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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Yellow Ford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Yellow_Ford" title="Batalla de Yellow Ford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Yellow Ford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Yellow_Ford" title="Bataille de Yellow Ford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Yellow Ford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Bh%C3%A9al_an_%C3%81tha_Bu%C3%AD" title="Cath Bhéal an Átha Buí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Bhéal an Átha Buí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Yellow_Ford" title="Battaglia di Yellow Ford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Yellow Ford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Yellow_Ford" title="Bitwa pod Yellow Ford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Yellow Ford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Yellow_Ford" title="Slaget vid Yellow Ford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Yellow Ford" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&params=54.401_N_6.686_W_region:GB_scale:50000_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°41′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.401°N 6.686°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.401; -6.686</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Nine Years' War in Ireland (1598)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Yellow Ford</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View along the Yellow Ford battlefield looking north-west"><img alt="View along the Yellow Ford battlefield looking north-west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg/220px-B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg/330px-B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg/440px-B_Yellow_Ford_from_hill_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="970" /></a></span><br />View along the Yellow Ford battlefield looking north-west</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>14 August 1598</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">between <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackwatertown" title="Blackwatertown">Blackwatertown</a>, Ireland</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&params=54.401_N_6.686_W_region:GB_scale:50000_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°41′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.401°N 6.686°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.401; -6.686</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Irish victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Loyalists</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Irish Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bagenal" title="Henry Bagenal">Henry Bagenal</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Calisthenes Brooke<br />Thomas Wingfield<br />Maelmora O'Reilly <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh O'Donnell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Maguire_(Lord_of_Fermanagh)" title="Hugh Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh)">Hugh Maguire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~4,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~5,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~1,500 killed<br />~300 deserted</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~Low</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Nine_Years&#039;_War(Ireland)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Tyrone's Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Tyrone%27s_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Tyrone's Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nine_Years&#039;_War(Ireland)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)"><span class="wrap">Nine Years' War</span></a><br />(Ireland)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleek" title="Battle of Belleek">Belleek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enniskillen_(1594)" title="Siege of Enniskillen (1594)">Enniskillen </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ford_of_the_Biscuits" title="Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits">Ford of the Biscuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_the_Blackwater_Fort" title="Assault on the Blackwater Fort">Blackwater Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontibret" title="Battle of Clontibret">Clontibret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_gunpowder_explosion" title="Dublin gunpowder explosion">Dublin gunpowder explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrickfergus_(1597)" title="Battle of Carrickfergus (1597)">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yellow Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deputy%27s_Pass" title="Battle of Deputy's Pass">Deputy's Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cahir_Castle" title="Siege of Cahir Castle">Cahir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moyry_Pass" title="Battle of Moyry Pass">Moyry Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lifford" title="Battle of Lifford">Lifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Donegal" title="Siege of Donegal">Donegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunboy" title="Siege of Dunboy">Dunboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dursey_massacre" title="Dursey massacre">Dursey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Dungannon" title="Burning of Dungannon">Dungannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants in the Nine Years' War">Participants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The <b>Battle of the Yellow Ford</b> was fought in <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a> on 14 August 1598, during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> in Ireland. An <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> army of about 4,000, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bagenal" title="Henry Bagenal">Henry Bagenal</a>, was sent from <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> to relieve the besieged <a href="/wiki/Blackwatertown" title="Blackwatertown">Blackwater Fort</a>. Marching from <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a> to the Blackwater, the column was <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">routed</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Irish</a> army under <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a> of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tyrone</a>. O'Neill's forces divided the English column and a large earthwork stalled its advance. Bagenal was killed by an Irish musketeer, and scores of his men were killed and wounded when the English gunpowder wagon exploded. About 1,500 of the English army were killed and 300 deserted. After the battle, the Blackwater Fort surrendered to O'Neill. The battle marked an escalation in the war, as the English Crown greatly bolstered its military forces in Ireland, and many Irish lords who had been neutral joined O'Neill's alliance. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1597, the English <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>, Thomas Burgh, built a new fort on the river <a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="River Blackwater, Northern Ireland">Blackwater</a> five miles northwest of the English government's garrison town <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a>. Soon after it was built, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>, laid <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to it. In 1598, with the besieged garrison running low on supplies, the English government debated whether to abandon the fort, as it was too far into O'Neill's home territory to be sustainable. It was six and a half miles from the O'Neill stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Dungannon" title="Dungannon">Dungannon</a>. Sir Henry Bagenal argued the fort should be re-supplied, and in early August 1598 was appointed to lead the expedition. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters" title="Annals of the Four Masters">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i>: "When O'Neill had received intelligence that this great army was approaching him, he sent his messengers to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a>, requesting of him to come to his assistance against this overwhelming force of foreigners who were coming to his country. O'Donnell proceeded immediately, with all his warriors, both infantry and cavalry, and a strong body of forces from <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, to assist his ally against those who were marching upon him. The Irish of all the province of Ulster also joined the same army, so that they were all prepared to meet the English before they arrived at Armagh".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bagenal's army marched from Dublin to Armagh. Meanwhile, O'Neill's troops had dug trenches in the countryside between Armagh and the Blackwater fort, blocked the roads with felled trees, and set up brushwood <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastworks</a>. The countryside was hilly with <a href="/wiki/Drumlins" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumlins">drumlins</a> and was made up of woodland, bog and some fields. In Armagh, Bagenal was aware that the five miles to the besieged fort was laced with ambush positions, but believed his army could handle the hit-and-run tactics and that he would win any pitched battle. With the main road blocked, Bagenal chose to march along a series of low hills and cross the <a href="/wiki/Callan_River" title="Callan River">River Callan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bagenal was the English army commander in chief (marshal) of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> for a decade (beginning in 1587 as his father's deputy), gaining extensive experience fighting against the Maguires and other Irish lords. He had a bitter grudge against O'Neill, who some years earlier had eloped with his sister <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Bagenal" title="Mabel Bagenal">Mabel</a>. He was familiar with the territory. He commanded 3,500<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> footsoldiers. Bagenal's footsoldiers were armed with the standard weapons of the day: <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a>. Standard formation when marching through hostile territory was musketeers in outside columns, able to fire out, and pikemen on the inside able to relieve the musketeers in the event of a sustained charge against the column. Bagenal also had 350 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and several pieces of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. The cavalry were commanded by Sir Calithenese Brooke. A troop of cavalry was commanded by Maelmora O'Reilly, who was deemed to be lord of <a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>. This was not recognised within the East Breifne and Maelmora had no authority there as it had risen up in rebellion. Maelmora was the eldest son of Sir John O'Reilly, Lord of East Breifne, who had died fighting against the English in 1596. Maelmora was slain in the battle of the Yellow Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strength of O'Neill's army is estimated to have been 5,000. O'Neill's army was unlike earlier Irish armies, as possibly 80% of his men were armed with <a href="/wiki/Caliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliver">calivers</a>, which was a lighter and more portable version of the musket. These were supported by pikemen, and targeteers; Gaelic soldiers with sword and buckler who'd been trained by Spanish advisors,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave close protection to Tyrone's skirmishers. O'Neill had several English and Spanish military advisors in his pay, as well as many Irish officers with experience in mainland Europe, who trained his troops in the use of modern weaponry. However, his army was not the same as the <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> deployed by the English. O'Neill developed a hybrid army which maximised his infantry's firepower while maintaining the key Irish advantage of mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earl had less success modernising his cavalry, who carried their spears over-arm, either thrusting or throwing them at close quarters in the traditional way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battle">The battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg/220px-Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg/330px-Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg/440px-Scrub_bushes_on_the_Yellow_Ford_battlefield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Last vestiges of the scrub woodland which flanked the Yellow Ford battlefield</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">English Crown</a> army was made up of six regiments—two forward, two centre, and two rear, and with cavalry at centre. As soon as it left Armagh, it was harried with gunfire from Irish troops hidden in scrubland on both flanks of the column. While fire poured in from the sides, no resistance was met at the head of the column as it crossed the River Callan. As the lead regiment pressed on, led by Sir Richard Percy, dangerous gaps began to separate the English infantry. It was later remarked that the leading English troops marched as if they had "won the goal in a match at football".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Percy pushed further he crossed a boggy <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>, the 'Yellow Ford' from which the battle takes its name. It was an area of raised ground allowing access across the bog to the hills ahead. Bagenal's following regiment lagged behind, burdened with supplies and artillery, one of which was a <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">saker</a> (a cannon weighing 2,500–3,000 pounds) drawn by oxen. It was getting bogged down "every ten score end"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually got stuck and was abandoned. </p><p>Percy's regiment climbed a second hill (Drumcullen), where he found a mile-long earthen trench and bank cutting across their line of advance. The trench was five-foot deep, the bank five-foot high and crested with thorns. Harried by gunfire from his flanks, Percy took his regiment down the hill and over the blockade, led by the <a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">forlorn hope</a> under Captains Turner and Leigh. The trench was not defended and O'Neill made no effort to stop them. Reaching the top of the third hill (Mullyleggan), Percy could see the Blackwater Fort. The beleaguered garrison could see their relief and threw their caps in the air "hoping to have a better supper than the dinner they had that day".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But their hopes were stillborn. </p><p>The rear English regiments under Captains Cuney and Billing had been halted crossing the River Callan and the rest of the English army had stalled on Drumcullen hill. O'Neill sent more troops to attack Percy's men, forcing the English musketeers to withdraw into their pike stand. This allowed O'Neill's shot to rake the compact body of troops with close-range gunfire, and his horse and swordsmen started to open gaps in the pike defence. Under severe pressure, Bagenal ordered Percy to retreat back over the trench, but this could not be done in an orderly way and the lead English regiment was <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">routed</a>. The trench had cut off Percy's men from their cavalry. Moreover, it hindered the English infantry's retreat as "falling over one another they filled the dyke and were trodden down where they fell".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshal Bagenal led his men forward to help the shattered infantry, but as he descended the hill towards the trench he was shot through the head and killed. The English counter-attack continued but it was badly mauled by O'Neill, sending them spilling back over the trench. </p><p>Thomas Maria Wingfield took over command of the English army. Matters went from bad to worse, as an English soldier attempted to refill his supply of gunpowder straight from the powder store in the supply train. Thrusting his hand into the powder, he still had his lit match from his firearm. Two to four hundred pounds of gunpowder exploded in the English central position, killing and wounding scores and shrouding the hill in a thick cloud of smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disaster within the English ranks only encouraged the Irish to redouble their attacks. With little option, Wingfield ordered a retreat to Armagh. But the commander of the English rear either did not get the command or refused to obey it, or was unable to make an orderly retreat and instead launched a foolhardy second counterattack across the trench. O'Neill quickly crushed Cosby's attack. Only quick action by Wingfield and the English horse saved 500 men from the slaughter, but Cosby was taken prisoner by O'Neill's men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rest of the English Crown forces struggled back to Armagh. The Irish moved to cut off the English retreat at the River Callan, but point-blank fire from the English column's remaining cannon halted the Irish advance. Finally, the shattered English force caught a break, as Irish fire slackened. The Irish shot had exhausted their immediate supply of gunpowder. Captain Cuney later noted that if O'Neill's pike had come on as his shot, none of his men would have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After recrossing the River Callan, the English army returned to Armagh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 1,500 of the English Crown forces were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included 18 "captains" or officers killed. Three hundred soldiers deserted to the Irish alliance, including two Englishmen. Out of 4,000 soldiers who had set out from Armagh, just over 2,000 returned after the battle. Those who did reach Armagh were besieged. The English cavalry broke out and rode south, escaping the Irish. After three days of negotiation, it was agreed that the English Crown troops could leave Armagh as long as they left their arms and ammunition behind and that the garrison of the Blackwater Fort surrendered. The most badly wounded English soldiers were left in Armagh Cathedral, many with severe burns suffered in the gunpowder explosion, but O'Neill agreed to tend to them and have them transported to Newry when they were fit to travel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the English, 200 to 300 of O'Neill's army were killed, though that is likely to be an overestimate to mitigate the scale of the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, the English Crown swiftly and greatly bolstered its military forces in Ireland. Many Irish lords who had been neutral undertook to join O'Neill's alliance. Thus, the overall outcome of the battle was an escalation of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Siege of Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallowglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmalure" title="Battle of Glenmalure">Battle of Glenmalure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number 3,500 comes from Captain Charles Montague's <i>Report of the Accident at Armagh</i>, a report dated 16 August 1598. For other contemporaneous reports giving numbers in the range 3,000 to 4,000 see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052133/http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">"O Estado Que Nunca Foi: Guerra e a Formação do Estado na Irlanda do Século XVI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Estado+Que+Nunca+Foi%3A+Guerra+e+a+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Estado+na+Irlanda+do+S%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuperj.br%2Fbiblioteca%2Fteses%2FEoin%2520tese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/OReillysDuffysHibernian/">Hibernian Magazine, Volume 2, 1861 – The O'Reillys at Home and Abroad</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Their skill and practise therein far exceeding their wonted usage': the Irish military revolution, 1593–1603". James O'Neill. Ch. 14 in Eve Campbell, Elizabeth FitzPatrick and Audrey Horning (eds), <i>Becoming and Belonging in Ireland AD c. 1200–1600: Essays in identity and cultural practice</i> (Cork, 2018), pp. 293–312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, <i>The Nine Years War, 1593–1603</i>, Chapter 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, <i>The Nine Years War</i>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CSPI 1598–9, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, <i>Nine Years War</i>, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, <i>Nine Years War</i>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes-McCoy, <i>Irish Battles</i>, pp .124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, <i>The Nine Years War, 1593–1603</i>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For many contemporaneous sources about the numbers killed, some of them inconsistent, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052133/http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">"O Estado Que Nunca Foi: Guerra e a Formação do Estado na Irlanda do Século XVI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Estado+Que+Nunca+Foi%3A+Guerra+e+a+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Estado+na+Irlanda+do+S%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuperj.br%2Fbiblioteca%2Fteses%2FEoin%2520tese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span>, chapter VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, 'Like sheep to the shambles', Irish Sword, no. 126, p. 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 200 to 300 figure is the estimate of Lieutenant William Taaffe, reported on 16 Aug 1598. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052133/http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">"O Estado Que Nunca Foi: Guerra e a Formação do Estado na Irlanda do Século XVI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuperj.br/biblioteca/teses/Eoin%20tese.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Estado+Que+Nunca+Foi%3A+Guerra+e+a+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Estado+na+Irlanda+do+S%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuperj.br%2Fbiblioteca%2Fteses%2FEoin%2520tese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span>, page 351.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>G.A. Hayes McCoy, <i>Irish Battles</i>, Belfast, 1990. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>James O'Neill, 'The cockpit of Ulster: war along the River Blackwater, 15693–1603', <i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>, vol. 72 (2013–14), pp 184–99.</li> <li>James O'Neill, <i>The Nine Years War, 1593–1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the military revolution</i>, Dublin, 2017 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>James O'Neill, 'Like sheep to the shambles? Slaughter and surrender during Tyrone's Rebellion 1593–1603', <i>Irish Sword</i>, vol. 31, no. 126 (2018), pp 366–80.</li> <li>John McCavitt, <i>The Flight of the Earls</i>, Dublin 2002. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>John McGurk, 'The Battle of the Yellow Ford, August 1598', <i>Dúiche Néill: Journal of the O'Neill Country Historical Society</i>, no. 11 (1997), pp 34–55.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2016" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, James (14 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27765193">"Bad result for the away side: The Battle of the Yellow Ford, 14 August 1598"</a> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bad+result+for+the+away+side%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Yellow+Ford%2C+14+August+1598&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27765193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2018" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, James (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16563310">"Like sheep to the shambles: Slaughter and surrender during Tyrone's Rebellion 1593–1603"</a>. <i>The Irish Sword</i> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Sword&rft.atitle=Like+sheep+to+the+shambles%3A+Slaughter+and+surrender+during+Tyrone%27s+Rebellion+1593%E2%80%931603&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16563310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2013" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, James (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21114530">"The cockpit of Ulster: war along the River Blackwater 1593–1603"</a>. <i>The Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>72</b>: 184–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ulster+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+cockpit+of+Ulster%3A+war+along+the+River+Blackwater+1593%E2%80%931603&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=184-199&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21114530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Yellow+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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