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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Catalysis in Petrochemical Processes - Google Libri</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_b01be0299dc027807047b9f0a79f4028/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_b01be0299dc027807047b9f0a79f4028__it.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Catalysis_in_Petrochemical_Processes.html?hl=it&id=MkD2JnDkZYYC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Catalysis_in_Petrochemical_Processes.html?hl=it&id=MkD2JnDkZYYC"/><meta name="title" content="Catalysis in Petrochemical Processes"/><meta name="description" content="The field of petrochemicals started some years ago with the simple addition reaction of water to propylene for the production of isopropyl alcohol. Currently, the petrochemical industry has become a multi-billion dollar enterprise which encompasses a wide field of chemical products. Almost all the basic organic reactions such as hydrogenation, alkylation, substitution, polymerization, etc. are utilized for the production of these chemicals. It may not, however, have been possible to establish this huge industry without the use of different catalysts. In other words, the great advancements in the catalytic area have supported the vast developments in the petrochemical field. In this book, we have adopted the idea of discussing the petrochemical industry from the point of view of reactants' activities and susceptibilities toward different catalysts. The book is thus classified according to the reaction type. This will eriable students and other users of the book to base their understanding of the petrochemical field on the fundamental principles learned in chemistry. How ever, the first chapter is aimed at establishing some basic facts on the petro chemical industry and its major uses. It discusses, without going into details, the raw materials used, the intermediates and the downstream products. The next eight chapters discuss in some detail the main reactions and the catalysts used for the production of chemicals and polymers from petroleum. 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Currently, the petrochemical industry has become a multi-billion dollar enterprise which encompasses a wide field of chemical products. Almost all the basic organic reactions such as hydrogenation, alkylation, substitution, polymerization, etc. are utilized for the production of these chemicals. It may not, however, have been possible to establish this huge industry without the use of different catalysts. In other words, the great advancements in the catalytic area have supported the vast developments in the petrochemical field. In this book, we have adopted the idea of discussing the petrochemical industry from the point of view of reactants' activities and susceptibilities toward different catalysts. The book is thus classified according to the reaction type. This will eriable students and other users of the book to base their understanding of the petrochemical field on the fundamental principles learned in chemistry. How ever, the first chapter is aimed at establishing some basic facts on the petro chemical industry and its major uses. It discusses, without going into details, the raw materials used, the intermediates and the downstream products. The next eight chapters discuss in some detail the main reactions and the catalysts used for the production of chemicals and polymers from petroleum. The last chapter is devoted to a discussion of some of the practical techniques used in the catalytic field.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary%26hl%3Dit\u0026hl=it","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DMkD2JnDkZYYC%26q%3Dsynthesis%2Bgas%26hl%3Dit%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r\u0026hl=it","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA111","highlights":[{"X":81,"Y":225,"W":75,"H":10},{"X":160,"Y":225,"W":27,"H":10},{"X":78,"Y":249,"W":54,"H":15},{"X":137,"Y":249,"W":19,"H":14},{"X":96,"Y":285,"W":54,"H":15},{"X":156,"Y":285,"W":19,"H":15},{"X":40,"Y":414,"W":53,"H":15},{"X":167,"Y":521,"W":44,"H":12},{"X":213,"Y":521,"W":15,"H":12},{"X":202,"Y":569,"W":19,"H":9},{"X":288,"Y":797,"W":43,"H":12},{"X":334,"Y":797,"W":15,"H":12},{"X":303,"Y":831,"W":45,"H":11},{"X":352,"Y":831,"W":19,"H":11},{"X":230,"Y":32,"W":75,"H":11},{"X":309,"Y":32,"W":28,"H":11}],"flags":8,"order":126,"vq":"synthesis gas"}]},null,{"number_of_results":35,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR5","page_number":"v","snippet_text":"... Gases 1.1.2 . Crude Oils 1.1.3 . Coal , Peat , Oil Shale and Tar Sands 1.2 . Intermediates for Petrochemical ... \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e References Chapter 2 / Types of Catalysts Used in Petrochemical Processes 2 . Introduction 2.1\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR6","page_number":"vi","snippet_text":"... .4 . Terephthalic Acid 105 106 5.5.5 . Anthraquinone 5.5.6 . Ammoxidation References 107 108 108 6.1 . Chapter 6 / Production and Uses of \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e Introduction 109 109 6.2 . Manufacture of \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e 110 6.2.1 . Steam."},{"page_id":"PR7","page_number":"vii","snippet_text":"... Gas Shift Reaction 110 6.2.4 . \u003cb\u003eSynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e Purification 111 6.2.5 . Economics of \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e Production 112 6.2.6 . The Catalysts 112 6.2.7 . Description of the Process of Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 113 6.3 . \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e , associated \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e or crude oils . These do not include organic compounds produced from other natural sources ... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e of phenlethyl alcohol , which has the smell of orange flowers . This alcohol can be prepared by reacting\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA2","page_number":"2","snippet_text":"... gas , and crude oils . Other carbonaceous materials could also be utilized for the same purpose . 1.1.1 . NATURAL ... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e . \u003cb\u003eSynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e is the precursor of many important chemicals . Natural Gas Treatment Before\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e , obtained from natural gas or other carbonaceous sources , is also an important intermediate for many chemicals , from fertilizers to methanol to single - cell proteins . 1.2.1 . ETHYLENE , PROPENE AND BUTENES Ethylene is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e ( mainly C - 3 and C - 4 ) . The catalyst , which is a zeolite type , has the capability of dehydrogenating the ... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e , is an additional source of benzene by a hydrodealkylation process . Benzene Chemicals Benzene is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... synthetic fiber raw materials . Catalytic oxidation of o - xylene gives phthalic anhydride for the production of plasticizers . m - Xylene , although the major component ... \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e As mentioned above , \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e 16 CHAPTER 1."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"M.S. Matar, M.J. Mirbach, H.A. Tayim. 1.2.4 . \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e As mentioned above , \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e can be produced by steam reforming of natural gas ( methane ) . CH1 + H2OCO + 3 H2 CH , + H , O It can also be produced by steam reforming of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e of dyes . It is produced by the liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene . NO , +3 H2 - NH2 + ... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e - phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzone using a fluid - bed system under nearly atmospheric conditions is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e ( Chapter 6 ) . Another process is the controlled oxidation of methane to formaldehyde . This process has been superseded by the oxidation of methanol . The methane oxidation process accounts for only 8 % of the current\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e . Cat . CH3OH + 3 CO + 3H2CH2 - CHOAc + 2 H2O The potential of the industrial commercialization of this process depends on the relative availability of ethylene and methanol . Vinyl acetate is totally consumed in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e of pesticides . 5.5.3 . PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE About 80 % of the world phthalic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of o- xylene and 20 % by the oxidation of naphthalene . Xylene can either be oxidized in a liquid or a \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA108","page_number":"108","snippet_text":"... gas phase with bismuth molybdate or V2O , / Al2O , as the catalysts at a temperature around 400 ° C in a process similar to the ammoxidation of propylene . CH3 CN Cat ... \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e 6.1 . 108 CHAPTER 5 5.5.6. AMMOXIDATION References."},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"M.S. Matar, M.J. Mirbach, H.A. Tayim. CHAPTER 6 Production and Uses of \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e 6.1 . Introduction The term \u0026#39; \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; is used for gas mixtures which are feedstocks for the synthesis of chemical intermediates , such as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA110","page_number":"110","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSynthesis Gas\u003c/b\u003e 6.2.1 . STEAM - REFORMING ( ICI Process , based on Schiller process ) The main reaction takes place in catalyst - filled tubes at 700-830 ° C and 15-40 bar . The reforming tubes are heated by combusting natural gas or\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e PURIFICATION If the \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e is to be used in catalystic processes , it must not contain acid gases like H2S , COS and ( sometimes ) CO2 , since they poison the ... \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e 111 6.2.4. \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e PURIFICATION."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... gas plus addition of CO2 to adjust the C - H ratio , ( 2 ) compression ; ( 3 ) synthesis in a catalytic converter and ( 4 ) distillation for purification . \u003cb\u003eSynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e which is usually a mixture of CO , H , and to less extent CO2 is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... synthesis of methanol . ( 1 ) Successive hydrogenation of chemisorbed CO : M + COM ... COM - C - O M - C - O + H2 → M - C H OH H + H2 → M - C ( OH ) H2 + H OH M - C ( OH ) H2 + H - CH2OH + M ( 2 ) Insertion of ... \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e 117."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e to lower olefins by applying the proper reaction conditions ( catalyst , temp , press , CO / H , ratio ... synthesis include iron , cobalt , nickel and ruthenium . Iron has proved so far to be the best . It is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA119","page_number":"119","snippet_text":"M.S. Matar, M.J. Mirbach, H.A. Tayim. the \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e feedstream . However , partial sulfur poisoning may have favorable effects . Thus , it has been found that deliberate slight sulfur poisoning of the iron ... \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e 119."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... that of CH4 , thus 2 CO ➡ C ( ad ) + CO2 CH4 . C ( ad ) + 2 H2 - ( b ) Decomposition of diazomethane ( CH2N2 ) at 200 ° C in the presence of H2 over Co , Fe and Ru catalysts gives linear alkanes and PRODUCTION AND USES OF \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e 121."},{"page_id":"PA123","page_number":"123","snippet_text":"... M R - CHOH MH M RCH2OH Methanol to Gasoline ( MTG ) One of the most significant developments in the catalytic petrochemical processes related to the Fischer - Tropsch synthesis is the process PRODUCTION AND USES OF \u003cb\u003eSYNTHESIS GAS\u003c/b\u003e 123."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e and use of shape - selective zeolite catalysts . These are crystalline aluminosilicates consisting of ... \u003cb\u003eGas\u003c/b\u003e C1 - C2 20.1 1.3 LPG C1 - C1 23.0 17.8 Gasoline C1 - C12 39.0 80.9 Diesel Oil C13 - C18 5.0 0 Heavy Oil C19 +\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e using Co2 ( CO ) , as a homogeneous catalyst at 185 ° C and 270 bar . The reaction has 39 ... synthesis facility ( from \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e ) , it will provide a source of ethanol essentially from \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e . Ethanol in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e pressure is typically 30 MPa . In the Shell process tributyl phosphine is added to the cobalt catalyst . The HCO ( CO ) , PR , formed in situ is relatively stable . Therefore a low CO partial pressure is sufficient and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA131","page_number":"131","snippet_text":"... gas - liquid separator ; 3 cobalt complex separation from distillation residue ; 5 ( removal of H2S and O2 ) . * \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e purification gas recycle H2 H20 6 3 CO / H2 2 olefin 5 ∞ product Rh - complex 7 Fig . 7-3 . Flow diagram of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e directly from syngas with 80 % yield . The catalyst is a melt of ruthenium and cobalt halides dispersed in ... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e to flare product residue CO Fig 136 CHAPTER 7 7.3. Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e - liquid separators . References General Weissermel , K. and Arpe , H. J .: Industrial Organic Chemistry , Verlag Chemie , Weinheim - New York 1978 . Falbe , J .: Carbon Monoxide in Organic \u003cb\u003eSynthesis\u003c/b\u003e , Springer , Berlin - New York\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA144","page_number":"144","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e desulfurization processes and as an intermediate in organic \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e . 8.5 . Propene Oxide and Higher Epoxides Approximately 2.5 million 144 CHAPTER 8."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e over the catalyst is very difficult to determine , and only catalyst particles with a certain minimum size can ... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e : • RhCl , ⚫ 3 H2O +2 PPh , + CH2O → CIRhCO ( PPh3 ) 2 + 2 HCl + 3 H2O CIRHCO ( PPh3 ) 2 + PPh3 + H2\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA195","page_number":"195","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e 18,125-126 synthesis of 125 urea from 126 Ammoxidation propene 95 xylene 108 Aniline production 14 ( f ) , 42 Anionic polymerization 167-168 Anthraquinone from anthracene oxidation 107 API ( 195 Index.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=MkD2JnDkZYYC\u0026pg=PA195\u0026vq=synthesis+gas\u0026hl=it"},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e 17 glycol ethers 144 Ethylene oxide acrylic acid from 150 ethanolamines from 144 Ethylene glycol from 143 from ethylene 85-87 hydration of 143 Ethylhexanol from n - butanal 129 in esterification of phthalic anhydride 105\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=MkD2JnDkZYYC\u0026pg=PA197\u0026vq=synthesis+gas\u0026hl=it"},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e 115-117 \u003cb\u003esynthesis\u003c/b\u003e conditions 116 ( t ) Methanol to gasoline process ( MTG ) 123 Methylamines 81 Methyl - 1 ... \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e acid \u003cb\u003egases\u003c/b\u003e in 4 analysis 2 ( f ) analysis of treated \u003cb\u003egas\u003c/b\u003e 4 ( f ) heavy hydrocarbons in 3 humidity removal\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=MkD2JnDkZYYC\u0026pg=PA198\u0026vq=synthesis+gas\u0026hl=it"},{"page_id":"PA200","page_number":"200","snippet_text":"... gas 113 process 113 raw \u003cb\u003esynthesis gas\u003c/b\u003e composition 114 ( t ) Styrene copolymers with butadiene 157 , 161 ( t ) , 179 from ethylbenzene dehydrogenation 63 polymerization 167 Suberic acid from butadiene 12 ( f ) Substitution reactions 138\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=MkD2JnDkZYYC\u0026pg=PA200\u0026vq=synthesis+gas\u0026hl=it"}],"search_query_escaped":"synthesis gas"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>