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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Precipitating_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fragmentation_of_the_political_elite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation_of_the_political_elite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fragmentation of the political elite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation_of_the_political_elite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_non-governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_non-governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rise of non-governmental organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_non-governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Foreign support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Role of the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Economic factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elections and protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Change of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Change_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Change of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Change_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>International involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adjara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosrewolusie" title="Roosrewolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roosrewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ثورة الزهور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة الزهور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1lg%C3%BCl_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Qızılgül inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızılgül inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Рэвалюцыя руж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэвалюцыя руж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэвалюцыя ружаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэвалюцыя ружаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Революция на розите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Революция на розите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_de_les_Roses" title="Revolució de les Roses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució de les Roses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AF%C5%BEov%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Růžová revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Růžová revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenrevolutionen" title="Rosenrevolutionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rosenrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenrevolution" title="Rosenrevolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosenrevolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooside_revolutsioon" title="Rooside revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooside revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_las_Rosas" title="Revolución de las Rosas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución de las Rosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucio_de_la_rozoj" title="Revolucio de la rozoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revolucio de la rozoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrosen_Iraultza" title="Larrosen Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larrosen Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="انقلاب گل رز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب گل رز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_des_Roses" title="Révolution des Roses – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution des Roses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%AF%B8_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="장미 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장미 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վարդերի հեղափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարդերի հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucija_ru%C5%BEa" title="Revolucija ruža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Revolucija ruža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Mawar" title="Revolusi Mawar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_delle_rose" title="Rivoluzione delle rose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione delle rose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מהפכת הוורדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת הוורדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვარდების რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარდების რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEi%C5%B3_revoliucija" title="Rožių revoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rožių revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сарнайн хувьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сарнайн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozenrevolutie" title="Rozenrevolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rozenrevolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="バラ革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラ革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roserevolusjonen" title="Roserevolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roserevolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_r%C3%B3%C5%BC" title="Rewolucja róż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja róż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rosa" title="Revolução Rosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Rosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Trandafirilor" title="Revoluția Trandafirilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția Trandafirilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Революция роз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Революция роз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Roses_Revolution" title="Roses Revolution">Roses Revolution</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2003 popular uprising in Georgia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Rose Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia,_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_(2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/300px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/450px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/600px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="687" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Demonstrators spending the night in front of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgian Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3–23 November 2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Economic mismanagement<br /><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">State failure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">New elections<br />Resignation of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a><br />Anti-corruption reforms<br />Reintegration of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Widespread demonstrations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Resignation of Eduard Shevardnadze<br />Snap parliamentary and presidential elections called<br />United National Movement takes power<br /><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">president</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">United National Movement</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kmara" title="Kmara">Kmara</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Burjanadze-Democrats" title="Burjanadze-Democrats">Burjanadze-Democrats</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Georgia" title="Conservative Party of Georgia">Union of National Forces</a></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Georgia">Government of Georgia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Police of Georgia</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a> </p> </div> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rose Revolution</b> or <b>Revolution of Roses</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ვარდების რევოლუცია</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">vardebis revolutsia</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">nonviolent change of power</a> that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in November 2003. The event was brought about by widespread protests over the <a href="/wiki/2003_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Georgian parliamentary election">disputed parliamentary elections</a> and culminated in the resignation of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, which marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet era</a> leadership in the country. The revolution derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> stormed the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a> session with red roses in hand.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolution was led by Shevardnadze's former political allies, Mikheil Saakashvili, <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a>. Consisting of twenty days of protests from 3 to 23 November 2003, the Revolution triggered new <a href="/wiki/2004_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2004 Georgian presidential election">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Georgian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> in Georgia, which brought the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">National Movement</a>–<a href="/wiki/Burjanadze-Democrats" title="Burjanadze-Democrats">Democrats</a> coalition to the power.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a> in uncertain circumstances and the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> into opposition eventually established the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">United National Movement</a> as the single ruling party. The next change of power in Georgia was brought by the <a href="/wiki/2012_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Georgian parliamentary election">2012 Georgian parliamentary election</a>. </p><p>The Rose Revolution is considered one of the early examples of <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">colour revolutions</a>. It was marked by strong role of <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">student activism</a>. The role of the United States, as in other colour revolutions, has been a subject of significant controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legacy of Rose Revolution is <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Criticism">controversial</a>, primarily because of the drastic reforms of the post-revolution government being largely based on violence and abuse. This was marked by the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Gldani_prison_scandal" title="Gldani prison scandal">Gldani prison scandal</a>, which confirmed the widespread torture in the Georgian prisons under the post-revolution government of <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">United National Movement</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-atl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-puz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precipitating_factors">Precipitating factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Precipitating factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentation_of_the_political_elite">Fragmentation of the political elite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fragmentation of the political elite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Citizens_of_Georgia" title="Union of Citizens of Georgia">The Citizens' Union of Georgia (CUG)</a> had been the ruling party for most of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>'s Presidency, and represented the interests of Shevardnadze loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatley_2005_85,_155_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatley_2005_85,_155-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ineffectiveness of the government and the decreasing popularity of the regime led to the defection of numerous parliamentary deputies from the ruling party in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group to leave the CUG represented the business community and would go on to form the <a href="/wiki/New_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rights">New Rights Party (NRP)</a> in 2001. This began the collapse of the party, as numerous party officials and deputies defected to join or form other parties. Eduard Shevardnadze himself resigned from the chairmanship of the CUG in September 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fatefully, <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> (the Minister of Justice) left the ruling party in September and would form the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">National Movement</a> opposition party one month later.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defections continued for the next two years, and left the Citizens' Union of Georgia as a far weaker party with support clustered in a few regions, and a leadership notorious for accumulating wealth illegally through their positions in government.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disintegration of the party highlighted the weakness of the Shevardnadze regime and dispersed the political elite amongst a number of new parties and independent platforms. </p><p>The collapse of the Citizens' Union of Georgia and more apparent public discontent with Shevardnadze allowed for the formation of numerous new parties after 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling party showed its vulnerability in the 2002 local elections, losing decisively to independents and new parties. The local elections saw independents secure 2754 seats, with the New Rights Party (NRP) being the most successful political party, obtaining 558 parliamentary seats. The Citizens' Union of Georgia won only 70 out of approximately 4,850 local parliamentary seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the disastrous 2002 local elections, Shevardnadze made a concerted attempt to rebuild a political coalition that could support him. The CUG was rebuilt before the 2003 parliamentary election, which was understood to be a key trial before the 2005 presidential election. However, President Shevardnadze's popularity rating had plummeted to around 5%, undermining any attempt to revive the CUG under his leadership. The new CUG further found itself divided over internal disputes, and lacking effective leadership to replace those that had defected.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbanks_2004_113_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbanks_2004_113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_non-governmental_organizations">Rise of non-governmental organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of non-governmental organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">Non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) played a significant role in the Rose Revolution. By the end of 2000, the number of NGOs estimated to be in Georgia numbered around four thousand. The 1997 Civil Code made the registration of an NGO relatively easy, and they operated in Georgia with few restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though only a small portion of those likely had influence on the government or were successful in lobbying, several had leverage in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While public participation in these NGOs was relatively low, they were ultimately successful in mobilizing the population to play a more active role in government. Two of the most important were the Georgian Young Lawyers Association and the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Institute_(Georgia)" title="Liberty Institute (Georgia)">Liberty Institute</a>, both of which were active in the promotion of human rights and freedom of information legislation before the Rose Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shevardnadze had allowed the development of NGOs before the Rose Revolution, and numerous large and relatively uninhibited NGOs were able to operate in Georgia prior to the 2003 parliamentary elections. Georgia's weak economy allowed these NGOs, who were often partially foreign funded, to pay decent salaries that would not have been available in working for the Georgian state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the Summer of 2002, there was great concern amongst the leaders of Georgia's most influential NGOs that Shevardnadze was not prepared to relinquish power voluntarily, and that other ways to remove him from power might be necessary. Some of these leaders hoped to make the 'Serbian scenario' a reality in Georgia, in the sense that they wanted to promote non-violent protests to force the resignation of an authoritarian leader.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Rose Revolution, a large network of NGOs with foreign financial support already existed in the country that could later coordinate protest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_support">Foreign support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign support for the Shevardnadze regime declined from 2000 to 2003, with notable figures outwardly calling for a more democratic transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_2011_155_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce_2011_155-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Miles_(diplomat)" title="Richard Miles (diplomat)">Richard Miles</a> (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Georgia">US ambassador to Georgia</a>), and allies of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, including a visit from <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of the United States">U.S. Secretary of State</a>) who pressured Shevardnadze to accept <a href="/wiki/Parallel_vote_tabulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel vote tabulation">parallel vote tabulation</a> and pushed for free election standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the three years before the Rose Revolution, foreign financial support for the regime began to become severely limited. Instead, foreign states and organizations gave financial assistance to NGOs and opposition parties within Georgia, worsening the desperate budget situation of the Shevardnadze government. The United States announced a reduction in aid, coinciding with a decision by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) to suspend aid to Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_2006_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As international support for the regime deteriorated (particularly in the West), public perceptions of Shevardnadze's political weakness increased. A significant source of funding for NGOs and election monitoring organizations came from foreign governments and individuals. The U.S. and European governments gave the OSCE (<a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>) the funds to support foreign election observers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbanks_2004_113_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbanks_2004_113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">U.S. Agency for International Development</a> (USAID)§ spent $1.5 million to computerize Georgia's voter rolls. The <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Institute</a> (OSI), funded by George Soros, supported Mikheil Saakashvili and a network of pro-democratic organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbanks_2004_113_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbanks_2004_113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western democracy promoters also circulated public opinion polls and scrutinized election data throughout Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_2011_155_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce_2011_155-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_media">Role of the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role of the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important factor in the Rose Revolution was the independent television channel <a href="/wiki/Rustavi_2" title="Rustavi 2">Rustavi-2</a>, which served as an ally for the opposition movement for years. It was highly critical of the regime, and openly supported the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia's broad Freedom of Information law gave media outlets the legal protection to criticize the government, making it a leader amongst the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the government tried repeatedly to shut Rustavi-2 down. The station operated out of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> and managed to survive the regime's harassment and intimidation techniques. Rustavi-2 was partially financially supported, trained, and sometimes protected by USAID and the Eurasia Foundation, which often mobilized public and international support to prevent government interference in the station's reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broadcasts of Rustavi-2 ended up being instrumental in building the opposition and encouraging protest. </p><p>Two events in 2001 caused an outcry of public opinion against the government. In July, a popular anchor for the Rustavi-2 network, <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Sanaia" title="Giorgi Sanaia">Giorgi Sanaia</a>, was murdered. The consensus among Georgian journalists and the public was that he was killed because of his anti-government work on the <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen conflict</a> and corruption investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbanks_2004_113_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbanks_2004_113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, agents from the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">National Security Ministry</a> raided the headquarters of Rustavi-2. The tax-raid was broadcast on television from outside the building. Upwards of seven thousand student-led protestors, many mobilized by the Liberty Institute NGO, amassed outside the headquarters and demanded the resignation of the Shevardnadze government. Shevardnadze responded by sacking his cabinet and his minister of security.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, this event triggered the defection of Mikheil Saakashvili and the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a> from their positions in the Citizens' Union of Georgia, eventually leading to the formation of the National Movement and United Democrats opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While still the target of government harassment, Rustavi-2 continued to air anti-Shevardnadze material until 2003. This included the repeated airing of <a href="/wiki/Bringing_Down_a_Dictator" title="Bringing Down a Dictator">Bringing Down a Dictator</a>, a film portraying the fall of Slobodan Milošević in the nonviolent Serbian revolution. Other networks, such as Imedi television and Mze began to report on the political process more objectively, possibly influenced by Rustavi-2's defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rustavi-2 would eventually be the network to commission and broadcast the exit poll results of the 2003 parliamentary election, which found Saakashvili's National Movement party victorious over the pro-Shevardnadze bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Wall_2010_192_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Wall_2010_192-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_factors">Economic factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The susceptibility of Shevardnadze's government and his plummeting popularity between 2000 and 2003 can partially be traced to economic problems and mismanagement. Beginning in 1998, actual national budget revenues began to fall far short of projections. In 1999, the Georgian state collected only 70% of its projected revenue, a state of affairs that would continue through 2003. To address this problem, the government began to use deceptive accounting techniques to mask budget deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze's government found itself both starved of funds and unable to meet IMF standards for international loans. The IMF finally suspended its own funding for Georgia in 2002. Without access to international loans, Georgia would not be able to restructure or repay its significant debts.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt_8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period before 2003, the growth rate of the Georgian economy fell. The 1998 economic crisis in Russia, Georgia's main energy provider and trade partner, put an end to Georgia's modest recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there was some economic growth in 2003, a budgetary crisis weakened the state. The Georgian government's meager program of public goods and basic services had been chronically underfunded for years.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Wall_2010_192_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Wall_2010_192-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2003, debt in the form of unpaid salaries and pensions reached $120 million. Deterioration of public infrastructure was also poorly addressed by Shevardnadze's government. Georgian businesses lost an average of 110 business days per year because of failures in infrastructure (usually in the energy sector).<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was unable to repair the crumbling infrastructure or consistently enforce the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudoroiu_2007_320_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudoroiu_2007_320-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social conditions also further deteriorated, with over half of the population finding itself under the poverty line, creating even greater dissatisfaction with the Shevardnadze administration.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corruption among state officials and police, while not new, was certainly exacerbated by Georgia's lack of budget revenue. The official salary of a Georgian state minister was around 150 Lari in 1998 (approximately US$75). Low pay forced many state employees to turn to alternative sources of income, often involving corrupt activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatley_2005_85,_155_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatley_2005_85,_155-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Shevardnadze came to be seen as a man who was unwilling to break the Soviet patterns of personal power, political corruption, and authoritarian rule embedded in traditional Soviet cadre politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudoroiu_2007_320_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudoroiu_2007_320-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption had become so rampant, that off-the-record deals may have accounted for 60-70% of Georgia's total economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shevardnadze regime was not seen as being capable of addressing corruption. Opposition candidates, such as Saakashvili, could successfully gain much support with an anti-corruption political platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2004_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_and_protests">Elections and protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elections and protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2OP_42.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2OP_42.JPG/220px-2OP_42.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2OP_42.JPG/330px-2OP_42.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2OP_42.JPG/440px-2OP_42.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> with protestors</figcaption></figure> <p>Georgia held <a href="/wiki/2003_Georgia_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Georgia legislative election">parliamentary elections</a> on November 2, 2003. At stake were 235 seats in parliament of which 135 would be decided by a nationwide proportional party-list system and 85 were "majoritarian" contests in which a winner would be determined in each of Georgia's 85 electoral districts. In addition, a nationwide referendum was held on whether the future parliament should be reduced to 150 members. Voters used a separate ballot for each of these three contests, folding them together and placing them in a single envelope which was then put in the ballot box. This was not a presidential election; that was set to occur in the spring of 2005, at the expiration of President Shevardnadze's second and final term. </p><p>In July 2003, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> sent former secretary of state James Baker to meet with both opposition leaders and President Shevardnadze. To the latter, Baker delivered a letter from Bush sternly stressing the need for free elections. Baker proposed a formula for representation of the various parties on the electoral commissions at each level. Shevardnadze agreed, but immediately began maneuvering against the Baker formula. </p><p>On 3 November the International Election Observation Mission, composed of the Parliamentary Assemblies of the OSCE and the Council of Europe, the European Parliament and the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), concluded that the 2 November parliamentary elections in Georgia fell short of a number of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikheil Saakashvili claimed that he had won the elections (a claim supported by independent <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit polls</a>). This was confirmed by an independent parallel vote tabulation (PVT) conducted by the ISFED (International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy, a local election monitoring group). Saakashvilli and the United Opposition accepted ISFED's PVT as "official" results, and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in nonviolent <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> against the authorities. The main democratic opposition parties united to demand the ousting of Shevardnadze and the rerun of the elections. </p><p>In mid-November, massive antigovernmental demonstrations started in the central streets of Tbilisi, soon involving almost all major cities and towns of Georgia in a concerted campaign of <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Kmara" title="Kmara">Kmara</a>" ("Enough!") youth organization (a Georgian counterpart of the <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> "<a href="/wiki/Otpor!" class="mw-redirect" title="Otpor!">Otpor!</a>") and several <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Institute_(Georgia)" title="Liberty Institute (Georgia)">Liberty Institute</a>, were active in all protest activities. Shevardnadze's government was backed by <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Abashidze" title="Aslan Abashidze">Aslan Abashidze</a>, the semi-separatist leader of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> region, who sent thousands of his supporters to hold a pro-governmental counter-demonstration in Tbilisi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change_of_power">Change of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Change of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opposition protest reached its peak on November 22, when President Shevardnadze attempted to open the new session of parliament. This session was considered illegitimate by two of the four major opposition parties. Supporters of two of those parties, led by Saakashvili, burst into the session with roses in their hands (hence the name Rose Revolution), interrupting a speech of President Eduard Shevardnadze and forcing him to escape with his bodyguards. He later declared a state of emergency and began to mobilize troops and police near his residence in Tbilisi. However, the elite military units refused to support the government. In the evening of November 23 (<a href="/wiki/St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="St George">St George</a>'s Day in Georgia), Shevardnadze met with the opposition leaders Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania to discuss the situation, in a meeting arranged by Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a>. After the meeting, the president announced his resignation. That prompted euphoria in the streets of Tbilisi. More than 50,000 protesters celebrated the victory all night long, accompanied by fireworks and rock concerts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/220px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/330px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg/440px-Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_Saakaschwili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Saakashvili's inauguration as President of Georgia</figcaption></figure><p> Following the resignation of Eduard Shevardnadze, new elections were planned to bring power to a new leader. The outgoing speaker of parliament, Nino Burjanadze, assumed the presidency until new elections could be held. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Supreme Court of Georgia</a> annulled the results of the parliamentary elections. New elections happened six weeks later on January 4, 2004. Unopposed and with 96.2 percent of the vote, Saakashvili became the new president of Georgia and was inaugurated on January 25. He became the youngest European president at the age of 36. On March 28, 2004, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Georgia_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Georgia legislative election (page does not exist)">new parliamentary elections</a> were held, with a large majority won by the Saakashvili-supporting <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_-_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement - Democrats">National Movement - Democrats</a>, and a minority representation of the <a href="/wiki/Rightist_Opposition" title="Rightist Opposition">Rightist Opposition</a>. </p><p>After being elected, Saakashvili wasted no time in passing a series of legislation and reforms. Criticized as being very "pro-western," his agenda was able to improve the country's economy and launch a new anti-corruption campaign. He was able to bring the country's rating according to the World Bank from 122nd to 18th in the world by expanding the banking sector by 40 percent, increasing foreign investment to $3 billion, and maintaining an annual growth of 9.5%. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_involvement">International involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries watched Georgia transition from an autocracy to a democracy, but the key players were primarily Russia and the United States. Russia was suspected of being involved in Georgia's affairs from the beginning as it was assumed to have been involved in various coup and assassination attempts of Shevardnadze. Georgia, a state that was previously under Soviet influence, took independence in the 1990s, but saw much disarray in the form of separatist Groups, particularly those that were Russian-backed. The United States felt the revolution was a good opportunity to make a serious attempt in the establishment of democracy not only in Georgia, but the region it was in. The U.S. Agency for International Development was reported to have spent $1.5 million on modernizing Georgia's voting system. They also invested in 3,000 election observers throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the biggest forms of international involvement was with George Soros and the Open Society Foundation located in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-governmental organization whose mission is to promote democracy, human rights, and reform in various areas, such as the economy helped in the making of Kmara, a student movement that was brought to Serbia by the foundation to get insight for the resistance, particularly training in non-violent methods of protest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translating as "Enough," it resembled a Serbian organization that played an important role in the Bulldozer Revolution that happened three years prior and which ended the presidency of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia. </p><p>A significant source of funding for the Rose Revolution was the network of foundations and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> associated with Hungarian-American billionaire financier <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a> reports the case of a former Georgian parliamentarian who alleges that in the three months prior to the Rose Revolution, "Soros spent $42 million ramping-up for the overthrow of Shevardnadze.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the personalities who worked for Soros' organizations who later assumed positions in the Georgian government are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lomaia" title="Alexander Lomaia">Alexander Lomaia</a>, Secretary of the Georgian Security Council and former Minister of Education and Science, a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation (<a href="/wiki/Soros_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soros Foundation">Soros Foundation</a>), overseeing a staff of 50 and a budget of $2,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David Darchiashvili, the chairman of the Committee for Eurointegration in the Georgian parliament, is also a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Former Georgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salomé Zourabichvili</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These institutions were the cradle of democratization, notably the Soros Foundation ... all the NGOs which gravitate around the Soros Foundation undeniably carried the revolution. However, one cannot end one's analysis with the revolution [only] and one clearly sees that, afterwards, the Soros Foundation and the NGOs were integrated into power.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Salomé Zourabichvili, <i>Herodote</i> (magazine of the French Institute for Geopolitics), April, 2008</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The amount of international involvement created a variety of conspiracy theories. The most popular implies that the United States was responsible for the overthrow of Shevardnadze. Many non-governmental organizations from the U.S. were in Georgia actively educating the people on human rights and the ideals of democracy. Also, the U.S. Ambassador in Georgia at the time, Richard Miles, was also the U.S. Ambassador in Belgrade from 1996 to 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjara">Adjara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_Adjara_crisis" title="2004 Adjara crisis">2004 Adjara crisis</a></div> <p>In May 2004, the so-called "Second Rose Revolution" took place in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>. After months of extreme tension between Saakashvili's government and <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Abashidze" title="Aslan Abashidze">Aslan Abashidze</a>, the virtual dictator of the autonomous region, thousands of Adjarans, mobilized by the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="United National Movement (Georgia)">United National Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kmara" title="Kmara">Kmara</a>, protested against Abashidze's policy of separatism and militarization. Abashidze used security forces and paramilitary groups to break up the demonstrations in the streets of Batumi and Kobuleti. However, he failed to suppress the protests, and they grew in size and scope. On May 6, 2004 (again <a href="/wiki/St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="St George">St George</a>'s Day), protesters from all Ajara gathered in Batumi despite being dispersed by force the day before. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgian Prime Minister</a> Zurab Zhvania and Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Baramidze" title="Giorgi Baramidze">Giorgi Baramidze</a> negotiated with Adjaran Interior Minister Jemal Gogitidze to withdraw his forces from the administrative border at the <a href="/wiki/Choloki_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Choloki River">Choloki River</a> and led Georgian <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> into the region. Abashidze bowed to the inevitable, resigned in the same evening and left for <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. President Saakashvili visited <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> the next day and was met by celebrating Adjarans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_effects">International effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>, which followed the disputed <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">November 2004 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, is said to have been partly inspired by the Georgian Rose Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rose Revolution is often criticized, primarily because of its puzzled legacy. The post-revolution government has embarked on a series of controversial reforms from 2003 to 2012. According to the critics, new, Western-trained political class under the leadership of President <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> embarked on a campaign of "imitating the West" to create "a new people and a new society in Georgia", with little consideration of local peculiarities. This led to an autocratic rule of Saakashvili, where the decisions were taken by a small group of political actors without any civic consensus, legitimized through appealing to the goal of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. The politics have been transferred from the institutions of representative democracy to <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations_in_Georgia" title="Non-governmental organisations in Georgia">civil society actors</a>, who became "a new cultural elite" and "educators" enshrining "the hegemony of radical liberal thinking in all fields of life, with other forms of thinking demonised in turn". The new radical liberal elites of civil society were promoting the idea that there is "no alternative to a Western lifestyle and no better form of governance than liberal democracy". These civil society elites have been compared to the Soviet '<a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">cultural intelligentsia</a>'. The government has also embarked on controversial <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economic reforms and has organized "cultic" social and political order around the West. The critics have described the Rose Revolution and its consequences as "fatal for the future of Georgian democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-puz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly controversial was the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Gldani_prison_scandal" title="Gldani prison scandal">Gldani prison scandal</a>, which confirmed widespread torture and abuse in Georgian prisons under the post-revolution government of Mikheil Saakashvili's United National Movement party. The government has often employed terror to further its political goals. After eliminating corruption and squeezing funds from corrupt officials of former administration to eliminate budget imbalance, it began to terrorize ordinary citizens and normal businessmen whenever short of money.<sup id="cite_ref-atl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime has been described as employing "an extremely punitive and abusive criminal justice, law-and-order system, which ended up with the highest per capita prison population in Europe -- even higher than in Russia -- in which torture became absolutely routine. Almost zero acquittal cases in criminal trials, mass surveillance, telephone tapping, and a lot of pressure put on businessmen, including intimidation, so they contribute to government projects".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 March 2023, approximately 20 years after the Rose Revolution, leader of Georgia's next ruling party <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze" title="Irakli Kobakhidze">Irakli Kobakhidze</a> described it as a "revolution of spies" which brought "torture of people, business racketeering, hijacking of media and loss of 20 percent of Georgian territories".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Georgian_demonstrations" title="2007 Georgian demonstrations">2007 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Georgian_demonstrations" title="2009 Georgian demonstrations">2009 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Georgian_protests" title="2011 Georgian protests">2011 Georgian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation report cs1">Lynch, Dov (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep07058.6">The Rose Revolution and after</a> (Report). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). pp. 23–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Rose+Revolution+and+after&rft.pages=23-34&rft.pub=European+Union+Institute+for+Security+Studies+%28EUISS%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep07058.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr167.pdf">https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr167.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraynor2004" class="citation news cs1">Traynor, Ian (25 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa">"US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+campaign+behind+the+turmoil+in+Kiev&rft.date=2004-11-25&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Fnov%2F26%2Fukraine.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_H._Fairbanks_Jr.2012" class="citation news cs1">Charles H. Fairbanks Jr. (24 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/georgias-prison-rape-scandal-and-what-it-says-about-the-rose-revolution/262720/">"Georgia's Prison Rape Scandal—and What It Says About the Rose Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Prison+Rape+Scandal%E2%80%94and+What+It+Says+About+the+Rose+Revolution&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.au=Charles+H.+Fairbanks+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F09%2Fgeorgias-prison-rape-scandal-and-what-it-says-about-the-rose-revolution%2F262720%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakar_Berekashvili2015" class="citation news cs1">Bakar Berekashvili (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/georgias-puzzled-transition/">"Georgia's puzzled transition"</a>. <i>Open Democracy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Democracy&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+puzzled+transition&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.au=Bakar+Berekashvili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fgeorgias-puzzled-transition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheatley_2005_85,_155-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheatley_2005_85,_155_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheatley_2005_85,_155_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2005" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Jonathan (2005). <i>Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution</i>. 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"Georgia's Rose Revolution: From Regime Weakness to Regime Collapse". <i>Center for Strategic and International Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Rose+Revolution%3A+From+Regime+Weakness+to+Regime+Collapse&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Welt&rft.aufirst=Cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunce2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jane_Bunce" title="Valerie Jane Bunce">Bunce, Valerie</a> (2011). <i>Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries</i>. NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Authoritarian+Leaders+in+Postcommunist+Countries&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunce2011" class="citation book cs1">Bunce, Valerie (2011). <i>Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries</i>. 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"Georgia's Rose Revolution". <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. 2. <b>15</b> (2): 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2004.0025">10.1353/jod.2004.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144288404">144288404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Rose+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2004.0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144288404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fairbanks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2005" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Jonathan (2005). <i>Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution</i>. 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Civil Georgia. 21 Nov.'03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Jones, "Georgia's "Rose Revolution" of 2003: Enforcing Peaceful Change", in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a> (eds.), <i>Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present.</i> Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 317-334. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6">978-0-19-955201-6</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&q=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Lincoln (October 2004). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/document/49/0,2340,en_21571361_36507471_37001521_1_1_1_1,00.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Lomaia+-+Minister+of+Education+and+Science+%28Georgia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdocument%2F49%2F0%2C2340%2Cen_21571361_36507471_37001521_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131205/http://www.soros.org/about/foundations/georgia">"Open Society Georgia Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/about/foundations/georgia">the original</a> on 2008-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Society+Georgia+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soros.org%2Fabout%2Ffoundations%2Fgeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunce, V.J & Wolchik, S.L. International diffusion and postcommunist electoral revolutions <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> (2006) V.39 No 3 p. 283-304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-mixed-legacy/25146918.html">"Mikheil Saakashvili's Polarizing Legacy"</a>. <i>Radio Freedom</i>. 24 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Freedom&rft.atitle=Mikheil+Saakashvili%27s+Polarizing+Legacy&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fsaakashvili-mixed-legacy%2F25146918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1tv.ge/lang/en/news/statement-of-georgian-dream-chair-irakli-kobakhidze/">"GD Chair: We will go forward with sovereignty to Europe! We will go forward with dignity to Europe!"</a>. <i>1st Channel of Georgia</i>. 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1st+Channel+of+Georgia&rft.atitle=GD+Chair%3A+We+will+go+forward+with+sovereignty+to+Europe%21+We+will+go+forward+with+dignity+to+Europe%21&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1tv.ge%2Flang%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstatement-of-georgian-dream-chair-irakli-kobakhidze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225055624/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=74&ItemID=11311">"Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy"</a>, 1 November 2006</li> <li>Dan Jakopovich, The 2003 "Rose Revolution" in Georgia: A Case Study in High Politics and Rank-and-File Execution, <i>Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe</i>, August, 2007.</li> <li>Tinatin Khidasheli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/12/08/edkhidasheli_ed3_.php">"The Rose Revolution has wilted"</a>, <i>International Herald Tribune</i>, Paris, 8 December 2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Georgia–Russia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template:Georgia–Russia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template talk:Georgia–Russia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia–Russia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Georgia–Russia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia–Russia relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Georgia,_Moscow" title="Embassy of Georgia, Moscow">Embassy of Georgia, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Georgia_(country)_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ambassadors of Georgia (country) to Russia">Ambassadors of Georgia to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Tbilisi" title="Embassy of Russia, Tbilisi">Embassy of Russia, Tbilisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1920)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1920)">Treaty of Moscow (1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1804_Mtiuleti_rebellion" title="1804 Mtiuleti rebellion">1804 Mtiuleti rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svaneti_uprising_of_1875%E2%80%931876" title="Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876">Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">1991–1992 South Ossetia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_agreement" title="Sochi agreement">Sochi agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Russo-Georgian_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis">2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_International_Discussions" title="Geneva International Discussions">Geneva International Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territories of Georgia">Occupied territories of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Georgian_coup_attempt" title="1920 Georgian coup attempt">1920 Georgian coup attempt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Adjara_crisis" title="2004 Adjara crisis">2004 Adjara crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Russia%E2%80%93Georgia_energy_crisis" title="2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis">2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Russian_ban_of_Moldovan_and_Georgian_wines" title="2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines">2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Kodori_crisis" title="2006 Kodori crisis">2006 Kodori crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Georgian%E2%80%93Russian_espionage_controversy" title="2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy">2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_deportation_of_Georgians_from_Russia" title="2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia">2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Georgia_helicopter_incident" title="2007 Georgia helicopter incident">2007 Georgia helicopter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Georgia_missile_incident" title="2007 Georgia missile incident">2007 Georgia missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Abkhazia_plane_downing_incident" title="2007 Abkhazia plane downing incident">2007 Abkhazia plane downing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyxymu" title="Cyxymu">Cyxymu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Georgian_news_report_hoax" title="2010 Georgian news report hoax">2010 Georgian news report hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Georgian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Georgian protests">2019 Georgian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Georgia–Russia border">Georgia–Russia border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Georgia_and_Russia" title="History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Russia">History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Patriots_of_Georgia" title="Alliance of Patriots of Georgia">Alliance of Patriots of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Info" title="Alt-Info">Alt-Info</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" 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