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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Goddess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scribes_and_scribal_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scribes_and_scribal_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scribes and scribal school</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scribes_and_scribal_school-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scribes and scribal school subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scribes_and_scribal_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Scribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scribal_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scribal_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Scribal schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scribal_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_rhetorical_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_rhetorical_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>As rhetorical concept</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_rhetorical_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As rhetorical concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_rhetorical_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_ancient_Egyptian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_Egyptian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In ancient Egyptian texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_Egyptian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Performance in ancient Egyptian letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persuasion_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persuasion_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Persuasion in ancient Egyptian letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persuasion_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Afterlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afterlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Afterlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weighing_of_the_Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weighing_of_the_Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Weighing of the Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weighing_of_the_Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessors_of_Maat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessors_of_Maat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Assessors of Maat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessors_of_Maat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerary_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Funerary texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerary_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-42_Negative_Confessions_(Papyrus_of_Ani)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#42_Negative_Confessions_(Papyrus_of_Ani)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>42 Negative Confessions (<i>Papyrus of Ani</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-42_Negative_Confessions_(Papyrus_of_Ani)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A4t" title="Maät – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maät" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Մաաթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մաաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9F" title="মা-আট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মা-আট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4" title="মাআত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাআত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A0t" title="Maàt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maàt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat_(%C3%A4gyptische_Mythologie)" title="Maat (ägyptische Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maat (ägyptische Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B1%CF%84" title="Μάατ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάατ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2t" title="Maât – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maât" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="마트 (이집트 신화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마트 (이집트 신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Մաատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="מאעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯃꯥꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A4t" title="Maät – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maät" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मात – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मात" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88" title="マアト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マアト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2t" title="Maât – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Maât" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A0t" title="Maàt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maàt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maat (disambiguation)">Maat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #DECD87;">Maat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of Order</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/250px-Maat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/330px-Maat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/440px-Maat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Maat is both the goddess and the personification of truth, cosmic balance, and justice. Her ostrich feather represents the truth.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="24" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H6.png?2f03d" height="38" title="H6" alt="H6" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="24" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> </tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U1.png?22fa9" height="38" title="U1" alt="U1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa11.png?e19b4" height="7" title="Aa11" alt="Aa11" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="24" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D42.png?b40a1" height="12" title="D42" alt="D42" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I12.png?06eaa" height="38" title="I12" alt="I12" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="19" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D42.png?b40a1" height="9" title="D42" alt="D42" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H6.png?2f03d" height="38" title="H6" alt="H6" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z3.png?25d86" height="38" title="Z3" alt="Z3" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td>or</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H6.png?2f03d" height="38" title="H6" alt="H6" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H8.png?530f1" height="18" title="H8" alt="H8" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> cities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">scales, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> feather, Balance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Offspring</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maat</b> or <b>Maʽat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%EA%9C%A3%EA%9C%A5t#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:mꜣꜥt"><i>mꜣꜥt</i></a> /ˈmuʀʕat/, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ⲙⲉⲓ">ⲙⲉⲓ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014147_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014147-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprised the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, balance, order, harmony, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a> at the moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was <a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a> (Egyptian <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jzft" class="extiw" title="wikt:jzft">jzft</a></i>), meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuneiform texts indicate that the word <i>m3ˤt</i> was pronounced /múʔʕa/ during the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>, having lost the feminine ending <i>t</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGd6aAAAAQBAJpgPA25_25]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGd6aAAAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowel assimilation of <i>u</i> to <i>e</i> later produced the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> word <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">ⲙⲉⲉ/ⲙⲉ</span> "truth, justice".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest surviving records indicating that Maat is the norm for nature and society, in this world and the next, were recorded during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a>, the earliest substantial surviving examples being found in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unas#The_Pyramid_Texts" title="Unas">Unas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2375 BCE</span> and 2345 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973273_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973273-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, when most goddesses were paired with a male aspect, her masculine counterpart was <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, as their attributes are similar. In other accounts, Thoth was paired off with <a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a>, goddess of writing and measure, who is a lesser-known deity. </p><p>After her role in creation and continuously preventing the universe from returning to chaos, her primary role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a> dealt with the <a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighing of the Heart">Weighing of the Heart</a> that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._418_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._418-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her feather was the measure that determined whether the souls (considered to reside in the heart) of the departed would reach the paradise of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> successfully. In other versions, Maat was the feather as the personification of truth, justice, and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> are often depicted with the emblems of Maat to emphasise their roles in upholding the laws and righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsegyptianmyths00hartpage46_46]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsegyptianmyths00hartpage46_46]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> (c. 1550 – 1295 BC) Maat was described as the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, indicating that pharaohs were believed to rule through her authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goddess">Goddess</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Goddess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maat was the goddess of harmony, justice, and truth represented as a young woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmour2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmour2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes she is depicted with wings on each arm or as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._416_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of this emblem is uncertain, although the god <a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (Egyptian deity)">Shu</a>, who in some myths is Maat's brother, also wears it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2001320_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2001320-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of Maat as a goddess are recorded from as early as the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (c. 2680 to 2190 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2003190_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2003190-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sun-god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> came from the primaeval mound of creation only after he set his daughter Maat in place of <i>isfet</i> (chaos). Kings inherited the duty to ensure Maat remained in place, and they with Ra are said to "live on Maat", with <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (r. 1372–1355 BCE) in particular emphasising the concept to a degree that the king's contemporaries viewed as intolerance and fanaticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay200264_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay200264-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some kings incorporated Maat into their names, being referred to as <i>Lords of Maat</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Meri-Maat</i> (<i>Beloved of Maat</i>). </p><p>Maat had a central role in the ceremony of the Weighing of the Heart, where the decedent's heart was weighed against her feather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008960_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008960-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle">Principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion"><span class="nowrap">Ancient Egyptian</span> religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye of Horus"><img alt="Eye of Horus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/120px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/250px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>A</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li></ul> <p><b>B</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li></ul> <p><b>C</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferrymana</a></li></ul> <p><b>D</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li></ul> <p><b>G</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li></ul> <p><b>H</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li></ul> <p><b>I</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li></ul> <p><b>J</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li></ul> <p><b>K</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li></ul> <p><b>M</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li></ul> <p><b>N</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li></ul> <p><b>P</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li></ul> <p><b>Q</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li></ul> <p><b>R</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li></ul> <p><b>S</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li></ul> <p><b>T</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li></ul> <p><b>U</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li></ul> <p><b>W</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> <p><b>Y</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Set animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqtet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seqtet boat">Seqtet boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:transparent;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Maat represents the ethical and moral principle that all Egyptian citizens were expected to follow throughout their daily lives. They were expected to act with <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in matters that involve <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008951_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008951-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/220px-Narmer_Palette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/330px-Narmer_Palette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/440px-Narmer_Palette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette: representation of victory over chaos</figcaption></figure> <p>Maat as a principle was formed to meet the complex needs of the emergent Egyptian state that embraced diverse peoples with conflicting interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of such rules sought to avert <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">chaos</a> and it became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian judicial system">Egyptian law</a>. From an early period the king would describe himself as the "Lord of Maat" who decreed with his mouth the Maat he conceived in his heart. </p><p>The significance of Maat developed to the point that it embraced all aspects of existence, including the basic equilibrium of the universe, the relationship between constituent parts, the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">cycle of the seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavenly movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Observance" title="Religious Observance">religious observations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">good faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">honesty</a>, and truthfulness in <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Egyptians had a deep conviction of an underlying holiness and unity within the universe. Cosmic harmony was achieved by correct public and ritual life. Any disturbance in cosmic harmony could have consequences for the individual as well as the state. An impious king could bring about famine, and blasphemy could bring blindness to an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer198841–42_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer198841–42-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In opposition to the right order expressed in the concept of Maat is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a>: chaos, lies and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200634_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200634-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, several other principles within ancient Egyptian law were essential, including an adherence to tradition as opposed to change, the importance of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical skill</a> and the significance of achieving <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">impartiality</a> and "righteous action". In one <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2062 to c. 1664 BCE) text, the creator declares "I made every man like his fellow". Maat called the rich to help the less fortunate rather than exploit them, echoed in tomb declarations: "I have given bread to the hungry and clothed the naked" and "I was a husband to the widow and father to the orphan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014116_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014116-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the Egyptian mind, Maat bound all things together in an indestructible unity: the universe, the natural world, the state, and the individual were all seen as parts of the wider order generated by Maat. </p><p>A passage in the Instruction of <a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a> presents Maat as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Maat is good and its worth is lasting.<br /> It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator, <br /> whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.<br /> It lies as a path in front even of him who knows nothing.<br /> Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port.<br /> It is true that evil may gain wealth but the strength of truth is that it lasts;<br /> a man can say: "It was the property of my father."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort200062_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort200062-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg/250px-Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg/330px-Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg/500px-Maat-E_4436-IMG_7942-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Maat, adorned with the ostrich feather of truth</figcaption></figure> <p>There is little surviving literature that describes the practice of ancient Egyptian law. Maat was the spirit in which justice was applied rather than the detailed legalistic exposition of rules. Maat represented the normal and basic values that formed the backdrop for the application of justice that had to be carried out in the spirit of truth and fairness. From the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> (c. 2510–2370 BCE) onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> responsible for justice was called the <i>Priest of Maat</i> and in later periods judges wore images of Maat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973117–125_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973117–125-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later scholars and philosophers also would embody concepts from the <a href="/wiki/Sebayt" title="Sebayt">Sebayt</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>. These spiritual texts dealt with common social or professional situations, and how each was best to be resolved or addressed in the spirit of Maat. It was very practical advice, and highly case-based, so few specific and general rules could be derived from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1969_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1969-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Greek period in Egyptian history</a>, Greek law existed alongside Egyptian law. The Egyptian law preserved the rights of women, who were allowed to act independently of men and own substantial personal property, and in time, this influenced the more restrictive conventions of the Greeks and Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1995303_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1995303-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> took control of Egypt, the Roman legal system, which existed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, was imposed in Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scribes_and_scribal_school">Scribes and scribal school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scribes and scribal school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maat.jpg/250px-Maat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maat.jpg/330px-Maat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Maat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Maat wearing the feather of truth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scribes">Scribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethical aspect of Maat gave rise to the social formation of groups of elite individuals called <i><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">sesh</a></i> referring to intellectuals, scribes, or bureaucrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides serving as the civil servant of the kingdom, the <i>sesh</i> had a central role in the society since the ethical and moral concepts of Maat were further formulated, promoted, and maintained by these individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">Scribes</a> in particular held prestigious positions in ancient Egyptian society as they were a primary means for the transmission of religious, political, and commercial information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002130_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002130-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although few were formally literate, writing was an important part of citizens' lives in Ancient Egypt, and scribes, for the large part, carried out literate functions for large masses of individuals. Since everyone was taxed, for example, their contributions were recorded by scribes. During periods of natural disasters, additionally, scribes worked on distant assignments, which were often in the form of letters. These letters were written and read by scribes for those who were not literate which enabled communication with superiors and families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200485_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200485-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Written texts were often read aloud in public by scribes, who also wrote most of the letters, regardless of the sender's writing ability. Thus, scribes were involved in both writing and reading the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200485_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200485-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since scribes read the letters out loud in public, they could not use the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first person</a> to present the king's voice. Thus, the texts were presented in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person grammatical structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200486_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200486-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much of ancient Egyptian writing was symbolic and operated on a much deeper level than narratives might suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious concerns, as well as the hierarchical structure of Ancient Egyptian society, created important distinctions between elite classes and everyone else. The political and ideological interests of the elite dominated and directed the majority of social and cultural life in Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhetoric has also been acknowledged as playing a role in the maintenance of social hierarchies, with its priorities of maintaining harmony and social order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick201713_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick201713-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illiterate people had a priority to get scribes to their villages because this procedure allowed the government to limit excessive abuses by pointing out the importance of the complaints of the poor. Scribal instructional texts emphasize fair treatment of all peoples and how anyone who abuses their power is subject to punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this procedure was regulated by the local government, it helped provide the poor with the feeling that their petitions were put before higher officials' requests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the main responsibility of scribes was to compose the work, transfer it or communicate, some scribes added additional commentary. The scribe's role in judicial system should also be taken into consideration. Local and insignificant crimes were usually led by a scribe or a foreman during the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> was the patron of scribes who is described as the one "who reveals Maat and reckons Maat; who loves Maat and gives Maat to the doer of Maat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Instruction_of_Amenemope" title="Instruction of Amenemope">Instruction of Amenemope</a> the scribe is urged to follow the precepts of Maat in his private life as well as his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002132_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002132-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhortations to live according to Maat are such that these kinds of instructional texts have been described as "Maat Literature".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002157_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002157-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scribal_schools">Scribal schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scribal schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scribal schools emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom Era</a> (2060–1700 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although scribal practices had been implemented before this period, there is no evidence of "systematic schooling" occurring in a materialized institution during the Old Kingdom (2635–2155 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scribal schools were designed to transform people to the literate <i>sesh</i> or <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> who could function for society and bureaucracy. Therefore, literacy among ancient Egyptians revolved around the mastery of writing and reading in their specific purposes of conducting administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In scribal schools, students were selectively chosen based on the same date of birth around Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the apprentice scribes were boys, but some privileged girls received similar instruction as the boys in the scribal schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could either live at school with their peers or stay with their parents, depending on geographical adjacency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students were taught two types of writing by their teachers who were priests: sacred writing and instructive writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacred writing emphasized Maat and its moral as well as ethical values and instructions, while instructive writing covered specific discussion about land-measurement and arithmetic for evaluating the annual changes of river and land configurations;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for calculating tax, logging commercial business, and distributing supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Learning instructions in scribal schools were available for very young prospective students (5–10 years old students).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This elementary instruction took 4 years to complete, and then, they could become apprentices of a tutor – an advanced level of education that elevated their scribal careers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the elementary level, pupils received instructions from the tutors while sitting in circle around the tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lessons were implemented in different fashions: reading was recited aloud or chanted, arithmetic was studied mutely, and writing was practiced by copying classical short literacy and the <i><a href="/wiki/Miscellany" title="Miscellany">Miscellanies</a>,</i> a short composition specifically aimed to teach writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994230_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994230-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003438_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003438-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When learning writing, scribal apprentices were required to go over sequential steps. They firstly had to memorize a brief passage by chanted recital following the teachers. Later on, they were asked to copy some paragraphs to train their writing abilities, either on <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> or wooden tablets. Once the instructors deemed the pupil had made some progress, they would assign the same first two steps toward Middle Egyptian manuscripts, consisting of classical work and instructions. After that, the same methods were implemented to Middle Egyptian texts, in which grammar and vocabulary took the most part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides honing reading, writing, and arithmetic skills, students of scribal schools also learned other skills. Male students were involved in physical training, while female students were asked to practice singing, dancing, and musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_rhetorical_concept">As rhetorical concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As rhetorical concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_(Goddess).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maat_%28Goddess%29.png/250px-Maat_%28Goddess%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maat_%28Goddess%29.png/330px-Maat_%28Goddess%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maat_%28Goddess%29.png/500px-Maat_%28Goddess%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>Winged Maat, depicted in The Tomb of Nefertari (1255 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although little mythology survives concerning the goddess Maat, she was the daughter of the Egyptian Sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>; and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, the god of wisdom who invented writing, which directly connects <i>Maat</i> to ancient Egyptian rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200480_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maat</i> (which is associated with solar, lunar, astral, and the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">river Nile's</a> movements) is a concept based on humanity's attempt to live in a natural harmonic state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200481-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maat</i> is associated with the judgment of the deceased and whether a person has done <i>what is right</i> in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200480–81_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200480–81-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, to do <i>Maat</i> was to act in a manner unreproachable or inculpable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200481-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So revered was the concept of <i>Maat</i> that Egyptian kings would often pay tribute to gods, offering small statues of <i>Maat</i>, indicating that they were successfully upholding the universal order: the interconnection among the cosmic, divine, natural, and human realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200481-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When rhetors are attempting to achieve <i>balance</i> in their arguments, they are practicing <i>Maat.</i> </p><p>George Kennedy, a history of rhetoric scholar, defines rhetoric as the transmission of emotion and thought through a system of symbols, including words, to influence the emotions and thoughts of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19917_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19917-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maat</i> sought to influence its audience to action as well. Scholars have closely examined this relationship between ancient Egyptian rhetoric and the concept of <i>Maat</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200479_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200479-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using three specific areas: 1) ancient Egyptian texts that actually taught <i>Maat;</i> 2) ancient Egyptian letter writing that embodied the performance of <i>Maat;</i> 3) ancient Egyptian letter writing that used <i>Maat</i> as persuasion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200479_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200479-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_ancient_Egyptian_texts">In ancient Egyptian texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In ancient Egyptian texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Egyptian elite learned how to be part of the elite class through instructions text, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maxims_of_Ptahhotep" title="The Maxims of Ptahhotep">The Instructions of Ptahhotep</a>,</i> that used <i>Maat</i> as the basis of concrete principles and guidelines for effective rhetoric. A passage from <i>Ptahhotep</i> presents Maat as instruction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Be generous as long as you live<br /> What leaves the storehouse does not return;<br /> It is the food to be shared which is coveted,<br /> One whose belly is empty is an accuser;<br /> One deprived becomes an opponent,<br /> Don't have him for a neighbor.<br /> Kindness is a man's memorial<br /> For the years after the function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200482-83_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200482-83-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Another passage emphasizes the importance of Maat and how wisdom was also to be found among the women at the grindstones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003129–131_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003129–131-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lesson learned through <i>Maat</i> here is beneficence: the reader is advised to be benevolent and kind. An even stronger argument is being made – if you do not feed people, they will become unruly; on the other hand, if you take care of your people, they will take care of your memorial or tomb<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200483_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200483-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excerpt from <i>Phahhotep</i> employs <i>Maat</i> to teach the reader how to be a more effective king. The Tale of <a href="/wiki/The_Eloquent_Peasant" title="The Eloquent Peasant">The Eloquent Peasant</a> is an extended discourse on the nature of Maat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which an officer under the direction of the King is described as taking the wealth of a nobleman and giving it to a poor man he had abused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015329_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015329-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another text describes how the divine King: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>educates the ignorant to wisdom, <br /> and those who are unloved become as those who are loved. <br /> He causes the lesser folk to emulate the great, <br /> the last become as the first. <br /> He who was lacking possessions is (now) the possessor of riches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003176–177_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003176–177-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters">Performance in ancient Egyptian letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Performance in ancient Egyptian letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letter writing became a significant part of the daily function of ancient Egyptian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200248_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200248-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the means of communication between superiors and families; thus, Egyptians became incessant letter writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1989131_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1989131-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters were not merely "mailed" to their recipients; they were <i>performed</i> by scribes who often wrote them on behalf of a king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1997102_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1997102-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since language is the basis by which a community identifies itself and others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2008xv_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2008xv-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scribes would perform <i>Maat</i> to build upon a community's language to become more persuasive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persuasion_in_ancient_Egyptian_letters">Persuasion in ancient Egyptian letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Persuasion in ancient Egyptian letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Herrick states that the major objective of rhetoric is for a rhetor to persuade (to alter) an audience's view to that of the rhetor; for example, an attorney uses rhetoric to persuade a jury that his/her client is innocent of a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick201712_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick201712-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maat</i> in letters written to subordinates to persuade allegiance to them and the pharaoh; subordinates would evoke <i>Maat</i> to illustrate a desire to please.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200491_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200491-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To directly disagree with a superior was considered highly inappropriate; instead, inferior citizens would indirectly evoke <i>Maat</i> to assuage a superior's ego to achieve the desired outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200491_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200491-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence for a dedicated temple is in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (c. 1569 to 1081 BCE) era, despite the great importance placed on Maat. <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> commissioned a temple in the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> complex, whilst textual evidence indicates that other temples of Maat were located in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2003190_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2003190-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maat temple at Karnak was also used by courts to meet regarding the robberies of the royal tombs during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2001320_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2001320-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maat_Kheru" class="mw-redirect" title="Maat Kheru">True of Voice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/220px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/330px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/440px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The heart of <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a> weighed against the feather of Maat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani_chap125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ani_chap125.jpg/250px-Ani_chap125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ani_chap125.jpg/330px-Ani_chap125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ani_chap125.jpg/500px-Ani_chap125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Some of the 42 Judges of Maat are visible, seated and in small size. Maat's feather of truth depicted in the bottom right corner (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/250px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/330px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg/500px-The_Weighing_of_the_Heart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>An image based on a section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> showing the <a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighing of the Heart">Weighing of the Heart</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a> using the feather of Maat as the measure in balance</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weighing_of_the_Heart">Weighing of the Heart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Weighing of the Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, the hearts of the dead were said to be weighed against her single "Feather of Maat", symbolically representing the concept of Maat, in the <i>Hall of Two Truths</i>. This is why hearts were left in Egyptian mummies while their other organs were removed, as the heart (called "ib") was seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">Egyptian soul</a>. If the heart was found to be lighter or equal in weight to the feather of Maat, the deceased had led a virtuous life and would go on to <a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> came to be seen as the guardian of the gates of Aaru after he became part of the Egyptian pantheon and displaced <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad tradition</a>. A heart which was unworthy was devoured by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a> and its owner condemned to remain in the Duat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighing of the Heart">weighing of the heart</a>, as typically pictured on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i>, or in tomb scenes, shows Anubis overseeing the weighing and Ammit seated awaiting the results to consume those who failed. The image contains a <a href="/wiki/Balancing_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Balancing scale">balancing scale</a> with an upright <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> standing on one side and the Shu-feather standing on the other. Other traditions hold that Anubis brought the soul before the posthumous Osiris who performed the weighing. While the heart was weighed the deceased recited the 42 Negative Confessions as the <a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a> looked on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessors_of_Maat">Assessors of Maat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assessors of Maat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></div> <p>The Assessors of Maat are the 42 deities listed in the Papyrus of Nebseni,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to whom the deceased make the Negative Confession in the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_pp._418–20_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_pp._418–20-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent the forty-two united <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a> of Egypt, and are called "the hidden Maati gods, who feed upon Maat during the years of their lives"; i.e., they are the righteous minor deities who deserve offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the deceased follows the set formula of Negative Confessions, he addresses each god directly and mentions the <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nome</a> of which the god is a patron, in order to emphasize the unity of the nomes of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerary_texts">Funerary texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Funerary texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egyptians were often entombed with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">funerary texts</a> in order to be well equipped for the afterlife as mandated by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">ancient Egyptian funerary practices</a>. These often served to guide the deceased through the afterlife, and the most famous one is the <i>Book of the Dead</i> or <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a> (known to the ancient Egyptians as <i>The Book of Coming Forth by Day</i>). The lines of these texts are often collectively called the "Forty-Two Declarations of Purity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These declarations varied somewhat from tomb to tomb as they were tailored to the individual, and so cannot be considered a canonical definition of Maat. Rather, they appear to express each tomb owner's individual practices in life to please Maat, as well as words of absolution from misdeeds or mistakes, made by the tomb owner in life, which could be declared as not having been done, and through the power of the written word, wipe particular misdeed from the afterlife record of the deceased. Many of the lines are similar, however, and paint a very unified picture of Maat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of Maat is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Maat and the 42 Negative Confessions listed in the Papyrus of Ani. The following are translations by <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="42_Negative_Confessions_(Papyrus_of_Ani)"><span id="42_Negative_Confessions_.28Papyrus_of_Ani.29"></span>42 Negative Confessions (<i>Papyrus of Ani</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 42 Negative Confessions (Papyrus of Ani)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negative confessions one would make after death could be individualized, that is, vary from person to person. These were the confessions found in the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li>Hail, Usekh-nemmt, who comest forth from Anu, I have not committed sin.</li> <li>Hail, Hept-khet, who comest forth from Kher-aha, I have not committed robbery with violence.</li> <li>Hail, Fenti, who comest forth from Khemenu, I have not stolen.</li> <li>Hail, Am-khaibit, who comest forth from Qernet, I have not slain men and women.</li> <li>Hail, Neha-her, who comest forth from Rasta, I have not stolen grain.</li> <li>Hail, Ruruti, who comest forth from Heaven, I have not purloined offerings.</li> <li>Hail, Arfi-em-khet, who comest forth from Suat, I have not stolen the property of God.</li> <li>Hail, Neba, who comest and goest, I have not uttered lies.</li> <li>Hail, Set-qesu, who comest forth from Hensu, I have not carried away food.</li> <li>Hail, Utu-nesert, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have not uttered curses.</li> <li>Hail, Qerrti, who comest forth from Amentet, I have not committed adultery.</li> <li>Hail, Hraf-haf, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have made none to weep.</li> <li>Hail, Basti, who comest forth from Bast, I have not eaten the heart.</li> <li>Hail, Ta-retiu, who comest forth from the night, I have not attacked any man.</li> <li>Hail, Unem-snef, who comest forth from the execution chamber, I am not a man of deceit.</li> <li>Hail, Unem-besek, who comest forth from Mabit, I have not stolen cultivated land.</li> <li>Hail, Neb-Maat, who comest forth from Maati, I have not been an eavesdropper.</li> <li>Hail, Tenemiu, who comest forth from Bast, I have not slandered anyone.</li> <li>Hail, Sertiu, who comest forth from Anu, I have not been angry without just cause.</li> <li>Hail, Tutu, who comest forth from Ati, I have not debauched the wife of any man.</li> <li>Hail, Uamenti, who comest forth from the Khebt chamber, I have not debauched the wives of other men.</li> <li>Hail, Maa-antuf, who comest forth from Per-Menu, I have not polluted myself.</li> <li>Hail, Her-uru, who comest forth from Nehatu, I have terrorized none.</li> <li>Hail, Khemiu, who comest forth from Kaui, I have not transgressed the law.</li> <li>Hail, Shet-kheru, who comest forth from Urit, I have not been angry.</li> <li>Hail, Nekhenu, who comest forth from Heqat, I have not shut my ears to the words of truth.</li> <li>Hail, Kenemti, who comest forth from Kenmet, I have not blasphemed.</li> <li>Hail, An-hetep-f, who comest forth from Sau, I am not a man of violence.</li> <li>Hail, Sera-kheru, who comest forth from Unaset, I have not been a stirrer up of strife.</li> <li>Hail, Neb-heru, who comest forth from Netchfet, I have not acted with undue haste.</li> <li>Hail, Sekhriu, who comest forth from Uten, I have not pried into other's matters.</li> <li>Hail, Neb-abui, who comest forth from Sauti, I have not multiplied my words in speaking.</li> <li>Hail, Nefer-Tem, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have wronged none, I have done no evil.</li> <li>Hail, Tem-Sepu, who comest forth from Tetu, I have not worked witchcraft against the king.</li> <li>Hail, Ari-em-ab-f, who comest forth from Tebu, I have never stopped the flow of water of a neighbor.</li> <li>Hail, Ahi, who comest forth from Nu, I have never raised my voice.</li> <li>Hail, Uatch-rekhit, who comest forth from Sau, I have not cursed God.</li> <li>Hail, Neheb-ka, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not acted with arrogance.</li> <li>Hail, Neheb-nefert, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not stolen the bread of the gods.</li> <li>Hail, Tcheser-tep, who comest forth from the shrine, I have not carried away the khenfu cakes from the spirits of the dead.</li> <li>Hail, An-af, who comest forth from Maati, I have not snatched away the bread of the child, nor treated with contempt the god of my city.</li> <li>Hail, Hetch-abhu, who comest forth from Ta-she, I have not slain the cattle belonging to the god.</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offering_maat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette of a kneeling man, maybe a priest, offering a small Maat figure. Bronze with agemina. Third Intermediate Period/Late Period"><img alt="Statuette of a kneeling man, maybe a priest, offering a small Maat figure. Bronze with agemina. Third Intermediate Period/Late Period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Offering_maat.JPG/120px-Offering_maat.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Offering_maat.JPG/250px-Offering_maat.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statuette of a kneeling man, maybe a priest, offering a small Maat figure. Bronze with agemina. <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a>/<a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient artisans’ village Deir el-Medina in Upper Egypt"><img alt="Ancient artisans’ village Deir el-Medina in Upper Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg/250px-Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg/330px-Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg/500px-Deir_el-Medina_2016-03-23j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient artisans’ village <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edfu22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Maat in east upstairs. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt"><img alt="Relief of Maat in east upstairs. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Edfu22.JPG/115px-Edfu22.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Edfu22.JPG/173px-Edfu22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Edfu22.JPG/231px-Edfu22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> of Maat in east upstairs. <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Edfu" title="Temple of Edfu">Temple of Edfu</a>, Upper Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Egypt-5A-044.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, the second reunion between Horus and his wife Hathor. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt"><img alt="Depiction of the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, the second reunion between Horus and his wife Hathor. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-5A-044.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-5A-044.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-5A-044.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Egypt-5A-044.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, the second reunion between <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RamessesIX-OstraconPresentingMaat_MetropolitanMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ostracon depicting the pharaoh Ramesses IX presenting Maat"><img alt="Ostracon depicting the pharaoh Ramesses IX presenting Maat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RamessesIX-OstraconPresentingMaat_MetropolitanMuseum.png/250px-RamessesIX-OstraconPresentingMaat_MetropolitanMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RamessesIX-OstraconPresentingMaat_MetropolitanMuseum.png/330px-RamessesIX-OstraconPresentingMaat_MetropolitanMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">Ostracon</a> depicting the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> presenting Maat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief in the inner room of Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina"><img alt="Relief in the inner room of Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG/115px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG/173px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG/231px-Temple_of_Deir_el-Medina_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3238" data-file-height="4318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief in the inner room of Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maat represented with wings"><img alt="Maat represented with wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg/250px-Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg/330px-Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg/500px-Osiris_E9418_mp3h8805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maat represented with wings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bas-relief depicting the Egyptian statuette of Maat. Old Kingdom"><img alt="Bas-relief depicting the Egyptian statuette of Maat. Old Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg/120px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg/173px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> depicting the Egyptian statuette of Maat. <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/40px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/60px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_of_Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon of Ma'at">Aeon of Ma'at</a> – Cosmic era in the religion of Thelema<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a> – Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> – Key concept in Indian philosophy and Eastern religions, with multiple meanings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pennae_Praenumbra" title="Liber Pennae Praenumbra"><i>Liber Pennae Praenumbra</i></a> – Sacred text in Thelema</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)"><i>Me</i></a> – Sumerian name given to the laws of the gods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a> – Greek goddess of divine law</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted (1906)</a>, p. 123: An inscription of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> reads: "I have made bright the truth which he [Amun-Re] loved, [I] know that he liveth by it the truth [Maat]; it is my bread, I eat of its brightness."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014147-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014147_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2014">Allen (2014)</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGd6aAAAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGd6aAAAAQBAJpgPA25_25]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2013">Allen (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd6aAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/coptic-dictionary/entry.cgi?entry=756&super=351">"Coptic Dictionary Online"</a>. <i>corpling.uis.georgetown.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpling.uis.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Coptic+Dictionary+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpling.uis.georgetown.edu%2Fcoptic-dictionary%2Fentry.cgi%3Fentry%3D756%26super%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973273-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973273_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz1973">Morenz (1973)</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._418-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._418_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1969">Budge (1969)</a>, vol. 1, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2006106–107_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrudwick2006">Strudwick (2006)</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsegyptianmyths00hartpage46_46]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsegyptianmyths00hartpage46_46]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCall1990">McCall (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianmyths00hart/page/46">46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmour2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmour2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmour2001">Armour (2001)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._416-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_p._416_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1969">Budge (1969)</a>, vol. 1, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2001320-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2001320_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2001320_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford2001">Redford (2001)</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2003190-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2003190_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2003190_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford2003">Redford (2003)</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay200264-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay200264_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2002">Ray (2002)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemp2005">Kemp (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008960-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008960_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2008">Martin (2008)</a>, p. 960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008951-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008951_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2008">Martin (2008)</a>, p. 951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohn1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailscosmoschaosworld00cohnpage9_9]_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn1993">Cohn (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmoschaosworld00cohn/page/9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer198841–42-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer198841–42_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomer1988">Romer (1988)</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200634-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200634_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2006">Assmann (2006)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014116-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014116_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2014">Allen (2014)</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort200062-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort200062_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankfort2000">Frankfort (2000)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973117–125-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973117–125_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz1973">Morenz (1973)</a>, pp. 117–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1969-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy1969_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy1969">Murphy (1969)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1995303-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1995303_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1995">Powell (1995)</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200438_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarenga2004">Karenga (2004)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002130-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002130_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2002">Black (2002)</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200485-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200485_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200485_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200486-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200486_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarenga200435_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarenga2004">Karenga (2004)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick201713-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick201713_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrick2017">Herrick (2017)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015234_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen (2015)</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson201627_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2016">Ferguson (2016)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002131-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002131_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2002">Black (2002)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002132-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002132_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2002">Black (2002)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002157-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002157_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2002">Black (2002)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994228_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEzzamel1994">Ezzamel (1994)</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972214_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1972">Williams (1972)</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972220_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1972">Williams (1972)</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994229_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEzzamel1994">Ezzamel (1994)</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994232_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEzzamel1994">Ezzamel (1994)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1972216_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1972">Williams (1972)</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994230-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzzamel1994230_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEzzamel1994">Ezzamel (1994)</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003438-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003438_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2003">Simpson (2003)</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200480-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200480_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200481-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200481_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200480–81-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200480–81_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19917-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19917_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1991">Kennedy (1991)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200479-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200479_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200479_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200482-83-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200482-83_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 82-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003129–131-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003129–131_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2003">Simpson (2003)</a>, pp. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200483-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200483_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015329-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015329_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen (2015)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2003176–177-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2003176–177_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2003">Simpson (2003)</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200248-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200248_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2002">Assmann (2002)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1989131-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1989131_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemp1989">Kemp (1989)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1997102-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1997102_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1997">Silverman (1997)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2008xv-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2008xv_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2008">Hogan (2008)</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick201712-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick201712_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrick2017">Herrick (2017)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipson200491-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200491_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipson200491_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipson2004">Lipson (2004)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1898">Budge (1898)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1898Appendix:_From_the_Papyrus_of_Nebseni_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1898">Budge (1898)</a>, Appendix: From the Papyrus of Nebseni.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_pp._418–20-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1969vol._1,_pp._418–20_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1969">Budge (1969)</a>, vol. 1, pp. 418–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1898">Budge (1898)</a> as quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMark2017">Mark (2017)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2013). <i>The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03246-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03246-0"><bdi>978-1-107-03246-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+Language%3A+An+Historical+Study&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03246-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P. (2014). <i>Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91709-4"><bdi>978-1-139-91709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91709-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P., ed. (2015). <i>Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08743-9"><bdi>978-1-107-08743-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian+Literature%3A+Eight+Literary+Works+of+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08743-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmour2001" class="citation book cs1">Armour, Robert A. (2001). <i>Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-669-2"><bdi>978-977-424-669-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-977-424-669-2&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (2002). <i>The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5462-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-5462-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Egypt%3A+History+and+Meaning+in+the+Time+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5462-0&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Assmann, Jan (2006). <i>Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies</i>. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4523-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4523-4"><bdi>0-8047-4523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Cultural+Memory%3A+Ten+Studies&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-4523-4&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Black, James Roger (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140430002426/https://www.shemtaia.com/diss.shtml"><i>The Instruction of Amenemope: A Critical Edition and Commentary–Prolegomenon and Prologue</i></a> (PhD dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/diss.shtml">the original</a> on 2014-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Instruction+of+Amenemope%3A+A+Critical+Edition+and+Commentary%E2%80%93Prolegomenon+and+Prologue&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=James+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shemtaia.com%2Fdiss.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreasted1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, James Henry</a>, ed. (1906). <i>Ancient Records of Egypt: The Eighteenth Dynasty</i>. Vol. II. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt%3A+The+Eighteenth+Dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudge1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Budge, E. A. Wallis</a> (1898). <i>The Book of the Dead: The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day</i>. Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Dead%3A+The+Chapters+of+Coming+Forth+by+Day&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudge1969" class="citation book cs1">Budge, E. A. Wallis (1969) [1904]. <i>The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22056-7"><bdi>978-0-486-22056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Egyptians%3A+Studies+in+Egyptian+Mythology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22056-7&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohn1993" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Norman Rufus Colin (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cosmoschaosworld00cohn"><i>Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05598-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05598-6"><bdi>978-0-300-05598-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos%2C+Chaos+and+the+World+to+Come%3A+The+Ancient+Roots+of+Apocalyptic+Faith&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05598-6&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman+Rufus+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcosmoschaosworld00cohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEzzamel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ezzamel, Mahmoud (1994). "The emergence of the 'accountant' in the institutions of Ancient Egypt". <i>Management Accounting Research</i>. <b>5</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmare.1994.1014">10.1006/mare.1994.1014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Accounting+Research&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+the+%27accountant%27+in+the+institutions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=228&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fmare.1994.1014&rft.aulast=Ezzamel&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2016" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, R. J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196605731.pdf">"The ancient Egyptian concept of Maat: Reflections on social justice and natural order"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Research paper series: Centre for East-West Cultural & Economic Studies. Bond University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5"><bdi>978-0-486-41138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Religion%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41138-5&rft.aulast=Frankfort&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2017" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, James (2017). <i>The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40412-7"><bdi>978-1-315-40412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theory+of+Rhetoric%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-40412-7&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogan2008" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Michael, ed. (2008). <i>Rhetoric and Community: Studies in Unity and Fragmentation</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-785-6"><bdi>978-1-57003-785-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+Community%3A+Studies+in+Unity+and+Fragmentation&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-785-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarenga2004" class="citation book cs1">Karenga, Maulana (2004). <i>Maat: The Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-23385-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-23385-2"><bdi>978-0-429-23385-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maat%3A+The+Moral+Ideal+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-429-23385-2&rft.aulast=Karenga&rft.aufirst=Maulana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemp1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Kemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry J. Kemp">Kemp, Barry</a> (1989). <i>Ancient Egyptian: Anatomy of a Civilization</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01281-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01281-3"><bdi>0-415-01281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-01281-3&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemp2005" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Barry J. (2005). <i>100 Hieroglyphs: Think Like An Egyptian</i>. Granta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-658-8"><bdi>1-86207-658-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Hieroglyphs%3A+Think+Like+An+Egyptian&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86207-658-8&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1991" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, George (1991). <i>Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Discourse</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506486-5"><bdi>978-0-19-506486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle+on+Rhetoric%3A+A+Theory+of+Discourse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506486-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipson2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipson, Carol (2004). <i>Rhetoric Before and Beyond the Greeks</i>. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6100-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-6100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+Before+and+Beyond+the+Greeks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6100-6&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (27 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Negative_Confession/">"The Negative Confession"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Negative+Confession&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FThe_Negative_Confession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Denise (2008). "Maat and Order in African Cosmology: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Indigenous Knowledge". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">951–</span>967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934706291387">10.1177/0021934706291387</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40035033">40035033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Maat+and+Order+in+African+Cosmology%3A+A+Conceptual+Tool+for+Understanding+Indigenous+Knowledge&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E967&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934706291387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40035033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCall1990" class="citation book cs1">McCall, Henrietta (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianmyths00hart"><i>Mesopotamian myths</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-72076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-72076-9"><bdi>0-292-72076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+myths&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-292-72076-9&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianmyths00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorenz1973" class="citation book cs1">Morenz, Siegfried (1973). <i>Egyptian Religion</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8029-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-8029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Religion&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8029-4&rft.aulast=Morenz&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell1995" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Anton (1995). <i>The Greek World</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17042-0"><bdi>978-0-415-17042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17042-0&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1969" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Roland (1969). <i>The Interpretation of Old Testament Wisdom Literature</i>. Interpretation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Old+Testament+Wisdom+Literature&rft.pub=Interpretation&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray, John D. (2002). <i>Reflections on Osiris</i>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/186197-490-6" title="Special:BookSources/186197-490-6"><bdi>186197-490-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Osiris&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=186197-490-6&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedford2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (2001). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 2: G-O. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedford2003" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Donald B., ed. (2003). <i>The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology</i>. Berkley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-19096-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-19096-X"><bdi>0-425-19096-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Essential+Guide+to+Egyptian+Mythology&rft.pub=Berkley+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-425-19096-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomer1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Romer_(Egyptologist)" title="John Romer (Egyptologist)">Romer, John</a> (1988). <i>Testament: The Bible and History</i>. Michael O'Mara Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85479-653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85479-653-0"><bdi>978-1-85479-653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testament%3A+The+Bible+and+History&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-85479-653-0&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1997" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, David, ed. (1997). <i>Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521952-4"><bdi>978-0-19-521952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521952-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2003" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, William Kelly, ed. (2003). <i>The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry</i>. Translated by Robert Kriech Ritner; et al. (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09920-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09920-7"><bdi>0-300-09920-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234083884">234083884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+An+Anthology+of+Stories%2C+Instructions%2C+Stelae%2C+Autobiographies%2C+and+Poetry&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F234083884&rft.isbn=0-300-09920-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick2006" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Helen (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-99-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-99-3"><bdi>978-1-904687-99-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904687-99-3&rft.aulast=Strudwick&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Ronald J. (1972). "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>92</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600648">10.2307/600648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600648">600648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Scribal+Training+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (1990). <i>Maʽat: Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Ägypten</i> (in German). C. H. Beck Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-34667-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-34667-7"><bdi>3-406-34667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%CA%BDat%3A+Gerechtigkeit+und+Unsterblichkeit+im+Alten+%C3%84gypten&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck+Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-406-34667-7&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Menu" title="Bernadette Menu">Menu, Bernadette</a> (2005). <i>Maât: L'ordre juste du monde</i> (in French). Editions Michalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84186-283-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-84186-283-6"><bdi>2-84186-283-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C3%A2t%3A+L%27ordre+juste+du+monde&rft.pub=Editions+Michalon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-84186-283-6&rft.aulast=Menu&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(English_publisher)" title="John Taylor (English publisher)">Taylor, John H.</a>, ed. (2010). <i>Journey through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum Press">The British Museum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1989-2"><bdi>978-0-7141-1989-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+through+the+Afterlife%3A+Ancient+Egyptian+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1989-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maat">Maat</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/175px-Djed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/263px-Djed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/350px-Djed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferryman</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li> <li><b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/40px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thelema154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thelema_series" title="Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thelema_series" title="Template talk:Thelema series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thelema series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thelema154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternitas_Saturni" title="Fraternitas Saturni">Fraternitas Saturni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn">Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Ordo_Templi_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Society Ordo Templi Orientis">Society Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelemic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn">Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thelemites" title="List of Thelemites">List of Thelemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu_i" title="Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu i">Ankh-af-na-khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anger" title="Kenneth Anger">Kenneth Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Allan Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Butts" title="Mary Butts">Mary Butts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Cameron" title="Marjorie Cameron">Marjorie Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Milo_DuQuette" title="Lon Milo DuQuette">Lon Milo DuQuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster" title="Jeanne Robert Foster">Jeanne Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Germer" title="Karl Germer">Karl Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frieda_Harris" title="Lady Frieda Harris">Lady Frieda Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Hirsig" title="Leah Hirsig">Leah Hirsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hyatt" title="Christopher Hyatt">Christopher Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stansfeld_Jones" title="Charles Stansfeld Jones">Charles Stansfeld Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cecil_Jones" title="George Cecil Jones">George Cecil Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kaczynski" title="Richard Kaczynski">Richard Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Edith_Kelly" title="Rose Edith Kelly">Rose Edith Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grady_Louis_McMurtry" title="Grady Louis McMurtry">Grady Louis McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogg_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogg Morgan">Mogg Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ramos_Motta" title="Marcelo Ramos Motta">Marcelo Ramos Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nema_Andahadna" title="Nema Andahadna">Nema Andahadna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Neuburg_(poet)" title="Victor Neuburg (poet)">Victor Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Northrup_Hollister" title="Sara Northrup Hollister">Sara Northrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Parsons" title="Jack Parsons">Jack Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Parsons_Smith" title="Helen Parsons Smith">Helen Parsons Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Russell" title="C. F. Russell">C. F. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Seckler" title="Phyllis Seckler">Phyllis Seckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Talbot_Smith" title="Wilfred Talbot Smith">Wilfred Talbot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Waddell" title="Leila Waddell">Leila Waddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wasserman" title="James Wasserman">James Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webster_(writer)" title="Sam Webster (writer)">Sam Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wolfe" title="Jane Wolfe">Jane Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thelemic_texts" title="Category:Thelemic texts">Thelemic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley_bibliography" title="Aleister Crowley bibliography">Aleister Crowley bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lies_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Lies (Crowley)">The Book of Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law"><i>The Book of the Law</i> (<i>Liber AL vel Legis</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Thoth (Crowley)">The Book of Thoth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_without_Water" title="Clouds without Water">Clouds without Water</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Works_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="Collected Works of Aleister Crowley">Collected Works</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="The Confessions of Aleister Crowley">Confessions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Drug_Fiend" title="The Diary of a Drug Fiend">The Diary of a Drug Fiend</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lectures_on_Yoga" title="Eight Lectures on Yoga">Eight Lectures on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox" title="The Equinox">The Equinox</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Equinox" title="The Blue Equinox">The Blue Equinox</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equinox_of_the_Gods" title="The Equinox of the Gods">The Equinox of the Gods</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Books_of_Thelema" title="The Holy Books of Thelema">The Holy Books of Thelema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konx_Om_Pax" title="Konx Om Pax">Konx Om Pax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_is_for_All" title="The Law is for All">The Law is for All</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/777_and_Other_Qabalistic_Writings_of_Aleister_Crowley" title="777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley">Liber 777</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Aleph" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Aleph">Liber Aleph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_OZ" title="Liber OZ">Liber OZ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pennae_Praenumbra" title="Liber Pennae Praenumbra">Liber Pennae Praenumbra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Resh">Liber Resh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Trigrammaton" title="Liber Trigrammaton">Liber Trigrammaton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Essays_Toward_Truth" title="Little Essays Toward Truth">Little Essays Toward Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_(Book_4)" title="Magick (Book 4)">Magick (Book 4)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magick_Without_Tears" title="Magick Without Tears">Magick Without Tears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonchild_(novel)" title="Moonchild (novel)">Moonchild</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Star_in_Sight" title="One Star in Sight">One Star in Sight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stratagem_and_other_Stories" title="The Stratagem and other Stories">The Stratagem and other Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_Tarot" title="Thoth Tarot">Thoth Tarot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_and_the_Voice" title="The Vision and the Voice">The Vision and the Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Stains" title="White Stains">White Stains</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelema#93" title="Thelema">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(Thelema)" title="Abyss (Thelema)">Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Thelema)" title="Aeon (Thelema)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">English Qaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Work_(Thelema)" title="Great Work (Thelema)">Great Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel#Thelema" title="Guardian angel">Holy Guardian Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Pan" title="Night of Pan">Night of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu" title="Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu">Stele of Revealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Stellar wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Will" title="True Will">True Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahadabra" title="Abrahadabra">Abrahadabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian_magic" title="Enochian magic">Enochian magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroto-comatose_lucidity" title="Eroto-comatose lucidity">Eroto-comatose lucidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremony and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Resh_vel_Helios" title="Liber Resh vel Helios">Liber Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagram ritual">Pentagram Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornless_Ritual" title="Bornless Ritual">Bornless Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_XV,_The_Gnostic_Mass" title="Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass">Gnostic Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Eleusis" title="Rites of Eleusis">Rites of Eleusis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Godforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuit" title="Nuit">Nuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadit" title="Hadit">Hadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ra-ha" title="Heru-ra-ha">Heru-ra-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiwass" title="Aiwass">Aiwass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therion_(Thelema)" title="Therion (Thelema)">Therion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalon" title="Babalon">Babalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)#Greco-Roman_tradition" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">Pentagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cross" title="Rose Cross">Rose Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicursal_hexagram" title="Unicursal hexagram">Unicursal hexagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Thelema" title="Abbey of Thelema">Abbey of Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abramelin_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abramelin oil">Abramelin oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_Lodge" title="Agape Lodge">Agape Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boleskine_House" title="Boleskine House">Boleskine House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Abramelin" title="The Book of Abramelin">Book of Abramelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_of_Light" title="Cake of Light">Cake of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choronzon" title="Choronzon">Choronzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianism" title="Dianism">Dianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPSOS" class="mw-redirect" title="IPSOS">IPSOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_alphabet" title="Magical alphabet">Magical alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Lodge" title="Solar Lodge">Solar Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata785" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170471#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata785" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170471#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22941468">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118978136">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553704505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118978136">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03125537X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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