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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hematological_staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hematological_staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hematological staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hematological_staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serum_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serum_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Serum research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serum_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendship_with_Robert_Koch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_with_Robert_Koch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Friendship with Robert Koch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_with_Robert_Koch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_work_on_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_work_on_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>First work on immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_work_on_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_Behring_on_a_diphtheria_serum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_Behring_on_a_diphtheria_serum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Work with Behring on a diphtheria serum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_Behring_on_a_diphtheria_serum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_valency_of_serums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_valency_of_serums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>The valency of serums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_valency_of_serums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ehrlich's_side-chain_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ehrlich's_side-chain_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Ehrlich's side-chain theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ehrlich's_side-chain_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cancer research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chemotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_vivo_staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vivo_staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>In vivo staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vivo_staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methylene_blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methylene_blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Methylene blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methylene_blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_search_for_a_chemotherapia_specifica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_search_for_a_chemotherapia_specifica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>The search for a <i>chemotherapia specifica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_search_for_a_chemotherapia_specifica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic_bullet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic_bullet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Magic bullet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic_bullet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Honours and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Ehrlich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="باول إرليش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باول إرليش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erlix" title="Paul Erlix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paul Erlix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پول الریخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پول الریخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="পাউল এরলিখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাউল এরলিখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85" title="Паўль Эрліх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўль Эрліх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Паул Ерлих – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паул Ерлих" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Πάουλ Έρλιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάουλ Έρλιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="پاول ارلیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاول ارلیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8_%EC%97%90%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88" title="파울 에를리히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파울 에를리히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AD" title="Պաուլ Էռլիխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաուլ Էռլիխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פאול ארליך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאול ארליך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೌಲ್ ಆರ್ಲಿಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೌಲ್ ಆರ್ಲಿಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="პაულ ერლიხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაულ ერლიხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Пауль Эрлих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пауль Эрлих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Ehrlich" title="Paulus Ehrlich – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauls_%C4%92rlihs" title="Pauls Ērlihs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pauls Ērlihs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="പോൾ എർലിഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ എർലിഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="პაულ ერლიხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პაულ ერლიხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="پول ارليخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پول ارليخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پل الریخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پل الریخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Паул Эрлих – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Паул Эрлих" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92" title="パウル・エールリヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウル・エールリヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%AE" title="پال اہرلخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال اہرلخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрлих, Пауль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрлих, Пауль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D" title="पाल् एर्लख् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाल् एर्लख्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%B5_%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%86" title="پاوڵ ئرلیچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاوڵ ئرلیچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Паул Ерлих – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паул Ерлих" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="เพาล์ แอร์ลิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพาล์ แอร์ลิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85" title="Пауль Ерліх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пауль Ерліх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%86" title="پاول اہرلچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول اہرلچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·埃尔利希" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Ehrlich" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·埃尔利希" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German physician and scientist (1854–1915)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Paul Ehrlich, see <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paul Ehrlich (disambiguation)">Paul Ehrlich (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Ehrlich</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/220px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/330px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/440px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="4167" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1854<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1854-03-14</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Strzelin" title="Strzelin">Strehlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Strzelin" title="Strzelin">Strzelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1915<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1915-08-21</span>)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg" title="Bad Homburg">Bad Homburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">Basophil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magic_bullet_(medicine)" title="Magic bullet (medicine)">Magic bullet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Receptor_theory" title="Receptor theory">Receptor theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Side-chain_theory" title="Side-chain theory">Side-chain theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ehrlich%27s_reagent" title="Ehrlich's reagent">Ehrlich's reagent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Hedwig Pinkus (1864–1948) (m. 1883; 2 children)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Stephanie and Marianne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1908) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung</i></span> </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1878)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schlossberger" title="Hans Schlossberger">Hans Schlossberger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png/150px-Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png/225px-Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png/300px-Paul_Ehrlich_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Ehrlich</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈpaʊl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔeːɐ̯lɪç]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/De-Paul_Ehrlich.oga\/De-Paul_Ehrlich.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Paul Ehrlich.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/De-Paul_Ehrlich.oga/De-Paul_Ehrlich.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Paul_Ehrlich.oga" title="File:De-Paul Ehrlich.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_chemotherapy" title="Antimicrobial chemotherapy">antimicrobial chemotherapy</a>. Among his foremost achievements were finding a cure for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> in 1909 and inventing the precursor technique to <a href="/wiki/Gram_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram staining">Gram staining</a> bacteria. The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between different types of blood cells, which led to the ability to diagnose numerous <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">blood diseases</a>. </p><p>His laboratory discovered <a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">arsphenamine</a> (Salvarsan), the first <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> and first effective medicinal treatment for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, thereby initiating and also naming the concept of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>. Ehrlich introduced the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Magic_bullet_(medicine)" title="Magic bullet (medicine)">magic bullet</a>. He also made a decisive contribution to the development of an <a href="/wiki/Antiserum" title="Antiserum">antiserum</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> and conceived a method for standardising therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">serums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder and first director of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Ehrlich-Institut_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Germany)">Paul Ehrlich Institute</a>, a German research institution and medical regulatory body that is the nation's federal institute for vaccines and biomedicines. A <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a> bacteria, <i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia" title="Ehrlichia">Ehrlichia</a></i>, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehrlich has been called "father of immunology".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehrlich was born 14 March 1854 in <a href="/wiki/Strzelin" title="Strzelin">Strehlen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Lower Silesia</a> in what is now south-west <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. He was the second child of Rosa (Weigert) and Ismar Ehrlich, the leader of the local <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Jewish</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was an innkeeper and distiller of liqueurs and the royal lottery collector in Strehlen, a town of some 5,000 inhabitants. His grandfather, Heymann Ehrlich, had been a fairly successful distiller and tavern manager. Ehrlich was the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Weigert" title="Fritz Weigert">Fritz Weigert</a> and cousin of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weigert" title="Karl Weigert">Karl Weigert</a>. </p><p>After elementary school, Paul attended the time-honoured secondary school Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium in <a href="/wiki/Wroclaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Wroclaw">Breslau</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Albert_Neisser" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Neisser">Albert Neisser</a>, who later became a colleague. As a schoolboy (inspired by his cousin Karl Weigert who owned one of the first <a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">microtomes</a>), he became fascinated by the process of staining microscopic tissue substances. He retained that interest during his subsequent medical studies at the universities of Breslau, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. After obtaining his doctorate in 1882, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> in Berlin as an assistant medical director under Theodor Frerichs, the founder of experimental clinical medicine, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, hematology and colour chemistry (dyes). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik,_2018.07.28_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg/220px-1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg/330px-1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg/440px-1A_Tadeusza_Ko%C5%9Bciuszki_Street_in_Prudnik%2C_2018.07.28_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Villa of the Fränkel family in Prudnik</figcaption></figure> <p>He married Hedwig Pinkus (1864–1948) in 1883 in the synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Neustadt</a> (now Prudnik, Poland). The couple had two daughters, Stephanie and Marianne. Hedwig was a sister of <a href="/wiki/Max_Pinkus" title="Max Pinkus">Max Pinkus</a>, who was an owner of the textile factory in Neustadt (later known as <a href="/wiki/Zak%C5%82ady_Przemys%C5%82u_Bawe%C5%82nianego_%22Frotex%22" title="Zakłady Przemysłu Bawełnianego "Frotex"">ZPB "Frotex"</a>). He settled in the villa of the Fränkel family on Wiesenerstrasse in Neustadt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_(Stegl)_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG/220px-Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG/330px-Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG/440px-Gedenktafel_Bergstr_96_%28Stegl%29_Paul_Ehrlich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at Bergstraße 96 in Berlin-Steglitz, where Ehrlich lived and worked from 1890 to 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>After completing his clinical education and <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> at the prominent <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> medical school and teaching hospital in Berlin in 1886, Ehrlich travelled to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and other countries in 1888 and 1889, in part to cure a case of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> which he had contracted in the laboratory. Upon his return he established a private medical practice and small laboratory in Berlin-Steglitz. In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> invited Ehrlich to join the staff at his Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases, where in 1896 a new branch, the Institute for Serum Research and Testing (<i>Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfung</i>), was established for Ehrlich's specialisation. Ehrlich was named its founding director. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg/220px-Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg/330px-Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg/440px-Jf-rat-beil-paul-ehrlich-ffm-118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption>Ehrlich's grave in the Jewish cemetery on Rat-Beil-Straße in Frankfurt am Main</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899 his institute moved to Frankfurt am Main and was renamed the Institute of Experimental Therapy (<i>Institut für experimentelle Therapie</i>). One of his important collaborators there was Max Neisser. In 1904, Ehrlich received a full position of honorary professor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>. In 1906 Ehrlich became the director of the Georg Speyer House in Frankfurt, a private research foundation affiliated with his institute. Here he discovered in 1909 the first drug to be targeted against a specific pathogen: <a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">Salvarsan</a>, a treatment for syphilis, which was at that time one of the most lethal and infectious diseases in Europe. In 1914, Ehrlich was awarded the Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh. Among the foreign guest scientists working with Ehrlich at his institute were two Nobel Prize winners, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a>. The institute was renamed <a href="/wiki/Paul-Ehrlich-Institut_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Germany)">Paul Ehrlich Institute</a> in Ehrlich's honour in 1947. </p><p>In 1914, Ehrlich signed the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three" title="Manifesto of the Ninety-Three">Manifesto of the Ninety-Three</a> which was a defence of Germany's World War I politics and militarism. On 17 August 1915 Ehrlich suffered a heart attack and died on 20 August in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg_vor_der_H%C3%B6he" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Homburg vor der Höhe">Bad Homburg vor der Höhe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> the German emperor, wrote in a telegram of condolence, "I, along with the entire civilized world, mourn the death of this meritorious researcher for his great service to medical science and suffering humanity; his life’s work ensures undying fame and the gratitude of both his contemporaries and posterity".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehrlich was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Jewish_Cemetery,_Frankfurt" title="Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt">Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt</a> (Block 114 N).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hematological_staining">Hematological staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hematological staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1870s, Ehrlich's cousin <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weigert" title="Karl Weigert">Karl Weigert</a> was the first person to stain bacteria with dyes and to introduce aniline pigments for histological studies and bacterial diagnostics. During his studies in Strassburg under the anatomist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Waldeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer">Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer</a>, Ehrlich continued the research started by his cousin in pigments and staining tissues for microscopic study. He spent his eighth university semester in Freiburg im Breisgau investigating primarily the red dye dahlia (monophenylrosanilin), giving rise to his first publication.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878 he followed his dissertation supervisor <a href="/wiki/Julius_Friedrich_Cohnheim" title="Julius Friedrich Cohnheim">Julius Friedrich Cohnheim</a> to Leipzig, and that year obtained a doctorate with a dissertation entitled "Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining" (<i>Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg/220px-SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg/330px-SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg/440px-SMCpolyhydroxysmall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Photo of cultured mast cells at 100× stained with <a href="/wiki/Tolonium_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolonium chloride">Tol Blue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most outstanding results of his dissertation investigations was the discovery of a new cell type. Ehrlich discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Protoplasm" title="Protoplasm">protoplasm</a> of supposed <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cells">plasma cells</a> a granulate which could be made visible with the help of an alkaline dye. He thought this granulate was a sign of good nourishment, and accordingly named these cells <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a>, (from the German word for an animal-fattening feed, <i>Mast</i>). This focus on chemistry was unusual for a medical dissertation. In it, Ehrlich presented the entire spectrum of known staining techniques and the chemistry of the pigments employed. While he was at the Charité, Ehrlich elaborated upon the differentiation of white blood cells according to their different granules. A precondition was a dry specimen technique, which he also developed. A drop of blood placed between two glass slides and heated over a Bunsen burner fixed the blood cells while still allowing them to be stained. Ehrlich used both alkaline and acid dyes, and also created new "neutral" dyes. For the first time this made it possible to differentiate the <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Leucocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocyte">leucocytes</a> (white blood cells). By studying their granulation he could distinguish between nongranular lymphocytes, mono- and poly-nuclear leucocytes, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophil granulocyte">eosinophil granulocytes</a> and mast cells. </p><p>Starting in 1880, Ehrlich also studied <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. He demonstrated the existence of nucleated red blood cells, which he <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">subdivided</a> into normoblasts, megaloblasts, microblasts and poikiloblasts; he had discovered the precursors of erythrocytes. Ehrlich thus also laid the basis for the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemias</a>, after he had created the basis for systematising <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemias</a> with his investigation of white blood cells. </p><p>His duties at the Charité included analysing patients' blood and urine specimens. In 1881 he published a new urine test which could be used to distinguish various types of typhoid from simple cases of diarrhea. The intensity of staining made possible a disease prognosis. The pigment solution he used is known today as Ehrlich's reagent. Ehrlich's great achievement, but also a source of problems during his further career, was that he had initiated a new field of study interrelating chemistry, biology and medicine. Much of his work was rejected by the medical profession, which lacked the requisite chemical knowledge. It also meant that there was no suitable professorship in sight for Ehrlich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serum_research">Serum research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serum research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friendship_with_Robert_Koch">Friendship with Robert Koch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Friendship with Robert Koch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/220px-Robert_Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/330px-Robert_Koch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/440px-Robert_Koch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, around 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>When a student in Breslau, Ehrlich was given an opportunity by the pathologist Julius Friedrich Cohnheim to conduct extensive research and was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, who was at the time a district physician in Wollstein, Posen Province. In his spare time, Koch had clarified the life cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> pathogen and had contacted <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a>, who was quickly convinced by Koch's work and introduced him to his Breslau colleagues. From 30 April to 2 May 1876, Koch presented his investigations in Breslau, which the student Ehrlich was able to attend. </p><p>On 24 March 1882, Ehrlich was present when Koch, working since 1880 at the Imperial Public Health Office (<i>Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt</i>) in Berlin, presented the lecture in which he reported how he was able to identify the <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">tuberculosis pathogen</a>. Ehrlich later described this lecture as his "greatest experience in science". The day after Koch's lecture, Ehrlich had already made an improvement to Koch's staining method, which Koch unreservedly welcomed. From this date on, the two men were bound in friendship. </p><p>In 1887 Ehrlich became an unsalaried lecturer in internal medicine (<i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> für Innere Medizin</i>) at Berlin University, and in 1890 took over the tuberculosis station at a public hospital in Berlin-Moabit at Koch's request. This was where Koch's hoped-for tuberculosis therapeutic agent <a href="/wiki/Tuberculin" title="Tuberculin">tuberculin</a> was under study; and Ehrlich had even injected himself with it. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Tuberculin#The_tuberculin_scandal" title="Tuberculin">tuberculin scandal</a>, Ehrlich tried to support Koch and stressed the value of tuberculin for diagnostic purposes. In 1891 Koch invited Ehrlich to work at the newly founded Institute of Infectious Diseases (<i>Institut für Infektionskrankheiten</i> – now the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch_Institute" title="Robert Koch Institute">Robert Koch Institute</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <i>Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</i> (now Humboldt University) in Berlin. Koch was unable to give him any remuneration, but did offer him full access to laboratory staff, patients, chemicals and laboratory animals, which Ehrlich always remembered with gratitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_work_on_immunity">First work on immunity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First work on immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehrlich had started his first experiments on <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunisation</a> already in his private laboratory. He accustomed mice to the poisons <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">abrin</a>. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become "ricin-proof". Ehrlich interpreted this as immunisation and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months, but mice immunised against ricin were just as sensitive to abrin as untreated animals. </p><p>This was followed by investigations on the "inheritance" of acquired immunity. It was already known that in some cases after a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> or syphilis infection, specific immunity was transmitted from the parents to their offspring. Ehrlich rejected inheritance in the genetic sense because the offspring of a male mouse immunised against abrin and an untreated female mouse were not immune to abrin. He concluded that the foetus was supplied with <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> via the pulmonary circulation of the mother. This idea was supported by the fact that this "inherited immunity" decreased after a few months. In another experiment he exchanged the offspring of treated and untreated female mice. The mice which were nursed by the treated females were protected from the poison, providing the proof that antibodies can also be conveyed in milk. </p><p>Ehrlich also researched <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmunity</a>, but he specifically rejected the possibility that an organism's immune system could attack the organism's own tissue calling it "horror autotoxicus". It was Ehrlich's student, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Witebsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Witebsky">Ernest Witebsky</a>, who demonstrated that autoimmunity could cause disease in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrlich was the first to propose that regulatory mechanisms existed to protect an organism from autoimmunity, saying in 1906 that "the organism possesses certain contrivances by means of which the immunity reaction, so easily produced by all kinds of cells, is prevented from acting against the organism's own elements".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_with_Behring_on_a_diphtheria_serum">Work with Behring on a diphtheria serum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Work with Behring on a diphtheria serum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emil_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Behring">Emil Behring</a> had worked at the Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases until 1893 on developing an <a href="/wiki/Antiserum" title="Antiserum">antiserum</a> for treating <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> but with inconsistent results. Koch suggested that Behring and Ehrlich cooperate on the project. This joint work was successful to the extent that Ehrlich was quickly able to increase the level of immunity of the laboratory animals based on his experience with mice. Clinical tests with diphtheria serum early in 1894 were successful and in August the chemical company Hoechst started to market Behring's "Diphtheria Remedy synthesised by Behring-Ehrlich". The two discoverers had originally agreed to share any profits after the Hoechst share had been subtracted. Their contract was changed several times and finally Ehrlich was eventually pressured into accepting a profit share of only eight percent. Ehrlich resented what he considered as unfair treatment, and his relationship with Behring was thereafter problematic, a situation which later escalated over the issue of the valency<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of tetanus serum. Ehrlich recognised that the principle of serum therapy had been developed by Behring and <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato</a>. But he was of the opinion that he had been the first to develop a serum which could also be used on humans, and that his role in developing the diphtheria serum had been insufficiently acknowledged. Behring, for his part, schemed against Ehrlich at the Prussian Ministry of Culture, and from 1900 on Ehrlich refused to collaborate with him. Von Behring was the sole recipient of the first Nobel Prize in Medicine, in 1901, for contributions to research on diphtheria.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_valency_of_serums">The valency of serums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The valency of serums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg/220px-Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg/330px-Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg/440px-Paul_Ehrlich_Freiburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at the entrance of the anatomy institute of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg University</a> where Paul Ehrlich, as a medical student in the winter semester 1875/76, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since antiserums were an entirely new type of medicine whose quality was highly variable, a government system was established to guarantee their safety and effectiveness. Beginning 1 April 1895, only government-approved serum could be sold in the German Reich. The testing station for diphtheria serum was provisionally housed at the Institute of Infectious Diseases. At the initiative of Friedrich Althoff,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Institute of Serum Research and Testing (<i>Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfung</i>) was established in 1896 in Berlin-Steglitz, with Ehrlich as director (which required him to cancel all his contracts with Hoechst). In this function and as honorary professor at Berliner University he had annual earnings of 6,000 marks, approximately the salary of a university professor. In addition to a testing department the institute had a research department. </p><p>In order to determine the effectiveness of diphtheria antiserum, a stable concentration of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">diphtheria toxin</a> was required. Ehrlich discovered that the toxin being used was perishable, in contrast to what had been assumed, which for him led to two consequences: he did not use the toxin as a standard, but instead a serum powder developed by Behring, which had to be dissolved in liquid shortly before use. The strength of a test toxin was first determined in comparison with this standard. The test toxin could then be used as a reference for testing other serums. For the test itself, toxin and serum were mixed in a ratio so that their effects just cancelled each other when injected into a guinea pig. But since there was a large margin in determining whether symptoms of illness were present, Ehrlich established an unambiguous target: the death of the animal. The mixture was to be such that the test animal would die after four days. If it died earlier, the serum was too weak and was rejected. Ehrlich claimed to have made the determination of the valency of serum as accurate as it would be with chemical <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titration</a>. This again demonstrates his tendency to quantify the life sciences. </p><p>Influenced by the mayor of Frankfurt am Main, Franz Adickes, who endeavored to establish science institutions in Frankfurt in preparation of the founding of a university, Ehrlich's institute moved to Frankfurt in 1899 and was renamed the Royal Prussian Institute of Experimental Therapy (<i>Königlich Preußisches Institut für Experimentelle Therapie</i>). The German quality-control methodology was copied by government serum institutes all over the world, and they also obtained the standard serum from Frankfurt. After diphtheria antiserum, tetanus serum and various bactericide serums for use in veterinary medicine were developed in rapid sequence. These were also evaluated at the institute, as was <a href="/wiki/Tuberculin" title="Tuberculin">tuberculin</a> and later on various <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>. Ehrlich's most important colleague at the institute was the Jewish physician and biologist Julius Morgenroth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ehrlich's_side-chain_theory"><span id="Ehrlich.27s_side-chain_theory"></span>Ehrlich's side-chain theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ehrlich's side-chain theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg/220px-Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg/330px-Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg/440px-Paul_Ehrlich_Arbeitszimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Paul Ehrlich around 1900 in his Frankfurt office</figcaption></figure> <p>Ehrlich postulated that cell protoplasm contains special structures which have chemical <i>side chains</i> (today's term is <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>) to which the toxin binds, affecting function. If the organism survives the effects of the toxin, the blocked side-chains are replaced by new ones. This regeneration can be trained, the name for this phenomenon being <i>immunisation</i>. If the cell produces a surplus of side chains, these might also be released into the blood as antibodies. </p><p>In the following years Ehrlich expanded his side chain theory using concepts ("amboceptors", "receptors of the first, second and third order", etc.) which are no longer customary. Between the antigen and the antibody he assumed there was an additional immune molecule, which he called an "additive" or a "complement". For him, the side chain contained at least two functional groups. </p><p>For providing a theoretical basis for immunology as well as for his work on serum valency, Ehrlich was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1908 together with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a>. Metchnikoff, who had researched the cellular branch of immunity, <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> had previously sharply attacked Ehrlich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_research">Cancer research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancer research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, the Prussian Ministry of Finance criticised Ehrlich for exceeding his budget and as a consequence reduced his income. In this situation Althoff arranged a contact with Georg Speyer, a Jewish philanthropist and joint owner of the bank house Lazard Speyer-Ellissen. The cancerous disease of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Princess Victoria</a>, the widow of the German Emperor Friedrich II, had received much public attention and prompted a collection among wealthy Frankfurt citizens, including Speyer, in support of cancer research. Ehrlich had also received from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">the German Emperor Wilhelm II</a> a personal request to devote all his energy to cancer research. Such efforts led to the founding of a department for cancer research affiliated with the Institute of Experimental Therapy. The chemist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Embden" title="Gustav Embden">Gustav Embden</a>, among others, worked there. Ehrlich informed his sponsors that cancer research meant basic research, and that a cure could not be expected soon. </p><p>Among the results achieved by Ehrlich and his research colleagues was the insight that when tumors are cultivated by transplanting tumor cells, their malignancy increases from generation to generation. If the primary tumor is removed, then <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> precipitously increases. Ehrlich applied bacteriological methods to cancer research. In analogy to vaccination, he attempted to generate immunity to cancer by injecting weakened cancer cells. Both in cancer research and chemotherapy research (see below) he introduced the methodologies of <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_vivo_staining">In vivo staining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In vivo staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1885 Ehrlich's monograph "The Need of the Organism for Oxygen" (<i>Das Sauerstoffbedürfnis des Organismus – Eine farbenanalytische Studie</i>) appeared, which he also submitted as a <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> thesis. In it he introduced the new technology of in vivo staining. One of his findings was that pigments can only be easily assimilated by living organisms if they are in granular form. He injected the dyes <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">alizarin</a> blue and <a href="/wiki/Indophenol" title="Indophenol">indophenol</a> blue into laboratory animals and established after their death that various organs had been coloured to different degrees. In organs with high oxygen saturation, indophenol was retained; in organs with medium saturation, indophenol was reduced, but not alizarin blue. And in areas with low oxygen saturation, both pigments were reduced. With this work, Ehrlich also formulated the conviction which guided his research: that all life processes can be traced to processes of <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> occurring in the cell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methylene_blue">Methylene blue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methylene blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg/220px-Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg/330px-Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg/440px-Mundschleimhautzelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Staining <i>in vivo</i> with <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a> of a cell from the mucous membrane of a human mouth</figcaption></figure> <p>In the course of his investigations Ehrlich came across <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>, which he regarded as particularly suitable for staining bacteria. Later, Robert Koch also used methylene blue as a dye in his research on the tuberculosis pathogen. In Ehrlich's view, an added benefit was that methylene blue also stained the long appendages of nerve cells, the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>. He initiated a doctoral dissertation on the subject, but did not follow up the topic himself. It was the opinion of the neurologist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Edinger" title="Ludwig Edinger">Ludwig Edinger</a> that Ehrlich had thereby opened up a major new topic in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>. </p><p>After mid-1889, when Ehrlich was unemployed, he privately continued his research on methylene blue. His work on in vivo staining gave him the idea of using it therapeutically. Since the parasite family of <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodiidae" title="Plasmodiidae">Plasmodiidae</a></i> – which includes the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> pathogen – can be stained with methylene blue, he thought it could possibly be used in the treatment of malaria. In the case of two patients so treated at the city hospital in Berlin-Moabit, their fever indeed subsided and the malaria plasmodia disappeared from their blood. Ehrlich obtained methylene blue from the company Meister Lucius & Brüning AG (later renamed Hoechst AG), which started a long collaboration with this company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_search_for_a_chemotherapia_specifica">The search for a <i>chemotherapia specifica</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The search for a chemotherapia specifica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Institute of Experimental Therapy had moved to Frankfurt, Ehrlich had already resumed work on methylene blue. After the death of Georg Speyer, his widow Franziska Speyer endowed the Georg-Speyer House in his memory<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was erected next door to Ehrlich's institute. As director of the Georg-Speyer House, Ehrlich transferred his chemotherapeutic research there. He was looking for an agent which was as effective as methylene blue, but without its side effects. His model was on the one hand the impact of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> on malaria, and on the other hand, in analogy to serum therapy, he thought there must also be chemical pharmaceuticals which would have just as specific an effect on individual diseases. His goal was to find a <i>Therapia sterilisans magna</i>, in other words a treatment that could kill all disease pathogens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg/220px-Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg/330px-Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg/440px-Paul_Ehrlich_and_Sahachiro_Hata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="3630" /></a><figcaption>Ehrlich and <a href="/wiki/Sahachiro_Hata" title="Sahachiro Hata">Sahachiro Hata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As a model for experimental therapy Ehrlich used a guinea pig disease <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">trypanosoma</a> and tested out various chemical substances on laboratory animals. The trypanosomes could indeed be successfully killed with the dye trypan red. Beginning in 1906, he intensively investigated <a href="/wiki/Arsanilic_acid" title="Arsanilic acid">atoxyl</a> and had it tested by Robert Koch along with other arsenic compounds during Koch's sleeping sickness expedition of 1906/07. Although the name literally means "nonpoisonous", atoxyl does cause damage, especially to the optic nerve. Ehrlich elaborated the systematic testing of chemical compounds in the sense of screening as now practiced in the pharmaceutical industry. He discovered that Compound 418 - Arsenophenylglycine - had an impressive therapeutic effect and had it tested in Africa. </p><p>With the support of his assistant <a href="/wiki/Sahachiro_Hata" title="Sahachiro Hata">Sahachiro Hata</a> Ehrlich discovered in 1909 that Compound 606, <a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">Arsphenamine</a>, effectively combatted "<a href="/wiki/Spiral_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral bacteria">spirillum</a>" <a href="/wiki/Spirochaete" title="Spirochaete">spirochaetes</a> bacteria, one of whose <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compound proved to have few side effects in human trials, and the spirochetes disappeared in seven syphilis patients after this treatment. </p><p>After extensive clinical testing (all the research participants had the negative example of tuberculin in mind) the Hoechst company began to market the compound toward the end of 1910 under the name Salvarsan. This was the first agent with a specific therapeutic effect to be created on the basis of theoretical considerations. Salvarsan proved to be amazingly effective, particularly when compared with the conventional therapy of mercury salts. Manufactured by Hoechst AG, Salvarsan became the most widely prescribed drug in the world. It was the most effective drug for treating syphilis until penicillin became available in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salvarsan required improvement as to side effects and solubility and was replaced in 1911 with <a href="/wiki/Neosalvarsan" title="Neosalvarsan">Neosalvarsan</a>. Ehrlich's work illuminated the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier#History" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a>, although he himself never believed in such a barrier, with <a href="/wiki/Lina_Stern" title="Lina Stern">Lina Stern</a> later coining the phrase. </p><p>The medication triggered the so-called "Salvarsan war". On one side there was hostility on the part of those who feared a resulting moral breakdown of sexual inhibitions. Ehrlich was also accused, with clearly <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> undertones, of excessively enriching himself. In addition, Ehrlich's associate, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Uhlenhuth" title="Paul Uhlenhuth">Paul Uhlenhuth</a> claimed priority in discovering the drug. </p><p>Because some people died during the clinical testing, Ehrlich was accused of "stopping at nothing." In 1914, one of the most prominent accusers was convicted of criminal libel at a trial for which Ehrlich was called to testify. Though Ehrlich was thereby exonerated, the ordeal threw him into a depression from which he never fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic_bullet">Magic bullet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magic bullet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehrlich reasoned that if a compound could be made that selectively targeted a disease-causing organism, then a toxin for that organism could be delivered along with the agent of selectivity. Hence, a "<a href="/wiki/Magic_bullet_(medicine)" title="Magic bullet (medicine)">magic bullet</a>" (<i>Zauberkugel</i>, his term for an ideal therapeutic agent) would be created that killed only the organism targeted. The concept of a "magic bullet" has to some extent been realised by the development of <a href="/wiki/Antibody-drug_conjugate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-drug conjugate">antibody-drug conjugates</a> (a monoclonal antibody linked to a cytotoxic biologically active drug), as they enable cytotoxic drugs to be selectively delivered to their designated targets (e.g. cancer cells). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg/220px-DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg/330px-DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg/440px-DBP_1954_197_Paul_Ehrlich_und_Emil_Behring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>West German postage stamp (1954) commemorating Paul Ehrlich and <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910, a street was named after Ehrlich in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen. In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Ehrlich's achievements were ignored while <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a> was stylised as the ideal <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> scientist, and the street named after Ehrlich was given another name. Shortly after the end of the war the name Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse was reinstated, and today numerous German cities have streets named after Ehrlich. </p><p>West Germany issued a postage stamp in 1954 on the 100th anniversary of the births of Ehrlich (14 March 1854) and Emil von Behring (15 March 1854). </p><p>The 200 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> bank note, issued until 2001, featured Ehrlich. </p><p>The German Paul Ehrlich Institute, the successor to the Steglitz Institute for Serum Research and Serum Testing and the Frankfurt Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy, was named in 1947 after Ehrlich, its first director.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehrlich's name is also borne by many schools and pharmacies, by the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. (PEG) in Frankfurt am Main, and the Paul-Ehrlich-Klinik in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_and_Ludwig_Darmstaedter_Prize" title="Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize">Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize</a> is the most distinguished German award for biomedical research. A European network of PhD studies in Medicinal Chemistry has been named after him (Paul Ehrlich MedChem Euro PhD Network).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> awards a Paul Ehrlich–Günther K. Schwerin Human Rights Prize. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ehrlich_(crater)" title="Ehrlich (crater)">crater</a> of the moon was named after Ehrlich in 1970. </p><p>Ehrlich's life and work was featured in the 1940 U.S. film <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Ehrlich%27s_Magic_Bullet" title="Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet">Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> in the title role. It focused on <a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">Salvarsan</a> (arsphenamine, "<a href="/wiki/Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">compound 606</a>"), his cure for syphilis. Since the Nazi government was opposed to this tribute to a Jewish scientist, attempts were made to keep the film a secret in Germany. The film was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oscars13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscars13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours_and_titles">Honours and titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1882 Awarded the title of Professor</li> <li>1890 Appointed Extraordinary Professor at the <i>Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</i> (now Humboldt University)</li> <li>1896 Given the nonacademic Prussian title of a Medical Councillor (<i>Geheimer Medizinalrat</i>)</li> <li>1903 Awarded Prussia's highest distinction in science, the Great Golden Medal of Science (which had previously been awarded only to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>)</li> <li>1904 Honorary professorship in <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago</li> <li>1907 Granted the seldom-awarded title Senior Medical Councillor (<i>Geheimer Obermedizinalrat</i>); granted an honorary doctorate from Oxford University</li> <li>1908 Awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "work on immunity"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1911 Granted Prussia's highest civilian award, Privy Councillor (<i>Wirklicher Geheimer Rat</i> with the predicate "Excellency")</li> <li>1912 Made an honorary citizen of the city of Frankfurt a.M. and of his birthplace Strehlen</li> <li>1914 Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li>1914 Appointed full Professor of Pharmacology at the newly established Frankfurt University.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlich%27s_reagent" title="Ehrlich's reagent">Ehrlich's reagent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_inventors_and_discoverers" class="mw-redirect" title="German inventors and discoverers">German inventors and discoverers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CHF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHF_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/paul-ehrlich">"Paul Ehrlich"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Paul+Ehrlich&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fpaul-ehrlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908, Paul Ehrlich – Biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1908%2C+Paul+Ehrlich+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Fehrlich-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPopovWalker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Sunil; Popov, Vsevolod L.; Walker, David H. (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004962">"Exit Mechanisms of the Intracellular Bacterium Ehrlichia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (12): e15775. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...515775T">2010PLoSO...515775T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015775">10.1371/journal.pone.0015775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004962">3004962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21187937">21187937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Exit+Mechanisms+of+the+Intracellular+Bacterium+Ehrlichia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e15775&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3004962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...515775T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21187937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015775&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vsevolod+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3004962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kcr.uky.edu/training/fall18/Immunotherapy%20for%20Cancer%20%20final.pptx">https://www.kcr.uky.edu/training/fall18/Immunotherapy%20for%20Cancer%20%20final.pptx</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3Y25H_UHNs">"A Look Ahead XVIII: Explorations in Transformative Research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=A+Look+Ahead+XVIII%3A+Explorations+in+Transformative+Research&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dn3Y25H_UHNs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe" class="citation web cs1">Hoppe, Jessika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zskorczak-prudnik.pl/news_246.html">"Śląscy nobliści"</a>. <i>zskorczak-prudnik.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zskorczak-prudnik.pl&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85scy+nobli%C5%9Bci&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Jessika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zskorczak-prudnik.pl%2Fnews_246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>„Ich beklage mit der gesamten gebildeten Welt den Tod dieses um die medizinische Wissenschaft und die leidende Menschheit so hochverdienten Forschers, dessen Lebenswerk ihm bei der Mit- und Nachwelt unvergänglichen Ruhm und Dank sichert.“</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Wegweiser zu den Grabstätten bekannter Persönlichkeiten auf Frankfurter Friedhöfen</i>. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-cancerbio-030419-033428">"Regulatory T Cells in Cancer"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Cancer Biology</i>. <b>4</b>: 459–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-cancerbio-030419-033428">10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033428</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Cancer+Biology&rft.atitle=Regulatory+T+Cells+in+Cancer&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=459-477&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-cancerbio-030419-033428&rft.aulast=Plitas&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Rudensky%2C+Alexander+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-cancerbio-030419-033428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In immunology [valency being an expression of the number of antigenic determinants with which one molecule of a given antibody can combine. A polyvalent acts against or interacts with more than one kind of antigen, antibody, toxin or microorganism]. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/valency">TheFreeDictionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers,_Morton_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Morton A. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/happyaccidentsse00meye"><i>Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Modern Medical Breakthroughs</i></a></span>. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559708197" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559708197"><bdi>978-1559708197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+Accidents%3A+Serendipity+in+Modern+Medical+Breakthroughs&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1559708197&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Morton+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhappyaccidentsse00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">an influential staff member in the Prussian Ministry of Religious, Educational and Medical Affairs (<i>Preußisches Ministerium der geistlichen, Unterrichts- und Medizinalangelegenheiten</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georg-speyer-haus.de/aboutus_history.php?sprache=en">History of the Georg-Speyer-Haus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201125635/http://www.georg-speyer-haus.de/aboutus_history.php?sprache=en">Archived</a> 1 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. georg-speyer-haus.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeynick2002" class="citation book cs1">Heynick, Frank (2002). <i>Jews and Medicine: An Epic Saga</i>. Hoboken: Ktav. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881257731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881257731"><bdi>978-0881257731</bdi></a>. <q>Ironically, financial restrictions which apparently caused Ehrlich to forego the testing of a similar compound in 1907 against mal de Caderas, where it might well have proven ineffective and been forever discarded, may have played a positive role in 1909 in the (re)discovery and testing of "606" against syphilis, where it proved to be highly effective</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Medicine%3A+An+Epic+Saga&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=Ktav&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0881257731&rft.aulast=Heynick&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325salvarsan.html">"Salvarsan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Salvarsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2Fcoverstory%2F83%2F8325%2F8325salvarsan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehrer, Steven (1979) <i>Explorers of the Body: Dramatic Breakthroughs in Medicine from Ancient Times to Modern Science</i>. Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595407315" title="Special:BookSources/0595407315">0595407315</a>. p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221034309/http://www.pei.de/EN/institute-en/geschichte-en/geschichte-node-en.html">Historical Overview</a>. Paul Ehrlich Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pehrlichmedchem.eu/">Introduction</a>. pehrlichmedchem.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscars13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oscars13_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1941">"The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners"</a>. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+13th+Academy+Awards+%281941%29+Nominees+and+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz,_Herman_A.1912" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_A._Metz" title="Herman A. Metz">Metz, Herman A.</a> (28 January 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C00E2DD173CE633A2575BC2A9679C946396D6CF">"Solving medical mysteries by help of animals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Solving+medical+mysteries+by+help+of+animals&rft.date=1912-01-28&rft.au=Metz%2C+Herman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C00E2DD173CE633A2575BC2A9679C946396D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908</a>. nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakalar2010" class="citation news cs1">Bakalar, Nicholas (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/02/health/02first.html">"Paul Ehrlich, 1908"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Ehrlich%2C+1908&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Bakalar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fhealth%2F02first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Ehrlich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Paul Ehrlich</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=95371829">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=95371829&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Paul Ehrlich</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=95371829&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=95371829">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=95371829&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ehrlich,_Paul" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ehrlich, Paul">Ehrlich, Paul</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Ehrlich" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/302">Paul Ehrlich</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57089#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pei.de/EN/institute/paul-ehrlich/publications/publications-of-paul-ehrlich-node.html">Paul Ehrlich's publications</a> (ordered chronologically, as full-text PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=10059">Film Annotations <i>Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Kruif" title="Paul de Kruif">Paul de Kruif</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221187/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Microbe Hunters</i></a> (Blue Ribbon Books) Harcourt Brace & Company Inc., New York 1926: ch. XII Paul Ehrlich: The Magic Bullet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1yz8B3IPltmRU1Pdm5CQkJMZlU/edit?usp=sharing">Paul Ehrlich and Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Chemistry in Israel. Bob Weintraub.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34208">Works by Paul Ehrlich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ehrlich%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Paul%20Ehrlich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ehrlich%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Paul%20Ehrlich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ehrlich%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Paul%20Ehrlich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ehrlich%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Paul%20Ehrlich%22%29%20OR%20%28%221854-1915%22%20AND%20Ehrlich%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Paul Ehrlich</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1060">Works by Paul Ehrlich</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57089#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/paul-ehrlich/">Paul Ehrlich</a>, Nobel Luminaries – Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bh.org.il/">Beit Hatfutsot – The Museum of the Jewish People</a> Website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1908_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" 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(Great Britain/New Zealand)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Pontus Arnoldson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Ehrlich</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><b>1908 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1912 Nobel Prize winners">1912</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1913_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1913 Nobel Prize winners">1913</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57089#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118529358">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83164445">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17212803d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17212803d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620616">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35241774">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000079337&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/832584">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070806500">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmmm8r3kkklh4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595467105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260723905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516598606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=2230">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/878668">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118529358.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118529358">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069138060">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f47nkc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&oldid=1258427480">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ehrlich&oldid=1258427480</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_Ehrlich" title="Category:Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1854_births" title="Category:1854 births">1854 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_deaths" title="Category:1915 deaths">1915 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:German Nobel laureates">German Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_immunologists" 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