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aria-controls="toc-Philip_V,_first_Spanish_Bourbon_monarch_(1700–1724,_1724–1746)_and_Louis_I_(1724–1724)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philip V, first Spanish Bourbon monarch (1700–1724, 1724–1746) and Louis I (1724–1724) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philip_V,_first_Spanish_Bourbon_monarch_(1700–1724,_1724–1746)_and_Louis_I_(1724–1724)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>War of the Spanish Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Spanish_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_government_under_Philip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_government_under_Philip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Changes in government under Philip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_government_under_Philip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Military conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Minister_Ensenada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Minister_Ensenada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First Minister Ensenada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Minister_Ensenada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferdinand_VI_(1746–1759)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferdinand_VI_(1746–1759)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferdinand_VI_(1746–1759)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_III,_Enlightened_despotism_and_reform_(1759–1788)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_III,_Enlightened_despotism_and_reform_(1759–1788)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Charles III, Enlightened despotism and reform (1759–1788)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charles_III,_Enlightened_despotism_and_reform_(1759–1788)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_of_Charles's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_of_Charles's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Assessments of Charles's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments_of_Charles's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Charles IV, decline and fall (1788–1808)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferdinand_VII_and_the_Napoleonic_upheaval_(1808–1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferdinand_VII_and_the_Napoleonic_upheaval_(1808–1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ferdinand VII and the Napoleonic upheaval (1808–1814)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferdinand_VII_and_the_Napoleonic_upheaval_(1808–1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Catalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Catalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>In Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Spain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Spain">Bourbon Spain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of Spanish history</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Spain</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reino de España</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1700–1808</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/125px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/188px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1760%E2%80%931785).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Top: Cross of Burgundy Flag <span class="nowrap">(until 1785)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Bottom: Naval ensign <span class="nowrap">(1760–1785)</span></a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1761-1868_and_1874-1931).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Arms (since 1761) of Spain"><img alt="Royal Arms (since 1761) of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg/85px-Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg/128px-Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg/170px-Full_Ornamented_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1718" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain"> Royal Arms<br />(since 1761)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Ultra">Plus Ultra</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br />"Further Beyond"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br />"Royal March"<div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="52" 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data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territories that were ever part of the Spanish Empire during the Enlightenment, between 1713 and 1808."><img alt="Territories that were ever part of the Spanish Empire during the Enlightenment, between 1713 and 1808." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png/250px-Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png/375px-Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png/500px-Map_of_the_Englightement_in_SpainCORRECT.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territories that were ever part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> during the Enlightenment, between 1713 and 1808.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aranese" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranese">Aranese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniard</a>, Spanish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs#House_of_Bourbon_(1700–1808)" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1700–1724 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1808 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortes of Castile">Cortes of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment era">Enlightenment era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1700</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish War of Succession">Spanish War of Succession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1700–1715</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1740–1748</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1756–1763</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1807–1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 1808</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">Spanish real</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/20px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/30px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/40px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/20px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/30px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/40px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Espa%C3%B1a_1808-1813.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/250px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/375px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/500px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(575–206 BCE)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(206–27 BCE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(218 BCE–472 CE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(409–585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(418–721)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Byzantine Spania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–624)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–716)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista"><i>Reconquista</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(718–1479)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1479–1516)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1482–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1492–1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1516–1700)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1556–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1580–1640)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1701–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–1716)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1808–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1812)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1813)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820–1823)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1833)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1840–1843)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844–1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846–1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></i></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–1871)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1870–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1872–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1874)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1885–1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(–1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1930)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer"><i>Dictablanda</i> of Dámaso Berenguer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930–1931)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–2011)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">Territorial organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Spain</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Reino de España</i>) entered a new era with the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Habsburg</a> monarch, who died childless in 1700. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> was fought between proponents of a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip of Anjou</a>, and the Austrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> claimant, Archduke <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles</a>. After the wars were ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>'s rule began in 1715, although he had to renounce his place in the succession of the French throne. </p><p>Spain entered a period of reform. Ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> entered Spain<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spanish America<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the eighteenth century. The invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> upended the stability of the Spanish state and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">empire</a> and although France was defeated, the turmoil in Spain led to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> of 1808 to 1833. </p><p>The 18th century in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> is often referred to as <b>Bourbon Spain</b>, but the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Spanish Bourbons</a> continued to reign from 1814 to 1868 (following the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>), from 1874 to 1931, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">since 1975</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philip_V,_first_Spanish_Bourbon_monarch_(1700–1724,_1724–1746)_and_Louis_I_(1724–1724)"><span id="Philip_V.2C_first_Spanish_Bourbon_monarch_.281700.E2.80.931724.2C_1724.E2.80.931746.29_and_Louis_I_.281724.E2.80.931724.29"></span>Philip V, first Spanish Bourbon monarch (1700–1724, 1724–1746) and Louis I (1724–1724)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philip V, first Spanish Bourbon monarch (1700–1724, 1724–1746) and Louis I (1724–1724)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg/170px-Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg/255px-Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg/340px-Philip_V_of_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Philip V of Spain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War of the Spanish Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></div> <p>The last few years of the rule of the mentally challenged and childless Spanish Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a>, were dominated by the politics of who would succeed the unfortunate monarch, the last Spanish king of the Habsburg dynasty. Spain was at the center of this political crisis, but it was the "object not the arbiter."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic troubles, the decay of the Spanish bureaucracy, a series of defeats in wars against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, and the erosion of imperial institutions in the seventeenth century had left Charles the king of a declining empire, and his physical and mental weakness provided him with little ability to reverse the course of his country. The vastness and wealth of the ultramarine <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, along with her naval resources, had made Spain a vital part of European power politics. If the throne of Spain was to go to a relative of the king of France, or if the two countries were to be united, the balance of power in Europe would shift in France's favor. The wealth of the Spanish overseas empire would flow to France. If it remained in the hands of another member of the anti-French, Austrian Habsburg dynasty, the status quo would remain. European politics at the end of the 16th century became dominated by establishing an orderly succession in Spain that would not alter the balance between Europe's great powers. </p><p>Bourbon France and Habsburg Austria and its allies went to war to determine the successor to Charles. The prize was the wealth of the Spanish Empire. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1702–14) was won by France, but by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> ending the conflict, the French and Spanish Bourbon dynasties pledged not to unite formally. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>'s exclamation that the "Now there are no more Pyrenees!" now that his grandson was Spain's monarch did not come to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Charles II's chosen heir inaugurated a new dynastic house in Spain, the Habsburg Spanish empire in Europe was reduced to the Iberian peninsula itself, with the loss of Spanish Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> as well. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the conflict and Philip V of Spain renounced any claims to the French throne. Before the conflict ended, Philip's young wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Louisa of Savoy">Maria Louisa of Savoy</a> (1688–1714) died, but the Bourbon royal succession was assured with the birth of two sons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_government_under_Philip">Changes in government under Philip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes in government under Philip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg/170px-Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg/255px-Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Elisabetta_Farnese1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a>, queen of Spain and second wife of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philip V proved an effective administrator, centralizing the Spanish authority by eliminating regional <i>cortes</i> (parliaments) and beginning a process of making uniform the laws among the various regions of Spain's empire by eliminating special privileges (<i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> (1716) dismantled the composite system of rule in Spain, and replaced it with rule from Madrid and unitary <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian</a> values. If the Austrian Habsburgs had won the War of the Spanish Succession, Habsburg pluralism promised to be continued, leading <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> to support the losing Habsburg cause. The Nueva Planta decrees eliminated that regional autonomy. "The most enduring achievement of the reign of Philip V was to establish, for the first time since the Romans, a single, united polity."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also eliminated with the Bourbon dynasty was the Habsburg system of conciliar government, replacing councils with four secretariats, later evolving into ministries: State & Foreign Affairs, Charity & Justice; Army & Navy, and The Indies, i.e., the overseas portions of the Spanish Empire. The four ministers formed a "cabinet council" and ministers were directly responsible to the crown. In general, aristocratic men no longer dominated government positions, but rather men of talent who were then elevated to high position and rewarded with noble titles. Some 200 new titles were created by Philip alone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrative reforms included the division of Spain into eight <i>reinos</i> headed by a military official and an <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">audiencia</a> was established for the administration of justice. Local level administrators (<i>corregidores</i>), which had already existed in Castile, were appointed to the other reinos. An important reform was in taxation and royal debt. Some bonds issued by the crown were repudiated while others had their interest rate downgraded. New tax officials were efficient in collecting and administering taxes, to the benefit of the new monarchy. Regions that had not paid taxes at the same levels as Castile were not subject to taxation by the unitary state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Spain under the Bourbon monarchs pursued many wars, having a tax base to pay for them was crucial. </p><p>Philip's selection of capable French and Italian ministers to key positions in the government reined in independent, isolated, and corrupt ministries that had flourished in the later period of Habsburg rule. Philip aimed at expanding economic activity and moved toward economic freedom, especially regarding Spain's trade in its overseas empire, in theory a Spanish monopoly. Expanding Spanish manufactures and agricultural exports was envisioned, so that trade did not benefit foreign powers who had horned in on the Spanish American trade. The <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">House of Trade</a> long operating in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, was moved to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> in 1717, while the monopoly on trade with the Spanish Empire was also opened to all the ports of peninsular Spain. Philip permitted the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Basque Caracas Company</a> in 1728, on the model of Northern European trading companies, to trade with Venezuela, a major producer of chocolate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free trade zone (<i>comercio libre</i>) within the Spanish sphere expanded further with later Spanish Bourbons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_conflicts">Military conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip was often dominated in his policies by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Farnese">Elizabeth Farnese</a>. He adopted an aggressive foreign policy that invested Spain in a series of costly wars throughout his reign. The loss of so much of the European territory promised to him by Charles II's will and Philip V's personal ambition put him at unease with the Treaty of Utrecht. Philip's wife Elizabeth, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">ducal house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>, and her favorite minister, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Alberoni" title="Giulio Alberoni">Giulio Alberoni</a>, desired to have their claims in Italy and those of Philip restored. But an alliance of France, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> challenged Spain's ambitions which threatened the peace of Europe. In 1717, Philip invaded <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, one of the territories lost to Austria after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. The invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> thereafter prompted the formation of the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, and the Netherlands to oppose Philip's ambitions. In 1720, embarrassed by the failure of Spanish arms at sea and on land in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a>, Philip dismissed Alberoni and signed a peace treaty with Austria, with both sides recognizing the Treaty of Utrecht. </p><p>The Spanish again attempted to regain some of their lost territory in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)">Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)</a>. An alliance was concluded in 1725 with the Austrians, who agreed to help the Spanish in retaking key naval bases in the Mediterranean - <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> – from the British. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santisima_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Santisima_Trinidad.jpg/180px-Santisima_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Santisima_Trinidad.jpg/270px-Santisima_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Santisima_Trinidad.jpg/360px-Santisima_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad</a></i>. Philip V and Charles III made the navy a high priority of their governments</figcaption></figure> <p>In response, an alliance was forged by the British Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a>, with France and the Dutch Republic; when Philip did finally lay <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar">siege to Gibraltar</a>, Austria declined to intervene against the powerful alliance, and Spain was left alone once again. French armies invaded the Basque country and Britain and Netherlands elected to capture Spain's New World empire and disrupt precious metal shipments hoping to prevent Philip from buying the Austrians into intervention; the allies suffered greater losses in men than the Spanish but the plan succeeded and Philip was forced to sue for peace in 1729. Elizabeth Farnese did get one of her wishes, though; securing the succession rights in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1729, Philip was more reserved in his use of Spanish power and sought the close support of allies, in particular France: a more cautious strategy that yielded positive results. Philip sought a friendly axis with his relatives in France in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, where he succeeded in regaining the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> for his son, the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Pacte de Famille</a> with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of France was signed in 1733, bringing the two states closer together after the embarrassments of the Quadruple Alliance. Friction with Britain prompted by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1739–1741) pushed Philip into a closer alliance with France in the years leading to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, in which Philip obtained the Duchy of Parma and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a> from Austria for his son <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip</a>. This restored Spanish power in Italy to much of its pre-1700 extent and added new territories, albeit to a more indirect degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Minister_Ensenada">First Minister Ensenada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Minister Ensenada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Somodevilla,_1st_Marquess_of_Ensenada" title="Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marquess of Ensenada">Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marquess of Ensenada</a></div> <p>Late in his reign, Philip elected to place the reformation of his government in the hands of his ministers. The youthful and ambitious <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Somodevilla,_1st_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ensenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada">Zenón de Somodevilla</a> had been created Marquess of Ensenada in 1736 for his successful diplomacy after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, and seven years afterwards, in 1743, he was made Philip (and Elizabeth's) favorite at court, and for the remainder of Philip's reign, Ensenada effectively ruled Spain. Ensenada sought a cautious but independent foreign policy that distanced his country from both France or Britain, and desired a stable, peaceful environment in which Spain could reform her institutions. Ensenada commissioned a secret report on the state of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Juan_y_Santacilia" title="Jorge Juan y Santacilia">Jorge Juan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a>. Their report asserted that the overseas empire was inefficiently and incompetently administered by American-born Spaniards (<i>criollos</i>) and detailed the enmity between peninsular-born Spaniards and American-born colonials. Administrative reforms of the overseas empire was informed by the report Ensenada commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ferdinand_VI_(1746–1759)"><span id="Ferdinand_VI_.281746.E2.80.931759.29"></span>Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg/170px-El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg/255px-El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg/340px-El_rey_Fernando_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28Ayuntamiento_de_Sevilla%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="3193" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> (r. 1746–1759)</figcaption></figure> <p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> had awarded Ensenada a victory that cemented his support in Spain. However, two years before the war ended, King Philip, his strongest supporter, died, and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a>. Ferdinand was Philip's son by his first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Luisa of Savoy">Maria Luisa of Savoy</a>; he had suffered under the domineering influence of his stepmother as a child, and as king, he was constantly unsure of his own abilities. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Farnese">Elizabeth Farnese</a>, the queen who had effectively controlled Philip V, left the court on her husband's death. Like his father, Ferdinand was extremely devoted to his wife, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Barbara of Portugal</a> and she dictated much of his policy and political decisions; at the time of Ferdinand's coronation in 1746, it was said that "Queen Barbara has succeeded Queen Elizabeth." For her part, Queen Barbara, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Portuguese royal family</a>, advocated a policy of neutrality that coincided with the opinions of her leading courtiers, far different from the <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> policy of Elizabeth. </p><p>Ferdinand's rule reaped good fortune and the rewards of Philip V's reforms. He was a charitable ruler, relieving drought-stricken <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> from all taxes in 1755 and devoting large sums of money to the reconstruction of that part of the country. As king, he deferred many of his judgments to his leading ministers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg/170px-Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg/255px-Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg/340px-Maria_Barbara_de_Braganza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Barbara de Braganza</a>, Queen of Spain, wife of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ensenada continued to be the leading member of court in the early part of Ferdinand's reign. After the successful alliance with France in the War of the Austrian Succession, he advised strengthening that bond as a means of protecting Spain's vulnerable security and checking British interests in her empire. He was opposed by an <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a> faction at court led by <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Carvajal_y_L%C3%A1ncaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster">Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster</a>, a mixed British-Spanish gentleman descended from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>. Carvajal believed that the key to Spain's defense and modernization was a closer alliance with Britain, whose naval power could complement Spain's empire and whose commercial strength could encourage economic development in Spain. Carvajal's most enduring accomplishment was the 1750 agreement with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, which ended a long, low-level conflict in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (southern <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>) between the two countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvajal_y_Lancaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Carvajal_y_L%C3%A1ncaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster">Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster</a>, leader of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> faction in King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a>'s court.</figcaption></figure> <p>The agreement with Portugal, however, was to have important political consequences for Spain. The agreement traded seven <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>-established and -operated missions in southern Uruguay for Portuguese-founded and -controlled Uruguay. The plan (opposed by both the Jesuits and the British) led to resistance led by the Jesuits and their native <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a> allies in the area. Both Spain and Portugal responded in force to the crisis, suppressing the Jesuits and Guaraní in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seven_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seven Reductions">War of the Seven Reductions</a>. The war broke a traditionally friendly relationship between the Spanish government and the Jesuits and launched a period of anti-Jesuit policies both in Spain and Portugal that would be continued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>. </p><p>A scandal at court, resulting from a conspiracy between Carvajal and the British ambassador, led to the embarrassment of Ensenada and his disrepute at court. When Carvajal died in 1754, Ferdinand and his wife dismissed Ensenada, fearing that the Marquis's French sympathies would lead to an alliance with Louis XV of France and war, without Carvajal's British sympathies to counterbalance him. An <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irishman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Wall" title="Ricardo Wall">Ricardo Wall</a>, was appointed to replace Ensenada as chief minister. Wall, a staunch defender of Spain's neutral policy, successfully kept the country out of war for the remainder of Ferdinand's reign, in spite of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. </p><p>Although his wife, Barbara, had always feared that Ferdinand would die before her and leave her destitute – she had amassed huge personal wealth as a safeguard against this – she was the one who would precede him, dying in 1758. Deeply distraught by her death, Ferdinand became apathetic to his duties as king, and indeed, suicidal. He died a year later, in 1759. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_III,_Enlightened_despotism_and_reform_(1759–1788)"><span id="Charles_III.2C_Enlightened_despotism_and_reform_.281759.E2.80.931788.29"></span>Charles III, Enlightened despotism and reform (1759–1788)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Charles III, Enlightened despotism and reform (1759–1788)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_III_cazador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carlos_III_cazador.jpg/170px-Carlos_III_cazador.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carlos_III_cazador.jpg/255px-Carlos_III_cazador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carlos_III_cazador.jpg/340px-Carlos_III_cazador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Charles III as a huntsman by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, 1786–1788. He was beloved of his subjects who "admired his simple life and his religious spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_experience,_ascension_to_the_Spanish_throne"><span id="Italian_experience.2C_ascension_to_the_Spanish_throne"></span>Italian experience, ascension to the Spanish throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian experience, ascension to the Spanish throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferdinand's successor was <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a>, son of Philip V by his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese. Charles was the half-brother of Ferdinand VI, and not initially expected to ascend the throne of Spain. Since Ferdinand had no children, it was clear that Charles would ascend to the throne. In his half-brother's last years of ill physical and mental health and erratic behavior, Charles kept up to the minute on happenings in Spain. He learned of the "spreading administrative paralysis, breakdown of responsibility, and delays in making key decisions" and was worried that France and Spain in the event might attempt to carve up the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 16, Charles had been named Duke of Parma at his mother's demand. His experience there gave him a place to experiment with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_despotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightened despotism">enlightened despotism</a>. He exhibited a martial spirit early on, acquiring Naples and Sicily by force of arms and becoming their king, though his tastes were generally more peaceful. Upon arriving in Spain, he did not share Carvajal's taste for an alliance with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had been introduced to reform by his mentor in Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tanucci" title="Bernardo Tanucci">Bernardo Tanucci</a>. Although Tanucci remained behind in Naples to advise Charles's son, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>, as the two thrones could not be united by consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1738)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1738)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, Charles carried with him a cadre of Italian reformers who saw potential in the Spanish bureaucracy for modernization. The architect of the first phase of Charles III's reforms was one such Italian, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de_Gregorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo de Gregorio">Leopoldo de Gregorio</a> - a man of humble origins whose ability as a military supplier for the Neapolitan army impressed the king and raised him to royal prominence. Created "Marquis of Esquilache" in 1755, Gregorio was one of Spain's leading statesman from the arrival of Charles III to the Marquis's death in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg/170px-Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg/255px-Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg/340px-Giuseppe_bonito-esquilache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de_Gregorio,_1st_Marquess_of_Esquilache" title="Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache">The Marquess of Esquilache</a>, Sicilian statesman and reformer in service to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)">Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)</a></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> had broken out in 1756, Spain had managed to remain strictly neutral under the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Wall" title="Ricardo Wall">Ricardo Wall</a>, who continued to lead Spain's government in the early years of Charles III. Charles, however, bore a grudge against the English and as the war became increasingly desperate for France, he went against his chief minister's wishes and intervened on France's behalf in 1762. Spain fared poorly in the war, and the British captured <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> within a year. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> was ceded to the British and Spain recognized British control over Menorca and Gibraltar in 1763, although the vast territory of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> was given to Spain to compensate her for her losses. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, however, Spain could focus on internal development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></div> <p>By far the largest landholder in Spain, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="History of the Catholic Church in Spain">Church</a> had been treated with great charity by the Spanish kings of the seventeenth century - <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> in particular donated large tracts of territory in religious piety. Much of this land went unused, and a great deal of the remainder of the country was owned by gentlemanly <i><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)">hidalgos</a></i> who lived primarily off of the state. The system had grown long obsolete, and a growing population (Spain's population would increase from eight to twelve million between 1700 and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>) had put great pressure on the government to reform. Like neighboring Portugal, Spain's antiquated bureaucracy had grown dependent on the income and production from its colonies to support an unmanageable, large class of landowning, non-productive gentlemen and clergy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> had been a force of <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a> in Europe, and Charles, in applying its lessons to Spain, saw it less stridently, seeking to strengthen the power of the crown (regalism) against that of the Catholic Church and the papacy. Ferdinand VI had undertaken to reduce the power of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in Spain and had arranged for Spain's kings to appoint her own bishops, a power that France's kings had held since the fifteenth century. Charles, who advocated a radical policy and rapid modernization of the country, expelled the Jesuit Order from Spain completely in 1767 (see <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">Suppression of the Jesuits</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> was scaled down, but not completely eradicated; as late as 1787, a woman was burned as a witch <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Land reform and agricultural reform alienated both clergymen and landed elites in Spain. Charles chose to ally with the merchantmen of his country and a growing middle class that came with a new prosperity during his rule. An advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, Charles reduced the tariff barriers that had been the core of Spanish trade policy for centuries. The Marquis of Esquilache successfully liberalized the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> in 1765, but riots broke out in 1766 in due to the rise in grain prices. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esquilache_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esquilache_riots.jpg/220px-Esquilache_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esquilache_riots.jpg/330px-Esquilache_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esquilache_riots.jpg/440px-Esquilache_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>"<i><a href="/wiki/Esquilache_Riots" title="Esquilache Riots">Esquilache Riots</a></i> (1766)", by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>. The liberalization of the grain trade by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de_Gregorio,_marquis_de_Esquilache" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo de Gregorio, marquis de Esquilache">Esquilache</a> caused a sharp rise in grain prices, and in turn, riots.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he believed in centralized government and continued the reforms of his predecessors to reduce the autonomy of the regional parliaments that could potentially challenge his power, Charles approved of establishing prototype chambers of commerce, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Econ%C3%B3mica_de_los_Amigos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País">Economic Societies of the Friends of the Country</a></i>) to encourage local economic development and initiative. The national infrastructure was improved to foster the development of Spanish manufacturing, and a unified monetary system was implemented. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo,_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/170px-Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/255px-Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/340px-Pompeo_Girolamo_Batoni_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo%2C_Conde_de_Floridablanca_-_1974.386_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="2978" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo,_conde_de_Floridablanca" class="mw-redirect" title="José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca">Count of Floridablanca</a></i>, Spanish statesman and reformer, by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The reforms were not without costs, however, and in 1766, in the context of a worldwide grain shortage and the difficulties of the recently liberalized grain trade, riots broke out in Madrid and other cities in Spain against rising grain prices. The "<i><a href="/wiki/Esquilache_Riots" title="Esquilache Riots">Motin de Esquilache</a></i>" drove the king from his capital and embarrassed the king's chief minister the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_10th_Count_of_Aranda" title="Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda">Count of Aranda</a>. Aranda gained prominence during the crisis and led the government in the king's absence. He was the only titled aristocrat in Charles's administration; the king generally preferred men of lower social origin who were university graduates from outside Castile. Charles granted noble titles to able men in his administration, who became part of a loyal and progressive bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles removed Esquilache from power in Madrid, naming him Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. </p><p>Aranda, as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> faction at court, favored a more decentralized system of government. Aragon's special rights in Spain had been suppressed when the Bourbon monarch Philip V ascended the throne. Following the ouster of Esquilache, for a time Aranda was the leading figure in Spanish politics. A criminal prosecutor named <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino" class="mw-redirect" title="José Moñino">José Moñino</a> gained prominence as the investigator of the riots and as an outspoken supporter of the king's reformist policies. The riots were attributed to the Jesuits, who were <a href="/wiki/Ultramontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontane">advocates of papal power</a>, when Bourbons were centralizing regal power. The role of the Jesuits in the riots was named as the reason to <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">oust the Jesuits</a> from Spain and its empire in 1767. In 1773 Moñino succeeded in having <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> revoke the papal charter of the Jesuit Order. For this success, Charles named Moñino the Count of Floridablanca. </p><p>The new count was named chief minister in 1777 and undertook the material reform of the Spanish bureaucracy. His chief bureaucratic successes were the creation of a true cabinet system of government in 1778 and the creation of Spain's first national bank, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">National Bank of San Carlos</a>, in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the damage done to <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Spain" title="History of education in Spain">Spain's education system</a> after the expulsion of the Jesuits, Floridablanca undertook drastic reform to hire new teachers and modernize Spain's education system. Floridablanca's most enduring accomplishment was the opening of free trade with Spain's empire in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to foreigners. </p><p>Although Floridablanca – like Carvajal before him – admired British governance and believed that a cordial relationship with <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of Great Britain was the best policy for Spain, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> was too great an opportunity for Charles III to pass up, and Spain went to war against Britain alongside France and the Dutch Republic in 1779, after providing monetary assistance to the rebels. <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, led the campaign to retake the forts lost to the British since 1762; <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a> was retaken in 1782, and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> were seized later that year. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> restored much of what Spain had lost in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessments_of_Charles's_rule"><span id="Assessments_of_Charles.27s_rule"></span>Assessments of Charles's rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assessments of Charles's rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/220px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/330px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/440px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Spanish and Portuguese empires, 1790.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles is considered "the most successful monarch of Spain after Ferdinand and Isabel" in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. "He deserves high a rank among the enlightened despots of the eighteenth century, for in many ways he accomplished more than such famous rulers as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of Prussia, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> of Austria."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a> writes that Charles III "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers....[his] personal life had won the respect of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">John Lynch</a>'s assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III, a giant among midgets."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)"><span id="Charles_IV.2C_decline_and_fall_.281788.E2.80.931808.29"></span>Charles IV, decline and fall (1788–1808)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Charles IV, decline and fall (1788–1808)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/340px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>New naval flag since 1785</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_familia_de_Carlos_IV,_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/200px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/300px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/400px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption><i>The Family of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>King Charles III died on 14 December 1788 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a>. Seven months later, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">stormed the Bastille</a>, launching the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In its aftermath with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, Spain felt the impact of the changed circumstances of France. </p><p>Charles III's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria">Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria</a> was both epileptic and mentally disabled and was passed over for the throne in favor of his second son, Charles. Charles IV was seen by many of his time as being as uninterested in politics just as Ferdinand VI had been. After growing up in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Charles arrived in Spain, with his chief interest being hunting. For all of his rule, his policies were dominated by the will of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles retained many of the ministers who served his father, but Charles and Maria Luisa fueled the rise of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godoy" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a>, a humble military officer who became the monarch's favorite, becoming chief minister in 1792. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_conde_de_Aranda_(Museo_de_Huesca).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg/170px-Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg/255px-Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg/340px-Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea%2C_conde_de_Aranda_%28Museo_de_Huesca%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Aranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Pablo Aranda">Count of Aranda</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> faction in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The chief minister at the time of Charles IV's accession, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino,_1st_Count_of_Floridablanca" title="José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca">José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca</a>, was not easily ousted and had many supporters in the court, particularly in Castile. Floridablanca's chief opponent in Spanish politics was <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Aranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Pablo Aranda">Pedro Pablo Aranda</a>, the leader of the Aragonese faction. Godoy made an alliance with Aranda, with whom Godoy sympathized, against Floridablanca. With the outbreak of the French Revolution and the execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> in 1792, Floridablanca's liberalism faced greater skepticism. Aranda and Godoy had Floridablanca imprisoned in 1792 on charges of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, of which he was later acquitted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Francisco_de_Goya_-_Godoy_como_general_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The spirit of reform that had made the reign of Charles III an era of renewed prosperity for Spain was extinguished in the reign of Charles IV. His queen and her lover were uninterested in the improvement of the Spanish bureaucracy and regarded Floridablanca as an exponent of the very sort of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> that was tearing France apart. The Aragonese faction led by Aranda, allied to many of the causes that had opposed Charles III's reforms, managed to undo much of the changes brought about in Charles III's tenure. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> in 1793, 20,000 men were mobilized and marched to the French border, beginning the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a>. The army, however, had been allowed to languish in Charles III's reign, and it was ill-equipped and ill-trained to invade France successfully. After a failed invasion of <a href="/wiki/Rousillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousillon">Rousillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> was quickly seized by the French, although the Spanish managed to hold their ground in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. Godoy, unimpressed with Spain's military effectiveness, decided to come to terms with the new <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a>, and in 1795 signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Treaty of Basel</a>, guaranteeing peace with France with the cession of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> to the Republic. </p><p>Godoy, having abandoned his Austrian and British allies, faced a decision: whether to continue to fight the Revolutionary France that had already defeated Spain once before, or to join the French side and hope for better times. The Spanish, after initially opposing the French, signed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Second Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> in 1796, allying Spain to France, in exchange for the French permitting Charles IV's cousin <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand</a> to continue ruling Parma. In response, the British <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockaded</a> Spain in 1797 and cut off her colonial empire from the mother country. By the end of 1798, the Spanish fleet had been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1797)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)">defeated by the British</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> were occupied. In 1800, the Spanish returned Louisiana to France. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a>, who opposed the French, continued to trade with the British in spite of a series of French demands that they close their ports to British ships. In 1801, the Spanish delivered an ultimatum on behalf of France, and in the following <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Oranges" title="War of the Oranges">War of the Oranges</a>, occupied the town of <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivenza</a> (Olivença) before the Portuguese agreed to the Spanish and French demands. The town – which is disputed to the present day – continues to be administered by Spain, though Portugal contends that the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> restored it to Portugal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_by_Constable.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Victory_by_Constable.JPG/200px-Victory_by_Constable.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Victory_by_Constable.JPG/300px-Victory_by_Constable.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Victory_by_Constable.JPG/400px-Victory_by_Constable.JPG 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><i>His Majesty's Ship "<a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">Victory</a>", Capt. E. Harvey, in the Memorable <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> between two <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> Ships of the Line</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> in 1802 provided for a temporary truce in hostilities, only to be broken in 1804 when the British captured a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> off <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. The French planned an invasion of England in the coming year; the Spanish fleet was to be an integral part in assisting this invasion. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805, the Spanish navy and the French Mediterranean fleet, attempting to join forces with the French fleets in the north for the invasion, were attacked by Admiral Lord <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> at the head of a British fleet in one of history's greatest naval engagements. The disastrous defeat that the Spanish and French suffered assured British dominance at sea and seriously shook the resolve of the Spanish, who began to doubt the usefulness of their always mutually suspicious alliance with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s regime. </p><p>After Trafalgar, Godoy withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> that Napoleon had devised to combat Britain, only to join it again in 1807 after Napoleon had defeated <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>. Napoleon, however, had lost his faith in Godoy and King Charles; there was also growing support in Spain for the king's son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a>, who opposed the popularly despised Godoy. Ferdinand, however, favored an alliance with Britain, and Napoleon, always suspicious of the Bourbons, doubted the trustworthiness of any Spanish royalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ferdinand_VII_and_the_Napoleonic_upheaval_(1808–1814)"><span id="Ferdinand_VII_and_the_Napoleonic_upheaval_.281808.E2.80.931814.29"></span>Ferdinand VII and the Napoleonic upheaval (1808–1814)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ferdinand VII and the Napoleonic upheaval (1808–1814)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_VII_(1784%E2%80%931833),_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg/170px-Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg/255px-Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_VII_%281784%E2%80%931833%29%2C_When_Prince_of_Asturias_MET_DT236256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> when Prince of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808, Spain and France agreed to the partition of Portugal, which had renewed its support of the British after Trafalgar. The French and Spanish quickly occupied the country. Prince Ferdinand traveled to France, and rumors spread that he was asking for Napoleon to oust Godoy from power; the Spanish King sided with his favorite. Riots broke out in various parts of Spain, and in the <a href="/wiki/Tumult_of_Aranjuez" title="Tumult of Aranjuez">Tumult of Aranjuez</a>, Godoy was arrested and Charles IV forced by his son and heir <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a> to abdicate in his favor. Napoleon, however, had lost confidence in the Spanish monarchy and when Ferdinand traveled to France to obtain the French emperor's support, Napoleon pressured Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father Charles IV, who had abdicated under pressure. Charles IV himself abdicated in favor of Napoleon, since he did not wish his detested son to return to the throne. Napoleon then placed his older brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> on the throne. As a way to legitimize the transfer of power, Napoleon summoned a group of Spanish aristocrats to <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, where they signed and ratified the <a href="/wiki/Bayonne_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonne Constitution">Bayonne Constitution</a> on 6 July 1808, Spain's first written constitution. The Spanish chose to resist, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">Social class in 18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_17th_century" title="Spain in the 17th century">Spain in the 17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">History of Spain (1808–1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary history of Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment in Spain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish American Enlightenment</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">John Lynch</a>, <i>Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 1989, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1973, vol. 2, pp. 351-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i>, pp. 356-357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, "Flow and Ebb" p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simms,_Brendan" class="mw-redirect" title="Simms, Brendan">Simms, Brendan</a>. <i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire</i>. Penguin Books, 2008. p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brading, D.A. <i>The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp.470-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, <i>Spain</i>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_J._Stein" title="Stanley J. Stein">Stein, Stanley J.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_H._Stein" title="Barbara H. Stein">Stein, Barbara H.</a>, <i>Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, <i>Spain</i>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, <i>Spain</i>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, <i>Spain</i>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos Marichal, "Banco de San Carlos (Spain)" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996, vol. 1, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Hamilton, "Plans for a National Bank in Spain, 1701–1783" in <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 58, no. 3 (1949): 315–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Herr, <i>Spain</i>, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley G. Payne, <i>History of Spain and Portugal</i> (1973) 2:371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, John. <i>Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808</i>. Blackwell 1989, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, <i>History of Spain and Portugal</i> (1973) 2:415–21</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elliott, John H. <i>Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830</i> (2007)</li> <li>Herr, Richard. <i>The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1958.</li> <li>Kamen, Henry (2001). <i>Philip V of Spain : the king who reigned twice</i>. New Haven : Yale University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08718-7">0-300-08718-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a>. <i>Bourbon Spain 1700–1808</i> (1989)</li> <li>Noel, C.C. "Opposition to Enlightened Reform in Spain: Campomanes and the Clergy, 1765–1775." <i>Societas</i> 3, 1 (1973) pp. 21–43.</li> <li>Paquette, Gabriel B. <i>Enlightenment, Governance, and Reform in Spain and Its Empire, 1759–1808</i> (2007)</li> <li>Walker, Geoffrey J. <i>Spanish Politics and Imperial Trade, 1700–1789</i>. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1979.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spanish">In Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Anes Alvares, Gonzalo. <i>Economía e Ilustación en la España del siglo XVIII</i>. Barcelona 1969.</li> <li>Egido Martínez, Teofanes (2001). <i>Carlos IV</i>. Madrid : Arlanza Ediciones. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95503-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-95503-22-0">84-95503-22-0</a></li> <li>Fernandez, Roberto (Fernandez Diaz) (2001). <i>Carlos III</i>. Madrid : Arlanza Ediciones. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95503-21-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-95503-21-2">84-95503-21-2</a></li> <li>Guimera, Agustín (1996). <i>El reformismo borbonico : una visión interdisciplinar</i>. Madrid : Alianza : Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-206-2863-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-206-2863-8">84-206-2863-8</a></li> <li>Rodríguez Díaz, Laura. <i>Reforma e Ilustración en la España del siglo XVIII. Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes</i>. Madrid, 1975.</li> <li>Santos, José (2002). <i>Martín Sarmiento : Ilustración, educación y utopía en la España del siglo XVIII</i>. La Coruña: Fundación Barrié de la Maza. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9752-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-9752-009-2">84-9752-009-2</a></li> <li>Sellés, Manuel, José Luis Peset, and Antonio Lafuente, eds. <i>Carlos III y la ciencia de la ilustración</i>. Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1988.</li> <li>Ubieto Arteta, Antonio (1997). <i> Historia ilustrada de Espana, v. 5: El Barroco espanol y el reformismo borbonico</i>. Madrid : Debate; Valencia : Circulo de Lectores. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-226-6342-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-226-6342-2">84-226-6342-2</a></li> <li>Ubieto Arteta, Antonio (1997). <i> Historia ilustrada de Espana, v. 6: Guerra, revolucion y Restauracion. 1808–1833</i>. Madrid : Debate; Valencia : Circulo de Lectores. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-226-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-226-6343-0">84-226-6343-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Catalan">In Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Navarro i Soriano, Ferran (2019). Harca, harca, harca! Músiques per a la recreació històrica de la Guerra de Successió (1794-1715). Editorial DENES. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16473-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16473-45-8">978-84-16473-45-8</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700–1808)&oldid=1258438310">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Spain_(1700–1808)&oldid=1258438310</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Spain" title="Category:18th century in Spain">18th century in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Bourbon" title="Category:House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1800s_in_Spain" title="Category:1800s in Spain">1800s in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810s_in_Spain" title="Category:1810s in Spain">1810s in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_kingdoms" title="Category:Former kingdoms">Former kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_on_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula">Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2021">Use dmy dates from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 19:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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