Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies)

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow" /> <title>Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies) — The Plant List</title> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/1.1/opensearch.xml" title="The Plant List" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/jquery-1.4.3.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/jquery.tablesorter.min.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/bsn.AutoSuggest_2.1.3.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/tpl.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/1.1/img/tpl.css"/>    </head> <body> <header> <h1><a href="/">The Plant List — A working list for all plant species</a></h1> <form id="headerSearchForm" action="/tpl1.1/search" method="get"> <input id="q" name="q" placeholder="Enter a genus or genus and species" type="search" value="" size="40"/> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </form> </header> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/1.1/about/">About</a></li> <li><a href="/1.1/browse/">Browse</a></li> <li><a href="/1.1/statistics/">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/1.1/feedback/">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/1.1/help/">How to use this site</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="container"> <div id="logo"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.cbd.int/2011-2020"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-2011.png" alt="2011–2020 United Nations Decade on Biodiversity"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.kew.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-kew.png" alt="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mobot.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-missouri.png" alt="Missouri Botanical Garden"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.compositae.org/checklist/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-tica.png" alt="International Compositae Alliance"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ildis.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-ildis.png" alt="ILDIS"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-iopi.png" alt="IOPI"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nybg.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-nybg.png" alt="New York Botanic Garden"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ipni.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-ipni.png" alt="International Plant Names Index"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cbd.int/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-cbd.png" alt="Convention on Biological Diversity"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rbge.org.uk/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-rbge.png" alt="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sanbi.org/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-sanbi.png" alt="South African National Biodiversity Institute"/></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/"><img src="/1.1/img/logo-cjb.png" alt="Les conservatoire et jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève"/></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="columns">  <section id="warnVersion"> <p><strong>⚠ Version 1.1 of The Plant List has been superseded and should no longer be used.</strong></p> <p>The new version is available at <a href="http://www.worldfloraonline.org">http://www.worldfloraonline.org</a>. The new version is enhanced, using more data sources including Taxonomic Expert Networks and will be more frequently updated.</p> </section>  <ul class="bread"> <li><a href="../">The Plant List</a> <ul> <li><i class="majorgroup">Gymnosperms</i></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h1>The <i class="majorgroup">Gymnosperms</i> (Conifers, cycads and allies)</h1> <section id="overview"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/jquery.cycle.lite.1.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function () { $('#slideshow').cycle({ delay: 2000, speed: 500, before: onBefore, pause: 1 }); function onBefore() { $('#slideshowtitle').html(this.alt); } }); </script> <div id="slideshowbox"> <div id="slideshow"> <img src="/1.1/img/photo/g-03.jpg" alt="Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f." title="Andrew McRobb" /> </div> <span id="slideshowtext"><span id="slideshowname"></span><small id="slideshowcredit"></small></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/1.1/img/jquery.cycle.lite.1.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">tplSlideshowInit('g')</script> <p> <dfn><i class="majorgroup">Gymnosperms</i></dfn> are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. The word "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word <i lang="grc">gymnospermos</i>, meaning "naked seeds". Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks. </p> <p> The largest group of living <i class="majorgroup">gymnosperms</i> are the conifers (pines, cypresses and relatives) and the smallest is ginkgo, a single living plant species found in China. </p> <p> There are around 1000 species of <i class="majorgroup">gymnosperm</i>. </p> <p>You can also browse <a href="./-/">genera found in <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i></a>.</p> <p><strong>View <a href="#statistics">statistics</a> at the bottom of the page.</strong></p> </section> <section> <h2 id="names">Families in <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i></h2> <ul id="nametree">  <li id="A"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Araucariaceae/"><i class="family">Araucariaceae</i></a> </li> <li id="C"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Cupressaceae/"><i class="family">Cupressaceae</i></a> </li> <li> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Cycadaceae/"><i class="family">Cycadaceae</i></a> </li>  <li id="E"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Ephedraceae/"><i class="family">Ephedraceae</i></a> </li> <li id="G"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Ginkgoaceae/"><i class="family">Ginkgoaceae</i></a> </li> <li> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Gnetaceae/"><i class="family">Gnetaceae</i></a> </li>  <li id="P"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Pinaceae/"><i class="family">Pinaceae</i></a> </li> <li> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Podocarpaceae/"><i class="family">Podocarpaceae</i></a> </li> <li id="S"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Sciadopityaceae/"><i class="family">Sciadopityaceae</i></a> </li>  <li id="T"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Taxaceae/"><i class="family">Taxaceae</i></a> </li> <li id="W"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Welwitschiaceae/"><i class="family">Welwitschiaceae</i></a> </li> <li id="Z"> <a href="/1.1/browse/G/Zamiaceae/"><i class="family">Zamiaceae</i></a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="clear"> <h2 id="statistics" class="clear">Statistics</h2> <p>Species of <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i> contained within <cite>The Plant List</cite> belong to 12 plant families and 88 plant genera.</p> <p><cite>The Plant List</cite> includes 4,651 scientific plant names of species rank for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i>. Of these 1,104 are accepted species names.</p> <p><cite>The Plant List</cite> includes a further 3,676 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i>. We do not intend <cite>The Plant List</cite> to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. These are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names.</p> <div class="two col"> <h3>Species names</h3> <p>The <a href="/1.1/about/#status">status</a> of the 4,651 species names for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i> recorded in <cite>The Plant List</cite>, are as follows:</p> <object id="bi" class="pie" type="image/svg+xml" data="/tpl1.1/pie/bi/1104-3356-0-191" width="124" height="124"> <img class="pie" src="/tpl1.1/pie/bi/1104-3356-0-191?png" width="124" alt="Pie chart of binomial name statuses"/> </object> <script type="text/javascript">tplPieInit("bi");</script> <table class="statistics"> <tr> <th></th> <th>Status</th> <th colspan="2">Total</th> </tr><tr id="biacc"> <td class="icon acc">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#accepted">Accepted</a></td> <td>1,104</td> <td class="percent">23.7%</td> </tr><tr id="bisyn"> <td class="icon syn">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#synonym">Synonym</a></td> <td>3,356</td> <td class="percent">72.2%</td> </tr><tr id="biunp"> <td class="icon unp">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#unplaced">Unplaced</a></td> <td>0</td> <td class="percent">0%</td> </tr><tr id="biuna"> <td class="icon una">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#unassessed">Unassessed</a></td> <td>191</td> <td class="percent">4.1%</td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="two col"> <h3>All names</h3> <p>The <a href="/1.1/about/#status">status</a> of the 8,327 names (including infraspecific names) for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i> recorded in <cite>The Plant List</cite>, are as follows:</p> <object id="tri" class="pie" type="image/svg+xml" data="/tpl1.1/pie/tri/1293-6832-0-202" width="124" height="124"> <img class="pie" src="/tpl1.1/pie/tri/1293-6832-0-202?png" width="124" alt="Pie chart of all name statuses"/> </object> <script type="text/javascript">tplPieInit("tri");</script> <table class="statistics"> <tr> <th></th> <th>Status</th> <th colspan="2">Total</th> </tr><tr id="triacc"> <td class="icon acc">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#accepted">Accepted</a></td> <td>1,293</td> <td class="percent">15.5%</td> </tr><tr id="trisyn"> <td class="icon syn">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#synonym">Synonym</a></td> <td>6,832</td> <td class="percent">82.0%</td> </tr><tr id="triunp"> <td class="icon unp">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#unplaced">Unplaced</a></td> <td>0</td> <td class="percent">0%</td> </tr><tr id="triuna"> <td class="icon una">◕</td> <td><a href="/1.1/about/#unassessed">Unassessed</a></td> <td>202</td> <td class="percent">2.4%</td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class="clear">Of the species names, <ul class="statistics"> <li>299 are recorded as <a href="/1.1/about/#invalid">invalid</a></li> <li>268 are recorded as <a href="/1.1/about/#illegitimate">illegitimate</a></li> <li>17 are recorded as a <a href="/1.1/about/#orthographic">spelling variant</a></li> </ul> <p class="clear">A further 9 name records indicate where names have been <a href="/1.1/about/#misapplied">misapplied</a>.</p> <p class="clear">The <a href="/1.1/about/#confidence">confidence</a> with which the status of the 4,651 species names recorded in <cite>The Plant List</cite> for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i>, are assigned as follows:</p> <table class="statistics"> <tr> <th></th> <th>Confidence level</th> <th>Accepted</th> <th>Synonym</th> <th>Unplaced</th> <th>Unassessed</th> <th colspan="2">Total</th> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/1.1/img/H.png" alt=""/></td> <td>High confidence</td> <td>1,080</td> <td>3,154</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>4,234</td> <td class="percent">91.0%</td> </tr><tr> <td><img src="/1.1/img/M.png" alt=""/></td> <td>Medium confidence</td> <td>21</td> <td>134</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>155</td> <td class="percent">3.3%</td> </tr><tr> <td><img src="/1.1/img/L.png" alt=""/></td> <td>Low confidence</td> <td>3</td> <td>68</td> <td>0</td> <td>191</td> <td>262</td> <td class="percent">5.6%</td> </tr> </table> <br/> <p>The <a href="/1.1/about/#collaborators">source</a> of the species name records found in <cite>The Plant List</cite> for the <i class='majorgroup'>Gymnosperms</i> is as follows:</p> <table class="statistics"> <tr> <th>Source of record</th> <th>Accepted</th> <th>Synonym</th> <th>Unplaced</th> <th>Unassessed</th> <th class="statMisapplied">Misapplied</th> <th colspan="2">Total</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Tropicos</td> <td>21</td> <td>136</td> <td>0</td> <td>113</td> <td class="statMisapplied">0</td> <td>270</td> <td class="percent">5.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WCSP</td> <td>1,083</td> <td>3,220</td> <td>0</td> <td>77</td> <td class="statMisapplied">9</td> <td>4,380</td> <td class="percent">94.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WCSP (in review)</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="statMisapplied">0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="percent">0.0%</td> </tr> </table> </section> </div> </div> <footer> <p> © The Plant List 2013 — <a rel="license" href="/1.1/terms/">Terms and Conditions</a> — <a 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Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies) — The Plant List