CINXE.COM

English Language Editing | Author Services from Springer Nature EN

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag("consent", "default", { ad_user_data: "denied", ad_personalization: "denied", ad_storage: "denied", analytics_storage: "denied", functionality_storage: "denied", personalization_storage: "denied", security_storage: "granted", wait_for_update: 500, }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/astra-local-fonts/merriweather-sans/2-c99IRs1JiJN1FRAMjTN5zd9vgsFHX1QjU.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>English Language Editing | Author Services from Springer Nature EN</title> <meta name="description" content="English Editing from Nature Research ✯ Corrects your language errors ✯ Expert editors in your subject area ✯ All academic text, including research papers" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="English Language Editing | Author Services from Springer Nature EN" /> <meta property="og:description" content="English Editing from Nature Research ✯ Corrects your language errors ✯ Expert editors in your subject area ✯ All academic text, including research papers" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-30T15:26:29+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/","url":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/","name":"English Language Editing | Author Services from Springer Nature EN","isPartOf":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg","datePublished":"2024-02-13T21:06:56+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-30T15:26:29+00:00","description":"English Editing from Nature Research ✯ Corrects your language errors ✯ Expert editors in your subject area ✯ All academic text, including research papers","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?fit=1920%2C576&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?fit=1920%2C576&ssl=1","width":1920,"height":576},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"English Language Editing"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#website","url":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/","name":"Author Services from Springer Nature","description":"Improve your academic writing with Nature Research Editing Service ✯ English Editing ✯ Scientific Editing ✯ Expert editors in your subject area","publisher":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#organization","name":"Author Services from Springer Nature","url":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1","width":475,"height":93,"caption":"Author Services from Springer Nature"},"image":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Author Services from Springer Nature EN &raquo; Feed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Author Services from Springer Nature EN &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-c7005c32f3769fad26414ffc68e37da0' href='https://authorservices.springernature.com/_static/??-eJx1kF1uwyAQhC9UAsaxmzxUOcsa1pR4DRY/inz7bhNFddv4BTEDH+zMbREmhoKhyPKJM2YJuSTgNWPJ0uQsZx/86NHKGXw4sDqw+3b7Ae+EoGiAxMhe/u/8RRaqzocsXWU5YHJyqJ6sHJiZBPkhQVplLivhHkqwxlqES97+vuiDoWo5yZVnR+sBiYMxuRUL45gEoQOzbkPt0ny21a+KqAtFsFlWcOIx5rPHTil1t5kQnW70XqorlgXMJOdoK/EU5CdeXxbx/O1RNlgbw3Yv+v6s2g7HRptRnUTfHjul9en7mcv80by3uumVPp6/AKMuvfY=' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='astra-theme-css-inline-css'> :root{--ast-post-nav-space:0;--ast-container-default-xlg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-lg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-slg-padding:2em;--ast-container-default-md-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-sm-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-xs-padding:2.4em;--ast-container-default-xxs-padding:1.8em;--ast-code-block-background:#ECEFF3;--ast-comment-inputs-background:#F9FAFB;--ast-normal-container-width:1200px;--ast-narrow-container-width:750px;--ast-blog-title-font-weight:600;--ast-blog-meta-weight:600;}html{font-size:100%;}a{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}a:hover,a:focus{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:var(--ast-body-line-height,2em);}blockquote{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}p,.entry-content p{margin-bottom:1em;}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6,.site-title,.site-title a{font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:700;}.site-title{font-size:35px;font-size:2.1875rem;display:none;}.site-header .site-description{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;display:none;}.entry-title{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;}.ast-blog-single-element.ast-taxonomy-container a{font-size:14px;font-size:0.875rem;}.ast-blog-meta-container{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover{border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:36px;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.4em;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:28px;font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.3em;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.3em;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:18px;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}::selection{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);color:#ffffff;}body,h1,.entry-title a,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.tagcloud a:hover,.tagcloud a:focus,.tagcloud a.current-item{color:#ffffff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}input[type="radio"]:checked,input[type=reset],input[type="checkbox"]:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);box-shadow:none;}.site-footer a:hover + .post-count,.site-footer a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.single .nav-links .nav-previous,.single .nav-links .nav-next{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.entry-meta,.entry-meta *{line-height:1.45;color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover *,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus *,.page-links > .page-link,.page-links .page-link:hover,.post-navigation a:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}#cat option,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.secondary .calendar_wrap #today,.ast-progress-val span{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.secondary a:hover + .post-count,.secondary a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.calendar_wrap #today > a{color:#ffffff;}.page-links .page-link,.single .post-navigation a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit{padding:0 4px;}.ast-search-menu-icon form.search-form{padding-right:0;}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search input.search-field{width:0;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-form,.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field:focus{transition:all 0.2s;}.search-form input.search-field:focus{outline:none;}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit:focus,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-header-search .ast-dropdown-active .ast-icon,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-inline-search .search-field:focus .ast-icon{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-header-search .slide-search .search-form{border:2px solid var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-header-search .slide-search .search-field{background-color:#fff;}.ast-archive-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.widget-title,.widget .wp-block-heading{font-size:22px;font-size:1.375rem;color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-single-post .entry-content a,.ast-comment-content a:not(.ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap a){text-decoration:underline;}.ast-single-post .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.ast-single-post .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-tab a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-ifb-cta a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-uagb-buttons a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uabb-module-content a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-post-grid a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-timeline a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-toc__wrap a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-taxomony-box a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .woocommerce a,.entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts > li > a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-file__button,li.ast-post-filter-single,.ast-single-post .wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-reply-link,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-edit-link{text-decoration:none;}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search a:focus-visible:focus-visible,.astra-search-icon:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,.ast-menu-toggle:focus-visible,.site .skip-link:focus-visible,.wp-block-loginout input:focus-visible,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper,.ast-header-navigation-arrow:focus-visible,.woocommerce .wc-proceed-to-checkout > .checkout-button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:focus-visible,.ast-orders-table__row .ast-orders-table__cell:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-order-details .order-again > .button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button.wc-forward:focus-visible,.woocommerce #minus_qty:focus-visible,.woocommerce #plus_qty:focus-visible,a#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-info a:focus-visible,.woocommerce .astra-shop-summary-wrap a:focus-visible,.woocommerce a.wc-forward:focus-visible,#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item a.remove:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,.button.search-submit:focus-visible,#search_submit:focus,.normal-search:focus-visible,.ast-header-account-wrap:focus-visible{outline-style:dotted;outline-color:inherit;outline-width:thin;}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,.wp-block-search__input:focus,[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal:focus,.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close:focus,.woocommerce-ordering select.orderby:focus,#ast-scroll-top:focus,#coupon_code:focus,.woocommerce-page #comment:focus,.woocommerce #reviews #respond input#submit:focus,.woocommerce a.add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .button.single_add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form__cart-item .quantity .qty:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-billing-fields .woocommerce-billing-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce #order_comments:focus,.woocommerce #place_order:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-address-fields .woocommerce-address-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content .woocommerce-EditAccountForm .woocommerce-form-row .woocommerce-Input.input-text:focus,.woocommerce .ast-woocommerce-container .woocommerce-pagination ul.page-numbers li a:focus,body #content .woocommerce form .form-row .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single:focus,#ast-coupon-code:focus,.woocommerce.woocommerce-js .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce p#ast-coupon-trigger:focus{border-style:dotted;border-color:inherit;border-width:thin;}input{outline:none;}.site-logo-img img{ transition:all 0.2s linear;}body .ast-oembed-container *{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;}body .wp-block-embed-pocket-casts .ast-oembed-container *{position:unset;}.ast-single-post-featured-section + article {margin-top: 2em;}.site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section img {width: 100%;overflow: hidden;object-fit: cover;}.ast-separate-container .site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section + article {margin-top: -80px;z-index: 9;position: relative;border-radius: 4px;}@media (min-width: 922px) {.ast-no-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide {margin-left: -120px;margin-right: -120px;max-width: unset;width: unset;}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide {margin-left: -10px;margin-right: -10px;}.site-content .ast-article-image-container--full {margin-left: calc( -50vw + 50%);margin-right: calc( -50vw + 50%);max-width: 100vw;width: 100vw;}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full {margin-left: -10px;margin-right: -10px;max-width: inherit;width: auto;}}.site > .ast-single-related-posts-container {margin-top: 0;}@media (min-width: 922px) {.ast-desktop .ast-container--narrow {max-width: var(--ast-narrow-container-width);margin: 0 auto;}}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select,textarea{font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:24px;width:100%;padding:12px 16px;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);color:var(--ast-form-input-text,#475569);}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select{height:40px;}input[type="date"]{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:var(--ast-border-color);}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type=reset]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="date"]:focus,select:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#046BD2;box-shadow:none;outline:none;color:var(--ast-form-input-focus-text,#475569);}label,legend{color:#111827;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;}select{padding:6px 10px;}fieldset{padding:30px;border-radius:4px;}button,.ast-button,.button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}:root{--ast-comment-inputs-background:#FFF;}::placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9CA3AF);}::-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9CA3AF);}@media (max-width:921.9px){#ast-desktop-header{display:none;}}@media (min-width:922px){#ast-mobile-header{display:none;}}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{justify-content:center;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-theme-transparent-header #primary,.ast-theme-transparent-header #secondary{padding:0;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{padding:0;}}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link{border-color:#006699;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}div.wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),div.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color){color:#006699;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.post-page-numbers.current .page-link,.ast-pagination .page-numbers.current{color:#ffffff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{border-color:#006699;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1em;padding-top:10px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:20px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color),.ast-outline-button{color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover,.ast-outline-button:hover,.ast-outline-button:focus,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:hover,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:#006699;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:#006699;color:#ffffff;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > figure{margin-bottom:1em;}h1.widget-title{font-weight:700;}h2.widget-title{font-weight:700;}h3.widget-title{font-weight:700;}#page{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100vh;}.ast-404-layout-1 h1.page-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.single .post-navigation a{line-height:1em;height:inherit;}.error-404 .page-sub-title{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:inherit;}.search .site-content .content-area .search-form{margin-bottom:0;}#page .site-content{flex-grow:1;}.widget{margin-bottom:1.25em;}#secondary li{line-height:1.5em;}#secondary .wp-block-group h2{margin-bottom:0.7em;}#secondary h2{font-size:1.7rem;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:3em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single .ast-article-single{padding:0;}.ast-article-single .wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{padding-left:0;}.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-narrow-container .comments-title{padding:1.5em 2em;}.ast-page-builder-template .comment-form-textarea,.ast-comment-formwrap .ast-grid-common-col{padding:0;}.ast-comment-formwrap{padding:0;display:inline-flex;column-gap:20px;width:100%;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}.comments-area textarea#comment:focus,.comments-area textarea#comment:active,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:focus,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:active {box-shadow:none;outline:none;}.archive.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header{margin-top:2em;}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-formwrap{width:100%;}.entry-title{margin-bottom:0.6em;}.ast-archive-description p{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.hentry{margin-bottom:1.5em;}.site-content section.ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:2em;}@media (min-width:921px){.ast-left-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template #secondary,.archive.ast-right-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template .site-main{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-comment-formwrap.ast-row{column-gap:10px;display:inline-block;}#ast-commentform .ast-grid-common-col{position:relative;width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1201px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-author-box,.ast-separate-container .ast-404-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .no-results{padding:3em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-separate-container #secondary{padding:1.5em 0;}#primary,#secondary{padding:1.5em 0;margin:0;}.ast-left-sidebar #content > .ast-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;width:100%;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border:0;}.search-no-results.ast-separate-container #primary{margin-bottom:4em;}}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-color:#006699;background-color:#006699;color:#ffffff;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;line-height:1em;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;}.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"],#comments .submit,.search .search-submit,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,.search .search-submit,.woocommerce-js a.button,.woocommerce button.button,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button,.woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt,.woocommerce input.button.alt,.woocommerce input.button,.woocommerce input.button:disabled,.woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled],.woocommerce input.button:disabled:hover,.woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled]:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled,.wc-block-grid__products .wc-block-grid__product .wp-block-button__link,.wc-block-grid__product-onsale,[CLASS*="wc-block"] button,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons .button:not(.checkout):not(.ast-continue-shopping),.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons a.checkout,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled.wc-variation-selection-needed,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;color:#ffffff;border-color:#006699;background-color:#006699;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1em;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}button:focus,.menu-toggle:hover,button:hover,.ast-button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover .button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover ,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=reset]:focus,input#submit:hover,input#submit:focus,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:hover,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:focus,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:focus,.woocommerce-js a.button:hover,.woocommerce button.button:hover,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover,.woocommerce input.button.alt:hover,.woocommerce input.button:hover,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled:hover,.wc-block-grid__products .wc-block-grid__product .wp-block-button__link:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] button:hover,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons .button:not(.checkout):not(.ast-continue-shopping):hover,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons a.checkout:hover,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled.wc-variation-selection-needed:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button.has-icon{padding-top:calc(20px - 3px);padding-right:calc(20px - 3px);padding-bottom:calc(20px - 3px);padding-left:calc(20px - 3px);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon{display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon{margin:0;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}}@media (min-width:544px){.ast-container{max-width:100%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container #content .ast-container{padding-left:0.54em;padding-right:0.54em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field{width:170px;}}.ast-separate-container{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.widget-title{font-size:24px;font-size:1.4117647058824rem;}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}#secondary,#secondary button,#secondary input,#secondary select,#secondary textarea{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:36px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:30px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:25px;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;}}@media (max-width:544px){.widget-title{font-size:24px;font-size:1.4117647058824rem;}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}#secondary,#secondary button,#secondary input,#secondary select,#secondary textarea{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:32px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:26px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:22px;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:18px;font-size:1.125rem;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}}@media (max-width:544px){html{font-size:100%;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width:922px){.site-content .ast-container{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:921px){.site-content .ast-container{flex-direction:column;}}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > .sub-menu{margin-left:-0px;}}.entry-content li > p{margin-bottom:0;}.site .comments-area{padding-bottom:2em;margin-top:2em;}.wp-block-file {display: flex;align-items: center;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: space-between;}.wp-block-pullquote {border: none;}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote::before {content: "\201D";font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;display: flex;transform: rotate( 180deg );font-size: 6rem;font-style: normal;line-height: 1;font-weight: bold;align-items: center;justify-content: center;}.has-text-align-right > blockquote::before {justify-content: flex-start;}.has-text-align-left > blockquote::before {justify-content: flex-end;}figure.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote {max-width: 100%;text-align: inherit;}html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 100px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 80px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 100px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 80px;--wp--custom--ast-container-width: 1200px;--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size: 1200px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size: calc(1200px + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding) + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding));}.ast-narrow-container {--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size: 750px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size: 750px;}@media(max-width: 921px) {html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 50px;}}@media(max-width: 544px) {html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 30px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 30px;}}.entry-content > .wp-block-group,.entry-content > .wp-block-cover,.entry-content > .wp-block-columns {padding-top: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding);padding-right: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding);padding-bottom: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding);padding-left: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding);}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull {margin-left: calc( -50vw + 50%);margin-right: calc( -50vw + 50%);max-width: 100vw;width: 100vw;}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide {margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width: 100%;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots) {height: 0;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator {margin: 20px auto;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots) {max-width: 100px;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator.has-background {padding: 0;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > * {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size);}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull {max-width: none;}.entry-content .wp-block-columns {margin-bottom: 0;}blockquote {margin: 1.5em;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.wp-block-quote:not(.has-text-align-right):not(.has-text-align-center) {border-left: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.has-text-align-right > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-right {border-right: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.has-text-align-left > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-left {border-left: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.wp-block-site-tagline,.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more {margin-top: 15px;}.wp-block-loginout p label {display: block;}.wp-block-loginout p:not(.login-remember):not(.login-submit) input {width: 100%;}.wp-block-loginout input:focus {border-color: transparent;}.wp-block-loginout input:focus {outline: thin dotted;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 0 0 0 8%;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 0 8% 0 0;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8%;}.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text {color: var(--ast-global-color-5);}.wp-block-loginout .login-remember input {width: 1.1rem;height: 1.1rem;margin: 0 5px 4px 0;vertical-align: middle;}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *:first-child,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li:first-child {margin-top: 0;}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input {padding: 0 10px;color: var(--ast-global-color-3);background: var(--ast-global-color-5);border-color: var(--ast-border-color);}.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.wp-block-search__no-button .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input {padding-top: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;}.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-date,.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-author {font-size: 1rem;}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li {margin-top: 12px;margin-bottom: 12px;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignfull > * {max-width: none;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide > * {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size);}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .inherit-container-width > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > * > *,.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__inner-container {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-cover:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright) {width: auto;}@media(max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-separate-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px)) ;margin-right: calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px));}}@media(min-width: 1201px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull {margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding) );margin-right: calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding) );}.ast-separate-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide {margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding) );margin-right: calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding) );}}@media(min-width: 921px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)),.ast-plain-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)) {max-width: calc( var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size) + 80px );}.ast-plain-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull {margin-left: -60px;margin-right: -60px;}}@media(min-width: 544px) {.entry-content > .alignleft {margin-right: 20px;}.entry-content > .alignright {margin-left: 20px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-columns .wp-block-column:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-latest-posts{margin:0;}}@media( max-width: 600px ) {.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content,.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8% 0 0;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8%;}}.ast-narrow-container .site-content .wp-block-uagb-image--align-full .wp-block-uagb-image__figure {max-width: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content ul,.entry-content ol {padding: revert;margin: revert;padding-left: 20px;}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root{--ast-global-color-0:#fefefe;--ast-global-color-1:#65696F;--ast-global-color-2:#025e8d;--ast-global-color-3:#393C40;--ast-global-color-4:#025e8d;--ast-global-color-5:#e8e1e1;--ast-global-color-6:#212529;--ast-global-color-7:#232529;--ast-global-color-8:#222222;}:root {--ast-border-color : var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-single-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {max-width: 1200px;background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content .entry-header {margin-bottom: 0;}.site .ast-author-avatar {--ast-author-avatar-size: ;}a.ast-underline-text {text-decoration: underline;}.ast-container > .ast-terms-link {position: relative;display: block;}a.ast-button.ast-badge-tax {padding: 4px 8px;border-radius: 3px;font-size: inherit;}header.entry-header .entry-title{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}header.entry-header > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}header.entry-header .post-thumb-img-content{text-align:center;}header.entry-header .post-thumb img,.ast-single-post-featured-section.post-thumb img{aspect-ratio:16/9;width:100%;height:100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;text-align: left;}body.archive .ast-archive-description{max-width:1200px;width:100%;text-align:left;padding-top:3em;padding-right:3em;padding-bottom:3em;padding-left:3em;}body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title,body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title *{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}body.archive .ast-archive-description > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}@media (max-width:921px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}@media (max-width:544px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;text-decoration:none;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none;}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 0.3em;content:"\00bb";}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.entry-title a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}.ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}[data-section*="section-hb-button-"] .menu-link{display:none;}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-1 .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc( 0px + 5px );}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}.ast-builder-menu-2{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc( 0px + 5px );}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}.ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}}.site-below-footer-wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{background-color:#eeeeee;;background-image:none;;min-height:80px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row{max-width:1200px;min-height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:flex-start;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.ast-builder-grid-row-2-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 2,1fr );}@media (max-width:921px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-2-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 2,1fr );}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}.ast-footer-copyright {color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}.ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}.site-above-footer-wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{background-color:#eeeeee;;background-image:none;;min-height:60px;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row{max-width:1200px;min-height:60px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:flex-start;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.ast-builder-grid-row-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 3,1fr );}@media (max-width:921px){.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 3,1fr );}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:auto;}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button{box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled .ast-builder-menu-1 div:not( .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper) .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu{box-shadow:0px 4px 10px -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled .ast-builder-menu-2 div:not( .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper) .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item .sub-menu{box-shadow:0px 4px 10px -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:35%;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%;}}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}}.main-header-menu .menu-item,#astra-footer-menu .menu-item,.main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{-js-display:flex;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-moz-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,#astra-footer-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{height:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-js-display:flex;display:flex;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link .icon-arrow:first-of-type svg{top:.2em;margin-top:0px;margin-left:0px;width:.65em;transform:translate(0,-2px) rotateZ(270deg);}.ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle{transform:rotateX(180deg);overflow-y:auto;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-builder-menu .main-navigation > ul > li:last-child a{margin-right:0;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container .comments-area{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}#ast-scroll-top {display: none;position: fixed;text-align: center;cursor: pointer;z-index: 99;width: 2.1em;height: 2.1em;line-height: 2.1;color: #ffffff;border-radius: 2px;content: "";outline: inherit;}@media (min-width: 769px) {#ast-scroll-top {content: "769";}}#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg {margin-left: 0px;vertical-align: middle;transform: translate(0,-20%) rotate(180deg);width: 1.6em;}.ast-scroll-to-top-right {right: 30px;bottom: 30px;}.ast-scroll-to-top-left {left: 30px;bottom: 30px;}#ast-scroll-top{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);font-size:15px;}@media (max-width:921px){#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{width:1em;}}.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > * {padding: 10px 0;height: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:first-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:first-child {padding-top: 10px;}.ast-mobile-header-content > .ast-builder-menu,.ast-desktop-header-content > .ast-builder-menu {padding-top: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:last-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:last-child {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label {width: 100%;}.ast-desktop-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before {transform: rotateX(180deg);}#ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-desktop-header-content {display: none;}.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point #ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content {display: block;}.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu {opacity: 1;visibility: visible;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation {width: unset;margin: unset;}.ast-mobile-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-desktop-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle {left: calc( 20px - 0.907em);right: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search {width: 100%;position: relative;display: block;right: auto;transform: none;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form {right: 0;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;position: relative;top: auto;transform: none;padding: 0;display: block;overflow: hidden;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field {width: 100%;padding-right: 5.5em;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit {display: block;position: absolute;height: 100%;top: 0;right: 0;padding: 0 1em;border-radius: 0;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation ul .sub-menu .menu-link {padding-left: 30px;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link {padding-left: 40px;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-desktop-header-content{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-popup-content > *,.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-popup-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > *{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.content-align-flex-start .ast-builder-layout-element{justify-content:flex-start;}.content-align-flex-start .main-header-menu{text-align:left;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close{color:#3a3a3a;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:110px;}.ast-desktop .ast-primary-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:110px;}.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-below-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}}.ast-primary-header-bar{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:100px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar ,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:80px;}}.ast-primary-header-bar{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);border:none;background:transparent;}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-toggle-icon .ast-mobile-svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:var(--ast-global-color-5);}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-wrap .mobile-menu{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu{border-top-width:1px;border-color:#eaeaea;}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link{border-bottom-width:1px;border-color:#eaeaea;border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:10px;right:calc( 15px - 0.907em );}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:10px;}}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}.ast-above-header .main-header-bar-navigation{height:100%;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item .menu-link{border:none;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before{font-size:.6rem;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before{transform:rotateX(180deg);}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar ,.ast-above-header-bar .site-above-header-wrap{min-height:50px;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:50px;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .ast-header-woo-cart,.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .ast-header-edd-cart{line-height:50px;}.ast-above-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ast-above-header.ast-above-header-bar{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{background-color:#ffffff;}@media (max-width:921px){#masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.ast-above-header-bar{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{display:grid;}} </style> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='astra-addon-css-inline-css'> @media (min-width:922px){.ast-hide-display-device-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:545px) and (max-width:921px){.ast-hide-display-device-tablet{display:none;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-hide-display-device-mobile{display:none;}} </style> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0: var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1: var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2: var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3: var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4: var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5: var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6: var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7: var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8: var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style> <!--[if IE]> <script src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/js/minified/flexibility.min.js?ver=4.6.16" id="astra-flexibility-js"></script> <script id="astra-flexibility-js-after"> flexibility(document.documentElement); </script> <![endif]--> <script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcomsh\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; </script> <script src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?m=1686289764'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5212" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/PfPlee-1m4' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fauthorservices.springernature.com%2Fenglish-language-editing%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fauthorservices.springernature.com%2Fenglish-language-editing%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <!-- Put Data Layer Here --> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="fdb3fde7-613e-4e57-9b6a-496a563ed9ef" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript" ></script> <!-- Start of HubSpot Embed Code --> <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/45466078.js"></script> <!-- End of HubSpot Embed Code --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZ93FG');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Author services from Springer Nature</title> <meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="codeva-wa578cvBvF" /> <meta name="description" content="Improve your academic writing with Nature Research Editing Service ✯ English Editing ✯ Scientific Editing ✯ Expert editors in your subject area"> <meta name="keywords" content="keyword-home"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://authorservices.springernature.cn/"> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer', 'GTM-PZ93FG');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/dist/script/app.css"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="//oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> window.AppData = window.AppData || {}; window.AppData.baseroot = ''; window.AppData.translations = {"Translation with Editing":"Translation with Editing","returned in %(days)s days":"returned in %(days)s business days","Get this order in %(days)s days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s":"Get this order in %(days)s business days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s when available","Select the language your manuscript is in":"Select the language your manuscript is in","word-count-out-of-range-message":"Sorry, there are no services available for your current selection.","language-editing-silver-feature-list":"Includes:\n - A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n - A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","language-editing-gold-feature-list":"Includes:\n- A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n- PLUS improved flow and sound, and a more professional and natural style\n- PLUS a personalized summary of the editing performed\n- A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","scientific-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- English language editing by a professional editor in your field\n- Developmental editing from an expert in your field using quality standards set by Nature Research\n- A Quality Assurance edit\n- A custom feedback report summarizing key issues and advice for improvement","translation-with-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- Technical translation into English by a Translator in your field\n- Language editing for natural & correct English by an Editor in your field\n- AJE Editing Certificate"}; window.AppData.translationsNoShow = {"Translation with Editing":"Translation with Editing","returned in %(days)s days":"returned in %(days)s business days","Get this order in %(days)s days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s":"Get this order in %(days)s business days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s when available","Select the language your manuscript is in":"Select the language your manuscript is in","word-count-out-of-range-message":"Sorry, there are no services available for your current selection.","language-editing-silver-feature-list":"Includes:\n - A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n - A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","language-editing-gold-feature-list":"Includes:\n- A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n- PLUS improved flow and sound, and a more professional and natural style\n- PLUS a personalized summary of the editing performed\n- A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","scientific-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- English language editing by a professional editor in your field\n- Developmental editing from an expert in your field using quality standards set by Nature Research\n- A Quality Assurance edit\n- A custom feedback report summarizing key issues and advice for improvement","translation-with-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- Technical translation into English by a Translator in your field\n- Language editing for natural & correct English by an Editor in your field\n- AJE Editing Certificate"}; </script> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="fdb3fde7-613e-4e57-9b6a-496a563ed9ef" type="text/javascript" data-georegions="{'region':'BR','cbid':'4c3b738d-2f90-4800-9b6d-548aad9149a3'},{'region':'AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK','cbid':'4c3b738d-2f90-4800-9b6d-548aad9149a3'},{'region':'ZA','cbid':'24d68011-2c93-440d-913b-a2a61d052392'},{'region':'US-06','cbid':'674b3baf-a98d-4884-be41-917e65e2695b'},{'region':'US-08','cbid':'c858b1b0-c5ae-4fba-9b61-14c66bf760d3'},{'region':'US-09','cbid':'90574d38-d2b0-4c0f-b94f-d0f12065eae1'},{'region':'US-49','cbid':'4fd242e3-473a-4849-acd4-c6bf853fefe2'},{'region':'US-51','cbid':'302a38fe-406a-46f1-924b-751c931445b5'}"> </script> <script> var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document. createElement("script"); hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?f1344a866313a2b0241a5375a0246644"; var s = document. getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })(); </script> </head> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-snas-favicon-1.png?fit=32%2C32&#038;ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-snas-favicon-1.png?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-snas-favicon-1.png?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cropped-snas-favicon-1.png?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">.brought{position:absolute;bottom:0px;width:25%;}</style></head> <body itemtype='https://schema.org/WebPage' itemscope='itemscope' class="page-template-default page page-id-5212 wp-custom-logo ast-desktop ast-plain-container ast-no-sidebar astra-4.6.16 ast-single-post ast-inherit-site-logo-transparent ast-hfb-header astra-addon-4.7.0"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content" role="link" title="Skip to content"> Skip to content</a> <div class="hfeed site" id="page"> <header class="site-header header-main-layout-1 ast-primary-menu-enabled ast-hide-custom-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu-toggle-icon ast-mobile-header-inline" id="masthead" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#masthead" > <div id="ast-desktop-header" data-toggle-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-above-header-wrap "> <div class="ast-above-header-bar ast-above-header site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="site-above-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-above-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> </div> <div class="site-header-above-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-2 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-2-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-2"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="secondary_menu-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Site Navigation: Corner Navigation" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-2" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li id="menu-item-6973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6973"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.cn/" class="menu-link">中文</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6098"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6102"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/login" class="menu-link">My Account</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap "> <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="site-primary-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="475" height="93" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?w=475&amp;ssl=1 475w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?resize=300%2C59&amp;ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px" data-attachment-id="5161" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/cropped-sn_logo1-png/" data-orig-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png" data-orig-size="475,93" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="cropped-SN_logo1.png" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png&lt;/p&gt; " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=300%2C59&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=475%2C93&amp;ssl=1" /></a></span> </div> <!-- .site-branding --> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-1 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-1-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-1"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="primary-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Site Navigation: Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-1" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li id="menu-item-26" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-26"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Services<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5240" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5212 current_page_item menu-item-5240"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" aria-current="page" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>English Language Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6085" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6085"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Scientific Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6086"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/translation/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Academic Translation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5975"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/formatting/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Manuscript Formatting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6928"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-promotion/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Promotion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5976"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-data-support-service/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Data Support Service</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5977" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5977"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Pricing<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5978"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Pricing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6092"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/for-organizations/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>For Organizations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5979" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5979"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/prices/quote/new" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Get a Price Quote</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5980"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item ast-header-button-1" data-section="section-hb-button-1"> <div class="ast-builder-button-wrap ast-builder-button-size-md"><a class="ast-custom-button-link" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/researcher/submit/select" target="_self" ><div class=ast-custom-button>Get Started</div></a><a class="menu-link" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/researcher/submit/select" target="_self" >Get Started</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Main Header Bar Wrap --> <div id="ast-mobile-header" class="ast-mobile-header-wrap " data-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap" > <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-primary-header-wrap site-header-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="475" height="93" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?w=475&amp;ssl=1 475w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?resize=300%2C59&amp;ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px" data-attachment-id="5161" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/cropped-sn_logo1-png/" data-orig-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png" data-orig-size="475,93" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="cropped-SN_logo1.png" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png&lt;/p&gt; " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=300%2C59&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-SN_logo1.png?fit=475%2C93&amp;ssl=1" /></a></span> </div> <!-- .site-branding --> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"> <div class="ast-button-wrap"> <button type="button" class="menu-toggle main-header-menu-toggle ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Main Menu</span> <span class="mobile-menu-toggle-icon"> <span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class='ast-mobile-svg ast-menu-svg' fill='currentColor' version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M3 13h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 7h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 19h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z'></path></svg></span><span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class='ast-mobile-svg ast-close-svg' fill='currentColor' version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M5.293 6.707l5.293 5.293-5.293 5.293c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l5.293-5.293 5.293 5.293c0.391 0.391 1.024 0.391 1.414 0s0.391-1.024 0-1.414l-5.293-5.293 5.293-5.293c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-5.293 5.293-5.293-5.293c-0.391-0.391-1.024-0.391-1.414 0s-0.391 1.024 0 1.414z'></path></svg></span> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-mobile-header-content content-align-flex-start "> <div class="ast-builder-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu ast-builder-menu-mobile-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-menu"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="ast-mobile-site-navigation" aria-label="Site Navigation: Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation"><ul id="ast-hf-mobile-menu" class="main-header-menu ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border astra-menu-animation-fade stack-on-mobile"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-26"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Services<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5212 current_page_item menu-item-5240"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" aria-current="page" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>English Language Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6085"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Scientific Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6086"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/translation/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Academic Translation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5975"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/formatting/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Manuscript Formatting</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6928"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-promotion/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Promotion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5976"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-data-support-service/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Data Support Service</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5977"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Pricing<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5978"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Pricing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6092"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/for-organizations/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>For Organizations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5979"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/prices/quote/new" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Get a Price Quote</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5980"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="ast-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area primary"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article class="post-5212 page type-page status-publish category-general ast-article-single" id="post-5212" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope"> <header class="entry-header ast-no-thumbnail ast-no-title ast-header-without-markup"> </header> <!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content clear" ast-blocks-layout="true" itemprop="text"> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull" style="min-height:504px;aspect-ratio:unset;aspect-ratio:unset;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim" style="background-color:#656369"></span><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1200" height="360" data-attachment-id="5255" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/?attachment_id=5255" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?fit=1920%2C576&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1920,576" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?fit=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?fit=1024%2C307&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-5255" alt="" src="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=1200%2C360&#038;ssl=1" data-object-fit="cover" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=1024%2C307&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=768%2C230&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=1536%2C461&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/48789239e97472c53d1c16e69677c7811.jpg?resize=1200%2C360&amp;ssl=1 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <p class="has-text-align-left has-large-font-size"><strong>English Language Editing</strong></p> <div class="wp-block-group brought has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> <p>Brought to you by</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="419" height="52" data-attachment-id="6481" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/attachment/sn_mono_white1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?fit=419%2C52&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="419,52" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="SN_mono_white[1]" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?fit=300%2C37&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?fit=419%2C52&amp;ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?resize=419%2C52&#038;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-6481" style="width:auto;height:35px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?w=419&amp;ssl=1 419w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SN_mono_white1.png?resize=300%2C37&amp;ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px" /></figure> </div> </div></div> <p>Improve your written English with editing from our experts.</p> <p>We can improve the language in all of your research-related documents: for example, research papers, grant proposals, theses, reports, and news articles. We also edit documents from all disciplines – from engineering and medicine to humanities and social sciences.</p> <p><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/default/submitb/select?_ga=2.227666974.2041005749.1707762456-1644817548.1669837250#!/1/6/manuscript/3.5/_">Upload your document for English Language Editing</a></p> <div class="wp-block-columns alignfull has-ast-global-color-0-color has-ast-global-color-1-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-3e080311abd5f8d93290ef8f0d11e7ad is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:10rem;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:10rem"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="#choose">Choose Silver or Gold</a></h2> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=5212&amp;action=edit#guarantee">Our Guarantee</a></h2> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-3 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><a href="#guarantee" rel="nofollow"></a><a href="#guarantee"></a><a href="#testimonials">Testimonials</a></h2> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><a href="#upload">Upload Your Document</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="choose">Choose Silver or Gold</h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="430" height="116" data-attachment-id="6400" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/?attachment_id=6400" data-orig-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nres-logo-horizontal-1.svg" data-orig-size="430,116" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="[]" data-image-title="nres-logo-horizontal-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nres-logo-horizontal-1.svg" data-large-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nres-logo-horizontal-1.svg" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/nres-logo-horizontal-1.svg" alt="" class="wp-image-6400" style="width:auto;height:50px"/></figure> </div> </div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <div class="wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" data-attachment-id="5219" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/attachment/language-editing-silver1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-silver1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="200,300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="language-editing-silver1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-silver1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-silver1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-silver1.png?resize=200%2C300&#038;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-5219"/></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading silver">English Language Editing: Silver</h4> <p>Silver provides a reliable edit to correct English language errors.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>We will correct errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation and will polish English language usage.</li> <li>We will also rephrase sentences that sound unnatural, use subject expertise to point out sentences that are confusing, and make your style sound more professional.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/#editing-pricing">&nbsp;See English Language Editing: Silver pricing</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" data-attachment-id="5222" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/attachment/language-editing-gold1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-gold1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="200,300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="language-editing-gold1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-gold1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-gold1.png?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/language-editing-gold1.png?resize=200%2C300&#038;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-5222"/></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading gold">English Language Editing: Gold</h4> <p>Gold provides a more-detailed edit with a greater emphasis on the overall flow of the sentences.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>We will correct fundamental language errors and rephrase or point out awkward and confusing sentences.</li> <li>We will focus on the finer points of style and on improving the phrasing.</li> <li>You will receive a summary of the English language editing performed on your document.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/#editing-pricing"></a><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/#editing-pricing">See English Language Editing: Gold pricing</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <p>Note: Our editors will not comment on research content, restructure or format the document, or translate text from another language. If you require formatting or translation, please see our&nbsp;<a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/formatting">Manuscript Formatting</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/translation">Academic Translation</a>&nbsp;services.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Our Editors</h3> <p>When you submit work for English Language Editing, your document is matched with an editor who specializes in your subject area. The editor understands the terminology and the challenges that are unique to your discipline.<br><br>Each of our subject-expert editors:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>has completed or is completing a Master’s, PhD or MD qualification</li> <li>is affiliated with a top US university or research institute</li> <li>has undergone substantial editing training and is continually reviewed for quality</li> </ul> <p>Our editors are held to the high standards we expect at Nature Research, to ensure you receive the highest quality of editing.</p> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/language-editing/#collapsable-div-ethics">Read Our Ethical Policies</a></p> </div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="guarantee">Our Quality Guarantee and Certificate</h3> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading our-quality-guarantee"><strong>Our Quality Guarantee</strong></h4> <p>We are so confident of the quality of our English language editing that we offer a Quality Guarantee.</p> <p>We guarantee that if your language-edited paper is rejected by a journal because of the English alone, and we believe that you have made a good-faith effort to incorporate our changes, we will re-edit your paper once for free.</p> <p>We cannot extend this guarantee to papers that have been rewritten after our revisions. Therefore, we recommend that you submit your paper for language editing as the final step before submitting it to a journal.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading our-certificate"><strong>Our Certificate</strong></h4> <p>We will provide a certificate confirming that your document was edited by native English speakers with expertise in your field of study.</p> <p>You will be able to download the certificate from your account, along with your edited document.</p> <p>You can then provide the certificate to the journal of your choice to demonstrate that the language in your paper has been professionally edited and verified.</p> <p>Note that the certificate does not cover changes made after our editing.</p> <p><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/certificate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read more about our certificates</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/dist/npgle/files/sample_certificate.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">See an example certificate</a>.</p> </div> </div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="testimonials">What Customers Say</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>Thank you for your excellent work on my manuscript. I am very satisfied with the revision and this manuscript has been published in a highly respected journal. Thus, I highly recommend your extremely skilled and careful editing.<br>C. Chang · Taiwan</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>It was really helpful to improve the quality of my publication. Thank you.<br>Y. Athukorala · Canada</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>The editing services have a high-level of professionalism, and the work comes with some suggestions that are very helpful to make a manuscript that reads very well. Using the gold service, we have received a detailed description of common errors found and some ideas for future manuscripts.<br>D. Sato · Japan</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>I am convinced of one of the best editing service in the world.<br>S. Choi · South Korea</p> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" id="upload" style="min-height:0px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-25"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/researcher/submit/get-started" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:0">Upload Your Document</a></div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content .clear --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </main><!-- #main --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div> <!-- ast-container --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#colophon"> <div class="site-above-footer-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-footer-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-3-equal ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-equal ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full ast-footer-row-stack ast-footer-row-tablet-stack ast-footer-row-mobile-stack" data-section="section-above-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row-container-inner"> <div class="ast-builder-footer-grid-columns site-above-footer-inner-wrap ast-builder-grid-row"> <div class="site-footer-above-section-1 site-footer-section site-footer-section-1"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2" aria-label="Footer Widget 2" > <section id="block-13" class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="29" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1-300x29.png" alt="" class="wp-image-6005" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=300%2C29&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1024%2C99&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=768%2C74&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1536%2C148&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=2048%2C198&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1200%2C116&amp;ssl=1 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </section><section id="nav_menu-9" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-footer-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5212 current_page_item menu-item-5983"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" aria-current="page" class="menu-link">English Language Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6292" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6292"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link">Scientific Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5986"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link">Pricing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5987"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5988"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5989"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></nav></section><section id="nav_menu-5" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-footer-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5212 current_page_item menu-item-5983"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" aria-current="page" class="menu-link">English Language Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6292"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link">Scientific Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5986"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link">Pricing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5987"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5988"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5989"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-above-section-2 site-footer-section site-footer-section-2"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1" aria-label="Footer Widget 1" > <section id="block-10" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p>Regional</p> </section><section id="block-12" class="widget widget_block"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background"/> </section><section id="nav_menu-7" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-regional-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-regional" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5992" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5992"><a href="http://www.naturechina.com/" class="menu-link">Nature China</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5993"><a href="http://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp/" class="menu-link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5994"><a href="http://www.natureasia.com/ko-kr/" class="menu-link">Nature Korea</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5995"><a href="http://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/index.html" class="menu-link">Nature India</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5996"><a href="http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/" class="menu-link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-above-section-3 site-footer-section site-footer-section-3"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3" aria-label="Footer Widget 3" > <section id="block-15" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="http://www.springernature.com/">Springer Nature</a></p> </section><section id="block-17" class="widget widget_block"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-default"/> </section><section id="nav_menu-10" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-springer-nature-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-springer-nature" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5999"><a href="http://www.springer.com/" class="menu-link">Springer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6000" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6000"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/" class="menu-link">BMC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6001" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6001"><a href="http://www.nature.com/index.html" class="menu-link">Nature Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6002" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6002"><a href="http://www.palgrave.com/gb/" class="menu-link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-below-footer-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-footer-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-2-equal ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-2-equal ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full ast-footer-row-inline ast-footer-row-tablet-stack ast-footer-row-mobile-stack" data-section="section-below-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row-container-inner"> <div class="ast-builder-footer-grid-columns site-below-footer-inner-wrap ast-builder-grid-row"> <div class="site-footer-below-section-1 site-footer-section site-footer-section-1"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4" aria-label="Footer Widget 4" > <section id="block-25" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.34%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/terms-of-service/">Terms &amp; Conditions</a></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/do-not-sell-my-personal-information">Do not sell my personal information</a></p> </div> </div> </section><section id="block-21" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p>If you can't find what you are looking for, please&nbsp;<a href="mailto:support@as.springernature.com">contact us</a>.</p> </section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-below-section-2 site-footer-section site-footer-section-2"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-footer-focus-item ast-footer-copyright" data-section="section-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-footer-copyright"><p>&copy; 2024 Author Services from Springer Nature EN. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <!-- --> <div id="ast-scroll-top" tabindex="0" class="ast-scroll-top-icon ast-scroll-to-top-right" data-on-devices="both"> <span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll to Top</span> </div> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay"> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper"> <span id="jp-carousel-library-loading">&nbsp;</span> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="jp-carousel-container"> <!-- The Carousel Swiper --> <div class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12"> <path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskPrev)"> <rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12"> <path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskNext)"> <rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> </div> <!-- The main close buton --> <div class="jp-carousel-close-hint"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14"> <path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskClose)"> <rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <!-- Image info, comments and meta --> <div class="jp-carousel-info"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-footer"> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container"> <div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container"> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskInfo)"> <rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskComments)"> <rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-info-extra"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading"> <span>Loading Comments...</span> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container"> <span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner">&nbsp;</span> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div> <form id="jp-carousel-comment-form"> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label> <textarea name="comment" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" placeholder="Write a Comment..." ></textarea> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as"> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label> <input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" /> </fieldset> </div> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit" value="Post Comment" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-image-meta"> <div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-info"> <h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div> </div> <ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul> <a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0)"> <rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span> </a> <div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-6aeaf8975d885ef1197a2c0501aaccf7' href='https://authorservices.springernature.com/_static/??-eJyVjFsKgCAQAC+ULQaZP9FZTJewfOG6eP0I6gD9zjDTi7A5NUwNSuDDJ4ITWzH2gpgdBySwpmYmDEDdF6xi5+QCjpZo6D/qV4gPPIMtrlItk5y1VvoGzj40MA==' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-end;}.wp-elements-3e080311abd5f8d93290ef8f0d11e7ad a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0);}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-3 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-3 > * + *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 0;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0px * -1);margin-left:calc(0px * -1);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 > * + *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);} </style> <script id="astra-theme-js-js-extra"> var astra = {"break_point":"921","isRtl":"","is_scroll_to_id":"1","is_scroll_to_top":"1","is_header_footer_builder_active":"1"}; </script> <script id="starter-templates-zip-preview-js-extra"> var starter_templates_zip_preview = {"AstColorPaletteVarPrefix":"--ast-global-color-","AstEleColorPaletteVarPrefix":["ast-global-color-0","ast-global-color-1","ast-global-color-2","ast-global-color-3","ast-global-color-4","ast-global-color-5","ast-global-color-6","ast-global-color-7","ast-global-color-8"]}; </script> <script id="edac-frontend-fixes-js-extra"> var edac_frontend_fixes = []; </script> <script id="astra-addon-js-js-extra"> var astraAddon = {"sticky_active":"","svgIconClose":"<span class=\"ast-icon icon-close\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"18px\" height=\"18px\">\n <path d=\"M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z\" \/>\n <\/svg><\/span>","hf_account_show_menu_on":"hover","hf_account_action_type":"link","is_header_builder_active":"1"}; </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://authorservices.springernature.com/_static/??-eJx9j91OwzAMhV+I1HTZUu0Cccd7JLHbeeRPcUq3tyeaqEBIcGHLtnyOP29F+ZwapQbtQpEErLRqexZqAleByIlnJoS5PhZx6JPhKk/bt7SEdeEksKy9dVQXcCsHBMxRVbJ4B05It3+Uj6uq1KyEW6fg5CGwg5xcthU5LTsSsnRWiiXYRl1BH0wbRPu3tfckwo4Dt7vyF/LvVL8A95/e+EYyuDVhoF82awnZ4k5oEXP6WStjzs/6RHOPyZzV4WhGfZjG7vIaX8ZJj+ZoTlp/AoF9hKI='></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"233881374\",\"post\":\"5212\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"authorservices.springernature.com\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"2\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.1-a.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "233881374", "5212" ]); </script> <script id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra"> var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"}; var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"94a4ad8169","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fauthorservices.springernature.com%2Fenglish-language-editing%2F","blog_id":"1","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]}; </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js?m=1730206540'></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10