CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Michael Somare - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"16cd9604-9734-4494-81d1-89d35bfcf110","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Michael_Somare","wgTitle":"Michael Somare","wgCurRevisionId":1258884256,"wgRevisionId":1258884256,"wgArticleId":8474528,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2021","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Use dmy dates from August 2020","Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text","Articles needing additional references from March 2021","All articles needing additional references", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Commons category link from Wikidata","1936 births","2021 deaths","2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis","Chief ministers of Papua and New Guinea","Companions of the Order of Fiji","Deaths from cancer in Papua New Guinea","Deaths from pancreatic cancer","Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George","Knights of St. Gregory the Great","Knights of the Order of St John","Leaders of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)","Members of the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea","Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea","Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour","Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom","Ministers of internal finance of Papua New Guinea","National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea) politicians","Pangu Pati politicians","Papua New Guinean Roman Catholics", "People from East Sepik Province","Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea","20th-century Papua New Guinean politicians","21st-century Papua New Guinean politicians","Foreign ministers of Papua New Guinea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Michael_Somare","wgRelevantArticleId":8474528,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain": false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q316264","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1778"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg/800px-Michael_Somare_2014.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1186"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg/640px-Michael_Somare_2014.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="948"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Michael Somare - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Michael_Somare rootpage-Michael_Somare skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Michael+Somare" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Michael+Somare" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Michael+Somare" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Michael+Somare" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sepik_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sepik_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sepik identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sepik_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policymaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policymaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policymaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policymaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Commonwealth honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Somare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ميشال سوماري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميشال سوماري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87" title="মাইকেল সোমারে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল সোমারে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Майкл Самарэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Самарэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5" title="Μάικλ Σομάρε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάικλ Σομάρε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مایکل سوماره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل سوماره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%88%EB%A0%88" title="마이클 소마레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 소마레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مايكل سومارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل سومارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC" title="マイケル・ソマレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ソマレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Сомаре, Майкл Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сомаре, Майкл Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Мајкл Сомаре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајкл Сомаре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Майкл Сомаре – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Сомаре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Michael Somare" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%9B%B7" title="迈克尔·索马雷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迈克尔·索马雷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Michael_Somare" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Michael_Somare" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Michael_Somare" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&oldid=1258884256" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Michael_Somare&id=1258884256&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMichael_Somare"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMichael_Somare"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Michael_Somare&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Somare" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316264" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Papua New Guinean politician (1936–2021)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Michael_Somare##" title="Talk:Michael Somare">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> <a href="/wiki/Awards_system_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards system of Papua New Guinea">Grand Chief</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Michael Somare</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Companion_of_the_Order_of_Logohu" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu">GCL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Fellow">CF</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Star of the Solomon Islands">SSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Justice_of_the_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of Justice of the Order of St John">KStJ</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">KSG</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Somare_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg/220px-Michael_Somare_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg/330px-Michael_Somare_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg/440px-Michael_Somare_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Somare in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 January 2011 – 4 April 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ogio" title="Michael Ogio">Michael Ogio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Abal" title="Sam Abal">Sam Abal</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sam Abal (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 August 2002 – 13 December 2010</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Atopare" title="Silas Atopare">Silas Atopare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Skate" title="Bill Skate">Bill Skate</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Nape" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Nape">Jeffrey Nape</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulias_Matane" title="Paulias Matane">Paulias Matane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mekere_Morauta" title="Mekere Morauta">Mekere Morauta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sam Abal (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 August 1982 – 21 November 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tore_Lokoloko" title="Tore Lokoloko">Tore Lokoloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsford_Dibela" title="Kingsford Dibela">Kingsford Dibela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paias_Wingti" title="Paias Wingti">Paias Wingti</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 September 1975 – 11 March 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Guise_(Papua_New_Guinean_politician)" title="John Guise (Papua New Guinean politician)">John Guise</a></li> <li>Tore Lokoloko</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea">Chief Minister</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Julius Chan</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Michael Thomas Somare</div><br />9 April 1936<br /><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-02-26)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a>, Papua New Guinea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_citizenship_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian citizenship law">Australian</a> (1936–1975)</li><li>Papua New Guinean (from 1975)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Papua New Guinean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_Party_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea)">National Alliance</a> (1997–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1988–1994; 1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangu_Pati" title="Pangu Pati">Pangu</a> (1967–1988; 1994–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Somare" title="Veronica Somare">Veronica Kaiap</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1965)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Somare" title="Arthur Somare">Arthur</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Michael Thomas Somare</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Companion_of_the_Order_of_Logohu" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu">GCL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Fellow">CF</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Star of the Solomon Islands">SSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Justice_of_the_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of Justice of the Order of St John">KStJ</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">KSG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (9 April 1936 – 25 February 2021) was a <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a> politician. Widely called the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">father of the nation</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a>: <i lang="tpi">papa blo kantri</i>), he was the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister</a> after independence. At the time of his death, Somare was also the longest-serving prime minister, having been in office for 17 years over three separate terms: from 1975 to 1980; from 1982 to 1985; and from 2002 to 2011. His political career spanned from 1968 until his retirement in 2017. Besides serving as PM, he was <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Papua New Guinea)">minister of foreign affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">leader of the opposition</a> and governor of <a href="/wiki/East_Sepik_Province" title="East Sepik Province">East Sepik Province</a>. </p><p>He served in a variety of positions. His base was not primarily in political parties but in East Sepik Province, the area that elected him. During his political career he was a member of the House of Assembly and after independence in 1975 the National parliament for the East Sepik Provincial – later open – seat. He was the first chief minister at the end of colonial rule. Thereafter he became the first Prime Minister after independence from 1975 to 1980. He returned to the office of Prime Minister from 1982 to 1985, and his longest stint in the position was from 2002 to 2011. He also served as Cabinet Minister: he was minister of foreign affairs from 1988 to 1992; from 1999 to 2001 he was subsequently minister of foreign affairs, minister of mining and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>, minister of foreign affairs and Bougainville affairs. He was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">leader of the opposition</a> from 1968 to 1972, from 1980 to 1982, and thereafter in that position from 1985 to 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-members_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1992 to 1993, and finally from 2001 to 2002. When the new position of political governor as head of the provincial administration and representative MP was created in 1995, Somare took up the job. He was governor of East Sepik from 1995 until 1999. After the last election that he contended, he again became Governor of East Sepik (2012–2016). He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Pangu_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangu Party">Pangu Party</a> which led PNG into independence in 1975. He resigned from the Pangu Party and became an independent in 1988. He rejoined the Pangu Party in 1994 but was sacked as a leader in the following year. He was then asked to join and lead the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_Party_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea)">National Alliance Party</a>. In 2017 he left politics and also the National Alliance Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Somare was in March 2011 hospitalised in Singapore, a majority of parliamentarians declared the post of Prime Minister vacant. <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill" title="Peter O'Neill">Peter O'Neill</a> was the new prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was contested. On 12 December 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea">Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea</a> ordered that Somare be reinstated as Prime Minister, ruling that O'Neill had not been lawfully appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event triggered the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Papua_New_Guinean_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis">2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis</a>. Following a decisive victory for O'Neill in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election" title="2012 Papua New Guinean general election">2012 general election</a>, Somare expressed support for him, thereby ending the crisis and forming a coalition government. However, this truce did not last. When Somare announced his departure from politics, he made a blistering attack on O'Neill.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somare was the son of Ludwig Somare Sana and Kambe Somare. Ludwig Somare was a <a href="/wiki/Policeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Policeman">policeman</a>, rising to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having taught himself to read and write, he was subsequently active in encouraging formation of small businesses and co-operatives, founding the Angoram Co-operative Society which he chaired from 1961 until 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, Ludwig Somare Sana had four wives and six children, of whom Somare was the eldest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> in a village called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapikid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapikid (page does not exist)">Rapikid</a>, where his father was then stationed, Somare grew up in his family village of Karau in the Murik Lakes district of <a href="/wiki/East_Sepik" class="mw-redirect" title="East Sepik">East Sepik</a> Province. Somare's earliest education was in a <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>-run primary school at Karau during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> where he learned to read, write and count in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. Meanwhile, Somare's father was in hiding and fear of his life from the Japanese in Rabaul, but he remembers the Japanese with affection. Somare's earliest overseas trips, first as a parliamentarian and then as Prime Minister, were to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1946 Somare attended Boram Primary School,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then Dregerhafen Education Centre<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sogeri_National_High_School" title="Sogeri National High School">Sogeri High School</a>, graduating with a Leaving Certificate issued on behalf of the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> in 1957. This was a teaching qualification at the time, and he then taught at several primary and secondary schools, returning to Sogeri High School for further training from 1962 to 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sepik_identity">Sepik identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sepik identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Michael_Somare" title="Special:EditPage/Michael Somare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Somare%22">"Michael Somare"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Somare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Somare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Somare%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Somare%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Somare%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Somare liked to present himself in a <a href="/wiki/Lap-lap" title="Lap-lap">lap-lap</a> (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>) instead of in trousers. Lap laps are not traditional in the sense of pre-colonial and is therefore a declaration of neo traditionalism. That is also evident in his autobiography that he published at independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was stressing his <a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a> identity, despite being born in <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> on the islands and far from the Sepik, but he portrayed his time as a child in Sepik villages as decisive in forming his personality. His father brought him there to the village of Karau in the Murik Lakes region<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Somare's mother separated from him. Somare paid elaborate attention to his initiation and the role of matrilineal descent is also evident there. ”Our mother’s brothers" receive for example the initiates after their ordeal. Yet the people of the Sepik do not enforce descent rules rigorously. Somare claimed also the honorific title of Sana in his father's line. This title asserts descent from the founder of the clan and is a designation as peacemaker. The title of Sana bestowed for example on the bearer the duty of organising a meal for the enemies before a fight. Sepik societies are no longer expected to make war: a historical element is thus given meaning in a new context. In order to obtain the title he was approved for admission to the elders of the clan before he had reached the required minimum age. </p><p>This may be less controversial than Somare portrayed. Leadership in the Sepik is not based on descent but on a consensus among the elders and reputation is decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropological literature argues that Western Polynesian societies are not particularly centralised and although there is a big man attitude to leadership there is a continuous jockeying for position among those who want to be big man.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political ideology in PNG refers to this as the Melanesian way.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This background can be seen as a formative influence on Somare's political practice. PNG has not been dominated by one particular leader whose power base was in a centralised institution like a party or the army. Political life in Papua New Guinea is fragmented and decentralised: party formation is weak. Above all, Papua New Guinea has maintained a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster style democracy</a> and leaders moved aside when they lost parliamentary majorities. At independence Somare insisted on a ministerial rather than a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his valedictory parliamentary speech, he urged young leaders to learn what the Westminster system of government is meant to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Michael_Somare" title="Special:EditPage/Michael Somare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Somare%22">"Michael Somare"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Somare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Somare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Somare%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Somare%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Somare%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Somare_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michael_Somare_1973.jpg/170px-Michael_Somare_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michael_Somare_1973.jpg/255px-Michael_Somare_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michael_Somare_1973.jpg/340px-Michael_Somare_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Somare in 1973 next to Australian minister <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morrison_(politician)" title="Bill Morrison (politician)">Bill Morrison</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Somare stressed his background in the small emerging modern sector of Papua New Guinea rather than his immersion in Sepik culture in two long interviews at the end of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, he was one of the 35 Papua New Guineans who went through a crash course that gave entry to the civil service. He was as a result also one of the few Papua New Guineans with a command of the English language. Therefore, he was qualified as a translator for the Legislative Council. This was a white-dominated institution but it gave him insight into the game of politics. He also became a radio announcer in Wewak, East Sepik. That was a great opportunity to make his name known in the area that elected him throughout his long career consistently as their MP. It also brought the ire of his supervisors because of his critical comments and they transferred him on administrative duties to Port Moresby. There he became part of the small group of educated nationalists that had the nickname of the bully beef club. This group protested already early on against the racist nature of colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somare maintained that he was already in 1962 in favour of independence. He was in Port Moresby one of the founding members in 1967 of the Papua and Niugini Union party (Pangu). He stood for election when opportunities opened up for native Papua New Guineans to enter the National Assembly in 1968 and he was one of the eight Pangu candidates who were successful. He embarked in politics practising a judicious mixture of opposition to and co-optation by the Australian government. Pangu opted in 1968 for the opposition rather than having seats in government. From that position they consistently attacked the racist nature of colonial rule as they had also done outside parliament. Somare was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">leader of the opposition</a> but he was also a member of the Constitutional Planning Committee preparing for independence. He was despite his radical position also a moderate. He argued for example for a period of internal self government. That was granted in 1973. Foreign affairs and defence remained an Australian responsibility until full independence was granted two years later. </p><p>Somare was particularly adept at steering a clear way among various conflicting forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197590-93,_111–140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197590-93,_111–140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were for example those who advocated that Papua New Guinea should become the seventh state in the Australian Federation. More important were the centrifugal forces in the country. There was a rival political party with mass following in the highlands, the Compass party. A separatist movement was pleading for separate independence for Papua apart from New Guinea. In Bougainville, there were forces claiming independence. There were conflicts among the Tolai in East New Britain. The People's Progress Party under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a> rather than Pangu was important on the islands. Somare succeeded in bringing all these centrifugal forces together at independence. Somare's advocacy of independence was radical as compared to the other parties who were much more in favour of the status quo. It was particularly important to sway the opinion of Julius Chan who was not keen on immediate independence. When that succeeded a coalition government between Pangu and the PPP became possible. </p><p>Some forces on the Australian side were also not in favour of independence for PNG, but it was definitely not the case that there was a veritable independence struggle. There was some protest against colonial practices, for example, a civil service strike pleading for equal treatment of PNG personnel with Australian personnel or protest against discriminatory practices. However, there was a fair amount of co-optation on the way to independence, especially after <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> became prime minister of Australia. Since there has been access to the Australian archives from this period it was clear that Australia wanted to get rid of PNG already early on. The Australian government was keen to let the complexities of ruling PNG go.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility to declare Papua New Guinea an Australian state in the federation and making all inhabitants Australians was always rejected by Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197548_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197548-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Somare's role in the independence struggle reflects therefore the values he advocated throughout his career, as a builder of consensus and a politician whose main mission was avoiding or reconciling conflicts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policymaker">Policymaker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Policymaker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael Somare was praised highly when he left politics in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant praise may be from <a href="/wiki/Sean_Dorney" title="Sean Dorney">Sean Dorney</a>, a veteran specialist on PNG politics who praised him as a politician who led a highly-fractured political community to independence. Dorney also praised the enduring parliamentary democracy in such a fractured community.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, significant that praise for Somare's policies was lacking. That is understandable because Somare was not conspicuous as a policymaker. His policies must often were derived from the actual course that he took reacting to events. Three areas of policy making illustrate that: agriculture, macroeconomic policies and development planning. PNG got as a parting gift at independence an economic analysis with recommendations. That stressed the need for rural development and Somare accepted that at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare1975109_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare1975109-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in the course of years, PNG became an economy driven by resource extraction, and the agricultural sector remained stagnant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attention to the rural sector was driven by donors rather than by government, such as the World Bank's PNG Productive Partnerships in Agriculture or the PNG Rural Service Delivery Program.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mining Act 1992 and the Oil and Gas Act 1998 are the most important documents regulating the rapid growth in extracting natural resources but were enacted when Somare was not in power.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the major LNG/PNG project was developed when he was prime minister from 2002 to 2011. There was however no major policy debate around the project. His son, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Somare" title="Arthur Somare">Arthur Somare</a>, was the prime driver of the project rather than prime minister Michael Somare.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Somare has however defended his track record with respect to LNG/PNG despite strong criticism of the deal to gain equity in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Forestry Act 1991 is the main document regulating another natural resources sector. It was also enacted when Somare was not in power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deeds of Somare governments show one predominant trait in policy making: he was a fiscal conservative. Government expenditure was under control when he was prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was particularly clear from 2002 to 2011. When Somare succeeded Morauta as prime minister in 2002, there was a fear that Somare would undo the privatisation of the preceding government and move away from the politics of austerity. However, he left the reforms of the preceding Morauta government intact, and his fiscal rectitude fitted the IMF philosophy of structural adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-theage.com.au_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IMF had much praise for the Somare government 2002–2011.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Income from natural resources was high and the Somare government used it to reduce the public debt rather than increase public expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was only one attempt to formulate a comprehensive development policy by a Somare government: the Vision 2050 document.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However that became more an inspirational document than a concrete plan of action. The document is critical of PNG's performance since independence but it lays the blame in the first place on its citizenry rather than the government and government policies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael Somare was a well travelled man when he became prime minister in 1975. He had for example visited East Africa, Sri Lanka. the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197575–83_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197575–83-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with his Sepik inspired philosophy of consensus he declared "friends with everybody and enemies of none" as the principle of his foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, there were some countries to which he felt more friendly than others and the first one among those was <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. He wrote warmly about the Japanese occupation during World War II of his home area East Sepik. For example: Contrary to the general opinion, he praised their treatment of local women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare19753–8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare19753–8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He travelled regularly to Japan and was awarded high Japanese honours.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is significant that he received as governor of East Sepik in 2014 the Japanese prime minister in Wewak who laid a wreath remembering Japanese war dead.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sympathies for Japan did not deter him from opening diplomatic relations with China soon after independence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia is the second country that figured large in international relations during the Somare era, but that was not because of buoyant international ties. PNG mainly attempted to remain as passive as possible towards the violent conflict between proponents of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">West Papua</a> independence and the Indonesian government. The Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua region was never questioned. There was initially a great reluctance to even question the human rights situation in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That changed after a big uprising in <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a> in 1984. This brought many refugees to PNG. PNG protested about the way Indonesia dealt with the uprising in the UN General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, repatriation of the refugees had been the major policy aim since independence and it always remained the major policy plank of the PNG government. Initially, Somare resisted even involvement of the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>. Problems at the border including military incursions were meant to be solved by boundary commissions and other diplomatic means.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Papuan independence movement was keen to be admitted as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a> (MSG) which is resisted by Indonesia. PNG has never opposed Indonesia's view. However, in 2013, when Somare was no longer in government, he advocated representation of West Papua on the MSG during the silver jubilee celebrations of the group. However, he remained unequivocally of the opinion that it was an internal problem of Indonesia and questioning Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua was beyond the pale. West Papua should be represented as a Melanesian community and not as an independent sovereign state. He suggested a presence of the West Papuans at the MSG on similar terms as China tolerated Hong Kong and Taiwan at APEC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> is the third focal point of international relations in the Somare era. The nature of these relations were to a large degree dependent upon the Australian politicians involved. Somare and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> had for example warm relations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somare was however often keen to demonstrate his nationalism in relations with Australia. That sentiment appeared in incidents: First: At the time of Papua New Guinea independence in 1975 Somare demanded proper dignity for Papua New Guinean leaders when he considered that Australia's gift of an official house for Papua New Guinea's prime minister was insufficiently grand for the great statesman he considered himself to be: Australia abashedly acceded to Somare's demands and provided a much more palatial official residence. The intended and despised prime ministerial residence was instead designated the residence of the Australian High Commissioner. Second: In March 2005 Somare was required by security officers at Brisbane Airport to remove his shoes during a routine departure security check. He took strong exception to this, leading to a diplomatic contretemps and a significant cooling of relations between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Somare was travelling on a regular scheduled flight, and he was unknown to security staff. His sandals had stiffening metal strips, which were detected by a walk-through scanner. The Australian government ignored diplomatic protests as the PNG government had not arranged a diplomatic visit, in a state or chartered aircraft. A protest march in Port Moresby saw hundreds march on the Australian High Commission and present a petition to High Commissioner Michael Potts demanding an apology and compensation. However, the Australian Government ignored the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third incident where Somare asserted independence from Australia was the Moti affair. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Moti" title="Julian Moti">Julian Moti</a>, was arrested in Port Moresby on 29 September 2006 under an Australian extradition request to face child sex charges over an alleged incident in Vanuatu in 1997. After breaking bail conditions and taking sanctuary in the Solomon Islands High Commission Moti was flown to the Solomon Islands on a clandestine PNG Defence Force flight. Moti was a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Sogavare" title="Manasseh Sogavare">Manasseh Sogavare</a>, the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, This caused outrage on the part of the Australian government. Australia then cancelled ministerial-level talks in December and banned senior Papua New Guinea ministers from entering Australia. Somare denied any involvement in authorising the flight. However, he refused the release of a commission of enquiry from the PNG Defence Force in the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-transparencypng.org.pg_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transparencypng.org.pg-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somare has been regularly blunt in his opinion on the relations with Australia. After returning to power in 2002, he indicated that he would manage the relationship with Australia in a different way from the close and consultative style of his predecessor Mekere Morauta. Somare strongly opposed the Morauta government's acceptance of asylum seekers under the Pacific solution program.<sup id="cite_ref-transparencypng.org.pg_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transparencypng.org.pg-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the celebrations of thirty years of independence in 2005, Somare complained that Australia was seeking to take control again and was prepared to totally destroy PNG's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somare's valedictory speech in parliament may have sounded like a triumph but there was disappointment on his part. He initially refused to give such a speech in parliament as he was not awarded enough time and attention.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the family, the political party that he had belonged to and the highly respected veteran politician Dame <a href="/wiki/Carol_Kidu" title="Carol Kidu">Carol Kidu</a> complained about the relatively short ceremony while they had expected a military parade, singing groups, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a more elaborate ceremony was performed in <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium" title="Sir John Guise Stadium">Sir John Guise Stadium</a> in Port Moresby that was – maybe due to unseasonal rain - poorly attended.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a farewell tour of the country. Somare was, however, by that time, no longer an undisputed authority. A large part of the PNG population looked with increasing scepticism at Somare and his pronouncements <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The first reason that Somare has faded from political importance is that he succeeded less and less to cultivate a consensus. He gained prestige after 2002 when he presided over a government that lasted its full term of five years, the first such occurrence since independence. This stability continued from 2007 to 2011. The reason was seen in a new set of rules that were adopted under the Organic Law on Political Parties and Candidates (OLIPPAC) that had as a central aim to promote party identification and to curb short term opportunistic behaviour among MPs. A major new rule proscribing MPs from changing party affiliation during a parliamentary period. However, the prime minister retained the power to change his cabinet and as a result, this apparent stability glossed over sharp conflicts in the government. Between 2002 and 2007, there were five deputy prime ministers, several cabinet reshuffles, ministers sacked and parties divided – hardly a sign of political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OLIPPAC was also considered as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Amidst this instability, there was no attempt to groom a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Philemon" title="Bart Philemon">Bart Philemon</a>, the Finance Minister challenged Somare's leadership of the National Alliance Party in 2007, but he was then dumped by the party and crossed over to the opposition. The only person who gained significant power during this period was Somare's son Arthur, the Angoram Open MP and it became apparent that he was being groomed as the preferred successor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second reason is Somare's refusal to have his authority challenged in parliament, even when there was no chance of dismissal of his government. Somare was threatened with many motions of no confidence. Initially, he wanted to extend the period in which no motions of confidence were allowed after an election and before an election. The courts prevented this. Thereafter he relied on the speaker and interpretations of parliamentary rules to prevent a motion of no confidence being raised.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not take it lightly when that was challenged: <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i> reported on 22 July 2010 that he had threatened to kill an opposition MP: "There were wild scenes when the Speaker adjourned the house until 16 November, despite the opposition's claim it had enough votes to stop the adjournment. Once most MPs had left parliament and the yelling and cries of dictatorship died down, Mr Somare crossed the floor, pointed his finger at an MP, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Basil" title="Sam Basil">Sam Basil</a>, and shouted in <i>Toc pisin</i> words that translate as: If you were outside this chamber I would kill you."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using his influence over the speaker Somare prevented all motions of no confidence and this is puzzling; it was also doubtful that such a motion would succeed on the floor of parliament. He returned to power after the elections in 2007 with large support in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was only unseated in 2011 when he was hospitalized in Singapore for an extended period because of complications after heart surgery and it became apparent that he may not be able to return. At this point his support in the National Alliance party split and the Speaker obtained support to declare the prime minister's post vacant. An adversary motion of no confidence was avoided. During the constitutional crisis (2011–2012) he never accepted a loss of his parliamentary majority. In January 2012 he attempted to take power through a military coup that failed as the army, civil service and police were backing his rival Peter O’Neill. He had only the support of 20 MPs but the courts had backed him up.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relied on the law as well to get a compensation of a million US dollars for not being reinstated as PM during the constitutional crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third reason is the involvement of the Somare family in questionable practices in the logging industry. A commission of enquiry into the logging industry was set up under the chairmanship of the Judge Tos Barnett, The Barnett Commission found widespread corruption surrounding the issue of government licensing of concessions. The name of Michael Somare turned up in connection with one of these concessions in his home area, the Sepik River Development Corporation. According to the Barnett Commission, Somare lied under oath when he denied his links with this concession. The commission recommended referral to the Ombudsman Commission. Complaints about governance issues need in PNG in first instance to be referred to that institution.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recommendation had no immediate consequence for Somare, but it was not the end of the controversy. The Australian newspaper published in 2008 a series of articles in which the Somare family was connected to two more illegal concessions. In all these schemes there was a Malaysian partner. Michael Somare denied again his involvement but he had to retract this and claimed that it was his son Arthur who was involved in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When carbon trading emerged, Michael Somare, supported this enthusiastically and PNG became an active member and maybe initiator of the Coalition for Rainforest Nation and the country aimed to participate in the REDD program. (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somare declared himself however deeply disappointed in the REDD program at the Oslo conference on climate change in 2010. The problem was not corruption and other governance problems on the part of developing countries, but the issue was that “ Today, markets value forests more destroyed than standing". Somare's great complaint is however about conditionality.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His enthusiasm for REDD is said to be motivated to get away from conditionality on logging suggested by the World Bank and the idea of carbon credits evolved in a speculative frenzy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth reason for the decline in prestige of Michael Somare is the lack of modesty. The Melanesian way expects big men to be modest. Somare has always asserted himself in a big way, for example by assuming the honorific Grand Chief. In 1998, his portrait appeared on the reverse side of the K. 50 bank note. This was to honour his role in attaining independence.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this public show of prominence suits more a presidential system than a Westminster style parliamentary democracy. The problematic presentation of the self by Somare was also evident in his appearance before a Leadership tribunal following complaints about not handing in financial returns as required by the leadership code. The leadership tribunal was composed of three expatriate judges. He was found guilty of submitting late and incomplete annual financial statements, dating back to the 1990s. As a result, he was suspended from office for two weeks without pay. That was a majority judgment of two judges. Judge Sir <a href="/wiki/Robin_Auld" title="Robin Auld">Robin Auld</a> dissented. He was the only Judge that called for dismissal: Michael Somare's attitude as prime minister showed "a disregard bordering on disdain for his constitutional obligations. It would be bad enough in the case of any leader, but it is particularly reprehensible for one of his high standing and influential involvement in the initiation of the leadership code". There were cheers from a large crowd of well wishers when he appeared from the court. Somare regretted his administrative oversight and seemed without rancor. His daughter Bertha –the spokeswoman for the family- asked for understanding from the foreign press: "He is not a politician like they have in Australia, or places like that," she said. "There has to be, I guess, an understanding of Papua New Guinea. Everybody watched this very public, if you like, humiliation of him for the last couple of months and I think the majority of Papua New Guineans were very relieved at the judgment made by two of the three (judges)."I guess there was a sense of relief throughout the country."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of the Leadership Tribunal was thus the first in the challenge to his prestige. That challenge was also evident in the suggestion in 2008 by opposition politician Bart Philemon that Sir Michael Somare gives an explanation on how he obtained a A$349,000 three-bedroom executive-style apartment with private plunge pool in inner-city Cairns. His son Arthur Somare who was then PNG's State Enterprise Minister was also questioned about a A$685,000 four-bedroom home he had bought two months prior at Trinity Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth reason came after Somare left office. His name and that of his son Michael Somare jr, were mentioned in a case of fraud and money laundering relating to a scheme to build community colleges in PNG.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sydney Morning Herald accused Somare of accepting a one million dollar bribe from the Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE in the pursuit of contracts. They based it on evidence from their own research by Fairfax newspapers and Singapore court records.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Somare maintained that he never accepted bribes or inducements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg/200px-Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg/300px-Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg/400px-Michael_Somare_and_Veronica_Somare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Somare and his wife <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Somare" title="Veronica Somare">Veronica, Lady Somare</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Somare married his wife <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Somare" title="Veronica Somare">Veronica, Lady Somare</a> (generally referred to as "Lady Veronica Somare") in 1965, having courted her in traditional fashion, and then immediately left to take up his scholarship at Administrative College. They had five children, Bertha (usually called "Betha" in the national press), Sana, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Somare" title="Arthur Somare">Arthur</a>, Michael Jnr and Dulciana.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somare was head of both his own family and that of his wife, Veronica Lady Somare, who initiated him into their title <i>mindamot</i> two days after his initiation as <i>sana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somare died from <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in Port Moresby on 25 February 2021, at age 84.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somare received several honorary doctorates, the first being from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> in 1976. Somare was appointed a member of <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a> in 1977 (as in Australia, the honorific "The Right Honourable" can only be granted when one is admitted to the British Privy Council), and was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> (GCMG) by the Queen in the Birthday Honours List of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 he received authorization from cabinet to create an honours system for Papua New Guinea. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a> vested him as one of the first Grand Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Logohu" title="Order of Logohu">Order of Logohu</a> (GCL).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_honours">Commonwealth honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commonwealth honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Award or Order</th> <th>Class or Position</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Citation </th></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></td> <td>Privy Counsellor</td> <td>1977</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the Companions of Honour</a></td> <td>Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</td> <td>1978</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a></td> <td>Knight Grand Cross</td> <td>1991</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Logohu" title="Order of Logohu">Order of Logohu</a></td> <td>Grand Companion</td> <td>2005</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Fiji" title="Order of Fiji">Order of Fiji</a></td> <td>Companion</td> <td>year unknown (2005?)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom (Royal Order)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of Saint John">Venerable Order of Saint John</a></td> <td>Knight of Justice</td> <td>year unknown</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Award or Order</th> <th>Class or Position</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Citation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">Order of St. Gregory the Great</a></td> <td>Knight</td> <td>1992</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a></td> <td>Grand Cordon</td> <td>2015</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-members-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-members_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095312/https://www.appf.org.pe/members/017abou3.htm">"PAPUA NEW GUINEA (National Parliament)"</a>. 23 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.appf.org.pe/members/017abou3.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAPUA+NEW+GUINEA+%28National+Parliament%29&rft.date=2023-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.appf.org.pe%2Fmembers%2F017abou3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.pg/ninth-parliament/bio/view/governor-east-sepik">"Hon. Michael Somare, MP – Ninth Parliament of Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>www.parliament.gov.pg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.gov.pg&rft.atitle=Hon.+Michael+Somare%2C+MP+%E2%80%93+Ninth+Parliament+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.pg%2Fninth-parliament%2Fbio%2Fview%2Fgovernor-east-sepik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/08/11/pngs-new-prime-minister-peter-o-neill/">"PNG's new prime minister: Peter O'Neill"</a>. <i>East Asia Forum</i>. 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=PNG%27s+new+prime+minister%3A+Peter+O%27Neill&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2011%2F08%2F11%2Fpngs-new-prime-minister-peter-o-neill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnzi1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rnzi1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=64997">"PNG Supreme Court rules O'Neill election illegal, orders Somare reinstatement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a></i>. 12 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=PNG+Supreme+Court+rules+O%27Neill+election+illegal%2C+orders+Somare+reinstatement&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D64997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/08/11/pngs-new-prime-minister-peter-o-neill/">"PNG's new prime minister: Peter O'Neill"</a>. <i>East Asia Forum</i>. 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=PNG%27s+new+prime+minister%3A+Peter+O%27Neill&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2011%2F08%2F11%2Fpngs-new-prime-minister-peter-o-neill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/20/papua-new-guinea-prime-minister-peter-oneill-must-resign-say-three-former-leaders">"Papua New Guinea prime minister Peter O'Neill must resign, say former leaders"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 20 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+prime+minister+Peter+O%27Neill+must+resign%2C+say+former+leaders&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F20%2Fpapua-new-guinea-prime-minister-peter-oneill-must-resign-say-three-former-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman2021" class="citation web cs1">Carman, Gerry (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/png-leader-navigated-country-through-independence-20210228-p576g0.html">"PNG leader navigated country through independence"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=PNG+leader+navigated+country+through+independence&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fpng-leader-navigated-country-through-independence-20210228-p576g0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lipset, David (2004). "Modernity without Romance? Masculinity and Desire in Courtship Stories Told by Young Papua New Guinean Men". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 205–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.2004.31.2.205">10.1525/ae.2004.31.2.205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805423">3805423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Modernity+without+Romance%3F+Masculinity+and+Desire+in+Courtship+Stories+Told+by+Young+Papua+New+Guinean+Men&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-224&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3805423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.2004.31.2.205&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postcourier.com.pg/sir-michael-somare-visits-his-old-school/">"Sir Michael Somare visits his old school"</a>. <i>Post Courier</i>. 7 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Post+Courier&rft.atitle=Sir+Michael+Somare+visits+his+old+school&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostcourier.com.pg%2Fsir-michael-somare-visits-his-old-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomare1975" class="citation book cs1">Somare, Michael Thomas (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2401986"><i>Sana : an autobiography of Michael Somare</i></a>. Port Moresby: Niugini Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7016-8222-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7016-8222-1"><bdi>0-7016-8222-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2401986">2401986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sana+%3A+an+autobiography+of+Michael+Somare.&rft.place=Port+Moresby&rft.pub=Niugini+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2401986&rft.isbn=0-7016-8222-1&rft.aulast=Somare&rft.aufirst=Michael+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2401986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Murik-Orientation.html">"Orientation - Murik"</a>. <i>www.everyculture.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.everyculture.com&rft.atitle=Orientation+-+Murik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FOceania%2FMurik-Orientation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Prudeaux, Leadership in Papua New Guinea: Exploring context and barriers. (p.7) Not dated Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2233_PRIDEAUX_LEADERSHIPPNG.PDF">https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2233_PRIDEAUX_LEADERSHIPPNG.PDF</a> Accessed on: 1 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlins, Marshall D. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500001729">"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 285–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500001729">10.1017/S0010417500001729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177650">177650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254059">145254059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Man%2C+Rich+Man%2C+Big-Man%2C+Chief%3A+Political+Types+in+Melanesia+and+Polynesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-303&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500001729&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0010417500001729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarokobi1983" class="citation book cs1">Narokobi, Bernard (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul4HAQAAIAAJ&q=Inst+of+Papua+New+guinea+studies"><i>The Melanesian Way</i></a>. Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Melanesian+Way&rft.pub=Institute+of+Papua+New+Guinea+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Narokobi&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUl4HAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DInst%2Bof%2BPapua%2BNew%2Bguinea%2Bstudies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pngspeaks.com/michael-somare">"Michael Somare | PNG Speaks"</a>. <i>www.pngspeaks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pngspeaks.com&rft.atitle=Michael+Somare+%7C+PNG+Speaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pngspeaks.com%2Fmichael-somare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emtv.com.pg/grand-chiefs-last-sitting/">"Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare's Final Parliament Sitting – EMTV Online"</a>. 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Chief+Sir+Michael+Somare%27s+Final+Parliament+Sitting+%E2%80%93+EMTV+Online&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femtv.com.pg%2Fgrand-chiefs-last-sitting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Johnstone :Chief Michael Somare –Prime Minister Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/collections/u/new-flags-flying/nff-png/michael-somare">https://www.radionz.co.nz/collections/u/new-flags-flying/nff-png/michael-somare</a> Posted on 5 August 2011 Accessed on: 5 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pngspeaks.com/michael-somare">"Michael Somare | PNG Speaks"</a>. <i>www.pngspeaks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pngspeaks.com&rft.atitle=Michael+Somare+%7C+PNG+Speaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pngspeaks.com%2Fmichael-somare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Maori Kiki, (1968) Ten thousand years in one lifetime: A New Guinea autobiography London: Pall Mall Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197590-93,_111–140-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197590-93,_111–140_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomare1975">Somare 1975</a>, p. 90-93, 111–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Dorney, (1990) Papua New Guinea; People Politics and History since independence. Milsons Point Chapter VI: Provincial Government – Secession’s first solution. pp. 150–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3J01pr4Y5Kc"><i>Why has our former Colony, PNG, disappeared from Australia's conversation?</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+has+our+former+Colony%2C+PNG%2C+disappeared+from+Australia%27s+conversation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3J01pr4Y5Kc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Hunt (2017), Australia’s Northern Shield? Papua New Guinea and the defence of Australia since 1880 Clayton: Monash University Publishing,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197548-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197548_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomare1975">Somare 1975</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=158979202858e415087dca5aad128c">"PINA | Pacific Islands News Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PINA+%7C+Pacific+Islands+News+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpina.com.fj%2F%3Fp%3Dpacnews%26m%3Dread%26o%3D158979202858e415087dca5aad128c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loopfiji-sb.com/png-news/sir-michael-receives-standing-ovation-parliament-55992">"loopfiji-sb.com"</a>. <i>loopfiji-sb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loopfiji-sb.com&rft.atitle=loopfiji-sb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floopfiji-sb.com%2Fpng-news%2Fsir-michael-receives-standing-ovation-parliament-55992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfpuY1GUzVY"><i>Sir Michael Somare is Unique says Veteran Pacific Journalist, Sean Dorney</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Michael+Somare+is+Unique+says+Veteran+Pacific+Journalist%2C+Sean+Dorney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHfpuY1GUzVY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare1975109-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare1975109_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomare1975">Somare 1975</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpngeco5_wp2016" class="citation web cs1">pngeco5_wp (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pngeconomics.org/2016/09/pngs-economic-history-since-indpendence/">"PNG's Economic History Since Independence"</a>. <i>PNG Economics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PNG+Economics&rft.atitle=PNG%27s+Economic+History+Since+Independence&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.au=pngeco5_wp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpngeconomics.org%2F2016%2F09%2Fpngs-economic-history-since-indpendence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.worldbank.org/P110959/png-productive-partnerships-agriculture?lang=en">World bank: Projects and Operations PNG: Productive Partnerships in Agriculture</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.worldbank.org/P159517?lang=en">World Bank Projects and Operations: Rural Service delivery project</a>. No date posted. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ramumine.wordpress.com/2018/11/09/govt-concerned-over-delay-on-review-of-mine-laws/">"Govt Concerned Over Delay On Review Of Mine Laws"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Mine Watch</i>. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Mine+Watch&rft.atitle=Govt+Concerned+Over+Delay+On+Review+Of+Mine+Laws&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Framumine.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F11%2F09%2Fgovt-concerned-over-delay-on-review-of-mine-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Joint Understanding on PNG LNG Project Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dfat.gov.au/geo/papua-new-guinea/Pages/joint-understanding-on-png-lng-project.aspx">https://dfat.gov.au/geo/papua-new-guinea/Pages/joint-understanding-on-png-lng-project.aspx</a> Posted on: 29 February 2013 Accessed on: 18 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=13596272605357130d9077c6b5499a">"PINA | Pacific Islands News Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PINA+%7C+Pacific+Islands+News+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpina.com.fj%2F%3Fp%3Dpacnews%26m%3Dread%26o%3D13596272605357130d9077c6b5499a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Independent state of Papua New Guinea Forest Act 1991 Available at:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/forestry_act_1991_png_0.pdf">https://theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/forestry_act_1991_png_0.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926151940/http://www.theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/forestry_act_1991_png_0.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Batton, Fiscal Policy in: Thomas Webster and Linda Duncan (eds) (2010) Papua New Guinea’s Development performance 1975–2008 Port Moresby: National Research Institute. Monograph 41. pp. 67–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theage.com.au-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theage.com.au_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/somare-accuses-canberra-of-bias-20021118-gduspz.html">"Somare accuses Canberra of bias"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 18 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Somare+accuses+Canberra+of+bias&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fsomare-accuses-canberra-of-bias-20021118-gduspz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">)IMF Concludes 2005 Article IV Consultation with Papua New Guinea Public Information Notice (PIN) 6/20 February 24, 2006 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/cr0699.pdf">https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/cr0699.pdf</a> Accessed on: 22 November 2018 Note that the PIN is at the end of the document.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asian Development Bank (2012) Papua New Guinea: Critical Development Constraints Pages 37 and 38. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29776/png-critical-development-constraints.pdf">https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29776/png-critical-development-constraints.pdf</a> Accessed on: 22 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">) National Strategic Task Force Papua New Guinea, (2009) Vision 2050 Port Moresby: Government of Papua New Guinea Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://actnowpng.org/sites/default/files/png%20version%202050.pdf">http://actnowpng.org/sites/default/files/png%20version%202050.pdf</a> Accessed on: 22 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garamut.wordpress.com/2010/09/07/png-vision-2050-a-kuka-strategy-one-step-forward-three-steps-sideways/">"PNG Vision 2050: A Kuka Strategy – One Step Forward, Three Steps Sideways"</a>. <i>The Garamut</i>. 7 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Garamut&rft.atitle=PNG+Vision+2050%3A+A+Kuka+Strategy+%E2%80%93+One+Step+Forward%2C+Three+Steps+Sideways&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaramut.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F09%2F07%2Fpng-vision-2050-a-kuka-strategy-one-step-forward-three-steps-sideways%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/impediments-to-vision-2050/">"Impediments to Vision 2050 – The National"</a>. <i>www.thenational.com.pg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenational.com.pg&rft.atitle=Impediments+to+Vision+2050+%E2%80%93+The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.com.pg%2Fimpediments-to-vision-2050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare197575–83-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare197575–83_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomare1975">Somare 1975</a>, p. 75–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Chan, Playing the Game, Life and Politics in Papua New Guinea Brisbane: Queensland University Press, 2016 Chapter 13 Chan wanted to break with the Somare policy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomare19753–8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomare19753–8_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomare1975">Somare 1975</a>, p. 3–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://japanandtheworhld.net/2015/08/papua-new-guineas-first-prime-minister-somare-awarded-japans-highest-honor/">http://japanandtheworhld.net/2015/08/papua-new-guineas-first-prime-minister-somare-awarded-japans-highest-honor/</a> Posted on: 26 August 2015 Accessed on:11/12/201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/png/data.html">"Japan-Papua New Guinea Relations (Basic Data)"</a>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Japan-Papua+New+Guinea+Relations+%28Basic+Data%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fregion%2Fasia-paci%2Fpng%2Fdata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201407/11article1.html">"Second Day of the Prime Minister's Visit to Papua New Guinea (The Prime Minister in Action) | Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet"</a>. <i>japan.kantei.go.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=japan.kantei.go.jp&rft.atitle=Second+Day+of+the+Prime+Minister%27s+Visit+to+Papua+New+Guinea+%28The+Prime+Minister+in+Action%29+%7C+Prime+Minister+of+Japan+and+His+Cabinet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapan.kantei.go.jp%2F96_abe%2Factions%2F201407%2F11article1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremdas1977" class="citation journal cs1">Premdas, Ralph R. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643440">"Papua New Guinea in 1976: Dangers of a China Connection"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 55–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643440">10.2307/2643440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643440">2643440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+in+1976%3A+Dangers+of+a+China+Connection&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643440&rft.aulast=Premdas&rft.aufirst=Ralph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Dorney, Papua New Guinea, <i>People</i>, Politics and History since 1975. Milsons Point: Random House Australia (1990) Chapter 9: Irian Jaya-Border Trauma pp. 246–286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J.May, Between two nations; the Indonesia-Papua Border and West Papua nationalism Chapter V: R.J. May, East of the Border: Irian Jaya and the Border in Papua New Guinea’s Domestic and Foreign Politics pp. 85–161, especially p. 131 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/resources-links/copyright/Between_Two_Nations.pdf">http://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/resources-links/copyright/Between_Two_Nations.pdf</a> No date for posting. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asnani Usman, (1988) Border tensions in the Indonesian/Papua New Guinean relationship Chapter 4: Approaches to tension reduction pp.61–88 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/111183/4/b1726120x_Usman_Asnani.pdf">https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/111183/4/b1726120x_Usman_Asnani.pdf</a> Accessed on: 12 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2013/06/sir-michael-somare-calls-on-msg-to-be-inventive-over-west-papuan-future/">"Pacific.scoop.co.nz » Sir Michael Somare calls on MSG to be 'inventive' over West Papuan future"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific.scoop.co.nz+%C2%BB+Sir+Michael+Somare+calls+on+MSG+to+be+%27inventive%27+over+West+Papuan+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacific.scoop.co.nz%2F2013%2F06%2Fsir-michael-somare-calls-on-msg-to-be-inventive-over-west-papuan-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Karvelas and political correspondent: Kevin Rudd patches up relations with Papua New Guinea. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/rudd-patches-things-up-with-png/news-story/58c68ba3489e90faee7124324918c496">https://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/rudd-patches-things-up-with-png/news-story/58c68ba3489e90faee7124324918c496</a> Posted on 6 March 2008. Accessed on: Accessed on: 12 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/154180/png-rally-against-australia%27s-treatment-of-pm-somare">"PNG rally against Australia's treatment of PM Somare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 31 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=PNG+rally+against+Australia%27s+treatment+of+PM+Somare&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F154180%2Fpng-rally-against-australia%2527s-treatment-of-pm-somare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/downer-welcomes-ruling-on-moti-affair-20070913-ywm.html">"Downer welcomes ruling on Moti affair"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 13 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Downer+welcomes+ruling+on+Moti+affair&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fdowner-welcomes-ruling-on-moti-affair-20070913-ywm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transparencypng.org.pg-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transparencypng.org.pg_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transparencypng.org.pg_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moti Affair Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.transparencypng.org.pg/the-moti-affair/">https://www.transparencypng.org.pg/the-moti-affair/</a> Posted on: 7 November 2013 Accessed on: 12 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Davis Dateline: the two worlds of Sir Michael- Somare Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/sites/sbs.com.au.news/files/transcripts/382399_dateline_thetwoworldsofsirmichaelsomare_transcript.html">https://www.sbs.com.au/news/sites/sbs.com.au.news/files/transcripts/382399_dateline_thetwoworldsofsirmichaelsomare_transcript.html</a> No date posting. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/328128/hopes-png%27s-somare-able-to-make-farewell-speech-today">"Hopes PNG's Somare able to make farewell speech today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Hopes+PNG%27s+Somare+able+to+make+farewell+speech+today&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F328128%2Fhopes-png%2527s-somare-able-to-make-farewell-speech-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Grau, Dame Carol Kidu slams png government for thwarting Somare’s farewell address Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/programs/pacificbeat/dame-carol-kidu-slams-png-government-for-thwarting/8413108">https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/programs/pacificbeat/dame-carol-kidu-slams-png-government-for-thwarting/8413108</a> Posted on 4 April 2017 Accessed 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Yapumi: Somare must be nominated MP: Party Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://loopfiji-sb.com/elections/somare-must-be-nominated-mp-party-56426">http://loopfiji-sb.com/elections/somare-must-be-nominated-mp-party-56426</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gloria Bauai, Sir Michael given final farewell. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.looppng.com/png-news/sir-michael-somare-given-final-farewell-56625">http://www.looppng.com/png-news/sir-michael-somare-given-final-farewell-56625</a> Posted on: 17 April 2017 Accessed 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standish, B. (2 August 2010) Papua New Guinea’s Elusive Stability. East Asia Forum<http://www. eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/02/papua-new-guineas- elusive-stability/>, viewed 22 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Tadap Okole, A Critical Review of Papua New Guinea’s Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates 2001-1010 SSGM Discussion Paper 2012/5 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ssgm.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-12/2012_5_0.pdf">http://ssgm.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-12/2012_5_0.pdf</a> No date posting. Retrieved 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Views differ on Somare getting finance and treasury, in the National 30 June 2010 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/views-differ-on-somare-getting-finance-and-treasury/">https://www.thenational.com.pg/views-differ-on-somare-getting-finance-and-treasury/</a> . Retrieved 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Former PNG minister raps Somare style. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=11370368474f46b425ab629680232a">http://www.pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=11370368474f46b425ab629680232a</a> Accessed 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Marshall, PNG criticized over massive PNG/LNG project loan. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-11-07/png-criticised-over-massive-lng-project-loan/198216">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-11-07/png-criticised-over-massive-lng-project-loan/198216</a> Posted on: 7 November 2008 /</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald J. May, Sir Michael Somare and PNG politics. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/05/18/sir-michael-somare-and-png-politics/">http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/05/18/sir-michael-somare-and-png-politics/</a> Posted on 18 May 2011 Accessed <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4292211.htm">http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4292211.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liam Fox: PNG parliament chaos as Somare dodges no-confidence vote Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2010/s2960384.htmPosted">http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2010/s2960384.htmPosted</a> on: 21 July 2010 Accessed on: 1 July 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilya Grindfell, Somare threatens to kill opposition MP. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/somare-threatens-to-kill-opposition-mp-20100721-10l4i.html">https://www.smh.com.au/world/somare-threatens-to-kill-opposition-mp-20100721-10l4i.html</a> Posted on 22 July 2010 Accessed on:26 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papua New Guinea PM reelected- Michael Somare wins Second consecutive term in an uncontested vote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/08/200852514415744579.html">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/08/200852514415744579.html</a> Posted on: 13 August 2007 Accessed on: 1 July 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dumped prime minister Sir Michael Somare ordered army mutiny". Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.news.com.au/world/dumped-prime-minister-sir-michael-somare-ordered-army-mutiny/news-story/ec2fb14b971f14f902b6e01011ecfade">https://www.news.com.au/world/dumped-prime-minister-sir-michael-somare-ordered-army-mutiny/news-story/ec2fb14b971f14f902b6e01011ecfade</a> Posted on: 26 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liam Fox, PNG pays almost $ one million in compensation to former PM Sir Michael Somare Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4292211.htm">http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4292211.htm</a> Posted on: 12 October 2015 Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somare clan involved in illegal logging in Masalai I Tokaut No. 43; 29 January 2006 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.forestnetwork.net/Masalai/www.masalai-i-tokaut.com/Masalai%2043%20-%20%20Somare%20Clan%20dives%20into%20Illegal%20Logging.pdf">http://www.forestnetwork.net/Masalai/www.masalai-i-tokaut.com/Masalai%2043%20-%20%20Somare%20Clan%20dives%20into%20Illegal%20Logging.pdf</a> Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greg Roberts: Somare admits to logging in the Australian 20 June 2007 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/somare-admits-links-to-logging/news-story/b82f4fdbb818d38ae148fbd448a36e12">https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/somare-admits-links-to-logging/news-story/b82f4fdbb818d38ae148fbd448a36e12</a> Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Knight: The incredible Plan to make money grow on trees <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/redd-papua-new-guinea-money-grow-on-trees">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/redd-papua-new-guinea-money-grow-on-trees</a> Published on: 24 November 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Lang, Papua New Guinea plans to scarp red safeguards, Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://redd-monitor.org/2010/06/11/papua-new-guinea-plans-to-scrap-redd-safeguard">https://redd-monitor.org/2010/06/11/papua-new-guinea-plans-to-scrap-redd-safeguard</a> Posted on: 20 June 2010 Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiler2011" class="citation web cs1">Filer, Colin (23 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/07/23/redd-plus-at-the-crossroads-in-papua-new-guinea/">"REDD-plus at the crossroads in Papua New Guinea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REDD-plus+at+the+crossroads+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2011-07-23&rft.aulast=Filer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2011%2F07%2F23%2Fredd-plus-at-the-crossroads-in-papua-new-guinea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Conrad, Federica Bietta, the coalition of rainforest nations and an application to register red as a trademark. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://redd-monitor.org/2017/11/09/kevin-conrad-federica-bietta-the-coalition-for-rainforest-nations-and-an-application-to-register-redd-as-a-trademark/">https://redd-monitor.org/2017/11/09/kevin-conrad-federica-bietta-the-coalition-for-rainforest-nations-and-an-application-to-register-redd-as-a-trademark/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305225536/https://redd-monitor.org/2017/11/09/kevin-conrad-federica-bietta-the-coalition-for-rainforest-nations-and-an-application-to-register-redd-as-a-trademark/">Archived</a> 5 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published on: 11 September 2017. Accessed on :23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K 50 commemorative note Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/currency/k50-commemorative-note/">https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/currency/k50-commemorative-note/</a> 2018 and no further dated. Retrieved 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IIlya Gridneff, PNG’s Somare suspended from office. Available at :<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/pngs-somare-suspended-from-office-20110324-1c8bf.html">https://www.smh.com.au/world/pngs-somare-suspended-from-office-20110324-1c8bf.html</a> Posted on: 24 March 2011 Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papua New Guinea PM suspended for two weeks, Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/03/papua-new-guinea-pm-suspended-for-two-weeks/">https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/03/papua-new-guinea-pm-suspended-for-two-weeks/</a> Posted on: 25 March 2011.Accessed on :23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liam Fox: Former PNG MP Somare names as recipient in Singapore money laundering case. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-02/former-png-pm-somare-implicated-in-singapore-money-laundering-c/7810080">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-02/former-png-pm-somare-implicated-in-singapore-money-laundering-c/7810080</a> Posted on 9 February 2016 Accessed on :23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Crick and Nick McKenzie, Chinese aid funded alleged $ I million bribe to former PNG leader Somare. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/chinese-aid-funded-1-million-bribe-to-former-png-leader-somare-20180603-h10we3.html">https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/chinese-aid-funded-1-million-bribe-to-former-png-leader-somare-20180603-h10we3.html</a> Posted on: 3 June 2018 Accessed on: 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somare’s answer to Singapore claims "I’ve never received inducements or bribes Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://asiapacificreport.nz/2016/09/04/somares-answer-to-singapore-claims-i-have-never-received-inducements-or-bribes/Somare">https://asiapacificreport.nz/2016/09/04/somares-answer-to-singapore-claims-i-have-never-received-inducements-or-bribes/Somare</a> and Singapore court case Posted on: 9/4/16 Accessed on :23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParakh2021" class="citation web cs1">Parakh, Tanuj (26 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpa.bellschool.anu.edu.au/news-events/stories/7943/obituary-grand-chief-sir-michael-somare">"Obituary: Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare"</a>. <i>Department of Pacific Affairs, Australian National University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pacific+Affairs%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Grand+Chief+Sir+Michael+Somare&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.aulast=Parakh&rft.aufirst=Tanuj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpa.bellschool.anu.edu.au%2Fnews-events%2Fstories%2F7943%2Fobituary-grand-chief-sir-michael-somare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset2017" class="citation book cs1">Lipset, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/980874914"><i>Yabar : the alienations of Murik men in a Papua New Guinea modernity</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51076-7"><bdi>978-3-319-51076-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980874914">980874914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yabar+%3A+the+alienations+of+Murik+men+in+a+Papua+New+Guinea+modernity&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F980874914&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51076-7&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F980874914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrimanKora2021" class="citation news cs1">Harriman, Bethanie; Kora, Belinda (26 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-26/sir-michael-somare-first-prime-minister-png-dies/13181256">"Sir Michael Somare, first prime minister of Papua New Guinea, dies at age of 84"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Sir+Michael+Somare%2C+first+prime+minister+of+Papua+New+Guinea%2C+dies+at+age+of+84&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.aulast=Harriman&rft.aufirst=Bethanie&rft.au=Kora%2C+Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-02-26%2Fsir-michael-somare-first-prime-minister-png-dies%2F13181256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015124205/http://www.pm.gov.pg/pmsoffice/pmsoffice.nsf/pages/PMCV?openDocument">"Sir Michael Somare Biodata"</a>. <i>Office of the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.pg/pmsoffice/pmsoffice.nsf/pages/PMCV?openDocument">the original</a> on 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Prime+Minister+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.atitle=Sir+Michael+Somare+Biodata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.pg%2Fpmsoffice%2Fpmsoffice.nsf%2Fpages%2FPMCV%3FopenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024224947/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/gallery/view_photo.php?set_albumName=Somare&id=11_G">"Meeting the Prime Minister, Hon. Qarase, in his office"</a>. <i>State Visit by Sir Michael Somare, the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</i>. Government of Fiji. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/gallery/view_photo.php?set_albumName=Somare&id=11_G">the original</a> on 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Visit+by+Sir+Michael+Somare%2C+the+Prime+Minister+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.atitle=Meeting+the+Prime+Minister%2C+Hon.+Qarase%2C+in+his+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiji.gov.fj%2Fgallery%2Fview_photo.php%3Fset_albumName%3DSomare%26id%3D11_G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011090909/http://www.pm.gov.pg/">"Welcome"</a>. <i>Office of the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gov.pg/">the original</a> on 11 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Prime+Minister+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.pg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/14/national/ex-new-guinea-pm-recognized/">"Ex-New Guinea PM recognized"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. 14 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-New+Guinea+PM+recognized&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2F14%2Fnational%2Fex-new-guinea-pm-recognized%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Somare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hegarty, David, and Peter King. "Papua New Guinea in 1982: the election brings change." <i>Asian Survey</i> 23.2 (1983): 217–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644354">online</a></li> <li>May, Ronald. "Papua New Guinea's' Political Coup': The Ousting of Sir Michael Somare." (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/141449/1/BriefNote_2011_1_May_0.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Somare, Michael, and An Sana. <i>An Autobiography of Michael Somare</i> (Port Moresby, 1975).</li> <li>Zhuang, Yan, "Michael Somare, Papua New Guinea’s ‘Father of the Nation,’ Dies at 84: Mr. Somare, who played a major role in leading the country to independence from Australia, was its longest-serving prime minister." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/world/asia/michael-somare-dead.html">'New York Times<i> February 26, 2021</i></a><i> obituary.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Somare" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Michael Somare">Michael Somare</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609065116/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D17962/overideSkinName%3DissueArticle-full.tpl">"Somare – A political survivor"</a>, Rowan Callick, <i>Islands Business</i>, May 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2010/09/new-guinea-general-debate-65th-session.html">Prime Minister Michael Somare addresses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513084829/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2010/09/new-guinea-general-debate-65th-session.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">General Assembly of the United Nations</a>, 27 September 2010 (video; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/65/meetings/generaldebate/Portals/1/statements/634211983389218750PG_en.pdf">transcript</a>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea">Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea</a> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a> </b><br />1975–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a> </b><br />1982–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paias_Wingti" title="Paias Wingti">Paias Wingti</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mekere_Morauta" title="Mekere Morauta">Mekere Morauta</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a> </b><br />2002–2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Abal" title="Sam Abal">Sam Abal</a><br /><small>Acting</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Abal" title="Sam Abal">Sam Abal</a><br /><small>Acting</small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea</a> </b><br />2011 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rabbie_Namaliu" title="Rabbie Namaliu">Rabbie Namaliu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1992–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Haiveta" title="Chris Haiveta">Chris Haiveta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Skate" title="Bill Skate">Bill Skate</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />2001–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mekere_Morauta" title="Mekere Morauta">Mekere Morauta</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template:Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Somare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Somare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paias_Wingti" title="Paias Wingti">Paias Wingti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbie_Namaliu" title="Rabbie Namaliu">Rabbie Namaliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paias_Wingti" title="Paias Wingti">Paias Wingti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giheno" title="John Giheno">John Giheno</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Skate" title="Bill Skate">Bill Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekere_Morauta" title="Mekere Morauta">Mekere Morauta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Somare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Abal" title="Sam Abal">Sam Abal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Somare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Abal" title="Sam Abal">Sam Abal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill" title="Peter O'Neill">Peter O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316264#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316264#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316264#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000041800152">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/63595418">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1524389/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppv4rfYVxkHPv3DFJhpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1111638950">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95050985">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068846177">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/16431198X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v16hk1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&oldid=1258884256">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&oldid=1258884256</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_births" title="Category:1936 births">1936 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_deaths" title="Category:2021 deaths">2021 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011%E2%80%932012_Papua_New_Guinean_constitutional_crisis" title="Category:2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis">2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chief_ministers_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Category:Chief ministers of Papua and New Guinea">Chief ministers of Papua and New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Order_of_Fiji" title="Category:Companions of the Order of Fiji">Companions of the Order of Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Deaths from cancer in Papua New Guinea">Deaths from cancer in Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pancreatic_cancer" title="Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer">Deaths from pancreatic cancer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Companions_of_the_Order_of_Logohu" title="Category:Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu">Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Category:Knights of St. Gregory the Great">Knights of St. Gregory the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_St_John" title="Category:Knights of the Order of St John">Knights of the Order of St John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Category:Leaders of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)">Leaders of the Opposition (Papua New Guinea)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Assembly_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Category:Members of the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea">Members of the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_internal_finance_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Ministers of internal finance of Papua New Guinea">Ministers of internal finance of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Alliance_Party_(Papua_New_Guinea)_politicians" title="Category:National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea) politicians">National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pangu_Pati_politicians" title="Category:Pangu Pati politicians">Pangu Pati politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papua_New_Guinean_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Papua New Guinean Roman Catholics">Papua New Guinean Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_East_Sepik_Province" title="Category:People from East Sepik Province">People from East Sepik Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea">Prime ministers of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Papua_New_Guinean_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Papua New Guinean politicians">20th-century Papua New Guinean politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Papua_New_Guinean_politicians" title="Category:21st-century Papua New Guinean politicians">21st-century Papua New Guinean politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_ministers_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Foreign ministers of Papua New Guinea">Foreign ministers of Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2021">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tok_Pisin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text">Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2021">Articles needing additional references from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 04:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Somare&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x4q2f","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.096","walltime":"1.258","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20971,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158258,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18020,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":208821,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1152.747 1 -total"," 30.61% 352.899 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 23.99% 276.510 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.59% 168.231 31 Template:Cite_web"," 11.21% 129.201 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.84% 78.798 1 Template:Langx"," 5.10% 58.755 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 5.04% 58.143 3 Template:Ambox"," 4.92% 56.721 28 Template:Main_other"," 4.87% 56.095 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.658","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19655869,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCarman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrimanKora2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarokobi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParakh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPremdas1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahlins1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomare1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFpngeco5_wp2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Somare, Michael\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"PNGPMs\"] = 1,\n [\"POV\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 5,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z58hw","timestamp":"20241122143328","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Michael Somare","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Somare","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316264","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316264","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-13T09:45:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T04:27:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Michael_Somare_2014.jpg","headline":"Papua New Guinean political figure, former prime minister"}</script> </body> </html>