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sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject mw-editable page-ကဏ္ဍ_ပညာရပ်ဆိုင်ရာ_စာနယ်ဇင်းထုတ်ဝေရေး rootpage-ကဏ္ဍ_ပညာရပ်ဆိုင်ရာ_စာနယ်ဇင်းထုတ်ဝေရေး skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">မာတိကာသို့ ခုန်သွားရန်</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ဆိုဒ်"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ပင်မ မီနူး" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ပင်မ မီနူး</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ပင်မ မီနူး</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> အညွှန်း </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာသို့ သွားရန် [z]" accesskey="z"><span>ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ရှိ အဖြစ်အပျက်များမှ နောက်ခံ အချက်အလက်များကို ရှာရန်"><span>လက်ရှိဖြစ်ရပ်များ</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီမှ လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ စာရင်း [r]" accesskey="r"><span>လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျပန်းစာမျက်နှာ ပြရန် [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ကျပန်းစာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8"><span>ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား အကြောင်း</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>ဆက်သွယ်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ပါဝင်ပံ့ပိုးရန် </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="ရှာဖွေဖော်ထုတ်ရန်နေရာ"><span>အကူအညီ</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA"><span>တည်းဖြတ်ခြင်း လေ့လာရန်</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ပရောဂျက်အကြောင်း၊ သင်ဘာလုပ်ပေးနိုင်သည် နှင့် ဘယ်နေရာတွင် ရှာဖွေရန်များ"><span>ပေါင်းကူးနေရာ</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC"><span>ဖိုင်တင်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-my.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-my.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားတွင် ရှာဖွေရန် [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ရှာဖွေရန်</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား တွင် ရှာဖွေရန်" aria-label="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား တွင် ရှာဖွေရန်" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားတွင် ရှာဖွေရန် [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="အထူး:ရှာဖွေရန်"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ရှာဖွေရန်</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=my" class=""><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။" class=""><span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="နောက်ထပ် ရွေးချယ်စရာများ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="အသုံးပြုသူ မီနူး" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=my"><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ထွက်ပြီးသား တည်းဖြတ်သူများအတွက် စာမျက်နှာများ <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" aria-label="တည်းဖြတ်ခြင်းအကြောင်း ပိုမိုလေ့လာရန်"><span>ပိုမို လေ့လာရန်</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ ပြုလုပ်ထားသော တည်းဖြတ်မှုများ၏ စာရင်း [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ တည်းဖြတ်မှုများအကြောင်း ဆွေးနွေးချက် [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ဆွေးနွေးရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ဆိုဒ်"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">ကဏ္ဍ</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">ပညာရပ်ဆိုင်ရာ စာနယ်ဇင်းထုတ်ဝေရေး</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ၄၀ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">၄၀ ဘာသာစကားများ ၄၀ ခု</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تصنيف:نشر أكاديمي – အာရဗီ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف:نشر أكاديمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="အာရဗီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Publicaciones_cient%C3%ADfiques" title="Categoría:Publicaciones científiques – အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Categoría:Publicaciones científiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateqoriya:Akademik_n%C9%99%C5%9Friyyat" title="Kateqoriya:Akademik nəşriyyat – အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kateqoriya:Akademik nəşriyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Навуковае выдаўніцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Катэгорыя:Навуковае выдаўніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Категория:Академична издателска дейност – ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Категория:Академична издателска дейност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80:%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="বিষয়শ্রেণী:উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক প্রকাশনা – ဘင်္ဂါလီ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিষয়শ্রেণী:উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক প্রকাশনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ဘင်္ဂါလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Akademsko_izdava%C5%A1tvo" title="Kategorija:Akademsko izdavaštvo – ဘော့စ်နီးယား" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kategorija:Akademsko izdavaštvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ဘော့စ်နီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Wissenschaftliches_Publizieren" title="Kategorie:Wissenschaftliches Publizieren – ဂျာမန်" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kategorie:Wissenschaftliches Publizieren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ဂျာမန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1:%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Κατηγορία:Ακαδημαϊκές εκδόσεις – ဂရိ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατηγορία:Ακαδημαϊκές εκδόσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ဂရိ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing – အင်္ဂလိပ်" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Category:Academic publishing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="အင်္ဂလိပ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorio:Scienca_eldonado" title="Kategorio:Scienca eldonado – အက်စ်ပရန်တို" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kategorio:Scienca eldonado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်ပရန်တို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Publicaciones_cient%C3%ADficas" title="Categoría:Publicaciones científicas – စပိန်" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Categoría:Publicaciones científicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="စပိန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Argitalpen_akademikoak" title="Kategoria:Argitalpen akademikoak – ဘာစ်ခ်" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kategoria:Argitalpen akademikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ဘာစ်ခ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87:%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رده:نشر آکادمیک – ပါရှန်" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رده:نشر آکادمیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ပါရှန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="श्रेणी:विद्यार्जन प्रकाशन – ဟိန်ဒူ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रेणी:विद्यार्जन प्रकाशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ဟိန်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Akademsko_nakladni%C5%A1tvo" title="Kategorija:Akademsko nakladništvo – ခရိုအေးရှား" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kategorija:Akademsko nakladništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ခရိုအေးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Publikasi_ilmiah" title="Kategori:Publikasi ilmiah – အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kategori:Publikasi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Akademiko_a_panagiwarnak" title="Kategoria:Akademiko a panagiwarnak – အီလိုကို" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kategoria:Akademiko a panagiwarnak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="အီလိုကို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Editoria_accademica" title="Categoria:Editoria accademica – အီတလီ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Categoria:Editoria accademica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="အီတလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="Category:学術出版 – ဂျပန်" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Category:学術出版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ဂျပန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კატეგორია:აკადემიური გამოცემები – ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატეგორია:აკადემიური გამოცემები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0_%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90" title="분류:학술 출판 – ကိုရီးယား" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분류:학술 출판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ကိုရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:We%C5%9Fan%C3%AAn_akadem%C3%AEk" title="Kategorî:Weşanên akademîk – ကဒ်" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kategorî:Weşanên akademîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ကဒ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Категорија:Академско издаваштво – မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Категорија:Академско издаваштво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Akademiske_forlag" title="Kategori:Akademiske forlag – နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kategori:Akademiske forlag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="گٹھ:تعلیمی اشاعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گٹھ:تعلیمی اشاعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_acad%C3%AAmica" title="Categoria:Publicação acadêmica – ပေါ်တူဂီ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Categoria:Publicação acadêmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ပေါ်တူဂီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Publica%C8%9Bii_academice" title="Categorie:Publicații academice – ရိုမေနီယား" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Categorie:Publicații academice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ရိုမေနီယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Akademsko_izdava%C5%A1tvo" title="Kategorija:Akademsko izdavaštvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kategorija:Akademsko izdavaštvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:Akademsko_zalo%C5%BEni%C5%A1tvo" title="Kategorija:Akademsko založništvo – ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kategorija:Akademsko založništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Botime_akademike" title="Kategoria:Botime akademike – အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယား" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kategoria:Botime akademike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Категорија:Академско издаваштво – ဆားဘီးယား" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Категорија:Академско издаваштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ဆားဘီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="หมวดหมู่:การจัดพิมพ์ทางวิชาการ – ထိုင်း" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมวดหมู่:การจัดพิมพ์ทางวิชาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ထိုင်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Akademik_yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Kategori:Akademik yayıncılık – တူရကီ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kategori:Akademik yayıncılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="တူရကီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Категорія:Академічна видавнича діяльність – ယူကရိန်း" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Категорія:Академічна видавнича діяльність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ယူကရိန်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="زمرہ:تعلیمی اشاعت – အူရ်ဒူ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمرہ:تعلیمی اشاعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="အူရ်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkum:Akademik_nashriyot" title="Turkum:Akademik nashriyot – ဥဇဘတ်" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkum:Akademik nashriyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ဥဇဘတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Xu%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thể loại:Xuất bản học thuật – ဗီယက်နမ်" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể loại:Xuất bản học thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ဗီယက်နမ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="Category:學術出版 – တရုတ်" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Category:學術出版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="တရုတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-pia%CC%8Dt:Ha%CC%8Dk-su%CC%8Dt_chhut-p%C3%A1n" title="Lūi-pia̍t:Ha̍k-su̍t chhut-pán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lūi-pia̍t:Ha̍k-su̍t chhut-pán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6402746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ဘာသာစကားလင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်" class="wbc-editpage">လင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&action=history" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ယခင်မူများ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ရာဇဝင်ကြည့်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="စာမျက်နှာကိရိယာများ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ကိရိယာများ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&action=edit" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ရင်းမြစ်ကုဒ်ကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် [e]" accesskey="e"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&action=history"><span>ရာဇဝင်ကြည့်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ယေဘုယျ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2/%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဤနေရာသို့ လမ်းညွှန် လင့်ထားသည့် ဝီကီစာမျက်နှာများ၏ စာရင်း [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ဘယ်ကလင့်ခ်ထားလဲ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:RecentChangesLinked/%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" rel="nofollow" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာမှ ညွှန်းထားသည့် စာမျက်နှာများမှ လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ဆက်စပ်သော အပြောင်းအလဲများ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အထူး စာမျက်နှာများအားလုံး စာရင်း [q]" accesskey="q"><span>အထူး စာမျက်နှာများ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&oldid=355454" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ယခုတည်းဖြတ်မူအတွက် ပုံသေလိပ်စာ"><span>ပုံသေလိပ်စာ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&action=info" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာအကြောင်း အချက်အလက်ပို၍"><span>စာမျက်နှာ အချက်အလက်များ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%258F%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%258D%3A%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AC_%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2587%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8"><span>အတိုကောက် URL ရယူရန်</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%258F%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%258D%3A%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AC_%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2587%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ပရင့်/ပို့လွှတ် </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8"><span>စာအုပ်တစ်အုပ် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%3A%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF အနေဖြင့် ရယူရန်</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8&printable=yes" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ပရင့်ထုတ်နိုင်သောမူ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ပရင့်ထုတ်နိုင်သော ဗားရှင်း</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> အခြား ပရောဂျက်များတွင် </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" hreflang="en"><span>ဝီကီမီဒီယာ ကွန်မွန်းစ်</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6402746" title="ဒေတာအချက်အလက်နှင့် ချိတ်ဆက်ရန်လင့်ခ် [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ဝီကီဒေတာ item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="စာမျက်နှာကိရိယာများ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Categories" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>အကူအညီ</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="my" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r824514">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r823765">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">ဝီကီမီဒီယာ ကွန်မွန်းစ်တွင် <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Academic publishing"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Academic publishing</span></a> နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော မီဒီယာ ရှိသည်။</div></div> </div>    </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="my" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories"> <h2>ကဏ္ဍခွဲများ</h2> <p>ဤကဏ္ဍတွင် အောက်ပါ ကဏ္ဍခွဲသာ ရှိသည်။ </p><div lang="my" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>သ</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D:%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကဏ္ဍ:သင်္ချာ ဂျာနယ်များ">သင်္ချာ ဂျာနယ်များ</a></bdi> <span title="၀ ကဏ္ဍခွဲများ၊ စာမျက်နှာ ၁ ခု၊ နှင့် ဖိုင် ၀ ခု 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