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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Noun classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Example phrases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Example_phrases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Example phrases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Example_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diminutive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminutive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diminutive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminutive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Archi language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A7in_dili" title="Arçin dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arçin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artxi" title="Artxi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artschinische_Sprache" title="Artschinische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artschinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%A1i_keel" title="Artši keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Artši keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_archi" title="Idioma archi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma archi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آرچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آرچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artchi" title="Artchi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artchi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_archi" title="Lingua archi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua archi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%98%EC%96%B4" title="아르치어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르치어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%8Dinski_jezik" title="Arčinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arčinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Archi" title="Bahasa Archi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Archi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Арчийаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арчийаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arcia" title="Lingua arcia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua arcia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არჩიბული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არჩიბული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiarchi" title="Kiarchi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiarchi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Арчи кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Арчи кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арчински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арчински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_artsy" title="Fiteny artsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny artsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არჩიბული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არჩიბული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="アルチ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルチ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi" title="Archi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Archi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archin_tili" title="Archin tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Archin tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Archi" title="Lenga Archi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Archi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arczy%C5%84ski" title="Język arczyński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język arczyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_archi" title="Língua archi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua archi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арчинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арчинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archi language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arczisk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Arcziskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arcziskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C5%A1in_kieli" title="Artšin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Artšin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Арчин теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арчин теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арчинська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арчинська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Archi" title="Tiếng Archi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Archi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Archi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Archi-language text"><span lang="aqc">аршаттен чӏат</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Archib" title="Archib">Archib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archi people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,712 (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a><sup id="cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrz-muenchen.de-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Archi</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> (developed in 2006 based on the <a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Orthography" title="Avar language">Avar</a> alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aqc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aqc">aqc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arch1244">arch1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/721">Archi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Archin-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Archin-en.png/320px-Archin-en.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Archin-en.png/480px-Archin-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Archin-en.png/640px-Archin-en.png 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2719" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of where Archi is spoken (red area)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Archi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Archi</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Archib" title="Archib">Archib</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the six surrounding smaller villages. </p><p>It is unusual for its many <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> and for its contrast between several <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">voiceless velar lateral fricatives</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/𝼄,<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼄ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼄ː,<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼄ːʷ/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_velar_lateral_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective velar lateral affricate">ejective velar lateral affricates</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡𝼄,<span class="wrap"> </span>k͡𝼄ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>k͡𝼄ʼ,<span class="wrap"> </span>k͡𝼄ʷʼ/</span>, and a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">voiced velar lateral fricative</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʟ̝/</span>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive</a> language with four noun classes<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a remarkable <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> system with irregularities on all levels.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematically, there are 1,502,839 possible <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">forms</a> that can be derived from a single verb root.<sup id="cite_ref-homepage_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepage-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classification of the Archi language has not been definitively established. <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Uslar" title="Peter von Uslar">Peter von Uslar</a> felt it should be considered a variant of <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but <a href="/wiki/Roderich_von_Erckert" title="Roderich von Erckert">Roderich von Erckert</a> saw it as closer to <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The language has also been considered as a separate entity that could be placed somewhere between Avar and Lak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Italian linguist <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Trombetti" title="Alfredo Trombetti">Alfredo Trombetti</a> placed Archi within an Avar–Ando–Dido group,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but today the most widely recognized opinion follows that of the Soviet scholar <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Bokarev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeny Bokarev">Bokarev</a>, who regards Archi as one of the Lezgian–Samur group of the Dagestan languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Schulze places it in the <a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgian branch</a> with all other Lezgian languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Samur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Samur languages">Samur group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrz-muenchen.de-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archi has, like its <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> relatives, a very complicated phonological system, with Archi being an extreme example. It has 26 vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> and, depending on analysis, between 74 and 82 consonant phonemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archi has a symmetric six-vowel system (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowel phonemes of Archi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>long</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>long</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>long</small></a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All vowels except for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> can occur in five varieties: short, pharyngealized, high tone, long (with high tone), and pharyngealized with high tone (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aˤ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/á/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/áː/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/áˤ/</span>). Of all these, only <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íˤ/</span> do not occur word-initially.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of non-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íˤ/</span> are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/díˤt͡ʃa/</span> ('to be fat')<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˤntíˤmmaj/</span> ('brain').<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> also never occurs word-initially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all living languages, Archi has the world's largest phonemic non-<a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click</a> consonant inventory, with only the recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> having a few more. The table below shows all consonants that can be found in the Archi Language Tutorial<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Archi Dictionary.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Archi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">(Post)-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">(Pre-)velar</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">Epiglottal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation"><small>lab.</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization"><small>phar.</small></a> </th> <th><small>phar.+lab.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">qˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">qˤʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">pː</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">tː</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">kː</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">kːʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qːʼ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">qːˤʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">qˤʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">qˤʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡sʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡ʃʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k͡𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">k͡𝼄ʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡sː</a></span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡sʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">t͡ʃʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k͡𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">k͡𝼄ʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sːʼ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃːʼ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">sʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʃʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">𝼄ʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">χˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">χˤʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">sː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">sːʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ʃːʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">𝼄ːʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">χːʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">χːˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">χːˤʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">zʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʒʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʁˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʁˤʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>These have no word-initial dictionary entries (even though <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tː/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kː/</span> are relatively common).</li> <li>These appear in the Tutorial but have no dictionary entries.</li> <li>This does not appear in the Tutorial but does have a word-internal dictionary entry (in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mot͡sːór/</span>, 'alpine pasture used in summer').<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Some of these sounds are very rare. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁˤʷ/</span> has only one dictionary entry word-internally (in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íʁˤʷdut/</span>, 'heavy')<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two entries word-initially. Likewise, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʟ̝/</span> has only two dictionary entries: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/náʟ̝dut/</span> ('blue; unripe')<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡𝼄ʼéʟ̝dut/</span> ('crooked, curved').<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> consonants are not simply two instances of the same consonant, though they do appear largely complementary, with the double instances <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mm/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ll/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nn/</span> being the most common and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zz/</span> less so. That said, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pp/</span> can still be found in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/𝼄íppu/</span> ('three').<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also noted by <a href="#CITEREFKodzasov1977">Kodzasov (1977)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who describes the fortis consonants as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>"Strong phonemes are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of the articulation. The intensity of the pronunciation leads to a natural lengthening of the duration of the sound, and that is why strong [consonants] differ from weak ones by greater length. [However,] the adjoining of two single weak sounds does not produce a strong one […] Thus, the gemination of a sound does not by itself create its tension."</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">voiceless velar lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/𝼄/</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">voiced velar lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʟ̝/</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">corresponding voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_velar_lateral_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective velar lateral affricate">ejective affricates</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡𝼄/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡𝼄ʼ/</span> are extremely unusual speech sounds among the languages of the world, because <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">velar fricatives</a> are usually <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> rather than lateral. The velar laterals are further forward than velars in most languages and could better be called prevelar, like the Tutorial does.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, the orthography table is too complex.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Archi_language" title="Talk:Archi language">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Until recently Archi did not have a written form, except in studies by specialists who used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a> for Archi based on the <a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Orthography" title="Avar language">Avar</a> alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-homepage_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepage-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Practical orthography of Archi by SMG<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Base letter </th> <th colspan="8">Derived letters and their pronunciation in IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>+в </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>+ӏ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>+ӏв / long </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">а </th> <td>А а </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Аӏ аӏ </td> <td>/aˤ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>А́ а́ </td> <td>/á/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>А́ӏ а́ӏ </td> <td>/áˤ/ </td> <td>А́а а́а </td> <td>/áː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>б </th> <td>Б б </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>в </th> <td>В в </td> <td>/w/ </td> <td colspan="6">various others, see below </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">г </th> <td>Г г </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>Гв гв </td> <td>/ɡʷ/ </td> <td>Гӏ гӏ </td> <td>/ʡ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гъ гъ </td> <td>/ʁ/ </td> <td>Гъв гъв </td> <td>/ʁʷ/ </td> <td>Гъӏ гъӏ </td> <td>/ʁˤ/ </td> <td>Гъӏв гъӏв </td> <td>/ʁˤʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гь гь </td> <td>/h/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>д </th> <td>Д д </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>Дв дв </td> <td>/dʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">е </th> <td>Е е </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Еӏ еӏ </td> <td>/eˤ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е́ е́ </td> <td>/é/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Е́ӏ е́ӏ </td> <td>/éˤ/ </td> <td>Е́е е́е </td> <td>/éː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ж </th> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>Жв жв </td> <td>/ʒʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>з </th> <td>З з </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>Зв зв </td> <td>/zʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">и </th> <td>И и </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Иӏ иӏ </td> <td>/iˤ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>И́ и́ </td> <td>/í/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>и́ӏ </td> <td>/íˤ/ </td> <td>И́и и́и </td> <td>/íː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>й </th> <td>Й й </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">к </th> <td>К к </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>Кв кв </td> <td>/kʷ/ </td> <td>Кӏ кӏ </td> <td>/kʼ/ </td> <td>Кӏв кӏв </td> <td>/kʷʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>кк </td> <td>/kː/ </td> <td>ккв </td> <td>/kːʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къ къ </td> <td>/qʼ/ </td> <td>Къв къв </td> <td>/qʷʼ/ </td> <td>Къӏ къӏ </td> <td>/qˤʼ/ </td> <td>Къӏв къӏв </td> <td>/qˤʷʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ккъ </td> <td>/qːʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ккъӏ ккъӏ </td> <td>/qːˤʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кь кь </td> <td>/k͡𝼄ʼ/, /ʟ̝/ </td> <td>Кьв кьв </td> <td>/k͡𝼄ʷʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">л </th> <td>Л л </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>Лӏв лӏв </td> <td>/k͡𝼄ʷ/ </td> <td>Лӏ лӏ </td> <td>/k͡𝼄/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Лъ лъ </td> <td>/𝼄/ </td> <td>Лъв лъв </td> <td>/𝼄ʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ллъ ллъ </td> <td>/𝼄ː/ </td> <td>Ллъв ллъв </td> <td>/𝼄ːʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>м </th> <td>М м </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>н </th> <td>Н н </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">о </th> <td>О о </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Оӏ оӏ </td> <td>/oˤ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>О́ о́ </td> <td>/ó/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>О́ӏ о́ӏ </td> <td>/óˤ/ </td> <td>О́о о́о </td> <td>/óː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">п </th> <td>П п </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Пӏ пӏ </td> <td>/pʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>пп </td> <td>/pː/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>р </th> <td>Р р </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">с </th> <td>С с </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>Св св </td> <td>/sʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Сс сс </td> <td>/sː/ </td> <td>Ссв ссв </td> <td>/sːʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">т </th> <td>Т т </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>Тв тв </td> <td>/tʷ/ </td> <td>Тӏ тӏ </td> <td>/tʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>тт </td> <td>/tː/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">у </th> <td>У у </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Уӏ уӏ </td> <td>/uˤ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>У́ у́ </td> <td>/ú/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>У́ӏ у́ӏ </td> <td>/úˤ/ </td> <td>У́у у́у </td> <td>/úː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">х </th> <td>Х х </td> <td>/χ/ </td> <td>Хв хв </td> <td>/χʷ/ </td> <td>Хӏ хӏ </td> <td>/ʜ/ </td> <td>Ххв ххв </td> <td>/χːʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хх хх </td> <td>/χː/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хъ хъ </td> <td>/q/ </td> <td>Хъв хъв </td> <td>/qʷ/ </td> <td>Хъӏ хъӏ </td> <td>/qˤ/ </td> <td>Хъӏв хъӏв </td> <td>/qˤʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Хьӏ хьӏ </td> <td>/χˤ/ </td> <td>Хьӏв хьӏв </td> <td>/χˤʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ххьӏ ххьӏ </td> <td>/χːˤ/ </td> <td>Ххьӏв ххьӏв </td> <td>/χːˤʷ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ц </th> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>/t͡s/ </td> <td>Цв цв </td> <td>/t͡sʷ/ </td> <td>Цӏ цӏ </td> <td>/t͡sʼ/ </td> <td>Цӏв цӏв </td> <td>/t͡sʷʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Цц цц </td> <td>/t͡sː/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ццӏ ццӏ </td> <td>/t͡sːʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ч </th> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>Чв чв </td> <td>/t͡ʃʷ/ </td> <td>Чӏ чӏ </td> <td>/t͡ʃʼ/ </td> <td>Чӏв чӏв </td> <td>/t͡ʃʷʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ччӏ ччӏ </td> <td>/t͡ʃːʼ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ш </th> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>Шв шв </td> <td>/ʃʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>щ </th> <td>Щ щ </td> <td>/ʃː/ </td> <td>Щв щв </td> <td>/ʃːʷ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ы </th> <td>ы </td> <td>/ə/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ъ </th> <td>ъ </td> <td>/ʔ/ </td> <td colspan="6">various others, see above </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archi nouns inflect for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular or plural) and for one of 10 regular <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> and 5 <a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases#Place_and_time" title="List of grammatical cases">locative cases</a> that can all take one of 6 directional suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>, which are only evident from <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation#Verbal_agreement" title="Grammatical conjugation">verbal agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case">Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Marker</th> <th>Sg. 'ram'</th> <th>Pl. 'rams' </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></td> <td>-∅</td> <td>baˁkʼ</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></td> <td>-∅</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-čaj </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></td> <td>-n</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-n</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-n </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></td> <td>-s, -sː</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-s</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></td> <td>-𝼄ːu</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-𝼄ːu</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-𝼄ːu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Similative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Similative case (page does not exist)">Similative</a></td> <td>-qˁdi</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-qˁdi</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-qˁdi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Causal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal case">Causal</a></td> <td>-šːi</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-šːi</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-šːi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></td> <td>-χur</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-χur</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-χur </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></td> <td>-qˁiš</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-qˁiš</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-qˁiš </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substitutive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substitutive case (page does not exist)">Substitutive</a></td> <td>-k͡𝼄ʼəna</td> <td>beˁkʼ-iri-k͡𝼄ʼəna</td> <td>baˁkʼ-ur-če-k͡𝼄ʼəna </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Depending on the specifics of the analysis, the ergative and the absolutive cases are not always marked by a specific suffix. Rather, they are marked by the use of the basic (for the absolutive) and oblique (for the ergative) stems in the absence of other markers. There is also a locative-case series in which 6 directional-case suffixes are combined with 5 spatial cases to produce a total of 30 case-localization combinations. However, they do not constitute 30 distinct case forms because they are easily derivable from a pair of morphemes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Spatial case</th> <th>Marker</th> <th>Directional case</th> <th>Marker </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a> ("in")</td> <td>-aj / -a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> ("As")</td> <td>-∅ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a> ("between")</td> <td>- qˁ(a-)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a> ("Out of")</td> <td>-š </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a> ("above")</td> <td>-tːi- / -t</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a> ("To"/"Into")</td> <td>-k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a> ("below")</td> <td>-k͡𝼄ʼ(a-)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> ("Onto")</td> <td>-ši </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a> ("against")</td> <td>-ra-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a> (Specifies a limit)</td> <td>-kena </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a> (Indicates change)</td> <td>-χutː </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Noun classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a> of Archi are only evident from verbal inflection. This table summarizes the noun classes and their associated verbal morphology: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Class </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">Infix</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefix</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td><i>Male human</i> </td> <td>w- </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">b- </td></tr> <tr> <th>II </th> <td><i>Female human</i> </td> <td>d- </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>III </th> <td><i>All insects, some animates,<br /> some inanimates</i> </td> <td>b- </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">∅- </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <td><i>Abstracts, some animates,<br /> some inanimates</i> </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>∅ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_phrases">Example phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phrases were <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetically transcribed</a> from Archi:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Archi transcription</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>x́it barḳur</td> <td>The ladle breaks. </td></tr> <tr> <td>x́it ax̄u</td> <td>The spoon (literally: little <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)" title="Ladle (spoon)">ladle</a>) became dirty. </td></tr> <tr> <td>k̂ut̄ali berx̄ur</td> <td>The bag stays. </td></tr> <tr> <td>k̂ut̄ali eku</td> <td>The little bag fell. </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣ut abḳu</td> <td>The jug broke. </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣ut aḳu</td> <td>The little jug broke. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḳunḳum barx̄ur</td> <td>The kettle becomes dirty. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḳunḳum oq̄́u</td> <td>The little kettle sank (literally: drowned). </td></tr> <tr> <td>motol orq̄́ur</td> <td>The young goat drowns. </td></tr> <tr> <td>uri arč̣ur</td> <td>The young horse hides itself. </td></tr> <tr> <td>biš ač̣u</td> <td>The young cow hid itself. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḳêrt erkur</td> <td>The young donkey falls. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dogi ebku</td> <td>The donkey fell. </td></tr> <tr> <td>q̇on abč̣u</td> <td>The goat hid itself. </td></tr> <tr> <td>nôiš ebx̄u</td> <td>The horse stayed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diminutive">Diminutive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diminutive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inclusions of "little" and "young" in the phrases translate a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a>, which in Archi language commonly refers either to a smaller or younger version of the subject. The non-diminutive nouns in the above examples belong to noun class III, while their diminutives belong to noun class IV. This difference in noun class is reflected on the verb in all of these examples, by the contrast between class III agreement in <i>b</i> from class IV in ∅ (with no <i>b</i>). The <i>-b-</i> in the past tense appears in front of the <i>-x̄u</i> / <i>-č̣u</i> / <i>-ku</i> inflection, while in the present tense the <i>b-</i> is the first letter of the verb. For the nouns referring to inanimate objects, the class shift is the only sign of the diminutive: the noun itself does not change in form. E.g. <i>x́it</i> means both "ladle" (III) and "spoon" (IV), <i>k̂ut̄ali</i> both "bag" (III) and "little bag" (IV). Nouns pertaining to younger animals have different words, e.g. <i>dogi</i> "donkey" (III) but <i>ḳêrt</i> "young donkey" (IV), <i>nôiš</i> "horse" (III) but <i>uri</i> "young horse" (IV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab7_VPN-2020.xlsx">7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lrz-muenchen.de-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lrz-muenchen.de_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf">Schulze's classification schemata of the Caucasian languages</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student’s Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tutorial-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChumakinaCorbettBrown2008" class="citation book cs1">Chumakina, Marina; Corbett, Greville G.; Brown, Dunstan (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/media/1267/archi-tutorialhandout.pdf"><i>Archi Language Tutorial</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archi+Language+Tutorial&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Chumakina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Corbett%2C+Greville+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dunstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F1267%2Farchi-tutorialhandout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150301205015/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/">"Archi language home page of the Surrey Morphology Group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/">the original</a> on 1 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archi+language+home+page+of+the+Surrey+Morphology+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archi.surrey.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-homepage-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-homepage_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-homepage_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kibrik, A. E. (2001). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archi+-+2213+-+%D0%BD%D0%B0I%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2FArchi%2FLinguists%2Flexeme.aspx%3FLE%3D2213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=1838">"Archi - 1838 - кьекьдут"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archi+-+1838+-+%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2FArchi%2FLinguists%2Flexeme.aspx%3FLE%3D1838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/lexeme.aspx?LE=3833">"Archi - 3833 - лъибтIу"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archi+-+3833+-+%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%82I%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2FArchi%2FLinguists%2Flexeme.aspx%3FLE%3D3833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">translated in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:97–98)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary/">"Dictionary of Archi - Surrey Morphology Group"</a>. <i>www.smg.surrey.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smg.surrey.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Archi+-+Surrey+Morphology+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2Farchi-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lubotsky, Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=174594"><i>Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen</i></a> [<i>From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages</i>] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 17, 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089641793" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089641793"><bdi>978-9089641793</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Van+Sanskriet+tot+Spijkerschrift%3A+Breinbrekers+uit+alle+talen&rft.pages=17%2C+68-69&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9089641793&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fcgi%2Farno%2Fshow.cgi%3Ffid%3D174594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondCorbettChumakinaBrown2016" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Oliver; Corbett, Greville G.; Chumakina, Marina; Brown, Dunstan, eds. (2016). <i>Archi: Complexities of agreement in cross-theoretical perspective</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archi%3A+Complexities+of+agreement+in+cross-theoretical+perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChumakinaDunstan_BrownGreville_G._CorbettHarely_Quilliam2007" class="citation book cs1">Chumakina, Marina; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett; Harely Quilliam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary"><i>A dictionary of Archi: Archi-Russian-English</i></a> (Online ed.). University of Surrey. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15126%2FSMG.16%2F2">10.15126/SMG.16/2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Archi%3A+Archi-Russian-English&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=University+of+Surrey&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15126%2FSMG.16%2F2&rft.aulast=Chumakina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Dunstan+Brown&rft.au=Greville+G.+Corbett&rft.au=Harely+Quilliam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smg.surrey.ac.uk%2Farchi-dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodzasov1977" class="citation book cs1">Kodzasov, Sandro (1977). "Fonetika Archinskogo Jazyka, part 2". In Kibrik, A. E.; Samedov, I. P.; Olovjannikova, D. S.; Kodzasov, S. V. (eds.). <i>Opyt Strukturnogo Opisanija Archinskogo Jazyka</i>. Vol. 1. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fonetika+Archinskogo+Jazyka%2C+part+2&rft.btitle=Opyt+Strukturnogo+Opisanija+Archinskogo+Jazyka&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Izdatel%E2%80%99stvo+Moskovskogo+Universiteta&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kodzasov&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChumakina2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chumakina, Marina (2014). "Семантическое согласование в арчинском языке [Semantic agreement in Archi]". In Plungyan, V. A. (ed.). <bdi lang="ru">Язык. Константы. Переменные. Памяти Александра Евгеньевича Кибрика</bdi> [<i>Language. Constants. Variables. In memoriam of A.E. Kibrik</i>] (in Russian). St Petersburg: Aleteya. pp. 454–470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5+%5BSemantic+agreement+in+Archi%5D&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5.+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=St+Petersburg&rft.pages=454-470&rft.pub=Aleteya&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Chumakina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChumakina2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chumakina, Marina (2015). "Archi". In Müller, Peter O.; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz (eds.). <i>Word formation: An international handbook of the languages of Europe</i>. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Vol. HSK40. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archi&rft.btitle=Word+formation%3A+An+international+handbook+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Handbooks+of+Linguistics+and+Communication+Science&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Chumakina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirr1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dirr, A. M. (1908). "Arčinskij jazyk". <i>Sbornik materialov dlja opisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza</i> (in Russian). Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ar%C4%8Dinskij+jazyk&rft.btitle=Sbornik+materialov+dlja+opisanija+mestnostej+i+plemen+Kavkaza&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Dirr&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaxadze1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaxadze, O. I. (1979). <i>The Archi language and its relation to other Daghestan languages</i> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archi+language+and+its+relation+to+other+Daghestan+languages&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Mecniereba&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kaxadze&rft.aufirst=O.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1972). "O formal'nom vydelenii soglasovatel'nyx klassov v arčinskom jazyke". <i>Voprosy jazykoznanija</i> (in Russian). <b>1</b>: 124–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voprosy+jazykoznanija&rft.atitle=O+formal%27nom+vydelenii+soglasovatel%27nyx+klassov+v+ar%C4%8Dinskom+jazyke&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1977). <i>Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka</i> (in Russian). Vol. 2: Taksonomičeskaja grammatika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opyt+strukturnogo+opisanija+ar%C4%8Dinskogo+jazyka&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+moskovskogo+universiteta&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1977). <i>Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka</i> (in Russian). Vol. 3: Dinamičeskaja grammatika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opyt+strukturnogo+opisanija+ar%C4%8Dinskogo+jazyka&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+moskovskogo+universiteta&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik1993" class="citation book cs1">Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1993). "Archi". In R. Smeets (ed.). <i>Indigenous languages of the Caucasus</i>. Vol. 3. New York: Caravan Books. pp. 297–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archi&rft.btitle=Indigenous+languages+of+the+Caucasus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=297-365&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik1998" class="citation book cs1">Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1998). "Archi". In Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Morphology</i>. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 455–476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archi&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Morphology&rft.pages=455-476&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrikKodzasovOlovjannikovaSamedov1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibrik, Aleksandr E.; Kodzasov, S. V.; Olovjannikova, I. P. & Samedov, D. S. (1977). <i>Arčinskij jazyk. Teksiy i slovari</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ar%C4%8Dinskij+jazyk.+Teksiy+i+slovari&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+moskovskogo+universiteta&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rft.au=Kodzasov%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Olovjannikova%2C+I.+P.&rft.au=Samedov%2C+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrikKodzasovOlovjannikovaSamedov1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibrik, Aleksandr E.; Kodzasov, S. V.; Olovjannikova, I. P.; Samedov, D. S. (1977). <i>Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka</i> (in Russian). Vol. 1: Leksika. Fonetika. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo moskovskogo universiteta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opyt+strukturnogo+opisanija+ar%C4%8Dinskogo+jazyka&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Izdatel%27stvo+moskovskogo+universiteta&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+E.&rft.au=Kodzasov%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Olovjannikova%2C+I.+P.&rft.au=Samedov%2C+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikailov1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mikailov, K. Š. (1967). <i>Arčinskij jazyk</i> (in Russian). Maxachkala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ar%C4%8Dinskij+jazyk&rft.place=Maxachkala&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mikailov&rft.aufirst=K.+%C5%A0.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXajdakov1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xajdakov, S. M. (1967). "Arčinskij jazyk". <i>Jazyki narodov SSSR</i> (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: Nauka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ar%C4%8Dinskij+jazyk&rft.btitle=Jazyki+narodov+SSSR&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Xajdakov&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archi_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/aqc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/aqc">Archi language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script#Archi_alphabet" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script">Appendix:Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary">Archi–Russian–English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial">Archi language tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/16">Archi Vocabulary List</a> (from the World Loanword Database)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&first=0">Archi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li>A sample of the Archi language, 'the Bear Story': <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial">as a sound file</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/tutorial">in written form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/">https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/archi/</a> Archi language overview</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template talk:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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