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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moche_cultural_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moche_cultural_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Moche cultural sphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moche_cultural_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_and_Northern_Moche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_and_Northern_Moche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Southern and Northern Moche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_and_Northern_Moche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Southern and Northern Moche subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Southern_and_Northern_Moche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_between_the_Northern_Mochicas_and_the_Southern_Mochicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_the_Northern_Mochicas_and_the_Southern_Mochicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Differences between the Northern Mochicas and the Southern Mochicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_the_Northern_Mochicas_and_the_Southern_Mochicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Agricultural engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Links with other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeological discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moche culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochekultuur" title="Mochekultuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mochekultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="حضارة موتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة موتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_moche" title="Cultura moche – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura moche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A7e_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Moçe mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moçe mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="موچه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موچه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মোচে সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোচে সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochica" title="Mochica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mochica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dick%C3%A1_keramika" title="Močická keramika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Močická keramika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Mochica" title="Cultura Mochica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Cultura Mochica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche-Kultur" title="Moche-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moche-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochica_kultuur" title="Mochica kultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mochica kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Μότσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μότσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_moche" title="Cultura moche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura moche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%89e" title="Moĉe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moĉe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="موچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)" title="Moche (culture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moche (culture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_moche" title="Cultura moche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura moche" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%B2%B4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="모체 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모체 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B9%D5%A5_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Մոչե (քաղաքակրթություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոչե (քաղաքակրթություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochica" title="Mochica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mochica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Moche" title="Kebudayaan Moche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Moche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%94" title="תרבות מוצ'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות מוצ'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მოჩეს კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოჩეს კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochica_araya" title="Mochica araya – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mochica araya" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8D%C4%97s_kult%C5%ABra" title="Močės kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Močės kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocsik%C3%A1k" title="Mocsikák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mocsikák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Моче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Моче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochica" title="Mochica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mochica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="モチェ文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モチェ文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Mochica" title="Kultura Mochica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Mochica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Moche" title="Cultura Moche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura Moche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchi" title="Muchi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Моче – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моче" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8De" title="Moče – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Moče" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche" title="Moche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A7e_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Moçe kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moçe kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_(culture)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche (culture)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culture that flourished 100 to 800 AD in Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient civilization. For the district in Trujillo Province, see <a href="/wiki/Moche_District" title="Moche District">Moche District</a>. For its capital city, see <a href="/wiki/Moche,_Trujillo" title="Moche, Trujillo">Moche, Trujillo</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Moche culture</div><div class="ib-country-names">Moche</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">100–800</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MocheEN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Moche cultural influence"><img alt="A map of Moche cultural influence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MocheEN.svg/250px-MocheEN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MocheEN.svg/375px-MocheEN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MocheEN.svg/500px-MocheEN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">A map of Moche cultural influence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Culturally united independent polities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Moche<sup id="cite_ref-sobre_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobre-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Polytheist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Intermediate" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Intermediate">Early Intermediate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">100</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">800</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChavinMap.svg/20px-ChavinMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChavinMap.svg/30px-ChavinMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChavinMap.svg/40px-ChavinMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="765" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari culture</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg/20px-Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg/30px-Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg/40px-Map_of_Wari_in_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="365" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Peru" title="Category:History of Peru">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of <span class="fn org label">Peru</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde"><img alt="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/150px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/225px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/300px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">Pre-Columbian Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12000 BCE–1532</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient civilizations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3500 BCE–1470</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1438–1533/1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1532–1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1542–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1821%E2%80%931842)" title="History of Peru (1821–1842)">Foundational Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate of Peru">Protectorate of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governing_Junta" title="Supreme Governing Junta">Supreme Governing Junta</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1822–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Peru)" title="Restoration (Peru)">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1841</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="History of Peru (1841–1845)">Military Anarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1845%E2%80%931866)" title="History of Peru (1845–1866)">Guano Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Occupation of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Occupation of Lima</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_resistance_movement_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Peruvian resistance movement in the War of the Pacific">Peruvian Resistance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_(Peru)" title="National Reconstruction (Peru)">National Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1884–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_Republic_(Peru)" title="Aristocratic Republic (Peru)">Aristocratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1919%E2%80%931930)" title="History of Peru (1919–1930)">New Motherland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1930</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1948%E2%80%931956)" title="History of Peru (1948–1956)">Odría Dictatorship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1956%E2%80%931968)" title="History of Peru (1956–1968)">Moderate civil reform</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1980%E2%80%932000)" title="History of Peru (1980–2000)">Return to democracy and terrorism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000, 2002–</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Peru)" title="Lost Decade (Peru)">Economic crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Peruvian political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016–</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By political entity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History of the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru#History" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">History of the Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Republic_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of the Republic of Peru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional history of Peru">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Peru" title="List of wars involving Peru">Peruvian wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Peru" title="List of years in Peru">Years in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Peruvian coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/16px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/24px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Peru" title="Template talk:History of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Moche civilization</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈmotʃe]</a></span>; alternatively, the Moche culture or the Early, Pre- or Proto-<a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú culture">Chimú</a>) flourished in northern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> with its capital near present-day <a href="/wiki/Moche,_Trujillo" title="Moche, Trujillo">Moche, Trujillo</a>, Peru<sup id="cite_ref-sobre_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobre-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from about 100 to 800 AD during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Regional Development Epoch</a>. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common culture, as seen in the rich <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> architecture that survives today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moche society was agriculturally based, with a significant level of investment in the construction of a sophisticated network of irrigation canals for the diversion of river water to supply their crops. Their artifacts express their lives, with detailed scenes of hunting, fishing, fighting, sacrifice, sexual encounters, and elaborate ceremonies. The Moche are particularly noted for their elaborately painted <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> work, monumental constructions (<i><a href="/wiki/Huaca" title="Huaca">huacas</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods: the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (100–300 AD), the expansion and flourishing during Middle Moche (300–600 AD), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (500–800 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salinar_culture" title="Salinar culture">Salinar culture</a> reigned on the north coast of Peru from 200 BC–200 AD. According to some scholars, this was a short transition period between the <a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a> and the Moche cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are considerable parallels between Moche and Cupisnique iconography and ceramic designs, including the iconography of the 'Spider god'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moche_cultural_sphere">Moche cultural sphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Moche cultural sphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Moche cultural sphere is centered on several valleys on the north coast of Peru in regions <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libertad Region">La Libertad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambayeque Region">Lambayeque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jequetepeque_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jequetepeque Valley">Jequetepeque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicama_Valley" title="Chicama Valley">Chicama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Moche" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Moche">Moche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BA_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Virú Valley">Virú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chao_Valley" title="Chao Valley">Chao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_River" title="Santa River">Santa</a>, and Nepena.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occupied 250 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> of desert coastline and up to 50 miles inland.<sup id="cite_ref-IIIDorn2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIDorn2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Huaca_del_Sol" title="Huaca del Sol">Huaca del Sol</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> adobe structure on the Rio Moche, was the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru. It was partly destroyed when Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a> looted its graves for gold in the 16th century. The nearby <i><a href="/wiki/Huaca_de_la_Luna" title="Huaca de la Luna">Huaca de la Luna</a></i> is better preserved, with many of its interior walls still filled with many colorful murals and complex iconography. The site has been under professional <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> excavation since the early 1990s. </p><p>Other major Moche sites include <a href="/wiki/Sip%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipán">Sipán</a>, Loma Negra, Dos Cabezas, <a href="/wiki/Pacatnamu" title="Pacatnamu">Pacatnamu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/El_Brujo" title="El Brujo">El Brujo</a> complex, Mocollope, Cerro Mayal, Galindo, <a href="/wiki/Huanchaco" title="Huanchaco">Huanchaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1amarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañamarka">Pañamarka</a>. </p><p>Their adobe <a href="/wiki/Huacas" class="mw-redirect" title="Huacas">huacas</a> have been mostly destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looters</a> and natural forces over the last 1,300 years. The surviving ones show that the coloring of their murals was quite vibrant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_and_Northern_Moche">Southern and Northern Moche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern and Northern Moche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg/300px-Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg/450px-Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg/600px-Mochica_del_norte_y_mochica_del_sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="3962" /></a><figcaption>Map of the region of the Bishopric of Trujillo shows the two different Mochica cultures.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two distinct regions of the Moche civilization have been identified, Southern and Northern Moche, with each area probably corresponding to a different political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Moche region, believed to be the heartland of the culture, originally comprised the Chicama and Moche valleys, and was first described by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Larco_Hoyle" title="Rafael Larco Hoyle">Rafael Larco Hoyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huaca del Sol-Huaca de la Luna site was probably the capital of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Moche region includes three valley systems:<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The upper Piura Valley, around the <a href="/wiki/Vic%C3%BAs_culture" title="Vicús culture">Vicús culture</a> region</li> <li>The lower Lambayeque Valley system, consisting of three rivers: La Leche, Reque and Zaña</li> <li>The lower Jequetepeque Valley system</li></ul> <p>The Piura was fully part of the Moche phenomenon only for a short time—during its Early Moche, or Early Moche-Vicús phase—and then developed independently.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears that there was a lot of independent development among these various Moche centers (except in the eastern regions). They all likely had ruling dynasties of their own, related to each other. Centralized control of the whole Moche area may have taken place from time to time, but appears infrequent.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Grande" title="Pampa Grande">Pampa Grande</a>, in the Lambayeque Valley, on the shore of the Chancay River, became one of the largest Moche sites anywhere, and occupied an area of more than 400 hectares. It was prominent in the Moche V period (600–700 AD), and features an abundance of Moche V ceramics. </p><p>The site was laid out and built in a short period of time and has an enormous ceremonial complex. It includes <i>Huaca Fortaleza</i>, which is the tallest ceremonial platform in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-butters2007_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_de_Moro" title="San Jose de Moro">San Jose de Moro</a> is another northern site in the Jequetepeque valley. It was prominent in the Middle and Late Moche Periods (400–850 AD). Numerous Moche tombs have been excavated here, including several burials containing high status female individuals. These women were depicted in Moche iconography as <i>the Priestess</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_the_Northern_Mochicas_and_the_Southern_Mochicas">Differences between the Northern Mochicas and the Southern Mochicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences between the Northern Mochicas and the Southern Mochicas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best known differences are:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Northern Mochica</th> <th>Southern mochica </th></tr> <tr> <td>Goldsmithing</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huacos portraits</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buildings with ramp</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Larco 5-Phase Ceramic Sequence</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great and wide valleys</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archaeological heirs</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sican_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sican Culture">Sicanes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimu culture">Chimus</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moche pottery is some of the most varied in the world. The use of <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mold technology</a> is evident, which would have enabled the mass production of certain forms. But Moche ceramics vary widely in shape and theme, with most important social activities documented in pottery, including war, agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">erotica</a>. </p><p>Traditional north coast Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramic art</a> uses a limited palette, relying primarily on red and white colors, fineline painting, fully modeled clay, veristic figures, and stirrup spouts. Moche ceramics created between 150 and 800 AD epitomize this style. Moche pots have been found not just at major north coast archaeological sites, such as Huaca de la luna, Huaca del sol, and Sipán, but also at small villages and unrecorded burial sites as well. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg/500px-Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg/750px-Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg/1000px-Huaca_del_Sol_-_Ao%C3%BBt_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5923" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Huaca_del_Sol" title="Huaca del Sol">Huaca del Sol</a> (Temple of the Sun), Moche cultural capital, 4 km (2 mi) south of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At least 500 Moche ceramics have sexual themes. The most frequently depicted act is <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>, with scenes of vaginal penetration being very rare. Most pairs are heterosexual, with carefully carved genitalia to show that the anus, rather than the vagina, is being penetrated. Often an infant is depicted <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> while the couple has sex. <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a> is sometimes represented, but <a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">cunnilingus</a> is absent. Some depict male skeletons masturbating, or being masturbated by living women.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/210px-Moche_earrings.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/315px-Moche_earrings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/420px-Moche_earrings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKBJZMd08M8">Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers (Moche Culture, Peru)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSAFCL91OrU">Moche Portrait Head Bottle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> was the source of wealth and foundation of the empire, the Moche culture emphasized the importance of circulation and flow. Expanding upon this, Moche artwork frequently depicted the passage of fluids, particularly life fluids through vulnerable human orifices. There are countless images of defeated warriors losing life fluids through their nose, or helpless victims getting their eyes torn out by birds or captors. Images of captive sex-slaves with gaping orifices and leaking fluids portray extreme exposure, humiliation, and a loss of power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The coloration of Moche pottery is often simple, with yellowish cream and rich red used almost exclusively on elite pieces. White and black are rarely used. The Moche are known for their <a href="/wiki/Moche_portrait_vessel" title="Moche portrait vessel">portraiture pottery</a>. The pottery portraits created by the Moche appear to represent actual individuals. Many of the portraits are of individuals with physical disfigurements or genetic defects. </p><p>The realistic detail in Moche ceramics may have helped them serve as <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> models. Older generations could pass down general knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Norm_of_reciprocity" title="Norm of reciprocity">reciprocity</a> and embodiment to younger generations through such portrayals. The sex pots could teach about procreation, sexual pleasure, cultural and social norms, a sort of immortality, the transfer of life and souls, transformation, and the relationship between the two cyclical views of nature and life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extreme weather and fragility of garments mean that relatively few examples of Moche textiles exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, limited quantities have been found in tombs, especially of higher-status members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the remaining garments are incomplete articles, partially broken down.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, scholars have been able to gain cultural insights from the remaining Moche textiles. The Moche wove textiles, mostly using cotton and wool from <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative presence of these fabrics, as well as which patterns were used, varies chronologically throughout Moche culture. Too few relics exist from early Moche culture to draw conclusive findings. Textiles from around 450 AD uniquely include a male head cloth—which is not readily found elsewhere. Twill and gauze weaving is also common among samples from this period, though by the 500-800 AD range, these patterns become much less abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that elite members of Moche society had specialized artisans who manufactured their textiles, whereas lower-ranking typical members of society would manufacture their own clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whorls and needles have proven quite common in excavation of Moche dwellings—pointing to a household level of production.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more monochrome, homogenized relics suggest mass-production may have become more common by 500-800 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variation in garments likely correlates with different social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophisticated weaving techniques and bright dyes are more common on elites' clothing, whereas commoners may have had garments that were less sophisticated and lacked dye—and they likely had fewer of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex tapestries developed by artisans are another good associated with high social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several specific items also correlate to gender in Moche culture, such as a head cloth for men<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a long tunic for women. Foreigners to the Moche Culture were commonly portrayed wearing Moche clothing that contained details pertaining to both genders or items that were not specific to either.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of Moche people today continue to have strong weaving traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Moche discovered both <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electrochemical replacement plating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depletion_gilding" title="Depletion gilding">depletion gilding</a>, which they used to cover copper crafts found at Loma Negra in thin layers of gold or silver. Modern attempts were able to recreate a similar chemical plating process using boiling water and salts found naturally in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the Moche ceramic tradition that had previously been given the most attention in Archaeology, though this is beginning to change as archaeologists continue to discover ties between iconography on ceramic and other parts of Moche art. Just as important to Moche craftsmanship and culture is <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">metallurgy</a>. The skill required to create these objects is perhaps some of the finest the world has ever known. </p><p>The first Moche metalworks entered into the archaeological record were unearthed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Huaca_del_Sol" title="Huaca del Sol">Huaca del Sol</a> and Huaca de Luna during 1899 and 1900, but were largely ignored while Uhle focused on other aspects of the sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moche metal work gained attention after Peruvian researcher <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Larco_Hoyle" title="Rafael Larco Hoyle">Rafael Larco Hoyle</a> published <i>Los Mochicas</i> in 1945. Here, he mostly focused on describing the large flared headdresses and brilliantly decorated nose ornaments often found in connection with the Moche elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2001_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having no formal training in archaeology, Larco Hoyle was the first to truly attempt a systematic reconstruction of the Moche by drawing on information from excavations, art, iconography, Spanish documents, and modern traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Alva,_Walter_1994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alva,_Walter_1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of bronze and gold artifacts buried in the Warrior Priest tomb at the Huaca de la Cruz site one year later also encouraged further study. The same would happen when burial grounds at the site now known as Loma Negra in the Piura Valley were unearthed by looters finding a wealth of gold, silver, and copper objects along with ceramic vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2001_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important discovery in the context of Moche metallurgy was the discovery of the Tombs of <a href="/wiki/Sip%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipán">Sipán</a> in 1986. These burials included a wealth of metal objects unparalleled with any previous discovery. Most of these objects remained in their original context, allowing researchers to prove beyond reasonable doubt that metal objects were closely intertwined with the power of the Moche elite. The rulers of the Moche were incredibly adept at portraying and perpetuating their power through art, which is well-exemplified by the Moche metallurgy. </p><p>Moche techniques in metalworking have proved to be an intriguing area of research. Their techniques were likely some of the most advanced in the world during the time of the Moche; restoration has proven difficult to many present-day metalworkers. Craftspeople perfected a wide variety of metalworking techniques. When they invaded in the sixteenth century, Spanish conquistadors took note of the highly skilled metalwork the Inca were able to produce. Unlike European metalworkers, the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> blew through long tubes to heat coals, rather than using <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> to create a forced draft of air. It is probable that the Moche used a similar method. In fact, archaeologists are aware of several bowls from the Moche culture that depict this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Alva,_Walter_1994_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alva,_Walter_1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Moche metalworking techniques were invented or at least perfected by the Moche themselves, but they owe the invention of some of their most-used techniques at least in part to the influences of the <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a> that preceded them. Like the artists of Chavín, they mostly used alloys that contained some combination of gold, silver, or copper that they had developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hörz_&_Kallfass_2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hörz_&_Kallfass_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Moche art as a whole is very much independent of the Chavín style, many recurring motifs found across Moche art, including the metalwork, also seem to have their roots in Chavín culture. Moche art continues the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> figures as well as characters with prominent fangs, although the fangs are usually less pronounced than Chavín art and not present quite as often. That is not to say that the Moche did not leave their own mark on the Anden society. Many of the techniques developed by the Moche, especially their electroplating and gilding techniques used to make copper alloys appear to be almost internally gold or silver, would continue to be used up until the Inca conquest hundreds of years after the Moche's collapse. </p><p>Several examples of the molds used to shape the <a href="/wiki/Low_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Low relief">low relief</a> sculptures have been discovered, most are made of a solid metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> but wood molds were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourget,_Steve_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourget,_Steve_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers Christopher B. Donnan and David A. Scott proved how delicate this process of shaping is when they used a cast of one of the copper alloy molds to recreate the process. They found one of the most important parts of the process is the thickness of the sheet metal. Too thick and it will fail to capture the details of the mold and prove too difficult to shape, but too thin and the metal would winkle and tear.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourget,_Steve_2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourget,_Steve_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found 0.4mm to be the ideal thickness although the repeated hammering thinned the sheet down to 0.25mm, in addition to hammering repeated <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> was also required.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourget,_Steve_2009_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourget,_Steve_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of the items found at the tombs of Sipan has found that the Moche were able to maintain an almost completely uniform thickness between 1 and about 0.1 millimeters depending on the object.<sup id="cite_ref-Hörz_&_Kallfass_2000_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hörz_&_Kallfass_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this was completed several other techniques could be used to finish the piece. Oftentimes other pieces were attached, sometimes with the intention of being moving parts of the work. More often than not this was done by crimping the metal or the use of interlocking tabs and slits in the two parts, but <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> and edged-wielding were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Alva,_Walter_1994_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alva,_Walter_1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finishing touches could also be added with embossing, punching and chasing along with embedding other precious materials. Stones such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, turquoise, spondylus shells, and others have all been found embedded in Moche metal works. It is worth noting that several of the materials are not found on the Moche coast. Lapis Lazuli was available only from modern Chile hundreds of miles to the south and Spondulus shells had to be acquired from modern Ecuador to the north. This makes it clear that the Moche must have had extensive trade networks, and likely contact with other cultures. Also notable in this context is the fact that many of the animals accurately depicted in Moche artwork are found only in the tropical Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-Alva,_Walter_1994_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alva,_Walter_1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_engineering">Agricultural engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agricultural engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers of the Moche culture agree that the emergence of the Moche culture is related to the intensification of the production of corn, cotton, beans and squash, among other agricultural products, which allowed the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Valley of Moche from the north coast of Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (400 BC–600 AD). </p><p>The northern region of Peru is one of the most arid areas in the world, where there is no rain throughout the year. That factor, far from discouraging the establishment of communities, was the trigger for the construction of an outstanding culture that developed engineering works that interconnected various river valleys, with the aim of irrigating desert territories. </p><p>Many of the Moche agricultural systems are still in operation, such as the Ascope aqueduct, the La Cumbre Canal, in Chicama, or the San Jose dam, which continue to provide water, coming from the Andean region and groundwater, guaranteeing several harvests per year. </p><p>Access to new farmland, gained from the desert, was the starting point of a civilization that, based on abundant harvests, became socially stratified. All this allowed certain members of the community to no longer dedicate themselves exclusively to food production, and a process of specialization began that led to the development of the Moche civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moche portrait vessel, Musée du quai Branly, Paris"><img alt="Moche portrait vessel, Musée du quai Branly, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/126px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/189px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/252px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moche_portrait_vessel" title="Moche portrait vessel">Moche portrait vessel</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du quai Branly">Musée du quai Branly</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MocheStag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resting deer, Larco Museum Collection, Lima"><img alt="Resting deer, Larco Museum Collection, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MocheStag.jpg/135px-MocheStag.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/MocheStag.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resting <a href="/wiki/Odocoileus_virginianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odocoileus virginianus">deer</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum Collection</a>, Lima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombards_Museum_162.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alpaca wool tapestry (600–900 AD), Lombards Museum"><img alt="Alpaca wool tapestry (600–900 AD), Lombards Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lombards_Museum_162.JPG/180px-Lombards_Museum_162.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lombards_Museum_162.JPG/270px-Lombards_Museum_162.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lombards_Museum_162.JPG/360px-Lombards_Museum_162.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alpaca wool tapestry (600–900 AD), Lombards Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earplugs of gold inlaid with precious stones"><img alt="Earplugs of gold inlaid with precious stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg/180px-Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg/270px-Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg/360px-Ear_ornaments_from_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earplugs of gold inlaid with precious stones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fellatiomoche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic depicting fellatio (300 AD), Larco Museum, Lima"><img alt="Ceramic depicting fellatio (300 AD), Larco Museum, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fellatiomoche.jpg/180px-Fellatiomoche.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fellatiomoche.jpg/270px-Fellatiomoche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fellatiomoche.jpg/360px-Fellatiomoche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic depicting <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> (300 AD),<br /><a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>, Lima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Analsexmoche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic depicting anal sex"><img alt="Ceramic depicting anal sex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Analsexmoche.jpg/142px-Analsexmoche.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Analsexmoche.jpg/213px-Analsexmoche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Analsexmoche.jpg/284px-Analsexmoche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic depicting anal sex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moche warrior pot, British Museum, London"><img alt="Moche warrior pot, British Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/121px-Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/181px-Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/242px-Moche_warrior_pot_at_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="2944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moche warrior pot, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat,_C.E._1_-_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crescent-shaped ornament with bat, CE 1–300 Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn"><img alt="Crescent-shaped ornament with bat, CE 1–300 Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg/180px-Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg/270px-Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg/360px-Moche._Crescent-Shaped_Ornament_with_Bat%2C_C.E._1_-_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crescent-shaped ornament with <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>, CE 1–300 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, Brooklyn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper alloy mask with shell, CE 1–600 Walters Art Museum, Baltimore"><img alt="Copper alloy mask with shell, CE 1–600 Walters Art Museum, Baltimore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/147px-Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/220px-Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/294px-Moche_-_Mask_Adornment_-_Walters_2009203_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper alloy mask with shell, CE 1–600 <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, Baltimore</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_-_Knife_(tumi)_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper knife with removable figural handle, 50–800 AD Walters Art Museum, Baltimore"><img alt="Copper knife with removable figural handle, 50–800 AD Walters Art Museum, Baltimore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg/103px-Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg/155px-Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg/207px-Moche_-_Knife_%28tumi%29_with_Removable_Figural_Handle_-_Walters_543078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper knife with removable figural handle, 50–800 AD <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, Baltimore</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mochica_Headress_feline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moche headdress with feline ornamentations, 400 AD Larco Museum, Lima"><img alt="Moche headdress with feline ornamentations, 400 AD Larco Museum, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mochica_Headress_feline.jpg/180px-Mochica_Headress_feline.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Mochica_Headress_feline.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moche headdress with feline ornamentations, 400 AD <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>, Lima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold Moche necklace with feline faces, Larco Museum, Lima"><img alt="Gold Moche necklace with feline faces, Larco Museum, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg/144px-CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg/216px-CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg/288px-CollarDeOroRostrosFelinosMochica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold Moche necklace with feline faces, <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>, Lima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold Moche whistle with turquoise depicting a warrior, 1–800 AD Larco Museum, Lima"><img alt="Gold Moche whistle with turquoise depicting a warrior, 1–800 AD Larco Museum, Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg/105px-SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg/158px-SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg/211px-SilbatoMochicaDeOroYTurquesaConGuerrero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold Moche whistle with turquoise depicting a warrior, 1–800 AD <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>, Lima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze and shell Moche mask depicting the hero Ai Apaec"><img alt="Bronze and shell Moche mask depicting the hero Ai Apaec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg/180px-M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg/270px-M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg/360px-M%C3%A1scaraDeAiApaecCobreYConchaMochica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze and shell Moche mask depicting the hero <a href="/wiki/Ai_Apaec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Apaec">Ai Apaec</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonial_Knife_(Tumi)_MET_1987.394.150.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper ceremonial knife (Tumi), 3rd – 7th century AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Copper ceremonial knife (Tumi), 3rd – 7th century AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg/120px-Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg/180px-Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg/240px-Ceremonial_Knife_%28Tumi%29_MET_1987.394.150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper ceremonial knife (Tumi), 3rd – 7th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara%C3%B1amuseolarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic depicting a spider from around 300 CE"><img alt="A ceramic depicting a spider from around 300 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ara%C3%B1amuseolarco.jpg/180px-Ara%C3%B1amuseolarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Ara%C3%B1amuseolarco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ceramic depicting a <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> from around 300 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papamuseolarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic depicting potatoes"><img alt="A ceramic depicting potatoes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg/165px-Papamuseolarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ceramic depicting potatoes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Andes,_North_Coast,_Moche_people,_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic depicting a sea lion pup"><img alt="Ceramic depicting a sea lion pup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-162px-Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-243px-Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-324px-Central_Andes%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_people%2C_200-450_AD_-_Sea_Lion_Pup_Vessel_-_2014.375_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="5543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic depicting a <a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">sea lion</a> pup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_Burial_Mask,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial Mask"><img alt="Burial Mask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg/180px-Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg/270px-Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg/360px-Moche_Burial_Mask%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial Mask</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold headdress ornament"><img alt="Gold headdress ornament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg/180px-Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg/270px-Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg/360px-Headdress_ornament_Moche_-_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold headdress ornament</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_Moche_pottery_Larco_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic depicting a bat"><img alt="Ceramic depicting a bat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Bat_Moche_pottery_Larco_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic depicting a bat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture depicting a seated prisoner"><img alt="Sculpture depicting a seated prisoner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg/168px-Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg/252px-Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg/336px-Moche_-_Seated_Prisoner_Stirrup_Vessel_-_Walters_482840_-_Left_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture depicting a seated prisoner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_(per%C3%B9),_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba,_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foot"><img alt="Foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg/124px-Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg/186px-Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg/248px-Moche_%28per%C3%B9%29%2C_recipiente_a_forma_di_gamba%2C_200-300_dc_ca._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foot</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nariguera_Moche2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nariguera_Moche2.JPG/220px-Nariguera_Moche2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nariguera_Moche2.JPG/330px-Nariguera_Moche2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nariguera_Moche2.JPG/440px-Nariguera_Moche2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Moche <i>Nariguera</i> depicting the Decapitator, gold with turquoise and <a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">chrysocolla</a> inlays. Museo Oro del Peru, Lima</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg/220px-H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg/330px-H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg/440px-H_Luna_Frisorestaurado_lou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Moche "Decapitator" mural at <a href="/wiki/Huaca_de_la_Luna" title="Huaca de la Luna">Huaca de la Luna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both iconography and the finds of human skeletons in ritual contexts seem to indicate that <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> played a significant part in Moche religious practices. These rites appear to have involved the elite as key actors in a spectacle of costumed participants, monumental settings and possibly the ritual consumption of blood. The <a href="/wiki/Tumi" title="Tumi">tumi</a> was a crescent-shaped metal knife used in sacrifices. While some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Donnan" title="Christopher B. Donnan">Christopher B. Donnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izumi_Shimada" title="Izumi Shimada">Izumi Shimada</a>, argue that the sacrificial victims were the losers of ritual battles among local elites, others, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Verano" title="John Verano">John Verano</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Sutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Sutter (page does not exist)">Richard Sutter</a>, suggest that the sacrificial victims were warriors captured in territorial battles between the Moche and other nearby societies. Excavations in plazas near Moche <a href="/wiki/Huacas" class="mw-redirect" title="Huacas">huacas</a> have found groups of people sacrificed together and the skeletons of young men deliberately <a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">excarnated</a>, perhaps for temple displays.<sup id="cite_ref-Rites_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moche may have also held and tortured the victims for several weeks before sacrificing them, with the intent of deliberately drawing blood. Verano believes that some parts of the victim may have been eaten as well in ritual cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Rites_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacrifices may have been associated with rites of ancestral renewal and agricultural fertility. Moche iconography features a figure which scholars have nicknamed the "Decapitator"; it is frequently depicted as a spider, but sometimes as a winged creature or a sea monster: together all three features symbolize land, water and air. When the body is included, the figure is usually shown with one arm holding a knife and another holding a severed head by the hair; it has also been depicted as "a human figure with a tiger's mouth and snarling fangs".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Decapitator" is thought to have figured prominently in the beliefs surrounding the practice of sacrifice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it remains somewhat unclear how geographically divided Moche culture was, scholars are very confident that the Moche were a socially divided society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond royalty, the Moche can be divided into a general upper and lower class, and each class can be further stratified into smaller groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intra-class movement was possible within these broad categories, but inter-class switches between them were less feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pre-contact cultures share a divided structure comparable to the Moche—but each may have unique development.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although religion seems to have been a centripetal force for the Moche,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members of the elite class likely used it to reinforce their status.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ideological, economic, political, and social factors may have also been leveraged to similar ends.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common approach to maintaining power was for members of the elite, such as priests and priestesses, to use ceremonies to reinforce their standing<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see the Religion section for more information on ceremonies). It may also be true that physical force was used.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moche elite may have struggled to retain power at times,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inter-elite quarreling is speculated to have played into the culture's collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavated Moche burial sites constitute a large body of evidence for social stratification.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those lowest in the Moche hierarchy were buried in a simple hole near their household;<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> platform mounds with an abundance of goods were awarded to the highest-ranking members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An incomplete list of possible funerary objects includes copper masks, silver, pottery, and gold goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presence of metal-worked goods is thought to be especially significant with respect to high status.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation of dwellings indicates that living conditions of Moche likely also differed based on social standing, but excavation data here remains skewed and not entirely complete so far.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavated elite burials also illustrate that remains sexed both male and female held elite positions in Moche culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many theories as to what caused the demise of the Moche political structure. Some scholars have emphasized the role of environmental change. Studies of ice cores drilled from <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> reveal climatic events between 563 and 594 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly a super <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, that resulted in 30 years of intense rain and flooding followed by 30 years of drought,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_changes_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate changes of 535–536">climate changes of 535–536</a>. These weather events could have disrupted the Moche way of life, political hierarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and jeopardized their faith in their religion. This super El Niño may have hindered Moche agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moche agriculture relied considerably on canal-based irrigation<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Andes mountain runoff,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which a severe drought would have jeopardized.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain scholars attribute strain on the irrigation systems to sensitive tectonics in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other evidence demonstrates that these events did not cause a complete Moche demise. Moche polities survived beyond 650 AD in the Jequetepeque Valley and the Moche Valleys. For instance, in the Jequetepeque Valley, later settlements are characterized by fortifications and defensive works.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is no evidence of a foreign invasion (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Huari_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari culture">Huari</a> invasion) as many scholars have suggested in the past, the defensive works suggest social unrest, possibly the result of climatic changes, as factions fought for control over increasingly scarce resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_with_other_cultures">Links with other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Links with other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronologically, the Moche was an <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Early Intermediate Period</a> culture, which was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Chavin_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavin culture">Chavín horizon</a>, as well as the Cupisnique, and succeeded by the Huari and <a href="/wiki/Chimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimu">Chimú</a>. The Moche co-existed with the <a href="/wiki/Ica-Nazca_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica-Nazca culture">Ica-Nazca culture</a> in the south. They are thought to have had some limited contact with the Ica-Nazca because they later mined <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> for fertilizer and may have traded with northerners. <a href="/wiki/Moche_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche pottery">Moche pottery</a> has been found near Ica, but no <a href="/wiki/Ica-Nazca_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica-Nazca pottery">Ica-Nazca pottery</a> has been found in Moche territory. </p><p>The coastal Moche culture also co-existed (or overlapped in time) with the slightly earlier <a href="/wiki/Recuay_culture" title="Recuay culture">Recuay culture</a> in the highlands. Some Moche iconographic motifs can be traced to Recuay design elements. </p><p>The Moche also interacted with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BA_culture" title="Virú culture">Virú culture</a>. Eventually, by 700 CE, they had established control over the Viru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_discoveries">Archaeological discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archaeological discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n" title="Lord of Sipán">The Lord of Sipán</a>, Royal Tombs of Sipán museum, <a href="/wiki/Lambayeque,_Peru" title="Lambayeque, Peru">Lambayeque, Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899 and 1900, <a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a> was the first archaeologist to excavate a Moche site, Huaca de la Luna, which is where the architectural complex that is known as <i>Huacas de Moche</i> (Pyramids of Moche) is located in the Moche Valley. The name of this architectural complex is where the name of the Moche site and culture came from.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations in 1938 and 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Larco_Hoyle" title="Rafael Larco Hoyle">Rafael Larco Hoyle</a> saw the development of the first interpretations of Moche culture, ranking the Moche as being "high on the list of advanced societies" as a civilization. He listed traits of the Moche culture such as "exquisite artworks" and the "creation of large scale facilities and public works" as a testament to this ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Arguably the most significant event which shaped Moche archaeological research was the Virú Valley Project, beginning in 1946 and led by Willian Duncan Strong and Wendell Bennett. Their stratigraphic excavations in Virú showed an earlier ceramic style known as Gallinazo, which appeared to have “abruptly ended”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg/220px-Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg/330px-Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg/440px-Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caballito_de_totora" title="Caballito de totora">Caballito de totora</a> in the Peruvian beach of <a href="/wiki/Huanchaco" title="Huanchaco">Huanchaco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, archaeologists, alerted by the local police, discovered the first intact Moche tomb at <a href="/wiki/Sip%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipán">Sipán</a> in northern Peru. Inside the tomb, which was carbon dated to about 300 AD, the archaeologists found the mummified remains of a high ranking male, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Sip%C3%A1n" title="Lord of Sipán">Lord of Sipán</a>. Also in the tomb were the remains of six other individuals, several animals, and a large variety of ornamental and functional items, many of which were made of gold, silver, and other valuable materials. Continuing excavations of the site have yielded thirteen additional tombs. </p><p>In 2005, a mummified Moche woman known as the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Cao" title="Lady of Cao">Lady of Cao</a> was discovered at the Huaca Cao Viejo, part of the <a href="/wiki/El_Brujo" title="El Brujo">El Brujo</a> archaeological site on the outskirts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo, Peru</a>. It is the best preserved Moche mummy found to date; the elaborate tomb that housed her had unprecedented decoration. Archaeologists believe that the tomb had been undisturbed since approximately 450 AD. The tomb contained military and ornamental artifacts, including war clubs and spear throwers. The remains of a <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garroted</a> teenage girl, probably a servant, were also found in the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the discovery was announced by Peruvian and U.S. archaeologists in collaboration with <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i> in May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 an elaborate gold mask thought to depict a sea god, with curving rays radiating from a stone-inlaid feline face, was recovered in London by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. Experts believe that the artifact had been looted in the late 1980s from an elite tomb at the Moche site of La Mina.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was returned to Peru in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 archaeologists unearthed the eighth of a series of finds of female skeleton that started with the Lady of Cao, together taken as evidence that the Moche were ruled by a succession of priestesses-queens. According to project director Luis Jaime Castillo, "[the] find makes it clear that women didn't just run rituals in this area but governed here and were queens of Moche society".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery was made at the large archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="San José de Moro">San José de Moro</a>, located close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Chepen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepen">Chepen</a>, in the Sechura Desert of the Jequetepeque Valley, in <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libertad Region">La Libertad Region</a>, Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimu Empire</a>, heavily influenced inheritors of the Moche</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Se%C3%B1or_de_Sip%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="El Señor de Sipán">El Señor de Sipán</a> (the Lord of Sipán)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_Crawling_Feline" title="Moche Crawling Feline">Moche Crawling Feline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vista_Alegre,_Trujillo" title="Vista Alegre, Trujillo">Vista Alegre, Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Larco_Herrera_District" title="Víctor Larco Herrera District">Víctor Larco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires,_Trujillo" title="Buenos Aires, Trujillo">Buenos Aires, Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche,_Trujillo" title="Moche, Trujillo">Moche, Trujillo</a> (Moche City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BA_culture" title="Virú culture">Virú culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sobre-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sobre_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sobre_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCardenas,_Maritza2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardenas, Maritza, ed. (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/">"Huacas del Sol y de la Luna – Capital de la Cultura-Moche"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/">the original</a> on 2016-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huacas+del+Sol+y+de+la+Luna+%E2%80%93+Capital+de+la+Cultura-Moche&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsobre-peru.com%2F2009%2F09%2F11%2Fcultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huacas.com/">"Las Huacas del Sol y de a Luna"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Huacas+del+Sol+y+de+a+Luna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huacas.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckBlack,_LindaKrieger,_Larry_S.Naylor,_Phillip_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck"><i>World History: Patterns of Interaction</i></a></span>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X"><bdi>0-395-87274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-395-87274-X&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft.au=Black%2C+Linda&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Phillip+C.&rft.au=Shabaka%2C+Dahia+Ibo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBawden2004" class="citation book cs1">Bawden, G. 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JHU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6">978-0-8018-8360-6</a>. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-butters2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-butters2007_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButters,_L._J._C.Castillo,_S._U.2007" class="citation book cs1">Butters, L. 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(July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab7b9c">"Integrating collapse theories to understand socio-ecological systems resilience"</a>. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. <b>15</b> (7): 075008. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ERL....15g5008R">2020ERL....15g5008R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab7b9c">10.1088/1748-9326/ab7b9c</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216331801">216331801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Integrating+collapse+theories+to+understand+socio-ecological+systems+resilience&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=075008&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216331801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab7b9c&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ERL....15g5008R&rft.aulast=Rubi%C3%B1os&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.au=Anderies%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252Fab7b9c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoblerSutter2016" class="citation book cs1">Zobler, Kari; Sutter, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA486">"A Tale of Two Cities: Continuity and Change following the Moche Collapse in the Jequetepeque Valley, Peru"</a>. In Faulseit, Ronald K. (ed.). <i>Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies</i>. SIU Press. pp. 486–503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-3399-8"><bdi>978-0-8093-3399-8</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1703333">chapter 1703333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+Continuity+and+Change+following+the+Moche+Collapse+in+the+Jequetepeque+Valley%2C+Peru&rft.btitle=Beyond+Collapse%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives+on+Resilience%2C+Revitalization%2C+and+Transformation+in+Complex+Societies&rft.pages=486-503&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-3399-8&rft.aulast=Zobler&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMEhCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2009" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian (2009). <i>Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations</i>. 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(June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34607120">"The Fall of the Moche: A Critique of Claims for South America's First State"</a>. <i>Latin American Antiquity</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 127–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7183%2F1045-6635.23.2.127">10.7183/1045-6635.23.2.127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155589796">155589796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Moche%3A+A+Critique+of+Claims+for+South+America%27s+First+State&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-143&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7183%2F1045-6635.23.2.127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155589796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quilter&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Koons%2C+Michele+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A34607120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go2peru.com/peru_guide/trujillo/brujo_trujillo.htm">El Brujo and Lady of Cao</a>, go2peru.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2006" class="citation web cs1">Norris, Scott (May 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010148/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/mummy-peru.html">"Mummy of Tattooed Woman Discovered in Peru Pyramid"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. 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(April 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/case-studies/lamina/">"La Mina"</a>. <i>Trafficking Culture Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+Mina&rft.btitle=Trafficking+Culture+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Donna.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraffickingculture.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcase-studies%2Flamina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2006" class="citation web cs1">Lovett, Richard A. (August 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820190715/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060818-peru-headdress.html">"Photo in the News: Looted Peru Headdress Recovered in London"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060818-peru-headdress.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Photo+in+the+News%3A+Looted+Peru+Headdress+Recovered+in+London&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F08%2F060818-peru-headdress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVecchio2006" class="citation news cs1">Vecchio, Rick (September 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304153219/http://archive.peruthisweek.com/news-2448-looted-gold-headdress-returned-to-peru">"Looted gold headdress returned to Peru"</a>. <i>Peru This Week</i>. AP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.peruthisweek.com/news-2448-looted-gold-headdress-returned-to-peru/">the original</a> on March 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Unearthed+Peruvian+tomb+confirms+that+women+ruled+over+brutal+ancient+culture&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fgeekquinox%2Funearthed-peruvian-tomb-confirms-women-ruled-over-brutal-160013738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082150/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/http-/news/news/2013/08/130808-moche-priestess-queen-tomb-discovery-peru-archaeology-science/">Tomb of a Powerful Moche Priestess-Queen Found in Peru.</a> August 13, 2013 nationalgeographic.com</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlva1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Alva, Walter (October 1988). "Discovering the New World's Richest Unlooted Tomb". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 174, no. 4. pp. 510–555. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+New+World%27s+Richest+Unlooted+Tomb&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=510-555&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.aulast=Alva&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/119785/rec/1"><i>The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297786276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297786276"><bdi>978-0297786276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Precolumbian+Gold%3A+The+Jan+Mitchell+Collection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0297786276&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F119785%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer,_Alan_R.1966" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Alan R. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/35107"><i><span></span></i>Ancient Peruvian ceramics: the Nathan Cummings collection by Alan R. Sawyer<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Peruvian+ceramics%3A+the+Nathan+Cummings+collection+by+Alan+R.+Sawyer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Alan+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F35107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmid, Martin (2007). <i>Die Mochica an der Nordküste Perus Religion und Kunst einer vorinkaischen andinen Hochkultur</i> (in German). Hamburg: Diplomica-Verl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-83666-806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-83666-806-4"><bdi>978-3-83666-806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Mochica+an+der+Nordk%C3%BCste+Perus+Religion+und+Kunst+einer+vorinkaischen+andinen+Hochkultur&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Diplomica-Verl.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-83666-806-4&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoche+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moche_culture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moche_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moche culture">Moche culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Moche_Civilization/">Moche Civilization – World History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-8.156902&lon=-79.0231335&z=13&l=3&m=b&search=Trujillo%20Peru">Map of current Moche city (Wikimapia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/world/americas/17mummy.html?ex=1148011200&en=08cced452dd20f1b&ei=5087%0A">"A Peruvian Woman Warrior of A.D. 450"</a>, <i>New York Times</i> article (17 May 2006) by <a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">John Noble Wilford</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/peru_prog_summary.shtml">"The Lost Civilisation of Peru"</a>, transcript of BBC programme, includes bibliography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museolarco.org/en/exhibition/erotic-room/">Gallery of Moche erotic pottery</a> at the Larco Museum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080509171506/http://www.xanga.com/ElBrujoPeru">El Brujo Archaeological project</a>, website with links to National University of Trujillo, IBM, National Geographic and press reports.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d10/asb/moche/moche_doom.html">"Temples of Doom"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717114138/http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d10/asb/moche/moche_doom.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Discover</i> article (March 1999) by <a href="/wiki/Heather_Pringle_(writer)" title="Heather Pringle (writer)">Heather Pringle</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundomagico.org/the-ulluchu-fruit-blood-rituals-and-sacrificial-practices-among-the-moche-people-of-ancient-peru/">"The Ulluchu fruit: Blood Rituals and Sacrificial Practices Among the Moche People of Ancient Peru"</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundomagico.org/francesco-sammarco/">Francesco Sammarco</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7r6godCankY">"Moche pottery and the practice of war"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a> video on YouTube channel.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doaks.org/resources/moche-iconography">Moche Iconography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> online resource linking to digitized roll-out drawings of Moche ceramic fineline iconography.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" 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