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Hypertension - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Secondary hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypertensive_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypertensive_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hypertensive crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypertensive_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Primary hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_hypertension_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_hypertension_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Secondary hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_hypertension_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurement_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Measurement technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_in_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_in_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Classification in adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_in_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_blood_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_blood_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Target blood pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_blood_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_modifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_modifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Lifestyle modifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_modifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistant_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistant_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Resistant hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistant_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Awareness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypertension</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensie" title="Hipertensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipertensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="ارتفاع ضغط الدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارتفاع ضغط الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արեան գերճնշում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արեան գերճնշում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensi%C3%B3n_arterial" title="Hipertensión arterial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipertensión arterial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_hipertenziya" title="Arterial hipertenziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arterial hipertenziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یوخاری قان فیشاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوخاری قان فیشاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="উচ্চ রক্তচাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চ রক্তচাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-hiat-ap" title="Ko-hiat-ap – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-hiat-ap" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипертония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гипертония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Артэрыяльная гіпертэнзія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артэрыяльная гіпертэнзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гіпэртанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпэртанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0" title="हाई ब्लड प्रेशर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाई ब्लड प्रेशर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артериална хипертония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артериална хипертония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluadhochdruck" title="Bluadhochdruck – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bluadhochdruck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipertenzija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensi%C3%B3_arterial" title="Hipertensió arterial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipertensió arterial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_presyon" title="Alta presyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alta presyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertenze" title="Hypertenze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypertenze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forh%C3%B8jet_blodtryk" title="Forhøjet blodtryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forhøjet blodtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterielle_Hypertonie" title="Arterielle Hypertonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arterielle Hypertonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލޭމައްޗަށްދިއުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭމައްޗަށްދިއުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCpertensioon" title="Hüpertensioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüpertensioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αρτηριακή υπέρταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρτηριακή υπέρταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensi%C3%B3n_arterial" title="Hipertensión arterial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipertensión arterial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_sangopremo" title="Alta sangopremo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alta sangopremo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertentsio" title="Hipertentsio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipertentsio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="فشار خون بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشار خون بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension_art%C3%A9rielle" title="Hypertension artérielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypertension artérielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipirtheannas" title="Hipirtheannas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hipirtheannas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensi%C3%B3n_arterial" title="Hipertensión arterial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipertensión arterial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%98%88%EC%95%95" title="고혈압 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고혈압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawan_jini" title="Hawan jini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hawan jini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գերճնշում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերճնշում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="उच्च रक्तचाप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उच्च रक्तचाप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipertenzija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="উচ্চ রক্তচাপ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উচ্চ রক্তচাপ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_darah_tinggi" title="Tekanan darah tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tekanan darah tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%BEr%C3%BDstingur" title="Háþrýstingur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háþrýstingur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipertensione_arteriosa" title="Ipertensione arteriosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipertensione arteriosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A5_%D7%93%D7%9D" title="יתר לחץ דם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יתר לחץ דם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blegudreg" title="Blegudreg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Blegudreg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matas_a_Prisyun" title="Matas a Prisyun – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matas a Prisyun" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%95_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88" title="زیٛادٕ خوٗنُک دَباو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زیٛادٕ خوٗنُک دَباو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артериалдық гипертензия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артериалдық гипертензия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinikizo_la_juu_la_damu" title="Shinikizo la juu la damu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shinikizo la juu la damu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipertansyon_art%C3%A9ry%C3%A8l" title="Ipertansyon artéryèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ipertansyon artéryèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestoya_bilind_a_xw%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Pestoya bilind a xwînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pestoya bilind a xwînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%87" title="ຄວາມດັນເລືອດສູງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມດັນເລືອດສູງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensio_arterialis" title="Hypertensio arterialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypertensio arterialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteri%C4%81l%C4%81_hipertensija" title="Arteriālā hipertensija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arteriālā hipertensija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterin%C4%97_hipertenzija" title="Arterinė hipertenzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arterinė hipertenzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magas_v%C3%A9rnyom%C3%A1s" title="Magas vérnyomás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magas vérnyomás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хипертензија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипертензија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="രക്താതിമർദ്ദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്താതിമർദ്ദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="उच्च रक्तदाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उच्च रक्तदाब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="ارتفاع ضغط الدم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارتفاع ضغط الدم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah_tinggi" title="Darah tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darah tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="သွေးတိုးရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွေးတိုးရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensie" title="Hypertensie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypertensie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="ल्वय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्वय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%9C%A7" title="高血圧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高血圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yt_blodtrykk" title="Høyt blodtrykk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyt blodtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gt_blodtrykk" title="Høgt blodtrykk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgt blodtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA" title="ଉଚ୍ଚ ରକ୍ତଚାପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଚ୍ଚ ରକ୍ତଚାପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_gipertenziya" title="Arterial gipertenziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arterial gipertenziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%91%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%82%8F" title="သွီႏထင်ႏရောႏဂါႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သွီႏထင်ႏရောႏဂါႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%93_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="د وینې لوړ فشار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د وینې لوړ فشار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadci%C5%9Bnienie_t%C4%99tnicze" title="Nadciśnienie tętnicze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadciśnienie tętnicze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertens%C3%A3o_arterial" title="Hipertensão arterial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipertensão arterial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensiune_arterial%C4%83" title="Hipertensiune arterială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipertensiune arterială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llasaq_yawar" title="Llasaq yawar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llasaq yawar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артериальная гипертензия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артериальная гипертензия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru_dara" title="Paru dara – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Paru dara" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertensioni" title="Hipertensioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipertensioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අධිරුධිර පීඩනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධිරුධිර පීඩනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypertension" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteri%C3%A1lna_hypertenzia" title="Arteriálna hypertenzia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arteriálna hypertenzia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visok_krvni_tlak" title="Visok krvni tlak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Visok krvni tlak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiig_karka" title="Dhiig karka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhiig karka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="بەرزیی پەستانی خوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرزیی پەستانی خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хипертензија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипертензија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipertenzija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipert%C3%A9nsi" title="Hiperténsi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hiperténsi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohonnut_verenpaine" title="Kohonnut verenpaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohonnut verenpaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertoni" title="Hypertoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypertoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altapresyon" title="Altapresyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Altapresyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயர் இரத்த அழுத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயர் இரத்த அழுத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипертония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гипертония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ความดันโลหิตสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความดันโลหิตสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Бемории ғалаёни хун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бемории ғалаёни хун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_tansiyon" title="Yüksek tansiyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek tansiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmogyammoroso%C9%94" title="Mmogyammorosoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmogyammorosoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Артеріальна гіпертензія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артеріальна гіпертензія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="بلند فشار خون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلند فشار خون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezyazsang" title="Hezyazsang – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hezyazsang" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83ng_huy%E1%BA%BFt_%C3%A1p" title="Tăng huyết áp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tăng huyết áp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altapresyon" title="Altapresyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Altapresyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B" title="高血压 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高血压" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%ACs%C3%A0n_%E1%BA%B9%CC%80j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_r%C3%ADru" title="Àìsàn ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àìsàn ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" title="高血壓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高血壓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertansiyono_arteriyel" title="Hipertansiyono arteriyel – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hipertansiyono arteriyel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" title="高血壓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高血壓" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about arterial hypertension. For other forms of hypertension, see <a href="/wiki/Hypertension_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hypertension (disambiguation)">Hypertension (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hypertension</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Arterial hypertension, high blood pressure</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grade_1_hypertension.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Grade_1_hypertension.jpg/220px-Grade_1_hypertension.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Grade_1_hypertension.jpg/330px-Grade_1_hypertension.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Grade_1_hypertension.jpg/440px-Grade_1_hypertension.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Automated arm <a href="/wiki/Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">blood pressure meter</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</a> hypertension (shown by a <a href="/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Systolic blood pressure">systolic blood pressure</a> 158&#160;mmHg, <a href="/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic blood pressure">diastolic blood pressure</a> 99&#160;mmHg and <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> of 80 beats per minute)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_arterial_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral arterial disease">peripheral arterial disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">vision loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lack2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lack2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hernandorena2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandorena2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Usually lifestyle and genetic factors<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">Lack of sleep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">excess salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">excess body weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">alcohol</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Resting blood pressure in adults<br /> ≥&#160;130/80&#160;mmHg<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or ≥&#160;140/90&#160;mmHg<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifestyle changes, medications<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Tx_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Tx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">33% (all adults), 16% (diagnosed) <br /> (globally, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">10.4 million; 19% of deaths <br /> (globally, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_body_weight" title="Category:Human body weight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_body_weight" title="Human body weight">Human body weight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">Overweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">Body shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">Weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_weight_gain" title="Gestational weight gain">Gestational weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet (nutrition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_management" title="Weight management">Weight management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">Childhood obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_childhood_obesity" title="Epidemiology of childhood obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medical concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_obesity" title="Classification of obesity">Classification of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_paradox" title="Exercise paradox">Exercise paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_of_obesity" title="Genetics of obesity">Genetics of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome" title="Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome">Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolically_healthy_obesity" title="Metabolically healthy obesity">Metabolically healthy obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_paradox" title="Obesity paradox">Obesity paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_point_theory" title="Set point theory">Set point theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_adiposity_index" title="Body adiposity index">Body adiposity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_roundness_index" title="Body roundness index">Body roundness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_fat_percentage" title="Body fat percentage">Body fat percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_Shape_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Shape Index">Body Shape Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpulence_index" title="Corpulence index">Corpulence index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">Lean body mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_Fat_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative Fat Mass">Relative Fat Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">Waist–hip ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist-to-height_ratio" title="Waist-to-height ratio">Waist-to-height ratio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related conditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorexia">Anorexia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">Bulimia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Food addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RED-S" class="mw-redirect" title="RED-S">RED-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starvation_response" title="Starvation response">Starvation response</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PCOS">PCOS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity" title="Obesity-associated morbidity">Obesity-associated morbidity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver_disease" title="Fatty liver disease">Fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">GERD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">Heart disease</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_cancer" title="Obesity and cancer">Obesity and cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">Prediabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatrics" title="Bariatrics">Bariatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_deficit" title="Caloric deficit">Caloric deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">Liposuction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_medicine" title="Obesity medicine">Obesity medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_camp" title="Weight loss camp">Weight loss camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_coaching" title="Weight loss coaching">Weight loss coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo-yo effect">Yo-yo effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Social aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_food" title="Comfort food">Comfort food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fast_food" title="Criticism of fast food">Criticism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_at_Every_Size" title="Health at Every Size">Health at Every Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment" title="Obesity and the environment">Obesity and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_obesity" title="Social determinants of obesity">Social determinants of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Social stigma of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_cutting" title="Weight cutting">Weight cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_class" title="Weight class">Weight class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_body_weight" title="Template talk:Human body weight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hypertension</b>, also known as <b>high blood pressure</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">long-term</a> <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">medical condition</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> is persistently elevated.<sup id="cite_ref-Nai2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nai2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is, however, a major risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_arterial_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral arterial disease">peripheral arterial disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">vision loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lack2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lack2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hernandorena2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernandorena2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lau2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>High blood pressure is classified as <a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">primary (essential) hypertension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">secondary hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in the diet, <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">excess body weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_inactivity" title="Physical inactivity">physical inactivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">narrowing of the kidney arteries</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorder">endocrine disorder</a>, or the use of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pills" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pills">birth control pills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood pressure is classified by two measurements, the <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">systolic</a> (first number) and <a href="/wiki/Diastole#Diastolic_pressure" title="Diastole">diastolic</a> (second number) pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–140 <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter of mercury">millimeters mercury (mmHg)</a> systolic and 60–90 mmHg diastolic.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Different numbers apply to children.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_blood_pressure_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</a> over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure_measurement" title="Blood pressure measurement">blood pressure measurement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nai2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nai2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Tx_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Tx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lifestyle changes include <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">physical exercise</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">salt intake</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">alcohol intake</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood pressure medication">blood pressure medications</a> are used.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Tx_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Tx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Up to three medications taken concurrently can control blood pressure in 90% of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as &gt;160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80&#160;mmHg and 160/100&#160;mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and others finding unclear benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Diao2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diao2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> High blood pressure affects 33% of the population globally.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> About half of all people with high blood pressure do not know that they have it.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2019, high blood pressure was believed to have been a factor in 19% of all deaths (10.4 million globally).<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/290px-seek%3D136-En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="219" data-mwtitle="En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AEn.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Hypertension.webm&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video summary (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Hypertension" title="Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Hypertension">script</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypertension is rarely accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">symptoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2024_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Half of all people with hypertension are unaware that they have it.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is usually identified as part of health <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a> or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem. </p><p>Some people with high blood pressure report <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">fainting episodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These symptoms, however, might be related to associated <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a> rather than the high blood pressure itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Stress2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stress2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-standing untreated hypertension can cause organ damage with signs such as changes in the <a href="/wiki/Optic_fundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic fundus">optic fundus</a> seen by <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmoscopy" title="Ophthalmoscopy">ophthalmoscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The severity of <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_retinopathy" title="Hypertensive retinopathy">hypertensive retinopathy</a> correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other hypertension-caused organ damage include <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">thickening of the heart muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_hypertension">Secondary hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Secondary hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">Secondary hypertension</a></div> <p>Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an identifiable cause, and may result in certain specific additional signs and symptoms. For example, as well as causing high blood pressure, <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing&#39;s syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a> frequently causes <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">truncal obesity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose intolerance">glucose intolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_face" title="Moon face">moon face</a>, a hump of fat behind the neck and shoulders (referred to as a buffalo hump), and purple abdominal <a href="/wiki/Stretch_marks" title="Stretch marks">stretch marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a> frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exophthalmos" title="Exophthalmos">bulging eyes</a>, and tremor. <a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a> may be associated with a localized abdominal <a href="/wiki/Bruit" title="Bruit">bruit</a> to the left or right of the midline, or in both locations. <a href="/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta" title="Coarctation of the aorta">Coarctation of the aorta</a> frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms, or delayed or absent <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral arterial pulses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">Pheochromocytoma</a> may cause abrupt episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache, <a href="/wiki/Palpitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpitation">palpitations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pale appearance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">excessive sweating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertensive_crisis">Hypertensive crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Hypertensive crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_crisis" title="Hypertensive crisis">Hypertensive crisis</a></div> <p>Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 mmHg or diastolic of 120 mmHg) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_urgency" title="Hypertensive urgency">hypertensive urgency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">hypertensive emergency</a>, according to the absence or presence of end organ damage, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hypertensive urgency, there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure. In these cases, oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Marik2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marik2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perez_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-Marik2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marik2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage;<sup id="cite_ref-Marik2007_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marik2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> however, there is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a> evidence for this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational hypertension">Gestational hypertension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">Pre-eclampsia</a></div> <p>Hypertension occurs in approximately 8–10% of pregnancies.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mmHg are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension, <a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational hypertension">gestational hypertension</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">low birthweight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Puerperium" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperium">following delivery</a> characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">protein in the urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal deaths</a> globally.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of <a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">death of the baby around the time of birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often "flashing lights"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">swelling</a>. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called <a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">hypertensive emergency</a> and has several serious complications including <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">vision loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">brain swelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic-clonic seizures">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (a blood clotting disorder).<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlHypertension_and_Pregnancy:_eMedicine_Obstetrics_and_Gynecology_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHypertension_and_Pregnancy:_eMedicine_Obstetrics_and_Gynecology-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational hypertension">gestational hypertension</a> is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been significant findings on how exercising can help reduce the effects of hypertension just after one bout of exercise. Exercising can help reduce hypertension as well as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. </p><p>The acute physiological responses include an increase in cardiac output (CO) of the individual (increased heart rate and stroke volume). This increase in CO can inadvertently maintain the amount of blood going into the muscles, improving functionality of the muscle later. Exercising can also improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure making it easier for blood to pump to the body. Through regular bouts of physical activity, blood pressure can reduce the incidence of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerobic exercise has been shown to regulate blood pressure more effectively than resistance training. It is recommended to see the effects of exercising, that a person should aim for 5-7 days/ week of aerobic exercise. This type of exercise should have an intensity of light to moderate, utilizing ~85% of max heart rate (220-age). Aerobic has shown a decrease in SBP by 5-15mmHg, versus resistance training showing a decrease of only 3-5mmHg. Aerobic exercises such as jogging, rowing, dancing, or hiking can decrease SBP the greatest. The decrease in SBP can regulate the effect of hypertension ensuring the baby will not be harmed. Resistance training takes a toll on the cardiovascular system in untrained individuals, leading to a reluctance in prescription of resistance training for hypertensive reduction purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lack of energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">difficulty in breathing</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlHypertension:_eMedicine_Pediatrics:_Cardiac_Disease_and_Critical_Care_Medicine_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHypertension:_eMedicine_Pediatrics:_Cardiac_Disease_and_Critical_Care_Medicine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, failure to thrive, <a href="/wiki/Blurred_vision" title="Blurred vision">blurred vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistaxis">nosebleeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_palsy" title="Bell&#39;s palsy">facial paralysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlHypertension:_eMedicine_Pediatrics:_Cardiac_Disease_and_Critical_Care_Medicine_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHypertension:_eMedicine_Pediatrics:_Cardiac_Disease_and_Critical_Care_Medicine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dionne_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_hypertension">Primary hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Primary hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">Essential hypertension</a></div> <p>Primary (also termed essential) hypertension results from a complex interaction of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> and environmental factors. More than 2000 common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified in association with high blood pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> at multiple nearby <a href="/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG sites</a> may link some sequence variation to blood pressure, possibly via effects on vascular or renal function.<sup id="cite_ref-Nor2016_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nor2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood pressure rises with <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> in societies with a <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">western diet</a> and lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is substantial in most such societies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several environmental or lifestyle factors influence blood pressure. Reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as does weight loss,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> exercise training,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> vegetarian diets,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> increased dietary potassium intake<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and high dietary calcium supplementation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Increasing alcohol intake is associated with higher blood pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the possible roles of other factors such as caffeine consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">vitamin D deficiency</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> are less clear. Average blood pressure is higher in the winter than in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> is associated with hypertension<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a> is also a risk factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cacioppo,_J_2010_p218-227-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">Periodontal disease</a> is also associated with high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> exposure through drinking water is associated with elevated blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is associated with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Whether these associations are causal is unknown. <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gout</a> and elevated blood <a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">uric acid</a> are associated with hypertension<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and evidence from genetic (<a href="/wiki/Mendelian_randomization" title="Mendelian randomization">Mendelian Randomization)</a> studies and clinical trials indicate this relationship is likely to be causal.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">Insulin resistance</a>, which is common in obesity and is a component of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">syndrome X</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>), can cause hyperuricemia and gout<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is also associated with elevated blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events in early life, such as <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">maternal smoking</a>, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension, although strength of the relationships is weak and the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawlor_2005_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawlor_2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_hypertension_2">Secondary hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Secondary hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">Secondary hypertension</a></div> <p>Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing&#39;s syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conn%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Conn&#39;s syndrome">Conn's syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperaldosteronism" title="Hyperaldosteronism">hyperaldosteronism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">renal artery stenosis</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia" title="Fibromuscular dysplasia">fibromuscular dysplasia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hyperparathyroidism" title="Hyperparathyroidism">hyperparathyroidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">pheochromocytoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other causes of secondary hypertension include <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta" title="Coarctation of the aorta">coarctation of the aorta</a>, excessive eating of <a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">liquorice</a>, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 review found that any alcohol increased blood pressure in males while over one or two drinks increased the risk in females.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_hypertension" title="Pathophysiology of hypertension">Pathophysiology of hypertension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mean_arterial_pressure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mean_arterial_pressure.png/310px-Mean_arterial_pressure.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mean_arterial_pressure.png/465px-Mean_arterial_pressure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mean_arterial_pressure.png/620px-Mean_arterial_pressure.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Determinants of mean arterial pressure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png/310px-Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png/465px-Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png/620px-Blausen_0486_HighBloodPressure_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting the effects of high blood pressure</figcaption></figure> <p>In most people with established <a href="/wiki/Essential_(primary)_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential (primary) hypertension">essential hypertension</a>, increased resistance to blood flow (<a href="/wiki/Total_peripheral_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Total peripheral resistance">total peripheral resistance</a>) accounts for the high pressure while <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> remains normal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is evidence that some younger people with <a href="/wiki/Prehypertension" title="Prehypertension">prehypertension</a> or 'borderline hypertension' have high cardiac output, an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance, termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-Palatini_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palatini-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These individuals may develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Palatini_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palatini-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear whether or not <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">venous compliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which may increase <a href="/wiki/Venous_return" title="Venous return">venous return</a>, increase cardiac <a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">preload</a> and, ultimately, cause <a href="/wiki/Diastolic_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic dysfunction">diastolic dysfunction</a>. For patients having hypertension, higher <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a> (HRV) is a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35260686_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35260686-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">Pulse pressure</a> (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low, a condition termed <a href="/wiki/Isolated_systolic_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolated systolic hypertension">isolated systolic hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased <a href="/wiki/Arterial_stiffness" title="Arterial stiffness">arterial stiffness</a>, which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension. Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys' salt and water handling (particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or abnormalities of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension. It has also been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction" title="Endothelial dysfunction">endothelial dysfunction</a> and vascular <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">Interleukin 17</a> has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">immune system chemical signals</a> thought to be involved in hypertension such as <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">interleukin 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin 6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">interleukin 8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gooch2014_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gooch2014-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excessive <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> or insufficient <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> in the diet leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Non-modulating essential hypertension is a form of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>-sensitive hypertension, where <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> intake does not modulate either <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">renal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular system">vascular</a> responses to <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II">angiotensin II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They make up 25% of the hypertensive population.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure measurements on at least two separate occasions is required for a diagnosis of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_technique">Measurement technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Measurement technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, it is essential for proper <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure_measurement" title="Blood pressure measurement">blood pressure measurement</a> technique to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mmHg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The person should be seated with their back supported, feet flat on the floor, and with their legs uncrossed.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The person whose blood pressure is being measured should avoid talking or moving during this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Blood pressure measurement should be done in a quiet room so the medical professional checking the blood pressure can hear the <a href="/wiki/Korotkoff_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Korotkoff sound">Korotkoff sounds</a> while listening to the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial artery</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a> for accurate blood pressure measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vischer2017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vischer2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The blood pressure cuff should be deflated slowly (2–3 mmHg per second) while listening for the Korotkoff sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Vischer2017_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vischer2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a> should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-Viera2017_91-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viera2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1–2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Vischer2017_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vischer2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> function.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE127_full_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE127_full-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the availability of 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_blood_pressure" title="Ambulatory blood pressure">ambulatory blood pressure</a> monitors and <a href="/wiki/Bloodpressure#Home_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodpressure">home blood pressure</a> machines, the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have <a href="/wiki/White_coat_hypertension" title="White coat hypertension">white coat hypertension</a> has led to a change in protocols. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE127_full_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE127_full-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pseudohypertension_in_the_elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudohypertension in the elderly">Pseudohypertension in the elderly</a> or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration. This condition is believed to be due to <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypertension" title="Orthostatic hypertension">Orthostatic hypertension</a> is when blood pressure increases upon standing.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_investigations">Other investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Other investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Laboratory_tests"></span> Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, further testing may be performed to find <a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">secondary hypertension</a>, identify comorbidities such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, identify hypertension-caused organ damage such as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">thickening of the heart muscle</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> risk stratification.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>. Primary or <a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">essential hypertension</a> is more common in adolescents and adults and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16719248_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16719248-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial assessment upon diagnosis of hypertension should include a complete <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> suggests the following initial tests: <a href="/wiki/Serum_electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum electrolytes">serum electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_creatinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum creatinine">serum creatinine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid panel">lipid panel</a>, <a href="/wiki/HbA1c" class="mw-redirect" title="HbA1c">HbA1c</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fasting_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting glucose">fasting glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine_dipstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine dipstick">urine dipstick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG).<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">anti-hypertensive drugs</a> on kidney function. Testing of <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">urine samples for protein</a> is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Lipid panel and glucose tests are done to identify comorbidities such as diabetes and <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a> and for cardiovascular risk stratification. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure, such as <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">thickening of the heart muscle</a> or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_in_adults">Classification in adults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Classification in adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-ESC2024_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESC2024-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the patient measures their own blood pressure at home), and <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_blood_pressure" title="Ambulatory blood pressure">ambulatory blood pressure</a> (using an automated device over a 24-hour period).<sup id="cite_ref-ESC2024_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESC2024-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Blood pressure classifications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Categories </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Systolic blood pressure">Systolic blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">and/or </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic blood pressure">Diastolic blood pressure</a>, mmHg </th></tr> <tr> <th>Method </th> <th>Office </th> <th>Home </th> <th>24h <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_blood_pressure" title="Ambulatory blood pressure">ambulatory</a> </th> <th>Office </th> <th>Home </th> <th>24h ambulatory </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology" title="American College of Cardiology">American College of Cardiology</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Whelton2022_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whelton2022-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Normal </td> <td>&lt;120 </td> <td>&lt;120 </td> <td>&lt;115 </td> <td>and </td> <td>&lt;80 </td> <td>&lt;80 </td> <td>&lt;75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elevated </td> <td>120–129 </td> <td>120–129 </td> <td>115–124 </td> <td>and </td> <td>&lt;80 </td> <td>&lt;80 </td> <td>&lt;75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension, stage 1 </td> <td>130–139 </td> <td>130–134 </td> <td>125–129 </td> <td>or </td> <td>80–89 </td> <td>80–84 </td> <td>75–79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension, stage 2 </td> <td>≥140 </td> <td>≥135 </td> <td>≥130 </td> <td>or </td> <td>≥90 </td> <td>≥85 </td> <td>≥80 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology" title="European Society of Cardiology">European Society of Cardiology</a> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-ESC2024_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESC2024-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non-elevated </td> <td>&lt;120 </td> <td>&lt;120 </td> <td>&lt;115 </td> <td>and </td> <td>&lt;70 </td> <td>&lt;70 </td> <td>&lt;65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elevated </td> <td>120–139 </td> <td>120–135 </td> <td>115–129 </td> <td>and </td> <td>70–89 </td> <td>70–85 </td> <td>65–79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension </td> <td>≥140 </td> <td>≥135 </td> <td>≥130 </td> <td>or </td> <td>≥90 </td> <td>≥85 </td> <td>≥80 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Society_of_Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="European Society of Hypertension (page does not exist)">European Society of Hypertension</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_of_Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society of Hypertension (page does not exist)">International Society of Hypertension</a> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Optimal </td> <td>&lt;120 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>and </td> <td>&lt;80 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Normal </td> <td>120–129 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>and/or </td> <td>80–84 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>High normal </td> <td>130–139 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>and/or </td> <td>85–89 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension, grade 1 </td> <td>140–159 </td> <td>≥135 </td> <td>≥130 </td> <td>and/or </td> <td>90–99 </td> <td>≥85 </td> <td>≥80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension, grade 2 </td> <td>160–179 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>and/or </td> <td>100–109 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension, grade 3 </td> <td>≥180 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>and/or </td> <td>≥110 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_2">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns.<sup id="cite_ref-Dionne_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a>, postconceptional age and <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">birth weight</a> needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.<sup id="cite_ref-Dionne_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long-term risks of ill-health.<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension is diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive.<sup id="cite_ref-BHSIV_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHSIV-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">population strategies</a> are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications. Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure. </p><p>Recommended lifestyle changes for the prevention of hypertension include: </p> <ul><li>maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> below 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">reduce dietary sodium intake</a> to &lt;100 mmol/day (&lt;6 g of salt (sodium chloride) or &lt;2.4 g of sodium per day)<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>engage in regular aerobic physical activity with moderate intensity (minimum 150 minutes per week)<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>limit alcohol consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> max 1 drink for women and 2 for men per day<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>consume a diet rich in whole grains, fruit and vegetables,<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a><sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">not smoking</a><sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>stress reduction and management,<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e.g. by meditation and yoga<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results.<sup id="cite_ref-BHSIV_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHSIV-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is considerable evidence that <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure</a>, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Salt2016_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salt2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Estimated sodium intake ≥6 g/day and &lt;3 g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary sodium intake below 3 g/day has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Salt2016_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salt2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ESC guidelines mention <a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">periodontitis</a> is associated with poor cardiovascular health status.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The value of routine screening for hypertension is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2004, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> made a similar recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians" title="American Academy of Family Physicians">American Academy of Family Physicians</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> supports the view of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a> that the available evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyer2013_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyer2013-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening adults 18 years or older for hypertension with office blood pressure measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_hypertension" title="Management of hypertension">Management of hypertension</a></div> <p>According to one review published in 2003, reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_blood_pressure">Target blood pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Target blood pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_international_blood_pressure_guidelines" title="Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines">Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines</a></div> <p>Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension. These groups recommend a target below the range 140–160 / 90–100 mmHg for the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daskalopoulou_2015_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daskalopoulou_2015-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NICE_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> reviews recommend similar targets for subgroups such as people with diabetes<sup id="cite_ref-Arg2013_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arg2013-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and people with prior cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Additionally, Cochrane reviews have found that for older individuals with moderate to high cardiovascular risk, the benefits of trying to achieve a lower than standard blood pressure target (at or below 140/90 mmHg) are outweighed by the risk associated with the intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguedas_2020_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguedas_2020-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These findings may not be applicable to other populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguedas_2020_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguedas_2020-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150/90 mmHg for those over somewhere between 60 and 80 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Daskalopoulou_2015_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daskalopoulou_2015-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NICE_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACP2017_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACP2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The JNC 8 and <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> recommend the target of 150/90 mmHg for those over 60 years of age,<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACP2017_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACP2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but some experts within these groups disagree with this recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a><sup id="cite_ref-ADA2018_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADA2018-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KDIGO2022_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDIGO2022-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but others recommend the same target as for the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arg2013_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arg2013-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The issue of what is the best target and whether targets should differ for high risk individuals is unresolved,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although some experts propose more intensive blood pressure lowering than advocated in some guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For people who have never experienced cardiovascular disease who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of less than 10%, the 2017 American Heart Association guidelines recommend medications if the systolic blood pressure is &gt;140 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is &gt;90 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For people who have experienced cardiovascular disease or those who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of greater than 10%, it recommends medications if the systolic blood pressure is &gt;130 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is &gt;80 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_modifications">Lifestyle modifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Lifestyle modifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical activity, and weight loss. Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories,<sup id="cite_ref-Go2013_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> systematic review found no evidence (due to lack of data) for effects of weight loss diets on death, long-term complications or adverse events in persons with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-Semlitsch_2021_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semlitsch_2021-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The review did find a decrease in body weight and blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Semlitsch_2021_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semlitsch_2021-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication.<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication. </p><p>Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium,<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane2013_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2013-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a> (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension),<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which was the best against 11 other diet in an umbrella review,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and plant-based diets.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33281520_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33281520-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2024 clinical guideline recommended an increase <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> intake,<sup id="cite_ref-&#80;MID37712135_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID37712135-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with a minimum of 28g/day for women and 38g/day for men diagnosed with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-&#80;MID38586958_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID38586958-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Potassium#Nutrition" title="Potassium">dietary potassium</a> has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under-consumed in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, people who take certain antihypertensive medications (such as ACE-inhibitors or ARBs) should not take potassium supplements or potassium-enriched salts due to the risk of high levels of potassium.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include <a href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise" title="Isometric exercise">isometric resistance exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance exercise">resistance exercise</a>, and device-guided breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook2013_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook2013-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stress reduction techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental meditation">transcendental meditation</a> may be considered as an add-on to other treatments to reduce hypertension, but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook2013_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook2013-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NageleJeitler2014_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NageleJeitler2014-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Self-monitoring and appointment reminders might support the use of other strategies to improve blood pressure control, but need further evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several classes of medications, collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">antihypertensive medications</a>, are available for treating hypertension. </p><p>First-line medications for hypertension include <a href="/wiki/Thiazide" title="Thiazide">thiazide-diuretics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor">angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</a> (ACE inhibitors), and <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker" title="Angiotensin II receptor blocker">angiotensin receptor blockers</a> (ARBs).<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These medications may be used alone or in combination (ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not recommended for use together); the latter option may serve to minimize counter-regulatory mechanisms that act to restore blood pressure values to pre-treatment levels,<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although the evidence for first-line combination therapy is not strong enough.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most people require more than one medication to control their hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-Go2013_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Medications for blood pressure control should be implemented by a stepped care approach when target levels are not reached.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Withdrawal of such medications in the elderly can be considered by healthcare professionals, because there is no strong evidence of an effect on mortality, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, <a href="/wiki/Beta-blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blockers">beta-blockers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a> were thought to have similar beneficial effects when used as first-line therapy for hypertension. However, a Cochrane review that included 13 trials found that the effects of beta-blockers are inferior to that of other antihypertensive medications in preventing cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prescription of antihypertensive medication for children with hypertension has limited evidence. There is limited evidence which compare it with placebo and shows modest effect to blood pressure in short term. Administration of higher dose did not make the reduction of blood pressure greater.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistant_hypertension">Resistant hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Resistant hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resistant hypertension is defined as high blood pressure that remains above a target level, in spite of being prescribed three or more antihypertensive drugs simultaneously with different <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanisms of action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid38372970_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid38372970-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adherence_(medicine)" title="Adherence (medicine)">Failing to take prescribed medications as directed</a> is an important cause of resistant hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some common secondary causes of resistant hypertension include <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_aldosteronism" title="Primary aldosteronism">primary aldosteronism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">renal artery stenosis</a>, and some rare secondary causes are <a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">pheochromocytoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta" title="Coarctation of the aorta">coarctation of the aorta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As many as one in five people with resistant hypertension have primary aldosteronism, which is a treatable and sometimes curable condition.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Resistant hypertension may also result from chronically high activity of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, an effect known as neurogenic hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Electrical therapies that stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">baroreflex</a> are being studied as an option for lowering blood pressure in people in this situation.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Refractory_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory hypertension">Refractory hypertension</a> is described by one source as elevated <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> unmitigated by five or more concurrent antihypertensive agents of different classes.<sup id="cite_ref-acel_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acel-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> People with refractory hypertension typically have increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and are at high risk for more severe cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-acel_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acel-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png/330px-Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png/495px-Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png/660px-Hypertension_World_Map_Men_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Rates of hypertension in adult men in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/495px-Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/660px-Hypertensive_heart_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">hypertensive heart disease</a> per 100,000&#160;inhabitants in 2004:<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_2009_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_2009-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;&lt;110</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;110–220</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;220–330</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;330–440</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;440–550</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;550–660</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;660–770</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;770–880</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;880–990</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;990–1100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;1100–1600</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;&gt;1600</div> &#32; </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adults">Adults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, one in three or 33% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> were estimated to have hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Of all people with hypertension, about 46% do not have a diagnosis of hypertension and are unaware that they have the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHOreport2023_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOreport2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1975, almost 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, a number which increased to 1.13 billion by 2015 mostly due to risk factors for hypertension increasing in low- and middle-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men.<sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension,<sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-ESH2023_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESH2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension becomes more common with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2015_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2023_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lack2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lack2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is more common in people of low <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is around twice as common in <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes).<sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-NCD2021_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCD2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 it was estimated that 24% of the United States population had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7875754_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7875754-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By 2004 this had increased to 29%<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7607734_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7607734-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17608879_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17608879-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2017, with the American guidelines' change in definition for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2017_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2010_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2010-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_3">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19421783_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19421783-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-aafp_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafp-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_hypertension" title="Complications of hypertension">Complications of hypertension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg/310px-Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg/465px-Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg/620px-Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating the main complications of persistent high blood pressure</figcaption></figure> <p>Hypertension is the most important <a href="/wiki/List_of_preventable_causes_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of preventable causes of death">preventable risk factor for premature death</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12493255_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12493255-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vascular disease">peripheral vascular disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18375152_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18375152-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysms</a>, diffuse <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hypertension is also a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other complications include <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_retinopathy" title="Hypertensive retinopathy">hypertensive retinopathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">hypertensive nephropathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC7_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hypertension" title="History of hypertension">History of hypertension</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Harvey_(1578-1657)_Venenbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/220px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/330px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg/440px-William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Image of veins from Harvey's <i>Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book "<i>De motu cordis</i>". The English clergyman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kotchen2011_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotchen2011-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based <a href="/wiki/Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Riva-Rocci" title="Scipione Riva-Rocci">Scipione Riva-Rocci</a> in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Korotkoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Korotkoff">Nikolai Korotkoff</a> improved the technique by describing the <a href="/wiki/Korotkoff_sounds" title="Korotkoff sounds">Korotkoff sounds</a> that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotchen2011_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotchen2011-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval Persian medical texts in the chapter of "fullness disease".<sup id="cite_ref-The_medieval_origins_of_the_concept_of_hypertension_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_medieval_origins_of_the_concept_of_hypertension-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The symptoms include headache, heaviness in the head, sluggish movements, general redness and warm to touch feel of the body, prominent, distended and tense vessels, fullness of the pulse, distension of the skin, coloured and dense urine, loss of appetite, weak eyesight, impairment of thinking, yawning, drowsiness, vascular rupture, and hemorrhagic stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25310615_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25310615-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels. </p><p>Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> in 1808 and especially <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bright_(physician)" title="Richard Bright (physician)">Richard Bright</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Akbar_Mahomed" title="Frederick Akbar Mahomed">Frederick Akbar Mahomed</a> (1849–1884).<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1990s, systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or greater.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1993, the WHO/ISH guidelines defined 140 mmHg as the threshold for hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically the treatment for what was called the "hard pulse disease" consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> or the application of <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was advocated by The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> of China, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Cornelius Celsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>). </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the <a href="/wiki/Rice_diet" title="Rice diet">rice diet</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Sympathectomy" title="Sympathectomy">sympathectomy</a> (surgical ablation of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dustan_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dustan-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first chemical for hypertension, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">sodium thiocyanate</a>, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several other agents were developed after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_chloride" title="Tetramethylammonium chloride">tetramethylammonium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">hexamethonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydralazine" title="Hydralazine">hydralazine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a> (derived from the medicinal plant <i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia_serpentina" title="Rauvolfia serpentina">Rauvolfia serpentina</a></i>). None of these were well tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was <a href="/wiki/Chlorothiazide" title="Chlorothiazide">chlorothiazide</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Thiazide" title="Thiazide">thiazide</a> <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> and developed from the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Sulfanilamide" title="Sulfanilamide">sulfanilamide</a>, which became available in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1744849_170-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1744849-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme">angiotensin converting enzyme</a> (ACE) inhibitors, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor blockers">angiotensin receptor blockers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Renin inhibitors">renin inhibitors</a> were developed as antihypertensive agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Dustan_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dustan-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awareness">Awareness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Awareness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTNstudyupd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HTNstudyupd.png/310px-HTNstudyupd.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HTNstudyupd.png/465px-HTNstudyupd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HTNstudyupd.png/620px-HTNstudyupd.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension compared between the four studies of <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">NHANES</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7607734_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7607734-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has identified hypertension (high blood pressure) as the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17534457_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17534457-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Hypertension_League" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Hypertension League">The World Hypertension League</a> (WHL), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17534457_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17534457-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated 17 May of each year as <a href="/wiki/World_Hypertension_Day" title="World Hypertension Day">World Hypertension Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18548140_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18548140-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in US. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2010_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2010-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it.<sup id="cite_ref-AHA2010_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHA2010-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19124418_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19124418-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Health_care_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care providers">Health care providers</a> face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible, and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economic_Impact_of_Hypertension_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Impact_of_Hypertension-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18345711_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18345711-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypertension in cats is indicated with a systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg, with <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">amlodipine</a> the usual first-line treatment. A cat with a systolic blood pressure above 170 mmHg is considered hypertensive. If a cat has other problems such as any kidney disease or retina detachment then a blood pressure below 160 mmHg may also need to be monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normal blood pressure in dogs can differ substantially between breeds but hypertension is often diagnosed if systolic blood pressure is above 160 mmHg particularly if this is associated with target organ damage.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers are often used to treat hypertension in dogs, although other drugs may be indicated for specific conditions causing high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_international_blood_pressure_guidelines" title="Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines">Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_ultra-processed_foods" title="Health effects of ultra-processed foods">Health effects of ultra-processed foods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CDC2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2024_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAciernoBrownColemanJepson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271319">"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats"</a>. <i>Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 1803–1822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjvim.15331">10.1111/jvim.15331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=ACVIM+consensus+statement%3A+Guidelines+for+the+identification%2C+evaluation%2C+and+management+of+systemic+hypertension+in+dogs+and+cats&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1803-1822&amp;rft.date=2018-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6271319%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30353952&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjvim.15331&amp;rft.aulast=Acierno&amp;rft.aufirst=MJ&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Coleman%2C+AE&amp;rft.au=Jepson%2C+RE&amp;rft.au=Papich%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Stepien%2C+RL&amp;rft.au=Syme%2C+HM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6271319&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>2024 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="European Society of Cardiology">ESC</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoyMcCarthyBrunoBrouwers2024" class="citation journal cs1">McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, et&#160;al. (30 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehae178">"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)"</a>. <i>European Heart Journal</i>. <b>45</b> (38): 3912–4018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehae178">10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-668X">0195-668X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39210715">39210715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=2024+ESC+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+elevated+blood+pressure+and+hypertension%3A+Developed+by+the+task+force+on+the+management+of+elevated+blood+pressure+and+hypertension+of+the+European+Society+of+Cardiology+%28ESC%29+and+endorsed+by+the+European+Society+of+Endocrinology+%28ESE%29+and+the+European+Stroke+Organisation+%28ESO%29&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=38&amp;rft.pages=3912-4018&amp;rft.date=2024-08-30&amp;rft.issn=0195-668X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39210715&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehae178&amp;rft.aulast=McEvoy&amp;rft.aufirst=John+William&amp;rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Cian+P&amp;rft.au=Bruno%2C+Rosa+Maria&amp;rft.au=Brouwers%2C+Sofie&amp;rft.au=Canavan%2C+Michelle+D&amp;rft.au=Ceconi%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Christodorescu%2C+Ruxandra+Maria&amp;rft.au=Daskalopoulou%2C+Stella+S&amp;rft.au=Ferro%2C+Charles+J&amp;rft.au=Gerdts%2C+Eva&amp;rft.au=Hanssen%2C+Henner&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C+Julie&amp;rft.au=Lauder%2C+Lucas&amp;rft.au=McManus%2C+Richard+J&amp;rft.au=Molloy%2C+Gerard+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Feurheartj%252Fehae178&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>2023 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="European Society of Hypertension">ESH</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManciaKreutzBrunströmBurnier2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, et&#160;al. (1 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FHJH.0000000000003480">"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)"</a>. <i>Journal of Hypertension</i>. <b>41</b> (12): 1874–2071. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FHJH.0000000000003480">10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11379%2F603005">11379/603005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-5598">1473-5598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37345492">37345492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hypertension&amp;rft.atitle=2023+ESH+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+arterial+hypertension+The+Task+Force+for+the+management+of+arterial+hypertension+of+the+European+Society+of+Hypertension%3A+Endorsed+by+the+International+Society+of+Hypertension+%28ISH%29+and+the+European+Renal+Association+%28ERA%29&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1874-2071&amp;rft.date=2023-12-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11379%2F603005&amp;rft.issn=1473-5598&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37345492&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FHJH.0000000000003480&amp;rft.aulast=Mancia&amp;rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&amp;rft.au=Kreutz%2C+Reinhold&amp;rft.au=Brunstr%C3%B6m%2C+Mattias&amp;rft.au=Burnier%2C+Michel&amp;rft.au=Grassi%2C+Guido&amp;rft.au=Januszewicz%2C+Andrzej&amp;rft.au=Muiesan%2C+Maria+Lorenza&amp;rft.au=Tsioufis%2C+Konstantinos&amp;rft.au=Agabiti-Rosei%2C+Enrico&amp;rft.au=Algharably%2C+Engi+Abd+Elhady&amp;rft.au=Azizi%2C+Michel&amp;rft.au=Benetos%2C+Athanase&amp;rft.au=Borghi%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Hitij%2C+Jana+Brguljan&amp;rft.au=Cifkova%2C+Renata&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FHJH.0000000000003480&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>2022 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American Academy of Family Physicians">AAFP</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColesFisherLinLyon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Coles S, Fisher L, Lin KW, Lyon C, Vosooney AA, Bird MD (December 2022). "Blood Pressure Targets in Adults With Hypertension: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the AAFP". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>106</b> (6): Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-0650">1532-0650</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36521481">36521481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&amp;rft.atitle=Blood+Pressure+Targets+in+Adults+With+Hypertension%3A+A+Clinical+Practice+Guideline+From+the+AAFP&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=Online&amp;rft.date=2022-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36521481&amp;rft.issn=1532-0650&amp;rft.aulast=Coles&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+Lynn&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C+Kenneth+W.&amp;rft.au=Lyon%2C+Corey&amp;rft.au=Vosooney%2C+Alexis+A.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Melanie+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/journals/afp/AAFPHypertensionGuideline.pdf">Key recommendations</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>2019 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence">NICE</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG136">"Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management"</a>. <i>National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)</i>. 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Institute+for+Health+and+Clinical+Excellence+%28NICE%29&amp;rft.atitle=Hypertension+in+adults%3A+diagnosis+and+management&amp;rft.date=2019-08-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nice.org.uk%2Fguidance%2FNG136&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American College of Cardiology">ACC</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American Heart Association">AHA</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheltonCareyAronowCasey2018" class="citation journal cs1">Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, et&#160;al. (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2017.11.006">"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults"</a>. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. <b>71</b> (19): e127–e248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2017.11.006">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146535">29146535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&amp;rft.atitle=2017+ACC%2FAHA%2FAAPA%2FABC%2FACPM%2FAGS%2FAPhA%2FASH%2FASPC%2FNMA%2FPCNA+Guideline+for+the+Prevention%2C+Detection%2C+Evaluation%2C+and+Management+of+High+Blood+Pressure+in+Adults&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=e127-e248&amp;rft.date=2018-05-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2017.11.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29146535&amp;rft.aulast=Whelton&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&amp;rft.au=Carey%2C+Robert+M.&amp;rft.au=Aronow%2C+Wilbert+S.&amp;rft.au=Casey%2C+Donald+E.&amp;rft.au=Collins%2C+Karen+J.&amp;rft.au=Dennison+Himmelfarb%2C+Cheryl&amp;rft.au=DePalma%2C+Sondra+M.&amp;rft.au=Gidding%2C+Samuel&amp;rft.au=Jamerson%2C+Kenneth+A.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Daniel+W.&amp;rft.au=MacLaughlin%2C+Eric+J.&amp;rft.au=Muntner%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Ovbiagele%2C+Bruce&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Sidney+C.&amp;rft.au=Spencer%2C+Crystal+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jacc.2017.11.006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Joint National Committee">JNC 8</span> guideline: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesOparilCarterCushman2014" class="citation journal cs1">James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et&#160;al. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427">"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>311</b> (5): 507–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427">10.1001/jama.2013.284427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24352797">24352797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=JAMA&amp;rft.atitle=2014+evidence-based+guideline+for+the+management+of+high+blood+pressure+in+adults%3A+report+from+the+panel+members+appointed+to+the+Eighth+Joint+National+Committee+%28JNC+8%29&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=507-20&amp;rft.date=2014-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2013.284427&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24352797&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=PA&amp;rft.au=Oparil%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Carter%2C+BL&amp;rft.au=Cushman%2C+WC&amp;rft.au=Dennison-Himmelfarb%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Handler%2C+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.284427&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypertension" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41861" class="extiw" title="d:Q41861">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#761947693">BA00</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/I10">I10</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=401">401</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/145500">145500</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006973">D006973</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6330.htm">6330</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000468.htm">000468</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1106-overview">med/1106</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1097.htm#">ped/1097</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic267.htm#">emerg/267</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension">Hypertension</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vascular_diseases" title="Template talk:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(vessels)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> (vessels)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteritis" title="Arteritis">Arteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortitis" title="Aortitis">Aortitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboangiitis_obliterans" title="Thromboangiitis obliterans">Buerger's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foam_cell" title="Foam cell">Foam cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_streak" title="Fatty streak">Fatty streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">Atheroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycholesterol" title="Oxycholesterol">Oxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monckeberg%27s_arteriosclerosis" title="Monckeberg&#39;s arteriosclerosis">Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaline_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaline arteriolosclerosis">Hyaline arteriolosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_arteriolosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis">Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">Stenosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortoiliac_occlusive_disease" title="Aortoiliac occlusive disease">Aortoiliac occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_limb_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical limb ischemia">Critical limb ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degos_disease" title="Degos disease">Degos disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">Erythromelalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia" title="Fibromuscular dysplasia">Fibromuscular dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery_thrombosis" title="Hepatic artery thrombosis">Hepatic artery thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_claudication" title="Intermittent claudication">Intermittent claudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud&#39;s phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">Aneurysm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissection_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissection (medical)">dissection</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoaneurysm" title="Pseudoaneurysm">pseudoaneurysm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>torso</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm" title="Thoracic aortic aneurysm">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm_of_sinus_of_Valsalva" title="Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva">Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">Aortic dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_rupture" title="Aortic rupture">Aortic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li> <li><i>head / neck</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm" title="Intracranial aneurysm">Intracranial aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_berry_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracranial berry aneurysm">Intracranial berry aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_dissection" title="Carotid artery dissection">Carotid artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery_dissection" title="Vertebral artery dissection">Vertebral artery dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_aortic_dissection" title="Familial aortic dissection">Familial aortic dissection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_malformation" title="Vascular malformation">Vascular malformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">Arteriovenous fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">Arteriovenous malformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">Telangiectasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_essential_telangiectasia" title="Generalized essential telangiectasia">Generalized essential telangiectasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevus#Vascular_nevus" title="Nevus">Vascular nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_hemangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry hemangioma">Cherry hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_nevus" title="Halo nevus">Halo nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_angioma" title="Spider angioma">Spider angioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">Phlebitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">Venous thrombosis</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">Thrombophlebitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primarily lower limb</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>abdomen</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome" title="May–Thurner syndrome">May–Thurner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_vein_thrombosis" title="Portal vein thrombosis">Portal vein thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein_thrombosis" title="Renal vein thrombosis">Renal vein thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper limb / torso</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondor%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondor&#39;s disease">Mondor's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%E2%80%93Schroetter_disease" title="Paget–Schroetter disease">Paget–Schroetter disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>head</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis">Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-thrombotic_syndrome" title="Post-thrombotic syndrome">Post-thrombotic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">Varicose veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_varices" title="Gastric varices">Gastric varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portacaval_anastomosis" title="Portacaval anastomosis">Portacaval anastomosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caput_medusae" title="Caput medusae">Caput medusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">Esophageal varices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency" title="Chronic venous insufficiency">Chronic venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_cerebrospinal_venous_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency">Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Superior vena cava syndrome">Superior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava_syndrome" title="Inferior vena cava syndrome">Inferior vena cava syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">Venous ulcer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arteries or veins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiopathy" title="Angiopathy">Angiopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macroangiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroangiopathy">Macroangiopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathy" title="Microangiopathy">Microangiopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_embolism" title="Cholesterol embolism">Cholesterol embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_embolism" title="Paradoxical embolism">Paradoxical embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hypertension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">Hypertensive heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">Hypertensive emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">Hypertensive nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">Essential hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypertension" title="Secondary hypertension">Secondary hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">Renovascular hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_hypertension" title="Benign hypertension">Benign hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_hypertension" title="Systolic hypertension">Systolic hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat_hypertension" title="White coat hypertension">White coat hypertension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">Orthostatic hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">Shock (circulatory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41861#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85063723">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hypertension artérielle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958224c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hypertension artérielle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958224c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566266">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arteriální hypertenze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph166227&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000004280&amp;local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007536181305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐5cxzh Cached time: 20241122140615 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.567 seconds Real time usage: 2.779 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15564/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 614701/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7538/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 858709/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.635/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20060939/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 360 ms 22.2% 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