"</a>. West Dean College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westdean.org.uk/CollegeChannel/College/History/EdwardJamesandSalvadorDali.aspx">the original</a> on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+James+and+Salvador+Dal%C3%AD&rft.pub=West+Dean+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westdean.org.uk%2FCollegeChannel%2FCollege%2FHistory%2FEdwardJamesandSalvadorDali.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFHse-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FFHse_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724162828/http://www.farleyfarmhouse.co.uk/Information.aspx">"Farley Farm House – Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farleyfarmhouse.co.uk/Information.aspx">the original</a> on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farley+Farm+House+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farleyfarmhouse.co.uk%2FInformation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pall=SurrSx-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Pall=SurrSx_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916000005/http://www.pallant.org.uk/docs/surrealism_in_sussex_press_release_0.pdf">"Surrealism in Sussex"</a> (PDF). Pallant House Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pallant.org.uk/docs/surrealism_in_sussex_press_release_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrealism+in+Sussex&rft.pub=Pallant+House+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pallant.org.uk%2Fdocs%2Fsurrealism_in_sussex_press_release_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1974" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Jack Roy (1974). A History of Sussex. Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850331851" title="Special:BookSources/9780850331851"><bdi>9780850331851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sussex&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780850331851&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Jack+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1978" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southsaxons0000unse">The South Saxons</a>. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-240-7"><bdi>978-0-85033-240-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Saxons&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-240-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthsaxons0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2006" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Peter (2006). Sussex. Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709069980" title="Special:BookSources/9780709069980"><bdi>9780709069980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sussex&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780709069980&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2010" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Richard (2010). The Traditional Dialect of Sussex. Pomegranate Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907242-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907242-09-0"><bdi>978-1-907242-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Dialect+of+Sussex&rft.pub=Pomegranate+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-907242-09-0&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimmockQuinnHadfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Dimmock, Matthew; Quinn, Paul; Hadfield, Andrew (2013). Art, Literature and Religion in Early Modern Sussex. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472405227" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472405227"><bdi>978-1472405227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Literature+and+Religion+in+Early+Modern+Sussex&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1472405227&rft.aulast=Dimmock&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Paul&rft.au=Hadfield%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomme1894" class="citation book cs1">Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traditionalgames01gommuoft">The traditional games of England, Scotland and Ireland : with tunes, singing rhymes and methods of playing according to the variants extant and recorded in different parts of the kingdom</a>. London: David Nutt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+traditional+games+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Ireland+%3A+with+tunes%2C+singing+rhymes+and+methods+of+playing+according+to+the+variants+extant+and+recorded+in+different+parts+of+the+kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+Nutt&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Gomme&rft.aufirst=Alice+Bertha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraditionalgames01gommuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamRyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nicholas; Ryan, M.J. (2013). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300125344" title="Special:BookSources/9780300125344"><bdi>9780300125344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300125344&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Ryan%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerridgeStanding2000" class="citation book cs1">Kerridge, R. G. P.; Standing, M. R. (2000). Worthing, from Saxon settlement to seaside town. Worthing, West Sussex: Optimus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953313242" title="Special:BookSources/9780953313242"><bdi>9780953313242</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58876316">58876316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worthing%2C+from+Saxon+settlement+to+seaside+town&rft.place=Worthing%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Optimus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58876316&rft.isbn=9780953313242&rft.aulast=Kerridge&rft.aufirst=R.+G.+P.&rft.au=Standing%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D.P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415242110" title="Special:BookSources/9780415242110"><bdi>9780415242110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415242110&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2012" class="citation book cs1">Laycock, Stuart (2012). Britannia: The Failed State: Tribal Conflicts and the End of Roman Britain. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752487656" title="Special:BookSources/9780752487656"><bdi>9780752487656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannia%3A+The+Failed+State%3A+Tribal+Conflicts+and+the+End+of+Roman+Britain&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780752487656&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2011" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Tim (2011). Slow Sussex and the South Downs. Buckinghamshire: Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623436" title="Special:BookSources/9781841623436"><bdi>9781841623436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Sussex+and+the+South+Downs&rft.place=Buckinghamshire&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781841623436&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMate1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mate, Mavis (1992). "The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450-1451". 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McCann">McCann, Tim</a> (2004). Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century. Sussex Record Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sussex+Cricket+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Sussex+Record+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Payton" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (2017). A History of Sussex. Carnegie Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-232-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-232-7"><bdi>978-1-85936-232-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sussex&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-85936-232-7&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_FutheyCope1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith Futhey, John; Cope, Gilbert (1995). History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches. Chester County, Pennsylvania USA: Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788402067" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788402067"><bdi>978-0788402067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Chester+County%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+with+Genealogical+and+Biographical+Sketches&rft.place=Chester+County%2C+Pennsylvania+USA&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0788402067&rft.aulast=Smith+Futhey&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cope%2C+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Amanda (2020). The Nonconformist Revolution: Religious dissent, innovation and rebellion. Pen and Sword History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473875692" title="Special:BookSources/9781473875692"><bdi>9781473875692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonconformist+Revolution%3A+Religious+dissent%2C+innovation+and+rebellion&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+History&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781473875692&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, Allan (2010). A Dictionary of Sports Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199213818" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199213818"><bdi>978-0199213818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Sports+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199213818&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenning2013" class="citation book cs1">Venning, Timothy (2013). An Alternative History of Britain: The Anglo-Saxon Age. Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781591253" title="Special:BookSources/9781781591253"><bdi>9781781591253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alternative+History+of+Britain%3A+The+Anglo-Saxon+Age&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781781591253&rft.aulast=Venning&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Wacher, John, ed. (2020). Towns of Roman Britain. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000117318" title="Special:BookSources/9781000117318"><bdi>9781000117318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towns+of+Roman+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781000117318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaghorn1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._T._Waghorn" title="H. T. Waghorn">Waghorn, H. T.</a> (1906). The Dawn of Cricket. Electric Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-94-782117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-94-782117-3"><bdi>978-0-94-782117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Cricket&rft.pub=Electric+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=978-0-94-782117-3&rft.aulast=Waghorn&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1992" class="citation book cs1">Welch, M.G. (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6566-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6566-2"><bdi>978-0-7134-6566-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6566-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASussex" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sussex at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sussex" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sussex">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sussex" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sussex">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Sussex" class="extiw" title="n:Sussex">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sussex" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sussex">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sussex" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sussex">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sussex_(England)" class="extiw" title="voy:Sussex (England)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikishire.co.uk/map/#sussex/base=outline">Map of Sussex</a> on Wikishire</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SSX">Further historical information and sources on GENUKI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sussex&oldid=1257965452">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sussex&oldid=1257965452</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sussex&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 12:20 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BEseaxe" title="Sūþseaxe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþseaxe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ساسكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساسكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Сусекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Съсекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съсекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontelezh_Sussex" title="Kontelezh Sussex – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kontelezh Sussex" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BE" title="Σάσσεξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάσσεξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ساسکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساسکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="서식스주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서식스주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Սասեքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սասեքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="סאסקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאסקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussexia" title="Sussexia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sussexia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saseksa" title="Saseksa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saseksa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_(graafschap)" title="Sussex (graafschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sussex (graafschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サセックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サセックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Суссекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суссекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_(Anglicko)" title="Sussex (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sussex (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Сасекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сасекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ซัสเซกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัสเซกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sussex" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Сассекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сассекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="سسیکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سسیکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="萨塞克斯郡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨塞克斯郡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%A9%E5%A3%AB%E9%83%A1" title="修適士郡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修適士郡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="萨塞克斯郡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨塞克斯郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 12:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-fgcp9","wgBackendResponseTime":236,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.351","walltime":"2.782","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12159,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":315111,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11429,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":576767,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2310.493 1 -total"," 40.62% 938.559 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.26% 421.852 94 Template:Cite_web"," 12.84% 296.654 36 Template:Cite_book"," 9.26% 213.881 1 Template:Infobox_historic_subdivision"," 5.82% 134.491 3 Template:Lang"," 4.61% 106.504 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.59% 106.010 3 Template:Sfn"," 3.27% 75.451 3 Template:Fix"," 3.16% 73.016 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.424","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19903812,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensky1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadberryCampbellvan_Leeuwen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Yergin_and_Joseph_Stanislaw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimmockQuinnHadfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunford2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomme1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHare1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighamRyan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighfield2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerridgeStanding2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaycock2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongenbach1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowerson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMate1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawer1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGourty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrick1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNairn1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPayton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowicke1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSPRU\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeward1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_FutheyCope1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenning2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaghorn1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuhas2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 94,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 3,\n [\"England counties/1889\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 25,\n [\"Infobox historic subdivision\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Main listing\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple images\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sussex\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","23.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","20.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.6"],["recursiveClone 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