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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Materials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traceability_and_positive_material_identification_(PMI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traceability_and_positive_material_identification_(PMI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traceability_and_positive_material_identification_(PMI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Installation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Installation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Installation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pipe_supports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipe_supports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pipe supports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipe_supports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Joining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fittings_and_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fittings_and_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Fittings and valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fittings_and_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cleaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Steel pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Copper pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soft_copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Soft copper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flare_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flare_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Flare connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flare_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rigid_copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigid_copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Rigid copper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigid_copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soldered_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soldered_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3.1</span> <span>Soldered connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soldered_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3.2</span> <span>Compression connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimped_or_pressed_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimped_or_pressed_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3.3</span> <span>Crimped or pressed connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimped_or_pressed_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminium_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Aluminium pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Glass pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Plastic pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyp_(materiaal)" title="Pyp (materiaal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pyp (materiaal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8" title="أنبوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنبوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber%C3%ADa" title="Tubería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tubería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Труба (выраб) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Труба (выраб)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Тръба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тръба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonada" title="Canonada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canonada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%85" title="Пăрăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăрăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roura_(technika)" title="Roura (technika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roura (technika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohr_(Technik)" title="Rohr (Technik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rohr (Technik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru" title="Toru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber%C3%ADa" title="Tubería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tubería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo" title="Tubo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tubo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodi" title="Hodi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hodi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="لوله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyau" title="Tuyau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tuyau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADopa_(infreastrucht%C3%BAr)" title="Píopa (infreastruchtúr) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Píopa (infreastruchtúr)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_(%EA%B4%80)" title="파이프 (관) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이프 (관)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խողովակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խողովակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cijev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo" title="Tubo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tubo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa_(saluran)" title="Pipa (saluran) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pipa (saluran)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo" title="Tubo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tubo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8" title="צינור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צינור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pipa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Құбыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құбыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyo" title="Tiyo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tiyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubus" title="Tubus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tubus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurule" title="Caurule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Caurule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C5%91" title="Cső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paip" title="Paip – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buis_(voorwerp)" title="Buis (voorwerp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buis (voorwerp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97" title="パイプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81)" title="БиргӀа (гӀирс) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БиргӀа (гӀирс)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8yr" title="Røyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quvur" title="Quvur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quvur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rura" title="Rura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo" title="Tubo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tubo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aeav%C4%83" title="Țeavă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țeavă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiru" title="Wiru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Труба (изделие) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Труба (изделие)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(material)" title="Pipe (material) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pipe (material)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAra_(technika)" title="Rúra (technika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rúra (technika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C" title="بۆڕی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆڕی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cev" title="Cev – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Cev" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cijev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putki" title="Putki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Putki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6r" title="Rör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="குழாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asegdal" title="Asegdal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asegdal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%AF%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лӯла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лӯла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwuat" title="Zwuat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwuat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Труба (техніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Труба (техніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%90ng_(truy%E1%BB%81n_d%E1%BA%ABn)" title="Ống (truyền dẫn) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ống (truyền dẫn)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%88%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E8%BE%93%E9%80%81%EF%BC%89" title="管子（流体输送） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="管子（流体输送）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1" title="管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81)" title="管子 (流體輸送) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管子 (流體輸送)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralon" title="Pralon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pralon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tubular section or hollow cylinder</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For structural pipe, see <a href="/wiki/Hollow_structural_section" title="Hollow structural section">Hollow structural section</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pipe (disambiguation)">Pipe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Talk:Pipe (fluid conveyance)">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg/170px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg/255px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg/340px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_1090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Drain pipe of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pipe</b> is a tubular section or hollow <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a>, usually but not necessarily of <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circular</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-section</a>, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluids">fluids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">powders</a> and masses of small solids. It can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural</a> applications; a hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than the solid members. </p><p>In common usage the words <i>pipe</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">tube</a></i> are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several international and national industrial standards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While similar standards exist for specific industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United States. </p><p>Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a <i><a href="/wiki/Hose_(tubing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose (tubing)">hose</a></i> (or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use of <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">fittings</a> such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with the use of tube fittings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encanamento.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Encanamento.JPG/170px-Encanamento.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Encanamento.JPG/255px-Encanamento.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Encanamento.JPG/340px-Encanamento.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Pipe installation on a street in <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipelines</a> transporting gas or liquid over long distances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">Compressed air</a> systems</li> <li>Casing for concrete pilings used in construction projects</li> <li>High-temperature or high-pressure manufacturing processes</li> <li>The petroleum industry: <ul><li>Oil well casing</li> <li>Oil refinery equipment</li></ul></li> <li>Delivery of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, in a <a href="/wiki/Process_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Process plant">process plant</a> from one point to another point in the process</li> <li>Delivery of bulk solids, in a food or process plant from one point to another point in the process</li> <li>The construction of high pressure storage vessels (large <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessels</a> are constructed from plate, not pipe owing to their wall thickness and size).</li></ul> <p>Additionally, pipes are used for many purposes that do not involve conveying fluid. <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">Handrails</a>, scaffolding, and support structures are often constructed from structural pipes, especially in an industrial environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known use of pipes was in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Pyramid of Sahure</a>, completed around the 25th century BC, included a temple with an elaborate drainage system including more than 380 m (1,247 ft) of copper piping.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun_Quarter#19th_century" title="Gun Quarter">Birmingham gunmakers</a> tried to use <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling</a> mills to make iron musket barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them, Henry Osborne, developed a relatively effective process in 1817 with which he started to make iron gas tubes ca. 1820, selling some to <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clegg" title="Samuel Clegg">Samuel Clegg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars (even though methods for making weldless steel tubes were known already in the 1870s<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), until by the early 1930s these methods were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, which is still widely used today.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tube_drawing" title="Tube drawing">Tube drawing</a></div> <p>There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)" title="Centrifugal casting (industrial)">Centrifugal casting</a> of hot alloyed metal is one of the most prominent process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipes</a> are generally manufactured in such a fashion. </p><p><b>Seamless pipe</b> (SMLS) is formed by drawing a solid <a href="/wiki/Billet_(semi-finished_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billet (semi-finished product)">billet</a> over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell in a process called <a href="/wiki/Rotary_piercing" title="Rotary piercing">rotary piercing</a>. As the manufacturing process does not include any welding, seamless pipes are perceived to be stronger and more reliable. Historically, seamless pipe was regarded as withstanding pressure better than other types, and was often more available than <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a> pipe. </p><p>Advances since the 1970s, in materials, process control, and non-destructive testing, allow correctly specified welded pipe to replace seamless in many applications. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam (usually by <a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance_welding" title="Electric resistance welding">Electric resistance welding</a> ("ERW"), or Electric Fusion Welding ("EFW")). The weld flash can be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat-treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than the seamless type, and can be cheaper to manufacture. </p><p>There are a number of processes that may be used to produce ERW pipes. Each of these processes leads to coalescence or merging of steel components into pipes. Electric current is passed through the surfaces that have to be welded together; as the components being welded together resist the electric current, heat is generated which forms the weld. Pools of molten metal are formed where the two surfaces are connected as a strong electric current is passed through the metal; these pools of molten metal form the weld that binds the two abutted components. </p><p>ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of steel. The welding process for ERW pipes is continuous, as opposed to welding of distinct sections at intervals. ERW process uses steel coil as feedstock. </p><p>The High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process is used for manufacturing ERW pipes. In this process, the current to weld the pipe is applied by means of an <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a> around the tube. HFI is generally considered to be technically superior to "ordinary" ERW when manufacturing pipes for critical applications, such as for usage in the energy sector, in addition to other uses in line pipe applications, as well as for casing and tubing. </p><p>Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW, or <a href="/wiki/Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged Arc Welded</a> ("SAW") pipe. There are two technologies that can be used to manufacture steel pipes of sizes larger than the steel pipes that can be produced by seamless and ERW processes. The two types of pipes produced through these technologies are longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) and spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) pipes. LSAW are made by bending and welding wide steel plates and most commonly used in oil and gas industry applications. Due to their high cost, LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non-energy applications such as water pipelines. SSAW pipes are produced by spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have a cost advantage over LSAW pipes, as the process uses coils rather than steel plates. As such, in applications where spiral-weld is acceptable, SSAW pipes may be preferred over LSAW pipes. Both LSAW pipes and SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”-24”. </p><p>Tubing for flow, either metal or plastic, is generally <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruded</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg/170px-Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg/255px-Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg/340px-Fairmount_Water_Works_water_mains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Historic <a href="/wiki/Water_main" class="mw-redirect" title="Water main">water mains</a> from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> included wooden pipes</figcaption></figure> <p>Pipe is made out of many types of material including <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>. In the past, wood and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>plumbum</i>, from which comes the word '<a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>') were commonly used. </p><p>Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized steel">galvanized steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">ductile iron</a>. Iron based piping is subject to corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a> pipe or tubing may be utilized where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> tubing is popular for domestic water (potable) <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or heat exchangers). <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrome_moly" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome moly">chrome moly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> steel alloys are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. When specifying alloys for new processes, the known issues of <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitization effect">sensitization effect</a> must be taken into account. </p><p>Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_system" title="Water distribution system">water distribution systems</a>, but is no longer permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> now require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non-toxic piping or that the tubes' interiors be treated with <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>. According to a senior researcher and lead expert with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association" title="Canadian Environmental Law Association">Canadian Environmental Law Association</a>, "[...] there is no safe level of lead [for human exposure]".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 the US EPA issued the <a href="/wiki/Lead_and_Copper_Rule" title="Lead and Copper Rule">Lead and Copper Rule</a>, a federal regulation which limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water, as well as the permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to the water itself. In the US it is estimated that 6.5 million <a href="/wiki/Lead_service_line" title="Lead service line">lead service lines</a> (pipes that connect water mains to home plumbing) installed before the 1930s are still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic tubing</a> is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Plastic materials include <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC),<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">chlorinated polyvinyl chloride</a> (CPVC), <a href="/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre reinforced plastic">fibre reinforced plastic</a> (FRP),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> (PP), <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> (PE), <a href="/wiki/PEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEX">cross-linked high-density polyethylene</a> (PEX), <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">polybutylene</a> (PB), and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS), for example. In many countries, PVC pipes account for most pipe materials used in buried municipal applications for drinking water distribution and wastewater mains.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipe may be made from <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or <a href="/wiki/Vitrified_clay_pipe" title="Vitrified clay pipe">vitrified clay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a> can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carbon Steel Pipe in a storage yard"><img alt="Carbon Steel Pipe in a storage yard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg/270px-Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg/405px-Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg/540px-Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carbon Steel Pipe in a storage yard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes"><img alt="High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/240px-Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/360px-Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/480px-Orange_and_Yellow_HDPE_Pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Largediapvc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plastic (PVC) pipes"><img alt="Plastic (PVC) pipes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Largediapvc.jpg/240px-Largediapvc.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Largediapvc.jpg/360px-Largediapvc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Largediapvc.jpg/480px-Largediapvc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plastic (PVC) pipes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traceability_and_positive_material_identification_(PMI)"><span id="Traceability_and_positive_material_identification_.28PMI.29"></span>Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloys">alloys</a> for piping are forged, metallurgical tests are performed to determine material composition by % of each <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> in the piping, and the results are recorded in a material test report, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Mill_Test_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill Test Report">Mill Test Report</a> (MTR).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tests can be used to prove that the alloy conforms to various specifications (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">316 SS</a>). The tests are stamped by the mill's QA/QC department and can be used to trace the material back to the mill by future users, such as piping and fitting manufacturers. Maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceability</a> between the alloy material and associated MTR is an important quality assurance issue. QA often requires the <a href="/wiki/Heat_number" title="Heat number">heat number</a> to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials. As a backup to etching/labeling of the material identification on the pipe, <a href="/wiki/Positive_material_identification" title="Positive material identification">positive material identification</a> (PMI) is performed using a handheld device; the device scans the pipe material using an emitted electromagnetic wave (<a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">x-ray fluorescence/XRF</a>) and receives a reply that is spectrographically analyzed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes">Sizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a></div> <p>Pipe sizes can be confusing because the terminology may relate to historical dimensions. For example, a half-inch iron pipe does not have any dimension that is a half inch. Initially, a half inch pipe did have an inner diameter of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch (13 mm)—but it also had thick walls. As technology improved, thinner walls became possible, but the outside diameter stayed the same so it could mate with existing older pipe, increasing the inner diameter beyond half an inch. The history of copper pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe was designated by its internal diameter and a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>-inch (1.6 mm) wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer pipe technologies sometimes adopted a sizing system as its own. PVC pipe uses the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a>. </p><p>Pipe sizes are specified by a number of national and international standards, including <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">API</a> 5L, <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">ASME</a> B36.10M and B36.19M in the US, <a href="/wiki/British_Standards" title="British Standards">BS</a> 1600 and BS <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">EN</a> 10255 in the United Kingdom and Europe. </p><p>There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North American method is called NPS ("<a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a>") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating the outside diameter allows pipes of the same size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness. </p> <ul><li><b>For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350),</b> both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS 2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33 millimetres. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference table.</li> <li><b>For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater</b> the NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches or 355.60 millimetres, and is equivalent to DN 350.</li></ul> <p>Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2" <a href="/wiki/Schedule_80" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule 80">Schedule 80</a> pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2" <a href="/wiki/Schedule_40" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule 40">Schedule 40</a> pipe. </p><p>Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel. </p><p>Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates the outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting impact on modern standards around the world. </p><p>In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS) and schedule (SCH). Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API 5L, <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">ASME</a> B36.10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United Kingdom. Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent. </p><p>In the rest of Europe pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a>, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. For NPS larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25.4) This is documented by <a href="/wiki/European_Standard" title="European Standard">EN</a> 10255 (formerly <a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> 2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65:1981, and it is often called DIN or ISO pipe. </p><p>Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Industrial Standard">JIS</a> pipe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_pipe_size" title="Iron pipe size">Iron pipe size</a> (IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment. The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS 8 and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, however it is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6" inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS 8" and larger. </p><p>Another old system is the <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe#North_America" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile Iron Pipe Size</a> (DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS. </p><p>Copper <b>plumbing <a href="/wiki/Tubing_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubing (material)">tube</a></b> for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in America, often called <a href="/wiki/Copper_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper tube">Copper Tube Size</a> (CTS); see <a href="/wiki/Domestic_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic water system">domestic water system</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Nominal_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal size">nominal size</a> is neither the inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Irrigation_Pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Irrigation Pipe">Plastic Irrigation Pipe</a>. PIP comes in pressure ratings of 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), and 125 psi (860 kPa) and is generally available in diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 inches (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, and 61 cm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manufacture and installation of <b>pressure piping</b> is tightly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> "B31" code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the <a href="/wiki/ASME_Boiler_and_Pressure_Vessel_Code_(BPVC)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)">ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)</a>. This code has the force of law in Canada and the US. Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes. Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards. </p><p>Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require a test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A <b>heat</b> of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a <b>lot</b> of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a <b>mill traceability report</b> and the mechanical tests in a <b>material test report</b>, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called <b>traceable</b>. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a <b>certified material test report</b>(CMTR), and the material will be called <b>certified</b>. </p><p>Some widely used pipe standards or piping classes are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">API</a> range – now ISO 3183. E.g.: API 5L Grade B – now ISO L245 where the number indicates yield strength in MPa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">ASME</a> SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> C76 (Concrete Pipe)</li> <li>ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)</li> <li>ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)</li> <li>ISO 14692 (Petroleum and natural gas industries. Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping. Qualification and manufacture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A36" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM A36">ASTM A36</a> (Carbon steel pipe for structural or low pressure use)</li> <li>ASTM A795 (Steel pipe specifically for fire sprinkler systems)</li></ul> <p>API 5L was changed in the second half of 2008 to edition 44 from edition 43 to make it identical to ISO 3183. It is important to note that the change has created the requirement that sour service, ERW pipe, pass a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) test per NACE TM0284 in order to be used for sour service. </p> <ul><li>ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]</li> <li>AWWA [American Water Works Association]</li> <li>AWWA M45</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Installation">Installation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Installation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically 20 feet (6.1 m), called single random length) or they are prefabricated with elbows, tees and valves into a prefabricated pipe spool [A pipe spool is a piece of pre-assembled pipe and fittings, usually prepared in a shop so that installation on the construction site can be more efficient.]. Typically, pipe smaller than 2 inches (5.1 cm) are not pre-fabricated. The pipe spools are usually tagged with a <a href="/wiki/Bar_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar code">bar code</a> and the ends are capped (plastic) for protection. The pipe and pipe spools are delivered to a warehouse on a large commercial/industrial job and they may be held indoors or in a gridded laydown yard. The pipe or pipe spool is retrieved, staged, rigged, and then lifted into place. On large process jobs the lift is made using <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(device)" title="Hoist (device)">hoist</a> and other material lifts. They are typically temporarily supported in the steel structure using beam clamps, straps, and small hoists until the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">pipe supports</a> are attached or otherwise secured. </p><p>An example of a tool used for installation for a small plumbing pipe (threaded ends) is the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">pipe wrench</a>. Small pipe is typically not heavy and can be lifted into place by the installation craft laborer. However, during a plant outage or shutdown, the small (small bore) pipe may also be pre-fabricated to expedite installation during the outage. After the pipe is installed it will be tested for leaks. Before testing it may need to be cleaned by blowing air or steam or flushing with a liquid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipe_supports">Pipe supports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pipe supports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe supports. Supports may be as simple as a pipe "shoe" which is akin to a half of an I-beam welded to the bottom of the pipe; they may be "hung" using a <a href="/wiki/Clevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clevis">clevis</a>, or with <a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">trapeze</a> type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>, or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak displacements due to externally imposed vibrations or mechanical shocks. The undesired motions may be process derived (such as in a fluidized bed reactor) or from a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake (design basis event or DBE). </p><p>Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible exposure to high temperatures and heavy loads should be included when specifying which clamps are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining">Joining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Joining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">Piping and plumbing fittings</a></div> <p>Pipes are commonly joined by <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound, <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE) <a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a>, or PTFE string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal. The most common pipe thread in North America is the <a href="/wiki/National_pipe_thread" title="National pipe thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT) or the <a href="/wiki/National_pipe_thread" title="National pipe thread">Dryseal</a> (NPTF) version. Other pipe threads include the British Standard Pipe Thread (BSPT), the <a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">garden hose thread</a> (GHT), and the <a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling#NST" title="Hose coupling">fire hose coupling</a> (NST). </p><p>Copper pipes are typically joined by <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compression_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fittings">compression fittings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">flaring</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pipe">Plastic pipes</a> may be joined by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">solvent welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_fusion" title="Heat fusion">heat fusion</a>, or elastomeric sealing. </p><p>If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as the smaller copper or flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be joined with <a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">compression fittings</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/220px-Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/330px-Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg/440px-Electrofusion_Welding_of_HDPE_Pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A HDPE ring main that has been joined with an Electrofusion Tee.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Underground_pipe"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Underground pipe</span></span></i> typically uses a "push-on" gasket style of pipe that compresses a gasket into a space formed between the two adjoining pieces. Push-on joints are available on most types of pipe. A pipe joint lubricant must be used in the assembly of the pipe. Under buried conditions, gasket-joint pipes allow for lateral movement due to soil shifting as well as expansion/contraction due to temperature differentials.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic <a href="/wiki/MDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="MDPE">MDPE</a> and <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a> <a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">gas and water pipes</a> are also often joined with <a href="/wiki/Electrofusion" title="Electrofusion">Electrofusion</a> fittings. </p><p>Large above ground pipe typically uses a flanged joint, which is generally available in ductile iron pipe and some others. It is a gasket style where the flanges of the adjoining pipes are bolted together, compressing the gasket into a space between the pipe. </p><p>Mechanical grooved couplings or <a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a> joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly and assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 120 pounds per square inch (830 kPa) working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade. Another type of mechanical coupling is a flareless tube fitting (Major brands include Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker); this type of compression fitting is typically used on small tubing under 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter. </p><p>When pipes join in chambers where other components are needed for the management of the network (such as valves or gauges), dismantling joints are generally used, in order to make mounting/dismounting easier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fittings_and_valves">Fittings and valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fittings and valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/220px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/330px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/440px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Copper pipe fittings</figcaption></figure> <p>Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate pressure. The <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">piping and plumbing fittings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a> articles discuss them further. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tube_cleaning" title="Tube cleaning">Tube cleaning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limescale-in-pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limescale-in-pipe.jpg/220px-Limescale-in-pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limescale-in-pipe.jpg/330px-Limescale-in-pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limescale-in-pipe.jpg/440px-Limescale-in-pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>A pipe with <a href="/wiki/Limescale" title="Limescale">limescale</a> buildup, reducing the inner diameter considerably.</figcaption></figure> <p>The inside of pipes can be cleaned with a <a href="/wiki/Tube_cleaning_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube cleaning process">tube cleaning process</a>, if they are contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">fouling</a>. This depends on the process that the pipe will be used for and the cleanliness needed for the process. In some cases the pipes are cleaned using a displacement device formally known as a <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_Inspection_Gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline Inspection Gauge">Pipeline Inspection Gauge</a> or "pig"; alternately the pipes or tubes may be chemically flushed using specialized solutions that are pumped through. In some cases, where care has been taken in the manufacture, storage, and installation of pipe and tubing, the lines are blown clean with compressed air or nitrogen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hollow_structural_section" title="Hollow structural section">Hollow structural section</a></div> <p>Pipe is widely used in the fabrication of handrails, guardrails, and railings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Special:EditPage/Pipe (fluid conveyance)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_pipe">Steel pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Steel pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> pipe (or <b>black iron</b> pipe) was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and businesses to convey <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel pipe is used to convey heating or cooling water to <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat exchangers">heat exchangers</a>, air handlers, <a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">variable air volume</a> (VAV) devices, or other <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> equipment. </p><p>Steel pipe is sometimes joined using threaded connections, where tapered threads (see <a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a>) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">thread sealing compound</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">thread seal tape</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using two <a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">pipe wrenches</a>. Beyond domestic or light commercial settings, steel pipe is often joined by <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, or by use of mechanical couplings made by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a> or Anvil International (formerly Grinnell) that hold the pipe joint together via a groove pressed or cut (a rarely used older practice), into the ends of the pipes. </p><p>Other variations of steel pipe include various stainless steel and chrome alloys. In high-pressure situations these are usually joined by <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">TIG</a> welding. </p><p>In Canada, with respect to natural gas (NG) and propane (LP gas), black iron pipe (BIP) is commonly used to connect an appliance to the supply. It must however be marked (either painted yellow or yellow banding attached at certain intervals) and certain restrictions apply to which nominal pipe size (NPS) can be put through walls and buildings. With propane in particular, BIP can be run from an exterior tank (or cylinder) provided it is well protected from the weather, and an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>-type of protection from <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> is in place when the pipe is to be installed underground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_pipe">Copper pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Copper pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></div> <p>Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_copper">Soft copper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Soft copper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard/rigid, it is carefully <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealed</a> to make it soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in <i>split-system</i> air conditioners and heat pumps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flare_connections">Flare connections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flare connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare connections</a> require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a <b>flare tool</b>. A <b>flare nut</b> then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rigid_copper">Rigid copper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rigid copper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, compression or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use <i>elbow fittings</i> to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool, called <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a>, then rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Soldered_connections">Soldered connections</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Soldered connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soldering#Pipe_soldering" title="Soldering">Solder fittings</a> are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. Both the male and female ends of the pipe or pipe connectors are cleaned thoroughly then coated with flux to make sure there is no surface oxide and to ensure that the solder will bond properly with the base metal. The joint is then heated using a <a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torch</a>, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. The term <b>sweating</b> is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Compression_connections">Compression connections</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Compression connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compression_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fittings">Compression fittings</a> use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the compression ring or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crimped_or_pressed_connections">Crimped or pressed connections</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Crimped or pressed connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. Thousands of pounds-force per square inch of pressure are used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing, creating a watertight seal. Advantages of this method are: </p> <ul><li>A correctly crimped connection should last as long as the tubing.</li> <li>It takes less time to complete than other methods.</li> <li>It is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection.</li> <li>No open flame is used during the connection process.</li></ul> <p>Disadvantages are: </p> <ul><li>The fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat type fittings.</li> <li>The fittings are not re-usable. If a design change is required or if a joint is found to be defective or improperly crimped, the already installed fittings must be cut out and discarded. In addition, the cutting required to remove the fitting often will leave insufficient tubing to install the new fitting, So couplers and additional tubing will need to be installed on either side of the replacement fitting. Whereas with a soldered fitting, a defective joint can just be re-soldered, or heated and turned if a minor change is required, or heated and removed without requiring any of the tubing to be cut away. This also allows more expensive fittings like valves to be re-used if they are otherwise in good to new condition, something not possible if the fitting is crimped on.</li> <li>The cost of the tooling is very expensive. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a basic toolkit required to sweat solder all the copper pipes of a typical single family residence, including fuel and solder, can be purchased for approximately $200. By contrast, the minimum cost of a basic powered crimping tool starts at around $1800, and can be as high as $4000 for the better brands with a complete set of crimping dies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminium_pipe">Aluminium pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aluminium pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> is sometimes used due to its low cost, resistance to corrosion and solvents, and its ductility. Aluminium tube is more desirable than steel for the conveyance of flammable solvents, since it cannot create sparks when manipulated. Aluminium tubing can be connected by flare or compression fittings, or it can be welded by the <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">TIG</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heliarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliarc">heliarc</a> processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_pipe">Glass pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Glass pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a> pipes are used for specialized applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> liquids, medical or laboratory wastes, or <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> manufacturing. Connections are generally made using specialized gasket or O-ring fittings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_pipe">Plastic pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Plastic pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plastic pipes used in manufacturing. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plastic pipe fittings include PVC pipe fittings, PP / PPH pipe fitting mould, PE pipe and ABS pipe fitting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-walled_pipe" title="Double-walled pipe">Double-walled pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanization#Galvanized_piping" title="Galvanization">Galvanized pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose" title="Garden hose">Garden hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_structural_section" title="Hollow structural section">Hollow structural section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(tubing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose (tubing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery#hydraulic_pipes" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equations_in_fluid_mechanics" title="List of equations in fluid mechanics">List of equations in fluid mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Pipe,_MS_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Pipe, MS Tube">MS Pipe, MS Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzergewinde" title="Panzergewinde">Panzergewinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_and_tube_bender" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe and tube bender">Pipe and tube bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">Piping and plumbing fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pressure_pipe_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pressure pipe systems">Plastic pressure pipe systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_thermoplastic_pipe" title="Reinforced thermoplastic pipe">Reinforced thermoplastic pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprayed_in_place_pipe" title="Sprayed in place pipe">Sprayed in place pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_beading" title="Tube beading">Tube beading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">Water pipe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/iso-pipes-tubes-fiitings-standards-d_767.html">ISO – Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909013046/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/iso-pipes-tubes-fiitings-standards-d_767.html">Archived</a> 2010-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/discover/2005/march/article2.html">"Egyptian Pharaoh Had Copper Plumbing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Pharaoh+Had+Copper+Plumbing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletters%2Fdiscover%2F2005%2Fmarch%2Farticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyclopaedia1852" class="citation book cs1">Cyclopaedia (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_gGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA859"><i>Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures, ed. by C. Tomlinson. 9 divs</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+useful+arts+%26+manufactures%2C+ed.+by+C.+Tomlinson.+9+divs&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Cyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_gGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA366"><i>Mechanics' Magazine</i></a>. Knight & Lacey. 1842.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics%27+Magazine&rft.pub=Knight+%26+Lacey&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhEFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKOHN1873" class="citation book cs1">KOHN, Ferdinand (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iFbAs4IIHW0C&pg=PA180-IA6"><i>Iron and Steel Manufacture. A series of papers on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel; with reports on iron and steel in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 ... With numerous engravings. Reprinted from "Engineering." Revised and enlarged by the author</i></a>. William MacKenzie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Steel+Manufacture.+A+series+of+papers+on+the+manufacture+and+properties+of+iron+and+steel%3B+with+reports+on+iron+and+steel+in+the+Paris+Exhibition+of+1867+...+With+numerous+engravings.+Reprinted+from+%22Engineering.%22+Revised+and+enlarged+by+the+author&rft.pub=William+MacKenzie&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=KOHN&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFbAs4IIHW0C%26pg%3DPA180-IA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/publications/documents/samples/30011_excerpt.pdf">https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/publications/documents/samples/30011_excerpt.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles,_PE" class="citation web cs1">Robles, PE, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crmanage.com/potable-water-pipe-condition-assessment-for-a-high-rise-structure-in-the-pacific-northwest/">"Potable Water Pipe Condition Assessment For a High Rise Condominium in The Pacific Northwest"</a>. GSG Group Inc., Community Engineering Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521144237/http://crmanage.com/potable-water-pipe-condition-assessment-for-a-high-rise-structure-in-the-pacific-northwest/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potable+Water+Pipe+Condition+Assessment+For+a+High+Rise+Condominium+in+The+Pacific+Northwest&rft.pub=GSG+Group+Inc.%2C+Community+Engineering+Services&rft.aulast=Robles%2C+PE&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrmanage.com%2Fpotable-water-pipe-condition-assessment-for-a-high-rise-structure-in-the-pacific-northwest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/article/928793--porter-gravy-train-cuts-mean-more-lead-in-our-water?bn=1">Porter: Gravy Train Cuts Mean More Lead In Our Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090936/http://www.thestar.com/news/article/928793--porter-gravy-train-cuts-mean-more-lead-in-our-water?bn=1">Archived</a> 2012-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, January 26, 2011. Retrieved from TheStar.com website, Jan. 26, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/world/1358150-3-officials-charged-in-flint-water-crisis-more-predicted">"Saltwire | Halifax"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421120357/http://thechronicleherald.ca/world/1358150-3-officials-charged-in-flint-water-crisis-more-predicted">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saltwire+%26%23124%3B+Halifax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2Fworld%2F1358150-3-officials-charged-in-flint-water-crisis-more-predicted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_2004,_pp._56–61_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahman (2004), pp. 56–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AWWA M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design 1.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encompass-inc.com/material-test-report-mtr-faq/">"Material Test Report FAQ: MTR Frequently Asked Questions And Answers"</a>. <i>Encompass</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encompass&rft.atitle=Material+Test+Report+FAQ%3A+MTR+Frequently+Asked+Questions+And+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencompass-inc.com%2Fmaterial-test-report-mtr-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Johns" class="citation web cs1">William Johns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmology.net/pipe.htm">"Notes on Pipe"</a>. Gizmology.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826050713/http://www.gizmology.net/pipe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Pipe&rft.pub=Gizmology.net&rft.au=William+Johns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmology.net%2Fpipe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipingtech.com/products/ptpcat/support/index.html">Pipe Support Hardware</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227033925/http://www.pipingtech.com/products/ptpcat/support/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahman (2007), pp. 12–17.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayyar2000" class="citation book cs1">Nayyar, Mohinder L. (2000). "A1". In Nayyar, Mohinder L. (ed.). <i>Piping Handbook</i> (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-047106-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-047106-1"><bdi>0-07-047106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A1&rft.btitle=Piping+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-07-047106-1&rft.aulast=Nayyar&rft.aufirst=Mohinder+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObergFranklin_D._JonesHolbrook_L._HortonHenry_H._Ryffel2000" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook" title="Machinery's Handbook">Machinery's Handbook</a></i> (26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-2635-3"><bdi>0-8311-2635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8311-2635-3&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Franklin+D.+Jones&rft.au=Holbrook+L.+Horton&rft.au=Henry+H.+Ryffel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Shah (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/398987949/Thermoplastics-At-Work-Comprehensive-Review-of-Municipal-PVC-Pipe-Products">"Thermoplastics at Work: A Comprehensive Review of Municipal PVC Piping Products"</a>. <i>Underground Construction</i>: 56–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Underground+Construction&rft.atitle=Thermoplastics+at+Work%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review+of+Municipal+PVC+Piping+Products&rft.pages=56-61&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F398987949%2FThermoplastics-At-Work-Comprehensive-Review-of-Municipal-PVC-Pipe-Products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Shah (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/398988333/AWWA-Opflow-Municipal-Pipe-Gaskets-and-Sealing-Systems">"Sealing Our Buried Lifelines"</a>. <i>Opflow Magazine, American Water Works Association</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 12–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Opflo..33d..12R">2007Opflo..33d..12R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x">10.1002/j.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opflow+Magazine%2C+American+Water+Works+Association&rft.atitle=Sealing+Our+Buried+Lifelines&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Opflo..33d..12R&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F398988333%2FAWWA-Opflow-Municipal-Pipe-Gaskets-and-Sealing-Systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+%28fluid+conveyance%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a 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network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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