Jean Calvin (1509-1564) – Musée protestant

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data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type_archive mega-menu-item-object-notice mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-grid mega-hide-arrow mega-menu-item-34420' id='mega-menu-item-34420'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Museum<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-row' id='mega-menu-34420-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-4-of-12' id='mega-menu-34420-0-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-title-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-menu-item-65415 menu-title-link' id='mega-menu-item-65415'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/">Major Dates</a></li><li class='mega-menu-title-archive-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-menu-item-65420 menu-title-archive-link' id='mega-menu-item-65420'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/">All centuries</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65423' id='mega-menu-item-65423'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=before-16-century">Before 16th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65424' id='mega-menu-item-65424'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=the-16th-century">The 16th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65425' id='mega-menu-item-65425'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=the-17th-century">The 17th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65426' id='mega-menu-item-65426'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=the-18th-century">The 18th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65427' id='mega-menu-item-65427'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=the-19th-century">The 19th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65429' id='mega-menu-item-65429'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/?filtersiecle=the-21st-century">The 21st century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item 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id='mega-menu-item-65421'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/">All key figures</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-widget widget_custom_html mega-menu-item-custom_html-3' id='mega-menu-item-custom_html-3'><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="menu-principal-personalites-liste"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=A">A</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=B">B</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=C">C</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=D">D</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=E">E</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=F">F</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=G">G</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=H">H</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=I">I</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=J">J</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=K">K</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=L">L</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=M">M</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=N">N</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=O">O</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=P">P</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=Q">Q</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=R">R</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=S">S</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=T">T</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=U">U</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=V">V</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=W">W</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=X">X</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=Y">Y</a>, <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/?filtersiecle=-1&lettre=Z">Z</a> </div></div></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-4-of-12' id='mega-menu-34420-0-2'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-title-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-menu-item-65417 menu-title-link' id='mega-menu-item-65417'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/">History</a></li><li class='mega-menu-title-archive-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-menu-item-65422 menu-title-archive-link' id='mega-menu-item-65422'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/">All centuries</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65430' id='mega-menu-item-65430'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=before-16-century">Before 16th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65431' id='mega-menu-item-65431'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-16th-century">The 16th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65432' id='mega-menu-item-65432'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-17th-century">The 17th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65433' id='mega-menu-item-65433'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-18th-century">The 18th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65434' id='mega-menu-item-65434'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-19th-century">The 19th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65435' id='mega-menu-item-65435'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-20th-century">The 20th century</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65436' id='mega-menu-item-65436'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/?filtersiecle=the-21st-century">The 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-row' id='mega-menu-34420-1'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-4-of-12' id='mega-menu-34420-1-0'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-title-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-menu-item-65418 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id='mega-menu-item-65443'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=the-refuge">The Refuge</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65444' id='mega-menu-item-65444'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=memorial-sites">Memorial sites</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65445' id='mega-menu-item-65445'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=charitable-and-social-works">Charitable and social works</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65446' id='mega-menu-item-65446'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=protestantism-in-europe">Protestantism in Europe</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65447' id='mega-menu-item-65447'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=rites-and-practices">Rites and practices</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-65448' id='mega-menu-item-65448'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/?filtersiecle=-1&theme=theology">Theology</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-column mega-menu-columns-4-of-12' id='mega-menu-34420-1-1'> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-title-link mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-rubriques mega-has-description mega-menu-item-65419 menu-title-link' id='mega-menu-item-65419'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/art-heritage/"><span class="mega-description-group"><span class="mega-menu-title">Art - Heritage</span><span class="mega-menu-description">Protestants have largely participated in the development of arts and heritage: architecture, engravings, literature, music…</span></span></a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-art_patrimoine mega-menu-item-65449' id='mega-menu-item-65449'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/art_patrimoine/history-and-architecture-of-the-temples/">History and architecture of the temples</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-art_patrimoine mega-menu-item-65450' id='mega-menu-item-65450'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/art_patrimoine/the-interior-of-protestant-temples/">The interior of Protestant temples</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-art_patrimoine mega-menu-item-65451' id='mega-menu-item-65451'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/art_patrimoine/heritage-of-museums-historical-societies-and-individuals/">Heritage of museums, historical societies and individuals</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-art_patrimoine mega-menu-item-65452' id='mega-menu-item-65452'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/art_patrimoine/protestant-artists/">Protestant artists</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-art_patrimoine mega-menu-item-65453' id='mega-menu-item-65453'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/art_patrimoine/patrimoine-funeraire-en/">Patrimoine funéraire</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type_archive mega-menu-item-object-parcours 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aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="breadcrumbs">  <a title="Go to Home." href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/" class="home">Home</a> > <a title="Go to Notes." href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/">Notes</a> > <a title="Go to the Key figures Rubrique archives." href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/">Key figures</a> > Jean Calvin (1509-1564) </nav> <div class="intro"> <p>A generation after Luther, the Frenchman Jean Calvin became the organiser of the Reformation : he organised the Church, shaped the doctrine and defined the role of the Church in state government.</p> </div> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <h2 id="His-youth" class="mt-4 mb-3">His youth</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-0" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000654L.jpg" id="galerie44840" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Calvin (1509-1564)"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000654L-218x300.jpg" alt="" width="218px" class="img-fluid" height="300px" title="Calvin (1509-1564) " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Calvin (1509-1564) </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>Jean Cauvin or Calvin was born in Noyon in the Picardie region. He was the son of a property administrator working for the Noyon <a>canons</a> and of a pious Catholic mother who died at an early age. Calvin received a <a>scholarship</a> from the Church, making it possible for him to continue his studies in Noyon.</p> <p>Later, he studied in Paris, at the La Marche and Montaigu schools. His father had planned that his son should take holy orders but quarrels with the Noyon canons made him orientate his son towards law studies. Calvin studied law in Orleans and in Bourges where he had access to the best masters of his time. Law studies had a lasting impact on Calvin’s though. Unlike Luther, he always considered law in a positive way.</p> <p>After his father’s death, he became interested in theology and humanities. His first book was a commentary on Seneca’s <i>De Clementia</i>. He had frequent contacts with humanistic and theological circles engaged in the debate of new ideas. He studied Greek and Hebrew.</p> </div><h2 id="His-conversion-and-exile" class="mt-4 mb-3">His conversion and exile</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-1" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000185L.jpg" id="galerie43941" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Noyon in the 16th century"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000185L-300x187.jpg" alt="" width="300px" class="img-fluid" height="187px" title="Noyon in the 16th century " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Noyon in the 16th century </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>His conversion may go back to 1533 but this remains uncertain. In 1534, he broke away from the Catholic Church and renounced to his scholarship. That same year, he travelled a lot : to Angoulême, to Orléans, Paris, Nierac, and Noyon.</p> <p>Calvin was in Paris when the “posters incident” broke out. During the repression, he left France and took refuge in Basel where he continued his theological work. His first dogmatic text is the introduction to the translation of the Bible into French by his cousin Olivetan. His second work is a summary of the Christian faith : <b>The institutes of the Christian faith</b> (1536). It was the first edition in Latin of his most important work which – throughout his life – he kept reorganising and expanding.</p> </div><h2 id="The-call-from-Geneva" class="mt-4 mb-3">The call from Geneva</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-2" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000189L.jpg" id="galerie43949" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Geneva: gates in the lower part of the city © S.H.P.F."> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000189L-211x300.jpg" alt="" width="211px" class="img-fluid" height="300px" title="Geneva: gates in the lower part of the city © S.H.P.F." loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Geneva: gates in the lower part of the city © S.H.P.F. </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>Had it not been for the providential intervention of fate, Calvin could have pursued his brilliant intellectual career as a thinker. He wished to go to Strasburg. The direct route was closed on account of the wars. He was obliged to go through Geneva which had just adhered to the Reformation under the influence of the Reformer Guillaume Farel. When the latter heard that Calvin was in Geneva, he immediately thought that Calvin, author of the <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i>, was the ideal person to help him in the task of structuring the Reformation in Geneva. He sent him an urgent call. Calvin remained in Geneva and, even though it was no easy task, he endeavoured to put his ideas into practice.</p> <p>Calvin and Farel did not agree with the town government about the respective powers of the Church and State, especially concerning religious matters. They did not have the final say and were expelled by the town authorities in 1538.</p> </div><h2 id="Calvin-in-Strasburg" class="mt-4 mb-3">Calvin in Strasburg</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-3" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000001302L.jpg" id="galerie46110" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="16th century houses in Strasbourg"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000001302L-218x300.jpg" alt="" width="218px" class="img-fluid" height="300px" title="16th century houses in Strasbourg " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> 16th century houses in Strasbourg </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>At the request of the reformer Martin Bucer, Calvin settled in Strasburg. There the three most pleasant years of his life were awaiting him. He worked both as a pastor and a teacher. He met numerous intellectuals. He married a young widow, Idelette de Bure. She gave him a son who died when still an infant. Bucer had a decisive influence on the thought of Calvin, yet the latter did not hesitate to criticize him.</p> <p>In 1540, twenty years after Luther, Calvin drafted his <i>Commentary of the Epistle to the Romans</i>. He clearly demonstrated how far he stood from Luther : there is no absolute opposition between law and Gospel.</p> <p>In 1541, he published his <i>Short treatise on the <a>Lord’s Supper</a></i> in which work he defined a midway position between the irreconcilable views of Luther and of Zwingli. That same year, the first French edition of the <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i> appeared ; it was an expanded version of the 1536 edition.</p> <p>Calvin received international recognition in Strasburg. With Bucer he attended several <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Conferences" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Conferences</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Provincial subdivision, group of some thirty Protestant Churches. They operate as subsections of the provincial synod and meet to administer matters concerning local churches.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">conferences</span> organised by Charles the Fifth in order to attempt bridging the gap between the Churches. On such an occasion, he met Melanchthon and befriended him. Despite Bucer’s moderation and Melanchthon’s sharpness, none of these conferences were successful.</p> </div><h2 id="His-return-to-Geneva" class="mt-4 mb-3">His return to Geneva</h2><div class="clearfix"><p>In 1540, a majority of the Geneva city <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Council" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Council</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Formal meeting of bishops chaired by the Pope or a bishop; such a council decides on matters of dogmatic, moral or canonical nature.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">council</span> members was favourable to Calvin’s return. He was urged to come back on two occasions : in 1540 and in January 1541. He was not to return until September 1541, convinced that he would stay no more than six months. He stayed twenty-three years, until the end of his life.</p> <p>Over the first six months, he introduced three texts which structured the Church : <i>The clerical ordinances, The catechism, The usage of prayers</i>. The latter was a book <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Liturgy" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Liturgy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Prayers and rites forming the order of service for religious ceremonies.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">liturgy</span>.</p> <p>He instituted the singing the psalms – versified by Clément Marot – during the church service. The following year, he welcomed Marot to Geneva.</p> <p>Geneva calls to mind the name of Calvin, and yet he often felt ill at ease there. He was considered a foreigner to the city until 1559 when he was granted the status of townsman.</p> <p>Until 1555, he had to face the hostility of the town councils which often regarded him as a dictator. In fact, he was never favourable to political power being under the influence of the Church.</p> </div><h2 id="A-preacher-and-a-writer" class="mt-4 mb-3">A preacher and a writer</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-5" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000578L.jpg" id="galerie44708" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Jean Calvin Autograph December 22, 1559"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000578L-300x202.jpg" alt="" width="300px" class="img-fluid" height="202px" title="Jean Calvin Autograph December 22, 1559 " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Jean Calvin Autograph December 22, 1559 </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>Back in Geneva, Calvin resumed preaching. He delivered two sermons every Sunday and, every other week, he preached daily from a chosen book of the Bible. His numerous students took during his preaching but only fragments are still available.</p> <p>Unlike Luther, Calvin was suspicious of medieval Bible reading methods (<a>allegorical</a> and typological). He applied to biblical texts reading techniques used for secular texts. He particularly denounced the confusion between literal and figurative significance. For example, when during his last supper Jesus spoke the words « this is my flesh, this is my blood… », for Calvin the bread and the wine are a figure of speech, an image. They represent Christ but are not Christ. In the same way, in the Bible, the dove represents the Holy Spirit but is not the Holy Spirit.</p> <p>As early as 1541, Calvin translated <i>The Institutes of the Christian Religion</i> into French.</p> <p>This is one of the first books of systematic theology to be translated into French. With this translation, Calvin contributed to establishing of the French language, still evolving at that time.</p> <p>Calvin’s writings in French were very numerous : Bible commentaries, theological texts, letters, etc. He was one of the most prolific French writers of the XVI<sup>th</sup> century.</p> </div><h2 id="The-Servet-case" class="mt-4 mb-3">The Servet case</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-6" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000001055L.jpg" id="galerie45756" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Michel Servet (1511-1553) © S.H.P.F."> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000001055L-221x300.jpg" alt="" width="221px" class="img-fluid" height="300px" title="Michel Servet (1511-1553) © S.H.P.F." loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Michel Servet (1511-1553) © S.H.P.F. </figcaption> </figure> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000002979L.jpg" id="galerie48973" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Commemorative stone placed at the place of Servet's torture, in the Champel district in Geneva. | The commemoration, at the beginning of the 20th century, took care not to name Servet"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000002979L-236x300.jpg" alt="" width="236px" class="img-fluid" height="300px" title="Commemorative stone placed at the place of Servet's torture, in the Champel district in Geneva. " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Commemorative stone placed at the place of Servet's torture, in the Champel district in Geneva. </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>The Spaniard Michel Servet was persecuted both by the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformers for his anti-Trinitarian treatises. He considered the doctrine of the Holy Trinity as out of keeping with the Bible and, consequently, as heretical.</p> <p>Michel Servet was arrested in Geneva and was burned after having been tried and sentenced for <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Heresy" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Heresy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Doctrine rejected by the predominant church.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">heresy</span> on October 27, 1553. His execution began a controversy between Calvin and Sebastien Castellion, who defended religious tolerance.</p> </div><h2 id="His-relationship-with-France" class="mt-4 mb-3">His relationship with France</h2><div class="clearfix"><p>While in exile, Calvin was concerned about France and about those who had adhered to the Reformation. Fearing persecution, the latter lived their faith secretly while attending Roman Catholic church ceremonies. Calvin denounced this as hypocrisy and urged his fellow citizens to escape to countries that had adopted the ideas of the Reformation (<i>Apology to the <a>Nicomenides</a>, 1544</i>). They crowded into Geneva whose population doubled between 1545 and 1560. They brought Calvin valuable support.</p> <p>From 1555 on, a number of Reformed churches were opened in France. From then on, Calvin urged the French Protestants to stay in their country. He encouraged them with his advice and sent them pastors who had been trained in the Geneva <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Academy" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Academy</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Teaching centre of university level, mainly for theological studies.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Academy</span>.</p> <p>For the first <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Synod" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Synod</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Council or Assembly representing the Protestant Churches. The Reformed Church has a national synod as well as regional (local) synods (called provincial synods in the XVII&lt;SUP&gt;th&lt;/SUP&gt;&nbsp;Century).The national synod is an assembly of delegates from throughout the country. It decides on matters of doctrine.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>synod</span> in Paris in 1559, he sent them the draft of a <span class="glossaryLink" title="Glossary: Confession of faith" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemTitle>Confession of faith</div><div class=glossaryItemBody>Doctrinal statement adhered to by all members of a Church or confession. The Augsburg Confession (1530) can be considered as the foundation text of Lutheranism; the Rochelle Confession of Faith (1559-1571) is the text to which the Reformed Churches of France adhere.</div>" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">confession of faith</span> and a proposition of church discipline. Later, he sent them numerous pastoral letters.</p> </div><h2 id="His-last-years" class="mt-4 mb-3">His last years</h2> <div class="slide_image"> <div id="slide-8" class="float-lg-end ps-lg-4 clearfix mx-auto" style="max-width: 300px;"> <figure> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000653L.jpg" id="galerie44838" class="swipebox miniature-galerie d-block mx-auto text-center" title="Farewell of Calvin to the syndic of Geneva | Deveria Eugène (1805-1865), Lavis de sépia"> <img src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000653L-300x233.jpg" alt="" width="300px" class="img-fluid" height="233px" title="Farewell of Calvin to the syndic of Geneva " loading="lazy"> </a> <figcaption class=""> Farewell of Calvin to the syndic of Geneva </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><p>The creation of an Academy in 1559 contributed to the reputation of Geneva. The theological teaching provided put the emphasis on the study and interpretation of the Holy Scriptures.</p> <p>The Academy of Geneva was headed by the Frenchman Théodore de Bèze and, thanks to the quality of its teachers, it became very influential.</p> <p>As from 1555, Calvin’s authority remained undisputed in Geneva. The Geneva model spread all over Europe. In 1559, Calvin drafted the final version of <i>The Institutes of the Christian Religion</i>, which consisted of four books and eighty chapters. He wrote many treatises (against the Anabaptists, against licentiousness, astrology, relics etc.). He gave public lectures at the newly-founded Academy of Geneva and organised a continuous commentary of the books of the Bible.</p> <p>His health was poor, and such hard and strenuous work wore him out. He died on May 27, 1564 at the age of fifty-five. Théodore de Bèze continued his work.</p> </div><div class="clearfix"> <div data-service="acf-custom-maps" data-category="marketing" data-placeholder-image="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/assets/images/placeholders/google-maps-minimal-1280x920.jpg" class="cmplz-placeholder-element acf-map"> <div class="marker" data-lat="" data-lng=""> <div class="infowindow"> <h2 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Jean Calvin (1509-1564)</h2> <p>noyon</p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.fr/maps/dir//noyon/@,z/">Itinerary to this location</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="d-print-none font-serif mt-4"> </ul><div class="pt-4 mb-4"><h3 class="pattern" id="bibliographie"><span>Bibliography</span></h3><ul class="list_biblio list-unstyled"><li><div class="fst-italic fs-4 mt-3 mb-2"><i class="fa-solid fa-book"></i> Books</div><ul class="list-unstyled">   <li class="mb-3">BEZE Théodore de, <em>La vie de Jean Calvin</em>, Europresse, 1993</li>   <li class="mb-3">CALVIN Jean, <em>Institution de la religion chrétienne</em>, Éd. J.D. Benoit, Paris, 1957-1963, Volume 5</li>   <li class="mb-3">CASTELLION Sébastien, <em>Contre le libelle de Calvin</em>, Éditions Zoé, Genève, 1998</li>   <li class="mb-3">CHRISTIN Olivier, <em>Les Réformes. Luther, Calvin et les protestants</em>, Découvertes Gallimard, Paris, 1995</li>   <li class="mb-3">COTTRET Bernard, <em>Calvin, biographie</em>, Payot, Paris, 1999</li>   <li class="mb-3">CROUZET Denis, <em>Jean Calvin, vies parallèles</em>, Fayard, Paris, 2000, p. 480</li>   <li class="mb-3">FUCHS Éric, <em>La morale selon Calvin</em>, Cerf, Paris, 1986</li>   <li class="mb-3">GIRAN Étienne, <em>Sébastien Castellion et la Réforme calviniste. Les deux Réformes</em>, Hachette, Paris, 1914</li>   <li class="mb-3">GISEL Pierre, <em>Le Christ de Calvin</em>, Desclée, Paris, 1990</li>   <li class="mb-3">MILLET Olivier, <em>Calvin et la dynamique de la parole</em>, Champion, Paris, 1992</li>   <li class="mb-3">MULLER Denis, <em>Jean Calvin, puissance de la loi et limite du pouvoir</em>, Michalon, 2004</li>   <li class="mb-3">WEEDA Robert, <em>Le Psautier de Calvin. L’histoire d’un livre populaire au XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle (1551-1598)</em>, Brepols, Turnhout, 2002</li>   <li class="mb-3">WENDEL François, <em>Calvin, sources et évolution de sa pensée religieuse</em>, Labor et Fides, Genève, 1985</li></ul></li></ul></div><h3 class="pattern pattern-defaut" id="parcours_associes"><span>Associated tours</span></h3><div class="notices_associees"> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/jean-calvin/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/0000001411l-287x300.jpg" alt="Médaille du tricentenaire de l'Institution Chrétienne de Calvin (1536)" width="287px" height="300px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/jean-calvin/" class="text-black">Jean Calvin</a> </h3> With the publication of his book: The Institution of the Christian Religion, Jean Calvin establishes himself as the main theologian of the Reformed current. He was called to Geneva, which... </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/lapparition-de-la-reforme-en-france/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000970L-300x222.jpg" alt="" width="300px" height="222px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/lapparition-de-la-reforme-en-france/" class="text-black">Appearance of the Reformation in France</a> </h3> In the early 16th century the Church had already been in a moral and political crisis they could not overcome for two centuries. In the context of the Renaissance, humanism... </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/introduction-to-the-reform-in-the-16th-century/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Initiation_-Réforme.jpg" alt="" width="250px" height="250px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/parcours/introduction-to-the-reform-in-the-16th-century/" class="text-black">Introduction to the Reform in the 16th century</a> </h3> The aim of this tour is to present the main events and figures of the early stages of French Protestantism: from Jean Calvin, to Henri IV, including Clément Marot and... </div> </div></div><h3 class="pattern" id="notices_associees"><span>Associated notes</span></h3><div class="notices_associees"> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/philipp-melanchton-1497-1560/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/melanchton-300x291.jpg" alt="Melanchthon (1497-1560)" width="300px" height="291px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/philipp-melanchton-1497-1560/" class="text-black">Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)</a> </h3> Melanchton was a humanist and a theologian who adapted Luther’s ideas. His attempts to reconcile the different reformation trends failed. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-ecclesiastical-ordinances-1541/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000218L-300x226.jpg" alt="Calvin présidant un colloque à Genève en 1549" width="300px" height="226px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-ecclesiastical-ordinances-1541/" class="text-black">The ecclesiastical ordinances (1541)</a> </h3> In the ecclesiastical ordinances Jean Calvin defines the organisation of the Church and the relations between the reformed Church and the political power in Geneva. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/ulrich-zwingli-1484-1531/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000715L-252x300.jpg" alt="Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)" width="252px" height="300px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/ulrich-zwingli-1484-1531/" class="text-black">Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)</a> </h3> Zwingli, a pastor and theologian, based the Reformation on Bible study. In his opinion the Reformation comprised fighting social injustice. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/guillaume-farel-1489-1565-2/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000652L-284x300.jpg" alt="" width="284px" height="300px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/guillaume-farel-1489-1565-2/" class="text-black">Guillaume Farel (1489-1565)</a> </h3> Farel was the reformer of French-speaking Switzerland, precisely in the Neuchâtel area. He was a preacher but also an organiser and author of a liturgy in French. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-bucer-1491-1551-2/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000042L-275x300.jpg" alt="" width="275px" height="300px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-bucer-1491-1551-2/" class="text-black">Martin Bucer (1491-1551)</a> </h3> He was born in Alsace, was a humanist and tried all his life long to safeguard the unity of the Church. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/olivetan-1506-1538-2/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000586L-212x300.jpg" alt="" width="212px" height="300px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/olivetan-1506-1538-2/" class="text-black">Olivétan (1506-1538)</a> </h3> Olivétan is well-known for his French translation of the Bible, referred to as Olivétan’s Bible. It was the first Bible ever to be translated into French from the original Hebrew... </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/theodore-de-beze-1519-1605-2/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/theodore-de-beze-300x290.jpg" alt="Théodore de Bèze (1519-1605) (2)" width="300px" height="290px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/theodore-de-beze-1519-1605-2/" class="text-black">Théodore de Bèze (1519-1605)</a> </h3> Theodore Beza was one of the most prominent figures in the Reform movement. He supported Calvin and succeeded him as moderator, i.e. president, of the Company of pastors in Geneva.... </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-posters-incident-1534/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000853L-300x247.jpg" alt="Château de Blois (41)" width="300px" height="247px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-posters-incident-1534/" class="text-black">The posters incident (1534)</a> </h3> Tracts of an insulting nature to the Catholic Church were put up in Paris, throughout the provinces and even in front of the king’s rooms. The king decided on a... </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/clement-marot-1496-1544/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/marot-300x291.jpg" alt="Clément Marot (1496-1544)" width="300px" height="291px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/clement-marot-1496-1544/" class="text-black">Clément Marot (1496-1544)</a> </h3> The famous 16th century French poet put into verse the biblical Psalms that were to be sung all over France and become the well-known Huguenot Psalter. </div> </div> <div class="row my-5"> <div class="col-md-3 vignette"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/sebastien-castellion-1515-1563-2/" class="block-image d-block ratio ratio-1x1"> <img class="w-100 h-100 object-fit-cover" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/castellion-300x278.jpg" alt="Sébastien Castellion (1515-1563)" width="300px" height="278px" loading="lazy"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h3 class="mt-3 mt-md-0"> <a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/sebastien-castellion-1515-1563-2/" class="text-black">Sébastien Castellion (1515-1563)</a> </h3> Sébastien Castellion is looked upon today as an apostle of tolerance and freedom of thought. He maintained that the Bible could have several different interpretations, and that this implied a... </div> </div></div> </section> </article> </div> <aside id="sidebar" class="col-lg-4 d-print-none">  <h3 class="pattern"><span>Contents</span></h3> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="#His-youth">His youth</a></li> <li><a href="#His-conversion-and-exile">His conversion and exile</a></li> <li><a href="#The-call-from-Geneva">The call from Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="#Calvin-in-Strasburg">Calvin in Strasburg</a></li> <li><a href="#His-return-to-Geneva">His return to Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="#A-preacher-and-a-writer">A preacher and a writer</a></li> <li><a href="#The-Servet-case">The Servet case</a></li> <li><a href="#His-relationship-with-France">His relationship with France</a></li> <li><a href="#His-last-years">His last years</a></li> <hr>  <li> <a href="#bibliographie">Bibliography</a> </li> <li><a href="#parcours_associes">Associated tours</a></li> <li><a href="#notices_associees">Associated notes</a></li> <hr>  <li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/glossary/">Glossary</a></a></li> <hr>  </ul>  <div class="bloc_cartouche mb-5"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" title="Print" class="btn-coupe"> <i class="fa-solid fa-print me-2"></i> Print the notice </a> </div>  <h3 class="pattern pattern-defaut mb-3"> <span>Sections</span> </h3>  <ul class="list-unstyled"><li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/significant-dates/">Major Dates</a></li><li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/personnalities/">Key figures</a></li><li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/history/">History</a></li><li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/themes-en/">Themes</a></li><li><a href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/rubriques/art-heritage/">Art - Heritage</a></li></ul> <hr style="margin-bottom:20px;">  </aside> </div> </main>   <footer id="footer" class="d-print-none bg-dark py-3 small mt-5"> <div 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Le fait de ne pas consentir ou de retirer son consentement peut avoir un effet négatif sur certaines caractéristiques et fonctions.</div>  <div class="cmplz-categories"> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-functional" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Fonctionnel</span> <span class='cmplz-always-active'> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-functional-optin" data-category="cmplz_functional" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-functional" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-functional-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Fonctionnel</span></label> </span> Always active </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-functional">L’accès ou le stockage technique est strictement nécessaire dans la finalité d’intérêt légitime de permettre l’utilisation d’un service spécifique explicitement demandé par l’abonné ou l’utilisateur, ou dans le seul but d’effectuer la transmission d’une communication sur un réseau de communications électroniques.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-preferences" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Préférences</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-preferences-optin" data-category="cmplz_preferences" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-preferences" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-preferences-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Préférences</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-preferences">L’accès ou le stockage technique est nécessaire dans la finalité d’intérêt légitime de stocker des préférences qui ne sont pas demandées par l’abonné ou l’internaute.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-statistics" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Statistiques</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-statistics-optin" data-category="cmplz_statistics" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-statistics" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-statistics-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Statistiques</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics">Le stockage ou l’accès technique qui est utilisé exclusivement à des fins statistiques.</span> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics-anonymous">Le stockage ou l’accès technique qui est utilisé exclusivement dans des finalités statistiques anonymes. En l’absence d’une assignation à comparaître, d’une conformité volontaire de la part de votre fournisseur d’accès à internet ou d’enregistrements supplémentaires provenant d’une tierce partie, les informations stockées ou extraites à cette seule fin ne peuvent généralement pas être utilisées pour vous identifier.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-marketing" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Marketing</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-marketing-optin" data-category="cmplz_marketing" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-marketing" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-marketing-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Marketing</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-marketing">L’accès ou le stockage technique est nécessaire pour créer des profils d’internautes afin d’envoyer des publicités, ou pour suivre l’utilisateur sur un site web ou sur plusieurs sites web ayant des finalités marketing similaires.</span> </div> </details> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information"> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookies-overview">Manage services</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/">Read more about these purposes</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-footer"></div> <div class="cmplz-buttons"> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-accept">Accepter</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-deny">Refuser</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-view-preferences">Voir les préférences</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-save-preferences">Enregistrer les préférences</button> <a class="cmplz-btn cmplz-manage-options tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Voir les préférences</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-documents"> <a class="cmplz-link cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cmplz-manage-consent" data-nosnippet="true"><button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-1">Gérer le consentement</button> </div><script type="text/javascript" src="//kit.fontawesome.com/91d91d4e8a.js?ver=6" id="fontawesome-free-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://museeprotestant.org/wp-content/themes/mvpf2024/assets/js/jquery.swipebox.js?ver=1.5.1" id="swipebox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js?ver=5.3.3" id="bootstrap-js"></script> <script data-service="acf-custom-maps" data-category="marketing" type="text/plain" data-cmplz-src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyATKyMDnTH4CKGU21jYy6OW2RPGNTu-iSY&libraries=marker&ver=1" id="gmaps-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gmaps-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpVars = {"templateurl":"https:\/\/museeprotestant.org"}; 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Jean Calvin (1509-1564) – Musée protestant