CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aeschylus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d7a02ce6-f9f0-46c1-a444-558345cd3d26","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aeschylus","wgTitle":"Aeschylus","wgCurRevisionId":1260052575,"wgRevisionId":1260052575,"wgArticleId":2023,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Articles with hCards","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference", "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Year of birth uncertain","Year of death uncertain","Aeschylus","5th-century BC Greek people","5th-century BC writers","520s BC births","450s BC deaths","Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights","Tragic poets","Ancient Greeks accused of sacrilege","Greek people of the Greco-Persian Wars","Battle of Marathon","Accidental deaths in Italy","Deaths due to animal attacks","Bird attacks"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aeschylus","wgRelevantArticleId":2023,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q40939","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/1200px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1777"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/800px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1184"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/640px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="948"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aeschylus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Aeschylus rootpage-Aeschylus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aeschylus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aeschylus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aeschylus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aeschylus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trilogies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trilogies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trilogies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trilogies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surviving plays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surviving_plays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surviving plays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surviving_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Persians_(472_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Persians_(472_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>The Persians</i> (472 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Persians_(472_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Against_Thebes_(467_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Against_Thebes_(467_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Seven Against Thebes</i> (467 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Against_Thebes_(467_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Suppliants_(463_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Suppliants_(463_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>The Suppliants</i> (463 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Suppliants_(463_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Oresteia_(458_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Oresteia_(458_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>The Oresteia</i> (458 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Oresteia_(458_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agamemnon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agamemnon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span><i>Agamemnon</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agamemnon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Libation_Bearers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Libation_Bearers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span><i>The Libation Bearers</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Libation_Bearers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Eumenides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Eumenides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span><i>The Eumenides</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Eumenides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prometheus_Bound_(date_disputed)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prometheus_Bound_(date_disputed)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span><i>Prometheus Bound</i> (date disputed)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prometheus_Bound_(date_disputed)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lost plays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lost_plays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lost plays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lost_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myrmidons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myrmidons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Myrmidons</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myrmidons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nereids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nereids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Nereids</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nereids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrygians,_or_Hector's_Ransom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrygians,_or_Hector's_Ransom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>Phrygians</i>, or <i>Hector's Ransom</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrygians,_or_Hector's_Ransom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span><i>Niobe</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Greek_drama_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Greek_drama_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Influence on Greek drama and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Greek_drama_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_outside_Greek_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_outside_Greek_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Influence outside Greek culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_outside_Greek_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aeschylus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischulos" title="Aischulos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aischulos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إسخيلوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسخيلوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilo" title="Esquilo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esquilo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Էսհիլոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էսհիլոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilo" title="Esquilo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esquilo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esxil" title="Esxil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Esxil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইস্কিলাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্কিলাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Эсхіл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эсхіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Эсхіл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эсхіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Есхил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Есхил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshil" title="Eshil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eshil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesc%27hulos" title="Aesc'hulos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aesc'hulos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88squil" title="Èsquil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Èsquil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschulos" title="Aeschulos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aeschulos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%87%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αισχύλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αισχύλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilo" title="Esquilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esquilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C4%A5ilo" title="Esĥilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esĥilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilu" title="Esquilu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esquilu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilo" title="Eskilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آیسخولوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیسخولوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschyle" title="Eschyle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eschyle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskylos" title="Aiskylos – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aiskylos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aescaileas" title="Aescaileas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aescaileas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilo" title="Esquilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esquilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아이스킬로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이스킬로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Էսքիլես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսքիլես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshil" title="Eshil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eshil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskhilos" title="Aiskhilos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aiskhilos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschylo" title="Eschylo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eschylo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sk%C3%BDlos" title="Æskýlos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æskýlos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschilo" title="Eschilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eschilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אייסכילוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייסכילוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಈಸ್ಕಿಲಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈಸ್ಕಿಲಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ესქილე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესქილე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskilos" title="Aiskilos – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aiskilos" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschyle" title="Eschyle – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eschyle" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esx%C3%AElos" title="Esxîlos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Esxîlos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishils" title="Aishils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aishils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischilas" title="Aischilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aischilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escilo" title="Escilo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Escilo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiszkh%C3%BClosz" title="Aiszkhülosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aiszkhülosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Есхил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Есхил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="എസ്കിലസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്കിലസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="एशिलस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एशिलस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ესქილე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესქილე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اسخيلوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسخيلوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskhilos" title="Aiskhilos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aiskhilos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89squilo" title="Ésquilo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ésquilo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အက်စကိလပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စကိလပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="アイスキュロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスキュロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskhylos" title="Aiskhylos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aiskhylos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskylos" title="Aiskylos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aiskylos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquil" title="Esquil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esquil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esxil" title="Esxil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Esxil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਐਸਕਲੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਸਕਲੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="ایسکلیئس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایسکلیئس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89schilo" title="Éschilo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Éschilo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajschylos" title="Ajschylos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ajschylos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89squilo" title="Ésquilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ésquilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschil" title="Eschil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eschil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskilu" title="Iskilu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskilu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эсхил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эсхил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskylos" title="Aiskylos – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aiskylos" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskili" title="Eskili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eskili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschilu" title="Eschilu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eschilu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajshil" title="Ajshil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ajshil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ئەسخیلیۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسخیلیۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Есхил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Есхил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshil" title="Eshil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eshil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiskhylos" title="Aiskhylos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aiskhylos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilo" title="Esquilo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Esquilo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எசுக்கிலசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுக்கிலசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เอสคิลัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอสคิลัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshilos" title="Eshilos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eshilos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Есхіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Есхіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ایس کلس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aischylos" title="Aischylos – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aischylos" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aeschylus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯库罗斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃斯库罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯庫羅斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃斯庫羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esxilos" title="Esxilos – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Esxilos" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯库罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃斯库罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aeschylus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aeschylus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aeschylus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&oldid=1260052575" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aeschylus&id=1260052575&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAeschylus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAeschylus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aeschylus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aeschylus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aeschylus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aeschylus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40939" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th century BC Athenian Greek tragedian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Greek playwright. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aeschylus (disambiguation)">Aeschylus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Aeschylus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Greek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Αἰσχύλος</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Herma_of_Aeschylus,_Klas08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/220px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/330px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg/440px-Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="3229" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Roman marble <i><a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">herma</a></i> of Aeschylus dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 BC, based on an earlier bronze Greek <i>herma</i>, dating to around 340-320 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 525</span>/524 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 456 BC</span> (aged approximately 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Playwright and soldier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(playwright)" title="Euphorion (playwright)">Euphorion</a></li><li>Euaeon</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Euphorion (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynaegirus" title="Cynaegirus">Cynaegirus</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_of_Athens" title="Ameinias of Athens">Ameinias</a> (brother)</li><li>Philopatho (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a> (nephew)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aeschylus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%91%E1%BC%B0%CF%83%CF%87%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Αἰσχύλος">Αἰσχύλος</a></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Aischýlos</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 525</span>/524 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 456</span>/455 BC) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">tragedian</a> often described as the father of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F243_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is largely based on inferences made from reading his surviving plays.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, he expanded the number of characters in the theatre and allowed conflict among them. Formerly, characters interacted only with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only seven of Aeschylus's estimated 70 to 90 plays have survived in complete form. There is a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound#Questions_regarding_authorship" title="Prometheus Bound">debate regarding the authorship of one of them</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i>, with some scholars arguing that it may be the work of his son <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(playwright)" title="Euphorion (playwright)">Euphorion</a>. Fragments from other plays have survived in quotations, and more continue to be discovered on Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a>. These fragments often give further insights into Aeschylus' work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was likely the first dramatist to present plays as a <a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a>. His <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> is the only extant ancient example.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one of his plays was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persians' second invasion of Greece</a> (480–479 BC). This work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i>, is one of very few classical Greek tragedies concerned with contemporary events, and the only one extant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of the war with Persia was so great to Aeschylus and the Greeks that his epitaph commemorates his participation in the Greek victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Marathon</a> while making no mention of his success as a playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_(Initiation_Hall),_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries,_Eleusis_(8191841684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg/275px-General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg/413px-General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg/550px-General_view_of_sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore_and_the_Telesterion_%28Initiation_Hall%29%2C_center_for_the_Eleusinian_Mysteries%2C_Eleusis_%288191841684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore of <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, Aeschylus' hometown</figcaption></figure> <p>Aeschylus was born around 525 BC in <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, a small town about 27 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, in the fertile valleys of western <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars argue that the date of Aeschylus's birth may be based on counting back 40 years from his first victory in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dionysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Dionysia">Great Dionysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was wealthy and well established. His father, Euphorion, was said to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eupatridae" title="Eupatridae">Eupatridae</a>, the ancient nobility of Attica,<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this might be a fiction invented by the ancients to account for the grandeur of Aeschylus' plays.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youth, Aeschylus worked at a vineyard until, according to the 2nd-century AD geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> visited him in his sleep and commanded him to turn his attention to the nascent art of tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as he woke, he began to write a tragedy, and his first performance took place in 499 BC, when he was 26 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bates_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won his first victory at the Dionysia in 484 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F241_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F241-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 510 BC, when Aeschylus was 15 years old, <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_I" title="Cleomenes I">Cleomenes I</a> expelled the sons of <a href="/wiki/Peisistratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratos">Peisistratus</a> from Athens, and <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> came to power. Cleisthenes' reforms included a system of registration that emphasized the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">deme</a> over family tradition. In the last decade of the 6th century, Aeschylus and his family were living in the deme of Eleusis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> played a large role in Aeschylus' life and career. In 490 BC, he and his brother <a href="/wiki/Cynegeirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynegeirus">Cynegeirus</a> fought to defend Athens against the invading army of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Athenians emerged triumphant, and the victory was celebrated across the city-states of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cynegeirus was killed while trying to prevent a Persian ship retreating from the shore, for which his countrymen extolled him as a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 480 BC, Aeschylus was called into military service again, together with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ameinias_of_Athens" title="Ameinias of Athens">Ameinias</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes I</a>'s invading forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>. Aeschylus also fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> in 479 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ion_of_Chios" title="Ion of Chios">Ion of Chios</a> was a witness for Aeschylus' war record and his contribution in Salamis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salamis holds a prominent place in <i>The Persians</i>, his oldest surviving play, which was performed in 472 BC and won first prize at the Dionysia.<sup id="cite_ref-S34_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S34-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeschylus was one of many Greeks who were initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, an ancient cult of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> based in his home town of Eleusis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Aeschylus was accused of <a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">asebeia</a> (impiety) for revealing some of the cult's secrets on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sources claim that an angry mob tried to kill Aeschylus on the spot but he fled the scene. <a href="/wiki/Heracleides_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heracleides of Pontus">Heracleides of Pontus</a> asserts that the audience tried to stone Aeschylus. Aeschylus took refuge at the altar in the orchestra of the Theater of Dionysus. He pleaded ignorance at his trial. He was acquitted, with the jury sympathetic to the military service of him and his brothers during the Persian Wars. According to the 2nd-century AD author Aelian, Aeschylus' younger brother Ameinias helped to acquit Aeschylus by showing the jury the stump of the hand he had lost at Salamis, where he was voted bravest warrior. The truth is that the award for bravery at Salamis went not to Aeschylus' brother but to Ameinias of Pallene.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeschylus travelled to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> once or twice in the 470s BC, having been invited by <a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I</a>, tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, a major Greek city on the eastern side of the island. He produced <i>The Women of Aetna</i> during one of these trips (in honor of the city founded by Hieron), and restaged his <i>Persians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 473 BC, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Phrynichus_(tragic_poet)" title="Phrynichus (tragic poet)">Phrynichus</a>, one of his chief rivals, Aeschylus was the yearly favorite in the Dionysia, winning first prize in nearly every competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 472 BC, Aeschylus staged the production that included the <i>Persians</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> serving as <i><a href="/wiki/Choregos" title="Choregos">choregos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aeschylus married and had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(playwright)" title="Euphorion (playwright)">Euphorion</a> and Euaeon, both of whom became tragic poets. Euphorion won first prize in 431 BC in competition against both <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nephew of Aeschylus, <a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a> (his sister's son), was also a tragic poet, and won first prize in the competition against Sophocles' <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus had at least two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Cynegeirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynegeirus">Cynegeirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ameinias_of_Athens" title="Ameinias of Athens">Ameinias</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg/220px-Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg/330px-Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg/440px-Death_of_Aeschylus_in_Florentine_Picture_Chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The death of Aeschylus illustrated in the 15th century <i>Florentine Picture Chronicle</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maso_Finiguerra" title="Maso Finiguerra">Maso Finiguerra</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 458 BC, Aeschylus returned to Sicily for the last time, visiting the city of <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, where he died in 456 or 455 BC. <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> wrote that he was killed outside the city by a tortoise dropped by an eagle which had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell, and killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-CGC_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historiæ</a></i>, adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avoid a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object,<sup id="cite_ref-CGC_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this story may be legendary and due to a misunderstanding of the iconography on Aeschylus' tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus' work was so respected by the Athenians that after his death his tragedies were the only ones allowed to be restaged in subsequent competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(playwright)" title="Euphorion (playwright)">Euphorion</a> and Euæon and his nephew Philocles also became playwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription on Aeschylus' gravestone makes no mention of his theatrical renown, commemorating only his military achievements: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἰσχύλον Εὐφορίωνος Ἀθηναῖον τόδε κεύθει<br /> μνῆμα καταφθίμενον πυροφόροιο Γέλας·<br /> ἀλκὴν δ' εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποι<br /> καὶ βαθυχαιτήεις Μῆδος ἐπιστάμενος</span></span><br /> <br /> Beneath this stone lies Aeschylus, son of Euphorion, the Athenian,<br /> who perished in the wheat-bearing land of Gela;<br /> of his noble prowess the grove of Marathon can speak,<br /> and the long-haired Persian knows it well. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Anthologiae Graecae Appendix, vol. 3, Epigramma sepulcrale</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthologiae+Graecae+Appendix%2C+vol.+3%2C+Epigramma+sepulcrale&rft.pages=17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg/250px-Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg/375px-Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg/500px-Athen_Theatre_of_Dionysus_BW_2017-10-09_14-29-49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Modern picture of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a> in Athens, where many of Aeschylus's plays were performed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragediae_septem.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tragediae_septem.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tragediae_septem.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tragediae_septem.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tragediae_septem.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tragediae_septem.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tragediae_septem.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption><i>Tragoediae septem</i> (1552)</figcaption></figure> <p>The seeds of Greek drama were sown in religious festivals for the gods, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the god of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-F241_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F241-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Aeschylus' lifetime, dramatic competitions became part of the <a href="/wiki/City_Dionysia" class="mw-redirect" title="City Dionysia">City Dionysia</a>, held in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-F241_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F241-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival opened with a procession which was followed by a competition of boys singing <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambs</a>, and all culminated in a pair of dramatic competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-F242_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F242-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first competition Aeschylus would have participated in involved three playwrights each presenting three tragedies and one <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F242_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F242-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second competition involving five comedic playwrights followed, and the winners of both competitions were chosen by a panel of judges.<sup id="cite_ref-F242_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F242-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeschylus entered many of these competitions, and various ancient sources attribute between seventy and ninety plays to him.<sup id="cite_ref-F243_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P222_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P222-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only seven tragedies attributed to him have survived intact: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Aeschylus)" title="The Suppliants (Aeschylus)">The Suppliants</a></i>, the trilogy known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oresteia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oresteia">The Oresteia</a></i> (the three tragedies <i><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon_(play)#Agamemnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agamemnon (play)">Agamemnon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia#The_Libation_Bearers" title="Oresteia">The Libation Bearers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eumenides#The_Eumenides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eumenides">The Eumenides</a></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> (whose authorship is disputed). With the exception of this last play – the success of which is uncertain – all of Aeschylus's <a href="/wiki/Extant_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant literature">extant</a> tragedies are known to have won first prize at the City Dionysia. </p><p>The Alexandrian <i>Life of Aeschylus</i> claims that he won the first prize at the City Dionysia thirteen times. This compares favorably with Sophocles' reported eighteen victories (with a substantially larger catalogue, an estimated 120 plays), and dwarfs the five victories of Euripides, who is thought to have written roughly 90 plays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trilogies">Trilogies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trilogies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One hallmark of Aeschylean <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a> appears to have been his tendency to write connected trilogies in which each play serves as a chapter in a continuous dramatic narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> is the only extant example of this type of connected trilogy, but there is evidence that Aeschylus often wrote such trilogies. The satyr plays that followed his tragic trilogies also drew from myth. </p><p>The satyr play <a href="/wiki/Oresteia#Proteus" title="Oresteia">Proteus</a>, which followed the <i>Oresteia</i>, treated the story of Menelaus' detour in Egypt on his way home from the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. It is assumed, based on the evidence provided by a catalogue of Aeschylean play titles, <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a>, and play fragments recorded by later authors, that three other extant plays of his were components of connected trilogies: <i>Seven Against Thebes</i> was the final play in an Oedipus trilogy, and <i>The Suppliants</i> and <i>Prometheus Bound</i> were each the first play in a Danaid trilogy and Prometheus trilogy, respectively. Scholars have also suggested several completely lost trilogies, based on known play titles. A number of these treated myths about the Trojan War. One, collectively called the <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleis_(trilogy)" title="Achilleis (trilogy)">Achilleis</a></i>, comprised <i>Myrmidons</i>, <i>Nereids</i> and <i>Phrygians</i> (alternately, <i>The Ransoming of Hector</i>). </p><p>Another trilogy apparently recounted the entrance of the Trojan ally <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a> into the war, and his death at the hands of Achilles (<i>Memnon</i> and <i>The Weighing of Souls</i> being two components of the trilogy). <i>The Award of the Arms</i>, <i>The Phrygian Women</i>, and <i>The Salaminian Women</i> suggest a trilogy about the madness and subsequent suicide of the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax the great">Ajax</a>. Aeschylus seems to have written about <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>' return to Ithaca after the war (including his killing of his wife <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>'s suitors and its consequences) in a trilogy consisting of <i>The Soul-raisers</i>, <i>Penelope</i>, and <i>The Bone-gatherers</i>. Other suggested trilogies touched on the myth of Jason and the Argonauts (<i>Argô</i>, <i>Lemnian Women</i>, <i>Hypsipylê</i>), the life of Perseus (<i>The Net-draggers</i>, <i>Polydektês</i>, <i>Phorkides</i>), the birth and exploits of Dionysus (<i>Semele</i>, <i>Bacchae</i>, <i>Pentheus</i>), and the aftermath of the war portrayed in <i>Seven Against Thebes</i> (<i>Eleusinians</i>, <i>Argives</i> (or <i>Argive Women</i>), <i>Sons of the Seven</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein201034_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein201034-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_plays">Surviving plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surviving plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Persians_(472_BC)"><span id="The_Persians_.28472_BC.29"></span><i>The Persians</i> (472 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Persians (472 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dariuslarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dariuslarge.jpg/220px-Dariuslarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dariuslarge.jpg/330px-Dariuslarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dariuslarge.jpg/440px-Dariuslarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><i>The Ghost of Darius Appearing to Atossa</i>, drawing by <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Persians</i> (<i>Persai</i>) is the earliest of Aeschylus' extant plays. It was performed in 472 BC. It was based on Aeschylus' own experiences, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F244_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unique among surviving Greek tragedies in that it describes a recent historical event.<sup id="cite_ref-F243_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Persians</i> focuses on the popular Greek theme of <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> and blames Persia's loss on the pride of its king.<sup id="cite_ref-F244_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It opens with the arrival of a messenger in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, the Persian capital, bearing news of the catastrophic Persian defeat at Salamis, to <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a>, the mother of the Persian King <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a>. Atossa then travels to the tomb of Darius, her husband, where his ghost appears, to explain the cause of the defeat. It is, he says, the result of Xerxes' hubris in building a bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, an action which angered the gods. Xerxes appears at the end of the play, not realizing the cause of his defeat, and the play closes to lamentations by Xerxes and the chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Vellacott_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vellacott-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Against_Thebes_(467_BC)"><span id="Seven_Against_Thebes_.28467_BC.29"></span><i>Seven Against Thebes</i> (467 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seven Against Thebes (467 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a></div> <p><i>Seven against Thebes</i> (<i>Hepta epi Thebas</i>) was performed in 467 BC. It has the contrasting theme of the interference of the gods in human affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-F244_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="contrasting? (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another theme, with which Aeschylus' would continually involve himself, makes its first known appearance in this play, namely that the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> was a key development of human civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-F244246_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The play tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a>, the sons of the shamed king of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>. Eteocles and Polynices agree to share and alternate the throne of the city. After the first year, Eteocles refuses to step down. Polynices therefore undertakes war. The pair kill each other in single combat, and the original ending of the play consisted of lamentations for the dead brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeschylus_pp.7–19_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeschylus_pp.7–19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But a new ending was added to the play some fifty years later: Antigone and Ismene mourn their dead brothers, a messenger enters announcing an edict prohibiting the burial of Polynices, and Antigone declares her intention to defy this edict.<sup id="cite_ref-Aeschylus_pp.7–19_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aeschylus_pp.7–19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was the third in a connected Oedipus trilogy. The first two plays were <i>Laius</i> and <i>Oedipus</i>. The concluding <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a> was <i>The Sphinx</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Suppliants_(463_BC)"><span id="The_Suppliants_.28463_BC.29"></span><i>The Suppliants</i> (463 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Suppliants (463 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Aeschylus)" title="The Suppliants (Aeschylus)">The Suppliants (Aeschylus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg/220px-Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg/330px-Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg/440px-Dana%C3%AFdes_tuant_leurs_maris_BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_874_fol._170v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Miniature by <a href="/wiki/Robinet_Testard" title="Robinet Testard">Robinet Testard</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaids</a> murdering their husbands</figcaption></figure> <p>Aeschylus continued his emphasis on the polis with <i>The Suppliants</i> (<i>Hiketides</i>) in 463 BC. The play gives tribute to the democratic undercurrents which were running through Athens and preceding the establishment of a democratic government in 461. The <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaids</a> (50 daughters of <a href="/wiki/Danaus" title="Danaus">Danaus</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>) flee a forced marriage to their cousins in Egypt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They turn to King <a href="/wiki/Pelasgus" title="Pelasgus">Pelasgus</a> of Argos for protection, but Pelasgus refuses until the people of Argos weigh in on the decision (a distinctly democratic move on the part of the king). The people decide that the Danaids deserve protection and are allowed within the walls of Argos despite Egyptian protests.<sup id="cite_ref-F246_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F246-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Danaid trilogy had long been assumed because of <i>The Suppliants'</i> cliffhanger ending. This was confirmed by the 1952 publication of Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2256 fr. 3. The constituent plays are generally agreed to be <i>The Suppliants</i> and <i>The Egyptians</i> and <i>The Danaids</i>. A plausible reconstruction of the trilogy's last two-thirds runs thus:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Egyptians</i>, the Argive-Egyptian war threatened in the first play has transpired. King Pelasgus was killed during the war, and Danaus rules Argos. Danaus negotiates a settlement with Aegyptus, a condition of which requires his 50 daughters to marry the 50 sons of Aegyptus. Danaus secretly informs his daughters of an oracle which predicts that one of his sons-in-law would kill him. He orders the Danaids to murder their husbands therefore on their wedding night. His daughters agree. <i>The Danaids</i> would open the day after the wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerstein_2002,_89_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerstein_2002,_89-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is revealed that 49 of the 50 Danaids killed their husbands. Hypermnestra did not kill her husband, Lynceus, and helped him escape. Danaus is angered by his daughter's disobedience and orders her imprisonment and possibly execution. In the trilogy's climax and dénouement, Lynceus reveals himself to Danaus and kills him, thus fulfilling the oracle. He and Hypermnestra will establish a ruling dynasty in Argos. The other 49 Danaids are absolved of their murders, and married off to unspecified Argive men. The satyr play following this trilogy was titled <i>Amymone</i>, after one of the Danaids.<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerstein_2002,_89_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerstein_2002,_89-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Oresteia_(458_BC)"><span id="The_Oresteia_.28458_BC.29"></span><i>The Oresteia</i> (458 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Oresteia (458 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></div> <p>Besides a few missing lines, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> of 458 BC is the only complete trilogy of Greek plays by any playwright still extant (of <i><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></i>, the satyr play which followed, only fragments are known).<sup id="cite_ref-F244_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oresteia#Agamemnon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oresteia">Agamemnon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oresteia#The_Libation_Bearers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oresteia">The Libation Bearers</a></i> (<i>Choephoroi</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oresteia#The_Eumenides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oresteia">The Eumenides</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-F244246_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together tell the violent story of the family of <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agamemnon"><i>Agamemnon</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agamemnon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg/290px-Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg/435px-Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg/580px-Murder_of_agamemnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption><i>The Murder of Agamemnon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a> (1817)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aeschylus begins in Greece, describing the return of King <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> from his victory in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, from the perspective of the townspeople (the Chorus) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a>. Dark foreshadowings build to the death of the king at the hands of his wife, who was angry that their daughter <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> was killed so that the gods would restore the winds and allow the Greek fleet to sail to Troy. Clytemnestra was also unhappy that Agamemnon kept the Trojan prophetess <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> as his concubine. Cassandra foretells the murder of Agamemnon and of herself to the assembled townsfolk, who are horrified. She then enters the palace knowing that she cannot avoid her fate. The ending of the play includes a prediction of the return of <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orestes (mythology)">Orestes</a>, son of Agamemnon, who will seek to avenge his father.<sup id="cite_ref-F244246_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Libation_Bearers"><i>The Libation Bearers</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Libation Bearers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Libation Bearers</i> opens with Orestes' arrival at Agamemnon's tomb, from exile in <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>. Electra meets <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a> there. They plan revenge against Clytemnestra and her lover, <a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a>. Clytemnestra's account of a nightmare in which she gives birth to a snake is recounted by the chorus. This leads her to order her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a>, to pour libations on Agamemnon's tomb (with the assistance of libation bearers) in hope of making amends. Orestes enters the palace pretending to bear news of his own death. Clytemnestra calls in Aegisthus to learn the news. Orestes kills them both. Orestes is then beset by the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Furies</a>, who avenge the murders of kin in Greek mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-F244246_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Eumenides"><i>The Eumenides</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Eumenides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third play addresses the question of Orestes' guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-F244246_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Furies drive Orestes from Argos and into the wilderness. He makes his way to the temple of Apollo and begs Apollo to drive the Furies away. Apollo had encouraged Orestes to kill Clytemnestra, so he bears some of the guilt for the murder. Apollo sends Orestes to the temple of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> as a guide.<sup id="cite_ref-F246_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F246-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Furies track him down, and Athena steps in and declares that a trial is necessary. Apollo argues Orestes' case, and after the judges (including Athena) deliver a tie vote, Athena announces that Orestes is acquitted. She renames the Furies <i>The Eumenides</i> (The Good-spirited, or Kindly Ones), and extols the importance of reason in the development of laws. As in <i>The Suppliants</i>, the ideals of a democratic Athens are praised.<sup id="cite_ref-F246_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F246-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prometheus_Bound_(date_disputed)"><span id="Prometheus_Bound_.28date_disputed.29"></span><i>Prometheus Bound</i> (date disputed)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prometheus Bound (date disputed)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend,_SK-A-1606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg/290px-Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg/435px-Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg/580px-Prometheus_door_Vulcanus_geketend%2C_SK-A-1606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="5078" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Being_Chained_by_Vulcan" title="Prometheus Being Chained by Vulcan">Prometheus Being Chained by Vulcan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dirck_van_Baburen" title="Dirck van Baburen">Dirck van Baburen</a> (1623)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Prometheus Bound</i> is attributed to Aeschylus by ancient authorities. Since the late 19th century, however, scholars have increasingly doubted this ascription, largely on stylistic grounds. Its production date is also in dispute, with theories ranging from the 480s BC to as late as the 410s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The play consists mostly of static dialogue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> is bound to a rock throughout, which is his punishment from the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> for providing fire to humans. The god <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and the Titan <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a> all express sympathy for Prometheus' plight. Prometheus is met by <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, a fellow victim of Zeus' cruelty. He prophesies her future travels, revealing that one of her descendants will free Prometheus. The play closes with Zeus sending Prometheus into the abyss because Prometheus will not tell him of a potential marriage which could prove Zeus' downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Vellacott_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vellacott-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Prometheus Bound</i> seems to have been the first play in a trilogy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheia" title="Prometheia">Prometheia</a></i>. In the second play, <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Aeschylus)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i>, Heracles frees Prometheus from his chains and kills the eagle that had been sent daily to eat Prometheus' perpetually regenerating liver, then believed the source of feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We learn that Zeus has released the other Titans which he imprisoned at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a>, perhaps foreshadowing his eventual reconciliation with Prometheus.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the trilogy's conclusion, <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_the_Fire-Bringer" title="Prometheus the Fire-Bringer">Prometheus the Fire-Bringer</a></i>, it seems that the Titan finally warns Zeus not to sleep with the sea nymph <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, for she is fated to beget a son greater than the father. Not wishing to be overthrown, Zeus marries Thetis off to the mortal Peleus. The product of that union is Achilles, Greek hero of the Trojan War. After reconciling with Prometheus, Zeus probably inaugurates a festival in his honor at Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_plays">Lost plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lost plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of Aeschylus' other plays, only titles and assorted fragments are known. There are enough fragments (along with comments made by later authors and scholiasts) to produce rough synopses for some plays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myrmidons"><i>Myrmidons</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Myrmidons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This play was based on books 9 and 16 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Achilles sits in silent indignation over his humiliation at Agamemnon's hands for most of the play.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which of these is for most of the play? (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Envoys from the Greek army attempt to reconcile Achilles to <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, but he yields only to <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>, who then battles the Trojans in Achilles' armour. The bravery and death of Patroclus are reported in a messenger's speech, which is followed by mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nereids"><i>Nereids</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nereids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This play was based on books 18 and 19 and 22 of the <i>Iliad</i>. It follows the Daughters of Nereus, the sea god, who lament Patroclus' death. A messenger tells how Achilles (perhaps reconciled to Agamemnon and the Greeks) slew <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phrygians,_or_Hector's_Ransom"><span id="Phrygians.2C_or_Hector.27s_Ransom"></span><i>Phrygians</i>, or <i>Hector's Ransom</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phrygians, or Hector's Ransom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a brief discussion with <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, Achilles sits in silent mourning over Patroclus. Hermes then brings in <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">King Priam of Troy</a>, who wins over Achilles and ransoms his son's body in a spectacular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coup_de_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" class="extiw" title="wikt:coup de théâtre">coup de théâtre</a>. A scale is brought on stage and Hector's body is placed in one scale and gold in the other. The dynamic dancing of the chorus of Trojans when they enter with Priam is reported by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niobe"><i>Niobe</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Niobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The children of <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>, the heroine, have been slain by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> because Niobe had gloated that she had more children than their mother, <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>. Niobe sits in silent mourning on stage during most of the play. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> quotes the line "God plants a fault in mortals when he wills to destroy a house utterly."<sup id="cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are the remaining 71 plays ascribed to Aeschylus which are known:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i>Alcmene</i></li> <li><i>Amymone</i></li> <li><i>The Archer-Women</i></li> <li><i>The Argivian Women</i></li> <li><i>The Argo</i>, also titled <i>The Rowers</i></li> <li><i>Atalanta</i></li> <li><i>Athamas</i></li> <li><i>Attendants of the Bridal Chamber</i></li> <li><i>Award of the Arms</i></li> <li><i>The Bacchae</i></li> <li><i>The Bassarae</i></li> <li><i>The Bone-Gatherers</i></li> <li><i>The Cabeiroi</i></li> <li><i>Callisto</i></li> <li><i>The Carians</i>, also titled <i>Europa</i></li> <li><i>Cercyon</i></li> <li><i>Children of Hercules</i></li> <li><i>Circe</i></li> <li><i>The Cretan Women</i></li> <li><i>Cycnus</i></li> <li><i>The Danaids</i></li> <li><i>Daughters of Helios</i></li> <li><i>Daughters of Phorcys</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">The Descendants</a></i></li> <li><i>The Edonians</i></li> <li><i>The Egyptians</i></li> <li><i>The Escorts</i></li> <li><i>Glaucus of Pontus</i></li> <li><i>Glaucus of Potniae</i></li> <li><i>Hypsipyle</i></li> <li><i>Iphigenia</i></li> <li><i>Ixion</i></li> <li><i>Laius</i></li> <li><i>The Lemnian Women</i></li> <li><i>The Lion</i></li> <li><i>Lycurgus</i></li> <li><i>Memnon</i></li> <li><i>The Men of Eleusis</i></li> <li><i>The Messengers</i></li> <li><i>The Myrmidons</i></li> <li><i>The Mysians</i></li> <li><i>Nemea</i></li> <li><i>The Net-Draggers</i></li> <li><i>The Nurses of Dionysus</i></li> <li><i>Orethyia</i></li> <li><i>Palamedes</i></li> <li><i>Penelope</i></li> <li><i>Pentheus</i></li> <li><i>Perrhaibides</i></li> <li><i>Philoctetes</i></li> <li><i>Phineus</i></li> <li><i>The Phrygian Women</i></li> <li><i>Polydectes</i></li> <li><i>The Priestesses</i></li> <li><i>Prometheus the Fire-Bearer</i></li> <li><i>Prometheus the Fire-Kindler</i></li> <li><i>Prometheus Unbound</i></li> <li><i>Proteus</i></li> <li><i>Semele</i>, also titled <i>The Water-Bearers</i></li> <li><i>Sisyphus the Runaway</i></li> <li><i>Sisyphus the Stone-Roller</i></li> <li><i>The Spectators</i>, also titled <i>Athletes of the Isthmian Games</i></li> <li><i>The Sphinx</i></li> <li><i>The Spirit-Raisers</i></li> <li><i>Telephus</i></li> <li><i>The Thracian Women</i></li> <li><i>Weighing of Souls</i></li> <li><i>Women of Aetna</i> (two versions)</li> <li><i>Women of Salamis</i></li> <li><i>Xantriae</i></li> <li><i>The Youths</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Greek_drama_and_culture">Influence on Greek drama and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence on Greek drama and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg/250px-Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg/375px-Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg/500px-Mosaic_Orestes_Iphigenia_Musei_Capitolini_MC4948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orestes (mythology)">Orestes</a>, main character in Aeschylus's only surviving trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oresteia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oresteia">The Oresteia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The theatre was just beginning to evolve when Aeschylus started writing for it. Earlier playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Thespis" title="Thespis">Thespis</a> had already expanded the cast to include an actor who was able to interact with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">chorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P222_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P222-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus added a second actor, allowing for greater dramatic variety, while the chorus played a less important role.<sup id="cite_ref-P222_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P222-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is sometimes credited with introducing <i>skenographia</i>, or scene-decoration,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Aristotle gives this distinction to Sophocles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus is also said to have made the costumes more elaborate and dramatic, and made his actors wear platform boots (<i>cothurni</i>) to make them more visible to the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a later account of Aeschylus' life, the chorus of Furies in the first performance of the <i>Eumenides</i> were so frightening when they entered that children fainted and patriarchs urinated and pregnant women went into labour.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeschylus wrote his plays in verse. No violence is performed onstage. The plays have a remoteness from daily life in Athens, relating stories about the gods, or being set, like <i>The Persians</i>, far away.<sup id="cite_ref-P223_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus' work has a strong moral and religious emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-P223_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oresteia</i> trilogy concentrated on humans' position in the cosmos relative to the gods and divine law and divine punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeschylus' popularity is evident in the praise that the comic playwright <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> gives him in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a></i>, produced some 50 years after Aeschylus' death. Aeschylus appears as a character in the play and claims, at line 1022, that his <i>Seven against Thebes</i> "made everyone watching it to love being warlike".<sup id="cite_ref-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims, at lines 1026–7, that with <i>The Persians</i> he "taught the Athenians to desire always to defeat their enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeschylus goes on to say, at lines 1039ff., that his plays inspired the Athenians to be brave and virtuous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_outside_Greek_culture">Influence outside Greek culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influence outside Greek culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aeschylus' works were influential beyond his own time. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Hugh Lloyd-Jones</a> draws attention to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s reverence of Aeschylus. Michael Ewans argues in his <i>Wagner and Aeschylus. The Ring and the Oresteia</i> (London: Faber. 1982) that the influence was so great as to merit a direct character by character comparison between Wagner's <i>Ring</i> and Aeschylus's <i>Oresteia</i>. But a critic of that book, while not denying that Wagner read and respected Aeschylus, has described the arguments as unreasonable and forced.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J.T._Sheppard" class="mw-redirect" title="J.T. Sheppard">J.T. Sheppard</a> argues in the second half of his <i>Aeschylus and Sophocles: Their Work and Influence</i> that Aeschylus and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> have played a major part in the formation of dramatic literature from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the present, specifically in French and Elizabethan drama.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also claims that their influence went beyond just drama and applies to literature in general, citing Milton and the Romantics.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mourning_Becomes_Electra" title="Mourning Becomes Electra">Mourning Becomes Electra</a></i> (1931), a trilogy of three plays set in America after the Civil War, is modeled after the <i>Oresteia</i>. Before writing his<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this? (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> acclaimed trilogy, O'Neill had been developing a play about Aeschylus, and he noted that Aeschylus "so changed the system of the tragic stage that he has more claim than anyone else to be regarded as the founder (Father) of Tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his presidential campaign in 1968, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> quoted the <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hamilton" title="Edith Hamilton">Edith Hamilton</a> translation of Aeschylus on the night of the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Kennedy was notified of King's murder before a campaign stop in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was warned not to attend the event due to fears of rioting from the mostly African-American crowd. Kennedy insisted on attending and delivered an <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">impromptu speech</a> that delivered news of King's death.<sup id="cite_ref-flickr.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flickr.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acknowledging the audience's emotions, Kennedy referred to his own grief at the murder of Martin Luther King and, quoting a passage from the play <i>Agamemnon</i> (in translation), said: "My favorite poet was Aeschylus. And he once wrote: 'Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.' What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence and lawlessness; but is love and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black ... Let us dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago: to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quotation from Aeschylus was later inscribed on a memorial at the gravesite of Robert Kennedy following his own assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-flickr.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flickr.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a>, <i>Aeschyli Tragoediae. Editio maior</i>, Berlin 1914.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a>, <i>Aeschyli Septem Quae Supersunt Tragoediae. Editio Altera</i>, Oxford 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Denys Page</a>, <i>Aeschyli Septem Quae Supersunt Tragoediae</i>, Oxford 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin L. West</a>, <i>Aeschyli Tragoediae cum incerti poetae Prometheo</i>, 2nd ed., Stuttgart/Leipzig 1998.</li> <li>The first translation of the seven plays into English was by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Potter_(translator)" title="Robert Potter (translator)">Robert Potter</a> in 1779, using blank verse for the iambic trimeters and rhymed verse for the choruses, a convention adopted by most translators for the next century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Swanwick" title="Anna Swanwick">Anna Swanwick</a> produced a verse translation in English of all seven surviving plays as <i>The Dramas of Aeschylus</i> in 1886 <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dramas_of_Aeschylus_(Swanwick)">full text</a></li> <li>Stefan Radt (ed.), <i>Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Vol. III: Aeschylus</i> (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009) (Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 3).</li> <li>Alan H. Sommerstein (ed.), <i>Aeschylus, Volume II, Oresteia: Agamemnon. Libation-bearers. Eumenides. 146</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: Loeb Classical Library, 2009); <i>Volume III, Fragments. 505</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: Loeb Classical Library, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2876_Aeschylus" class="mw-redirect" title="2876 Aeschylus">2876 Aeschylus</a>, an asteroid named for him</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek mythology">Ancient Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music of ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Live_by_the_sword,_die_by_the_sword" title="Live by the sword, die by the sword">Live by the sword, die by the sword</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The remnant of a commemorative inscription, dated to the 3rd century BC, lists four, possibly eight, dramatic poets (probably including Choerilus, Phrynichus, and Pratinas) who had won <a href="/wiki/Dionysia#Known_winners_of_the_City_Dionysia" title="Dionysia">tragic victories at the Dionysia</a> before Aeschylus had. <a href="/wiki/Thespis" title="Thespis">Thespis</a> was traditionally regarded the inventor of tragedy. According to another tradition, tragedy was established in Athens in the late 530s BC, but that may simply reflect an absence of records. Major innovations in dramatic form, credited to Aeschylus by Aristotle and the anonymous source <i>The Life of Aeschylus</i>, may be exaggerations and should be viewed with caution (Martin Cropp (2006), "Lost Tragedies: A Survey" in <i>A Companion to Greek Tragedy</i>, pp. 272–74)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aeschylus">"Aeschylus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_College_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster's New World College Dictionary">Webster's New World College Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F243-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F243_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F243_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F243_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlegel,_August_Wilhelm_von2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="August Wilhelm von Schlegel">Schlegel, August Wilhelm von</a> (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7148"><i>Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature</i></a>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Dramatic+Art+and+Literature&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Schlegel%2C+August+Wilhelm+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F7148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Lattimore, <i>Aeschylus I: Oresteia</i>, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Cropp, 'Lost Tragedies: A Survey'; <i>A Companion to Greek Tragedy</i>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Levi, <i>Greek Drama</i>, 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Saïd, <i>Aeschylean Tragedy</i>, 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Saïd, <i>Aeschylean Tragedy</i>, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159:book=1:chapter=14:section=5">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, *)attika/, chapter 14, section 5"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+%2A%29attika%2F%2C+chapter+14%2C+section+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0159%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein2010_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommerstein2010">Sommerstein 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grene, David, and Richmond Lattimore, eds. The Complete Greek Tragedies: Vol. 1, Aeschylus. University of Chicago Press, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates1906">Bates 1906</a>, pp. 53–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidgwick1911">Sidgwick 1911</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Saïd, <i>Eschylean tragedy</i>, 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F241-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F241_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F241_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F241_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopff_1997_pp.1-472_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopff 1997 pp. 1–472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"§ 4". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/229#4"><i>Anonymous Life of Aeschylus</i></a>. Living Poets. Translated by S. Burges Watson. Durham. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>They say that he was noble and that he participated in the battle of <b>Marathon</b> together with his brother, <b>Cynegirus</b>, and in the naval battle at <b>Salamis</b> with the youngest of his brothers, <b>Ameinias</b>, and in the infantry battle at <b>Plataea</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+4&rft.btitle=Anonymous+Life+of+Aeschylus&rft.series=Living+Poets&rft.pub=Durham&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F229%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span> (emphasis in original)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S34-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S34_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommerstein2010">Sommerstein 2010</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2000">Martin 2000</a>, §10.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> 1111a8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filonik, J. (2013). Athenian impiety trials: a reappraisal. Dike-Rivista di Storia del Diritto Greco ed Ellenistico, 16, page 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn,_K.Burges,_D.1998" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, K.; Burges, D. (1998). <i>The complete idiot's guide to classical mythology</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-862385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-862385-6"><bdi>978-0-02-862385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+idiot%27s+guide+to+classical+mythology&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-02-862385-6&rft.au=Osborn%2C+K.&rft.au=Burges%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith 2005</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrsula_Hoff1938" class="citation journal cs1">Ursula Hoff (1938). "Meditation in Solitude". <i>Journal of the Warburg Institute</i>. <b>1</b> (44): 292–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F749994">10.2307/749994</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/749994">749994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192234608">192234608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+Institute&rft.atitle=Meditation+in+Solitude&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=292-294&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192234608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F749994%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F749994&rft.au=Ursula+Hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGC-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGC_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGC_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._McKeown2013" class="citation cs2">J. C. McKeown (2013), <i>A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 136, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998210-3"><bdi>978-0-19-998210-3</bdi></a>, <q>The unusual nature of Aeschylus' death ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cabinet+of+Greek+Curiosities%3A+Strange+Tales+and+Surprising+Facts+from+the+Cradle+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998210-3&rft.au=J.+C.+McKeown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Elder. "Book X, Chapter 3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D3"><i>The Natural History</i></a>. <q>This eagle has the instinct to break the shell of the tortoise by letting it fall from aloft, a circumstance which caused the death of the poet Æschylus. An oracle, it is said, had predicted his death on that day by the fall of a house, upon which he took the precaution of trusting himself only under the canopy of the heavens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+X%2C+Chapter+3&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D10%253Achapter%253D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critchley 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F242-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F242_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F242_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F242_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P222-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P222_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P222_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P222_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1999">Pomeroy 1999</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommerstein2010">Sommerstein 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerstein201034-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerstein201034_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommerstein2010">Sommerstein 2010</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F244-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F244_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vellacott-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vellacott_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vellacott_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vellacott: 7–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F244246-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F244246_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244246_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244246_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244246_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F244246_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, pp. 244–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aeschylus_pp.7–19-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aeschylus_pp.7–19_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aeschylus_pp.7–19_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeschylus. "Prometheus Bound, The Suppliants, Seven Against Thebes, The Persians." Philip Vellacott's Introduction, pp. 7–19. Penguin Classics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sommerstein 2002, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F246-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F246_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F246_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F246_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1999">Freeman 1999</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See (e.g.) Sommerstein 1996, 141–51; Turner 2001, 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommerstein_2002,_89-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerstein_2002,_89_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sommerstein_2002,_89_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sommerstein 2002, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith1983">Griffith 1983</a>, pp. 32–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <i>Agamemnon</i> 432 "Many things pierce the liver"; 791–2 "No sting of true sorrow reaches the liver"; <i>Eumenides</i> 135 "Sting your liver with merited reproaches".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the trilogy's reconstruction, see (e.g.) Conacher 1980, 100–02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>. See Summers 2007, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830001324"><i>Performance in Greek and Roman theatre</i></a>. George William Mallory Harrison, Vaios Liapēs. Leiden: Brill. 2013. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24545-7"><bdi>978-90-04-24545-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830001324">830001324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+in+Greek+and+Roman+theatre&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830001324&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24545-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F830001324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poemhunter.com/aeschylus/">"Aeschylus"</a>. <i>PoemHunter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoemHunter&rft.atitle=Aeschylus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poemhunter.com%2Faeschylus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life of Aeschylus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P223-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P223_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P223_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1999">Pomeroy 1999</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPomeroy1999">Pomeroy 1999</a>, pp. 224–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharffenberger_2007_229–249_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharffenberger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scharffenberger, Elizabeth W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434023">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Deinon Eribremetas": The Sound and Sense of Aeschylus in Aristophanes' "Frogs"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 229–249. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8418">0009-8418</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434023">25434023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=%22Deinon+Eribremetas%22%3A+The+Sound+and+Sense+of+Aeschylus+in+Aristophanes%27+%22Frogs%22&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-249&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25434023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8418&rft.aulast=Scharffenberger&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25434023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurness,_Raymond1984" class="citation journal cs1">Furness, Raymond (January 1984). "Reviewed work: Wagner and Aeschylus. The 'Ring' and the 'Oresteia', Michael Ewans". <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 239–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3730399">10.2307/3730399</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3730399">3730399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Wagner+and+Aeschylus.+The+%27Ring%27+and+the+%27Oresteia%27%2C+Michael+Ewans&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=239-40&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3730399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3730399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Furness%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard1927" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._T._Sheppard" class="mw-redirect" title="J. T. Sheppard">Sheppard, J. T.</a> (1927). "Aeschylus and Sophocles: their Work and Influence". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" title="The Journal of Hellenic Studies">The Journal of Hellenic Studies</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F625177">10.2307/625177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/625177">625177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Aeschylus+and+Sophocles%3A+their+Work+and+Influence&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F625177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F625177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd, Virginia, ed. <i>Eugene O'Neill at Work</i>. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1981, p. 213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8044-2205-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8044-2205-2">0-8044-2205-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flickr.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flickr.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flickr.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/3645184605/">"Virginia – Arlington National Cemetery: Robert F. Kennedy Gravesite"</a>. 7 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+%E2%80%93+Arlington+National+Cemetery%3A+Robert+F.+Kennedy+Gravesite&rft.date=2009-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fwallyg%2F3645184605%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2008/04/04/89365887/robert-kennedy-delivering-news-of-kings-death">"Robert Kennedy: Delivering News of King's Death"</a>. <i>National Public Radio</i>. 4 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+Delivering+News+of+King%27s+Death&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2008%2F04%2F04%2F89365887%2Frobert-kennedy-delivering-news-of-kings-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Maxwell Taylor (1998). <i>Make Gentle the Life of This World: The Vision of Robert F. Kennedy</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100-356-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100-356-4"><bdi>0-15-100-356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Gentle+the+Life+of+This+World%3A+The+Vision+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-15-100-356-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1968" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Robert F. (4 April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/statement-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-indianapolis-indiana-april-4-1968">"Statement on Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr"</a>. <i>The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum</i>. Papers of Robert F. Kennedy. Senate Papers. Speeches and Press Releases, Box 4, "4/1/68 - 4/10/68." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Statement+on+Assassination+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1968-04-04&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frobert-f-kennedy%2Frobert-f-kennedy-speeches%2Fstatement-on-assassination-of-martin-luther-king-jr-indianapolis-indiana-april-4-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1906" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Alfred (1906). <i>The Drama: Its History, Literature, and Influence on Civilization</i>. Vol. 1. London: Historical Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drama%3A+Its+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Influence+on+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Historical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bierl, A. <i>Die Orestie des Aischylos auf der modernen Bühne: Theoretische Konzeptionen und ihre szenische Realizierung</i> (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1997)</li> <li>Cairns, D., V. Liapis, <i>Dionysalexandros: Essays on Aeschylus and His Fellow Tragedians in Honour of Alexander F. Garvie</i> (Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchley2009" class="citation book cs1">Critchley, Simon (2009). <i>The Book of Dead Philosophers</i>. London: Granta Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84708079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84708079-0"><bdi>978-1-84708079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Dead+Philosophers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84708079-0&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCropp2006" class="citation book cs1">Cropp, Martin (2006). "Lost Tragedies: A Survey". In Gregory, Justine (ed.). <i>A Companion to Greek Tragedy</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lost+Tragedies%3A+A+Survey&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Tragedy&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cropp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Deforge, B. <i>Une vie avec Eschyle. Vérité des mythes</i> (Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1999" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free"><i>The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88515-2"><bdi>978-0-670-88515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Achievement%3A+The+Foundation+of+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88515-2&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekachievement0000free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhill1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldhill, Simon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aeschylusorestei00gold_0"><i>Aeschylus, The Oresteia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40293-4"><bdi>978-0-521-40293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus%2C+The+Oresteia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40293-4&rft.aulast=Goldhill&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faeschylusorestei00gold_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1983" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Mark (1983). <i>Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27011-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus%27+Prometheus+Bound&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27011-3&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerington1986" class="citation book cs1">Herington, C.J. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aeschylus0000heri"><i>Aeschylus</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03562-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03562-9"><bdi>978-0-300-03562-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03562-9&rft.aulast=Herington&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faeschylus0000heri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerington1967" class="citation journal cs1">Herington, C.J. (1967). "Aeschylus in Sicily". <i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>87</b>: 74–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F627808">10.2307/627808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/627808">627808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162400889">162400889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Aeschylus+in+Sicily&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=74-85&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162400889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F627808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F627808&rft.aulast=Herington&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopff1997" class="citation book cs1">Kopff, E. Christian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekauth00brig"><i>Ancient Greek Authors</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9939-6"><bdi>978-0-8103-9939-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Authors&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-9939-6&rft.aulast=Kopff&rft.aufirst=E.+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreekauth00brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1953" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Richmond (1953). <i>Aeschylus I: Oresteia</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus+I%3A+Oresteia&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz, Mary</a> (1981). <i>The Lives of the Greek Poets</i>. University of North Carolina Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesky1979" class="citation book cs1">Lesky, Albin (1979). <i>Greek Tragedy</i>. London: Benn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Benn&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Lesky&rft.aufirst=Albin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesky1966" class="citation book cs1">Lesky, Albin (1966). <i>A History of Greek Literature</i>. New York: Crowell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lesky&rft.aufirst=Albin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1986" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Peter (1986). "Greek Drama". <i>The Oxford History of the Classical World</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Drama&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Thomas (2000). <i>Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+From+Prehistoric+to+Hellenistic+Times&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1978" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Gilbert (1978). <i>Aeschylus: The Creator of Tragedy</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus%3A+The+Creator+of+Tragedy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodlecki1966" class="citation book cs1">Podlecki, Anthony J. (1966). <i>The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Background+of+Aeschylean+Tragedy&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Podlecki&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreecepol00sara"><i>Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509743-6"><bdi>978-0-19-509743-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509743-6&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreecepol00sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenmeyer1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofaeschylus00rose"><i>The Art of Aeschylus</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04440-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Aeschylus&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04440-1&rft.aulast=Rosenmeyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofaeschylus00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaïd2006" class="citation book cs1">Saïd, Suzanne (2006). "Aeschylean Tragedy". <i>A Companion to Greek Tragedy</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aeschylean+Tragedy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Tragedy&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sa%C3%AFd&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidgwick1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sidgwick, Arthur (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aeschylus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aeschylus">"Aeschylus" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aeschylus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=272-276&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sidgwick&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Helaine (2005). <i>Masterpieces of Classic Greek Drama</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33268-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33268-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33268-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Classic+Greek+Drama&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33268-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1922" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Herbert Weir (1922). <i>Aeschylus</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Sommerstein, Alan H. (2010). <i>Aeschylean Tragedy</i> (2nd ed.). London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3824-8"><bdi>978-0-7156-3824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylean+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3824-8&rft.aulast=Sommerstein&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>— (2002). <i>Greek Drama and Dramatists</i>. London: Routledge Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26027-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26027-2">0-415-26027-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpatz1982" class="citation book cs1">Spatz, Lois (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aeschylus00spat"><i>Aeschylus</i></a>. Boston: Twayne Publishers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6522-9"><bdi>978-0-8057-6522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeschylus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-6522-9&rft.aulast=Spatz&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faeschylus00spat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Summers, David (2007). <i>Vision, Reflection, and Desire in Western Painting</i>. University of North Carolina Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Derwent_Thomson" title="George Derwent Thomson">Thomson, George</a> (1973) Aeschylus and Athens: A Study in the Social Origin of Drama. London: Lawrence and Wishart (4th edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Chad (2001). "Perverted Supplication and Other Inversions in Aeschylus' Danaid Trilogy". <i>Classical Journal</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 27–50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3298432">3298432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Perverted+Supplication+and+Other+Inversions+in+Aeschylus%27+Danaid+Trilogy&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-50&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3298432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vellacott, Philip, (1961). <i>Prometheus Bound and Other Plays: Prometheus Bound, Seven Against Thebes, and The Persians</i>. New York: Penguin Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044112-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044112-3">0-14-044112-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnington-Ingram1985" class="citation book cs1">Winnington-Ingram, R. P. (1985). "Aeschylus". <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aeschylus&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Classical+Literature%3A+Greek+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Winnington-Ingram&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froma_Zeitlin" title="Froma Zeitlin">Zeitlin, Froma</a> (1982). <i>Under the sign of the shield: semiotics and Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes</i>. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2nd ed. 2009 (Greek studies: interdisciplinary approaches)</li> <li>Zetlin, Froma (1996). "The dynamics of misogyny: myth and mythmaking in Aeschylus's <i>Oresteia</i>", in Froma Zeitlin, <i>Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–119.</li> <li>Zeitlin, Froma (1996). "The politics of Eros in the Danaid trilogy of Aeschylus", in Froma Zeitlin, <i>Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 123–171.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Aeschylus</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aeschylus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Aeschylus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aeschylus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Aeschylus">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aeschylus" class="extiw" title="q:Aeschylus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Aeschylus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Aeschylus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Theatre:_Greeks_to_Elizabethans/Playwrights" class="extiw" title="b:History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans/Playwrights">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Aeschylus</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeschylus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeschylus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeschylus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Aeschylus</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Aeschylus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Aeschylus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Aeschylus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2825">Works by Aeschylus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aeschylus">Works by Aeschylus in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Aeschylus">Works by Aeschylus (translated by George Gilbert Aimé)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Aeschylus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aeschylus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Aeschylus%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Aeschylus%22%29%20OR%20%28%22525-456%22%20AND%20Aeschylus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Aeschylus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/478">Works by Aeschylus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/the_classics/aeschylus/">Selected Poems of Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman">Aeschylus-related materials at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpheios.net/">Complete syntax diagrams at Alpheios</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/people/Aeschylu.html">Online English Translations of Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222201257/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/VExhibition/2161.htm">Photo of a fragment of <i>The Net-pullers</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crane, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004%3Aid%3Daeschylus-4">"Aeschylus (4)"</a>. <i>Perseus Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aeschylus+%284%29&rft.btitle=Perseus+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0004%253Aid%253Daeschylus-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeschylus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=27807">"Aeschylus, I: Persians" from the Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=27808">"Aeschylus, II: The Oresteia" from the Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=29387">"Aeschylus, III: Fragments" from the Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plays_by_Aeschylus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aeschylus" title="Template:Aeschylus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aeschylus" title="Template talk:Aeschylus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aeschylus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aeschylus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plays_by_Aeschylus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Plays by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeschylus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetralogies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achilleis_(trilogy)" title="Achilleis (trilogy)">Achilleis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Aeschylus)" title="The Suppliants (Aeschylus)">Danaid Tetralogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycurgeia" title="Lycurgeia">Lycurgeia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Oedipodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> <small>(including <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>Libation Bearers</i>, <i>Eumenides</i> and fragmentary <i>Proteus</i>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheia" title="Prometheia">Prometheia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Aeschylus)" title="The Suppliants (Aeschylus)">The Suppliants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <small>(authorship disputed)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragmentary plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes_(Aeschylus_play)" title="Philoctetes (Aeschylus play)">Philoctetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Aeschylus)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_the_Fire-Bringer" title="Prometheus the Fire-Bringer">Prometheus the Fire-Bringer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aeschylus" title="Category:Aeschylus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000386855773">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268526195">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78769732">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3145857035722921320">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109158790744438852803">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5901159477601127990007">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/805144647705408955770">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5226159477830027990009">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9204159478063327990003">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266321497">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/375144647701289307784">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7386159477742827990004">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262861946">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268159474328927662894">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2061159477868527990001">14</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5811159477600927990004">15</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261472932">16</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/750154380930930290321">17</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/104143945">18</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/48164536609632021795">19</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/26163567566516380806">20</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4372168048993038410008">21</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2522159477570027990008">22</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35692/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFgxQ9Bwcd3GMQvmF4gDm">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500856">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055702">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118881476">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118881476">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431086">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aeschylus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003888">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001568">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981228002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX841570">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26481">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/166738">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069194939">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p216393957">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90075911">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051922&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000001985&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037970">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=14406">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046662">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632515">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzzk833h56t77">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608795705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44394">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308079705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000040145">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521447506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14282920">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00704896?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404158">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bb3934cc-aca7-46c2-90f4-29f7c1ccb7e7">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785021">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118500856.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500856">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086453033">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k667p9">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30077545">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&oldid=1260052575">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&oldid=1260052575</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aeschylus" title="Category:Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_Greek_people" title="Category:5th-century BC Greek people">5th-century BC Greek people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_writers" title="Category:5th-century BC writers">5th-century BC writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:520s_BC_births" title="Category:520s BC births">520s BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:450s_BC_deaths" title="Category:450s BC deaths">450s BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights">Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tragic_poets" title="Category:Tragic poets">Tragic poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks_accused_of_sacrilege" title="Category:Ancient Greeks accused of sacrilege">Ancient Greeks accused of sacrilege</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_people_of_the_Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Category:Greek people of the Greco-Persian Wars">Greek people of the Greco-Persian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Marathon" title="Category:Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accidental_deaths_in_Italy" title="Category:Accidental deaths in Italy">Accidental deaths in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_due_to_animal_attacks" title="Category:Deaths due to animal attacks">Deaths due to animal attacks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_attacks" title="Category:Bird attacks">Bird attacks</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_uncertain" title="Category:Year of birth uncertain">Year of birth uncertain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_uncertain" title="Category:Year of death uncertain">Year of death uncertain</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 15:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeschylus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-8crrn","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.564","walltime":"1.903","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9023,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":276676,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10487,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":185116,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1600.917 1 -total"," 13.94% 223.140 30 Template:Cite_book"," 10.56% 168.999 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.37% 149.975 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 8.75% 140.075 11 Template:Navbox"," 8.19% 131.194 1 Template:Langx"," 7.22% 115.532 1 Template:Aeschylus_Plays"," 6.74% 107.972 1 Template:Poemquote"," 6.42% 102.819 1 Template:Blockquote"," 5.62% 90.024 1 Template:Sister_project_links"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.920","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20083186,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBates1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCropp2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurness,_Raymond1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldhill1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerington1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerington1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._C._McKeown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimore1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesky1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesky1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn,_K.Burges,_D.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodlecki1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeroy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenmeyer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaïd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharffenberger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlegel,_August_Wilhelm_von2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidgwick1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpatz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrsula_Hoff1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnington-Ingram1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aeschylus Plays\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 6,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Aeschylus\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-tlh68","timestamp":"20241130110341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aeschylus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aeschylus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40939","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40939","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-25T19:25:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T15:53:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/Herma_of_Aeschylus%2C_Klas08.jpg","headline":"ancient Athenian playwright"}</script> </body> </html>